1
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De Meester B, Vanholme R, Mota T, Boerjan W. Lignin engineering in forest trees: From gene discovery to field trials. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100465. [PMID: 36307984 PMCID: PMC9700206 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an abundant and renewable feedstock for the production of pulp, fuels, and biobased materials. However, wood is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into cellulose and simple sugars, mainly because of the presence of lignin, an aromatic polymer that shields cell-wall polysaccharides. Hence, numerous research efforts have focused on engineering lignin amount and composition to improve wood processability. Here, we focus on results that have been obtained by engineering the lignin biosynthesis and branching pathways in forest trees to reduce cell-wall recalcitrance, including the introduction of exotic lignin monomers. In addition, we draw general conclusions from over 20 years of field trial research with trees engineered to produce less or altered lignin. We discuss possible causes and solutions for the yield penalty that is often associated with lignin engineering in trees. Finally, we discuss how conventional and new breeding strategies can be combined to develop elite clones with desired lignin properties. We conclude this review with priorities for the development of commercially relevant lignin-engineered trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thatiane Mota
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Kamimura N, Watanabe S, Sugimoto K, Senda M, Araki T, Yu HY, Hishiyama S, Kajita S, Senda T, Masai E. Exploration and structure-based engineering of alkenal double bond reductases catalyzing the Cα−Cβ double bond reduction of coniferaldehyde. N Biotechnol 2022; 68:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Zhao Y, Yu XH, Liu CJ. The Inducible Accumulation of Cell Wall-Bound p-Hydroxybenzoates Is Involved in the Regulation of Gravitropic Response of Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:755576. [PMID: 34970280 PMCID: PMC8712735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignin in Populus species is acylated with p-hydroxybenzoate. Monolignol p-hydroxybenzoyltransferase 1 (PHBMT1) mediates p-hydroxybenzoylation of sinapyl alcohol, eventually leading to the modification of syringyl lignin subunits. Angiosperm trees upon gravistimulation undergo the re-orientation of their growth along with the production of specialized secondary xylem, i.e., tension wood (TW), that generates tensile force to pull the inclined stem or leaning branch upward. Sporadic evidence suggests that angiosperm TW contains relatively a high percentage of syringyl lignin and lignin-bound p-hydroxybenzoate. However, whether such lignin modification plays a role in gravitropic response remains unclear. By imposing mechanical bending and/or gravitropic stimuli to the hybrid aspens in the wild type (WT), lignin p-hydroxybenzoate deficient, and p-hydroxybenzoate overproduction plants, we examined the responses of plants to gravitropic/mechanical stress and their cell wall composition changes. We revealed that mechanical bending or gravitropic stimulation not only induced the overproduction of crystalline cellulose fibers and increased the relative abundance of syringyl lignin, but also significantly induced the expression of PHBMT1 and the increased accumulation of p-hydroxybenzoates in TW. Furthermore, we found that although disturbing lignin-bound p-hydroxybenzoate accumulation in the PHBMT1 knockout and overexpression (OE) poplars did not affect the major chemical composition shifts of the cell walls in their TW as occurred in the WT plants, depletion of p-hydroxybenzoates intensified the gravitropic curving of the plantlets in response to gravistimulation, evident with the enhanced stem secant bending angle. By contrast, hyperaccumulation of p-hydroxybenzoates mitigated gravitropic response. These data suggest that PHBMT1-mediated lignin modification is involved in the regulation of poplar gravitropic response and, likely by compromising gravitropism and/or enhancing autotropism, negatively coordinates the action of TW cellulose fibers to control the poplar wood deformation and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biology Department, Upton, NY, United States
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4
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Bian X, Xie X, Cai J, Zhao Y, Miao W, Chen X, Xiao Y, Li N, Wu JL. Dynamic changes of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium during aging processes. Food Chem 2021; 373:131399. [PMID: 34717083 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) shows multiple bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation. The folk proverb "CRP, the older, the better" means storing for longer time would improve its quality, which attributed to the influence of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to study which compounds are the factors that long storage would influence the quality of CRP. 161 compounds, including 65 flavonoids, 51 phenolic acids, 27 fatty acids, and 18 amino acids were identified through derivatization and non-derivatization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry approaches. Their dynamic changes indicated phenolic acids, which were reported to have various activities, were the main increased components. Furthermore, the representative phenolic acids were quantified and correlation analysis between their contents and antioxidant activity implicated they were the possible indicators that long storage would improve CRP quality. The results would provide basis for quality control of CRP during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqing Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Xinyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Jialing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Wen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China.
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China.
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5
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Underlin EN, Frommhagen M, Dilokpimol A, van Erven G, de Vries RP, Kabel MA. Feruloyl Esterases for Biorefineries: Subfamily Classified Specificity for Natural Substrates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:332. [PMID: 32391342 PMCID: PMC7191039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) have an important role in the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by decoupling plant cell wall polysaccharides and lignin. Moreover, FAEs release anti-oxidative hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) from biomass. As a plethora of FAE candidates were found in fungal genomes, FAE classification related to substrate specificity is an indispensability for selection of most suitable candidates. Hence, linking distinct substrate specificities to a FAE classification, such as the recently classified FAE subfamilies (SF), is a promising approach to improve the application of these enzymes for a variety of industrial applications. In total, 14 FAEs that are classified members of SF1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 13 were tested in this research. All FAEs were investigated for their activity toward a variety of substrates: synthetic model substrates, plant cell wall-derived substrates, including lignin, and natural substrates. Released HCAs were determined using reverse phase-ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry. Based on this study, FAEs of SF5 and SF7 showed the highest release of FA, pCA, and diFAs over the range of substrates, while FAEs of SF6 were comparable but less pronounced for diFAs release. These results suggest that SF5 and SF7 FAEs are promising enzymes for biorefinery applications, like the production of biofuels, where a complete degradation of the plant cell wall is desired. In contrast, SF6 FAEs might be of interest for industrial applications that require a high release of only FA and pCA, which are needed as precursors for the production of biochemicals. In contrast, FAEs of SF1, 9 and 13 showed an overall low release of HCAs from plant cell wall-derived and natural substrates. The obtained results substantiate the previous SF classification as a useful tool to predict the substrate specificity of FAEs, which eases the selection of FAE candidates for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie N. Underlin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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6
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Chanoca A, de Vries L, Boerjan W. Lignin Engineering in Forest Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:912. [PMID: 31404271 PMCID: PMC6671871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a renewable resource that is mainly composed of lignin and cell wall polysaccharides. The polysaccharide fraction is valuable as it can be converted into pulp and paper, or into fermentable sugars. On the other hand, the lignin fraction is increasingly being considered a valuable source of aromatic building blocks for the chemical industry. The presence of lignin in wood is one of the major recalcitrance factors in woody biomass processing, necessitating the need for harsh chemical treatments to degrade and extract it prior to the valorization of the cell wall polysaccharides, cellulose and hemicellulose. Over the past years, large research efforts have been devoted to engineering lignin amount and composition to reduce biomass recalcitrance toward chemical processing. We review the efforts made in forest trees, and compare results from greenhouse and field trials. Furthermore, we address the value and potential of CRISPR-based gene editing in lignin engineering and its integration in tree breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chanoca
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Daly P, McClellan C, Maluk M, Oakey H, Lapierre C, Waugh R, Stephens J, Marshall D, Barakate A, Tsuji Y, Goeminne G, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Ralph J, Halpin C. RNAi-suppression of barley caffeic acid O-methyltransferase modifies lignin despite redundancy in the gene family. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:594-607. [PMID: 30133138 PMCID: PMC6381794 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), the lignin biosynthesis gene modified in many brown-midrib high-digestibility mutants of maize and sorghum, was targeted for downregulation in the small grain temperate cereal, barley (Hordeum vulgare), to improve straw properties. Phylogenetic and expression analyses identified the barley COMT orthologue(s) expressed in stems, defining a larger gene family than in brachypodium or rice with three COMT genes expressed in lignifying tissues. RNAi significantly reduced stem COMT protein and enzyme activity, and modestly reduced stem lignin content while dramatically changing lignin structure. Lignin syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio was reduced by ~50%, the 5-hydroxyguaiacyl (5-OH-G) unit incorporated into lignin at 10--15-fold higher levels than normal, and the amount of p-coumaric acid ester-linked to cell walls was reduced by ~50%. No brown-midrib phenotype was observed in any RNAi line despite significant COMT suppression and altered lignin. The novel COMT gene family structure in barley highlights the dynamic nature of grass genomes. Redundancy in barley COMTs may explain the absence of brown-midrib mutants in barley and wheat. The barley COMT RNAi lines nevertheless have the potential to be exploited for bioenergy applications and as animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daly
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Present address:
Fungal PhysiologyWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Christopher McClellan
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Marta Maluk
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Helena Oakey
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Faculty of SciencesSchool of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- UMR1318 INRA‐AgroParistechIJPBUniversite Paris‐SaclayVersailles CedexFrance
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | | | - David Marshall
- Information and Computational SciencesJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Abdellah Barakate
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterThe Wisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterThe Wisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant SciencesSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
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8
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Prabakaran M, Chung IM, Son NY, Chi HY, Kim SY, Yang YJ, Kwon C, An YJ, Ahmad A, Kim SH. Analysis of Selected Phenolic Compounds in Organic, Pesticide-Free, Conventional Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010067. [PMID: 30585211 PMCID: PMC6337394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains generous amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and dietary fibers, in addition to secondary metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids that act as antioxidants. The phenolic compounds detected in rice (organic rice (OR), conventional rice (CR), and pesticide-free rice (PFR)), namely, protocatechuic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, salicylic, and caffeic acids, are notable free radical scavengers. The sum of these phenolic compounds was found to be higher in PFR, followed by CR and OR (p < 0.0001), when the rice types were classified based on the farming system employed. In addition, significant differences were observed in the p-hydroxybenzoic acid levels for the OR and CR groups compared with the PFR groups (p < 0.01). Furthermore, greater quantities of p-coumaric acid were found in CR-08 and OR-02, although these groups contained overall higher and lower sums of phenolic compounds, respectively. Moreover, significance was observed in the sum of the phenolic compounds, although only small quantities were found in polished rice. Further research is thus required to provide a clearer picture regarding the phenolic profiles of different rice brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayakrishnan Prabakaran
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Na-Young Son
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hee-Youn Chi
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yu-Jin Yang
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Chang Kwon
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yeon-Ju An
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ateeque Ahmad
- Process Chemistry and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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9
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Cui S, Wada S, Tobimatsu Y, Takeda Y, Saucet SB, Takano T, Umezawa T, Shirasu K, Yoshida S. Host lignin composition affects haustorium induction in the parasitic plants Phtheirospermum japonicum and Striga hermonthica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:710-723. [PMID: 29498051 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae are destructive weeds of agriculture worldwide. The haustorium, an essential parasitic organ used by these plants to penetrate host tissues, is induced by host-derived phenolic compounds called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). The origin of HIFs remains unknown, although the structures of lignin monomers resemble that of HIFs. Lignin is a natural phenylpropanoid polymer, commonly found in secondary cell walls of vascular plants. We therefore investigated the possibility that HIFs are derived from host lignin. Various lignin-related phenolics, quinones and lignin polymers, together with nonhost and host plants that have different lignin compositions, were tested for their haustorium-inducing activity in two Orobanchaceae species, a facultative parasite, Phtheirospermum japonicum, and an obligate parasite, Striga hermonthica. Lignin-related compounds induced haustoria in P. japonicum and S. hermonthica with different specificities. High concentrations of lignin polymers induced haustorium formation. Treatment with laccase, a lignin degradation enzyme, promoted haustorium formation at low concentrations. The distinct lignin compositions of the host and nonhost plants affected haustorium induction, correlating with the response of the different parasitic plants to specific types of lignin-related compounds. Our study provides valuable insights into the important roles of lignin biosynthesis and degradation in the production of HIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Syogo Wada
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Simon B Saucet
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Development and Global Sustainability, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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10
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Saleme MDLS, Cesarino I, Vargas L, Kim H, Vanholme R, Goeminne G, Van Acker R, Fonseca FCDA, Pallidis A, Voorend W, Junior JN, Padmakshan D, Van Doorsselaere J, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Silencing CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE Affects Lignification and Improves Saccharification in Poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1040-1057. [PMID: 28878037 PMCID: PMC5664470 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) was recently shown to play an essential role in lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and later in Medicago truncatula However, the general function of this enzyme was recently questioned by the apparent lack of CSE activity in lignifying tissues of different plant species. Here, we show that down-regulation of CSE in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) resulted in up to 25% reduced lignin deposition, increased levels of p-hydroxyphenyl units in the lignin polymer, and a relatively higher cellulose content. The transgenic trees were morphologically indistinguishable from the wild type. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based phenolic profiling revealed a reduced abundance of several oligolignols containing guaiacyl and syringyl units and their corresponding hydroxycinnamaldehyde units, in agreement with the reduced flux toward coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol. These trees accumulated the CSE substrate caffeoyl shikimate along with other compounds belonging to the metabolic classes of benzenoids and hydroxycinnamates. Furthermore, the reduced lignin amount combined with the relative increase in cellulose content in the CSE down-regulated lines resulted in up to 62% more glucose released per plant upon limited saccharification when no pretreatment was applied and by up to 86% and 91% when acid and alkaline pretreatments were used. Our results show that CSE is not only important for the lignification process in poplar but is also a promising target for the development of improved lignocellulosic biomass crops for sugar platform biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Lyra Soriano Saleme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Vargas
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fernando Campos de Assis Fonseca
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Pallidis
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Voorend
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Nicomedes Junior
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., Centro de Pesquisas Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Dharshana Padmakshan
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Luo N, Wang M, Li H, Zhang J, Liu H, Wang F. Photocatalytic Oxidation–Hydrogenolysis of Lignin β-O-4 Models via a Dual Light Wavelength Switching Strategy. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nengchao Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongji Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huifang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean
Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT, Ralph J, Kennema M, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8164-215. [PMID: 27311348 PMCID: PMC6680216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 796] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most poorly utilised of the lignocellulosic biopolymers. Effective valorisation of lignin requires careful fine-tuning of multiple "upstream" (i.e., lignin bioengineering, lignin isolation and "early-stage catalytic conversion of lignin") and "downstream" (i.e., lignin depolymerisation and upgrading) process stages, demanding input and understanding from a broad array of scientific disciplines. This review provides a "beginning-to-end" analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation. Particular emphasis is placed on the improved understanding of lignin's biosynthesis and structure, differences in structure and chemical bonding between native and technical lignins, emerging catalytic valorisation strategies, and the relationships between lignin structure and catalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Robin Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew T Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
| | - Marco Kennema
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Rinaldi R, Jastrzebski R, Clough MT, Ralph J, Kennema M, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Wege zur Verwertung von Lignin: Fortschritte in der Biotechnik, der Bioraffination und der Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ Großbritannien
| | - Robin Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Matthew T. Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, and Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53726 USA
| | - Marco Kennema
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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14
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Elder T, Berstis L, Beckham GT, Crowley MF. Coupling and Reactions of 5-Hydroxyconiferyl Alcohol in Lignin Formation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4742-4750. [PMID: 27236926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The catechol alcohols, caffeyl and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, may be incorporated into lignin either naturally or through genetic manipulation. Due to the presence of o-OH groups, these compounds form benzodioxanes, a departure from the interunit connections found in lignins derived from the cinnamyl alcohols. In nature, lignins composed of caffeyl and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol are linear homopolymers and, as such, may have properties that make them amenable for use in value-added products, such as lignin-based carbon fibers. In the current work, results from density functional theory calculations for the reactions of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, taking stereochemistry into account, are reported. Dehydrogenation and quinone methide formation are found to be thermodynamically favored for 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, over coniferyl alcohol. The comparative energetics of the rearomatization reactions suggest that the formation of the benzodioxane linkage is under kinetic control. Ring-opening reactions of the benzodioxane groups show that the bond dissociation enthalpy of the α-O cleavage reaction is lower than that of the β-O reaction. The catechol lignins represent a novel form of the polymer that may offer new opportunities for bioproducts and genetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Elder
- Southern Research Station, USDA-Forest Service , 521 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Laura Berstis
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Michael F Crowley
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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15
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Lan W, Morreel K, Lu F, Rencoret J, Carlos Del Río J, Voorend W, Vermerris W, Boerjan W, Ralph J. Maize Tricin-Oligolignol Metabolites and Their Implications for Monocot Lignification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:810-20. [PMID: 27208246 PMCID: PMC4902589 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant aromatic plant cell wall polymer consisting of phenylpropanoid units in which the aromatic rings display various degrees of methoxylation. Tricin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one], a flavone, was recently established as a true monomer in grass lignins. To elucidate the incorporation pathways of tricin into grass lignin, the metabolites of maize (Zea mays) were extracted from lignifying tissues and profiled using the recently developed 'candidate substrate product pair' algorithm applied to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. Twelve tricin-containing products (each with up to eight isomers), including those derived from the various monolignol acetate and p-coumarate conjugates, were observed and authenticated by comparisons with a set of synthetic tricin-oligolignol dimeric and trimeric compounds. The identification of such compounds helps establish that tricin is an important monomer in the lignification of monocots, acting as a nucleation site for starting lignin chains. The array of tricin-containing products provides further evidence for the combinatorial coupling model of general lignification and supports evolving paradigms for the unique nature of lignification in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lan
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - José Carlos Del Río
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - Wannes Voorend
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute (W.L., F.L., J.Ra.), Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.Ra.), and Department of Biochemistry (F.L., J.Ra.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., W.Vo., W.B.);State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (F.L.);Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41012 Seville, Spain (J.Re., J.C.d.R.); andDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (W.Ve.)
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16
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Bewg WP, Poovaiah C, Lan W, Ralph J, Coleman HD. RNAi downregulation of three key lignin genes in sugarcane improves glucose release without reduction in sugar production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:270. [PMID: 28031745 PMCID: PMC5168864 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is a subtropical crop that produces large amounts of biomass annually. It is a key agricultural crop in many countries for the production of sugar and other products. Residual bagasse following sucrose extraction is currently underutilized and it has potential as a carbohydrate source for the production of biofuels. As with all lignocellulosic crops, lignin acts as a barrier to accessing the polysaccharides, and as such, is the focus of transgenic efforts. In this study, we used RNAi to individually reduce the expression of three key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in sugarcane. These genes, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), impact lignin content and/or composition. RESULTS For each RNAi construct, we selected three events for further analysis based on qRT-PCR results. For the CCoAOMT lines, there were no lines with a reduction in lignin content and only one line showed improved glucose release. For F5H, no lines had reduced lignin, but one line had a significant increase in glucose release. For COMT, one line had reduced lignin content, and this line and another released higher levels of glucose during enzymatic hydrolysis. Two of the lines with improved glucose release (F5H-2 and COMT-2) also had reduced S:G ratios. CONCLUSIONS Along with improvements in bagasse quality for the production of lignocellulosic-based fuels, there was only one line with reduction in juice sucrose extraction, and three lines with significantly improved sucrose production, providing evidence that the alteration of sugarcane for improved lignocellulosic ethanol production can be achieved without negatively impacting sugar production and perhaps even enhancing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Bewg
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000 Australia
| | | | - Wu Lan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA ; US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726 USA
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17
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Huang SZ, Luo HR, Ma QY, Peng H, Dai HF, Zhou J, Zhao YX. Chemical constituents from the stems of Excoecaria acertiflia. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:1406-16. [PMID: 25238081 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Six new compounds, including two diterpenoids excocarinols F and G (1 and 2, resp.), two carotane (daucane) sesquiterpenoids excoecafolinols A and B (3 and 4, resp.), one lignanoid compound, excoecanol A (5), and one simple phenol, excoecanol B (6), together with 17 known compounds, were isolated from the BuOH extract of Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. stems. Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of the spectroscopic data. The AChE-inhibitory activities of 17 compounds were evaluated and revealed that four of them possessed moderate inhibitory activities against AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhuo Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, P. R. China, (phone/fax: +86-898-66989095)
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18
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Green AR, Lewis KM, Barr JT, Jones JP, Lu F, Ralph J, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C. Determination of the Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of Sorghum bicolor Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase and the Structural Impact of Three brown midrib12 Mutations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1440-1456. [PMID: 24948836 PMCID: PMC4119030 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using S-adenosyl-methionine as the methyl donor, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; SbCOMT) methylates the 5-hydroxyl group of its preferred substrate, 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde. In order to determine the mechanism of SbCOMT and understand the observed reduction in the lignin syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio of three brown midrib12 mutants that carry COMT gene missense mutations, we determined the apo-form and S-adenosyl-methionine binary complex SbCOMT crystal structures and established the ternary complex structure with 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde by molecular modeling. These structures revealed many features shared with monocot ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and dicot alfalfa (Medicago sativa) COMTs. SbCOMT steady-state kinetic and calorimetric data suggest a random bi-bi mechanism. Based on our structural, kinetic, and thermodynamic results, we propose that the observed reactivity hierarchy among 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxycinnamyl (and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamyl) aldehyde, alcohol, and acid substrates arises from the ability of the aldehyde to stabilize the anionic intermediate that results from deprotonation of the 5-hydroxyl group by histidine-267. Additionally, despite the presence of other phenylpropanoid substrates in vivo, sinapaldehyde is the preferential product, as demonstrated by its low Km for 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde. Unlike its acid and alcohol substrates, the aldehydes exhibit product inhibition, and we propose that this is due to nonproductive binding of the S-cis-form of the aldehydes inhibiting productive binding of the S-trans-form. The S-cis-aldehydes most likely act only as inhibitors, because the high rotational energy barrier around the 2-propenyl bond prevents S-trans-conversion, unlike alcohol substrates, whose low 2-propenyl bond rotational energy barrier enables rapid S-cis/S-trans-interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Green
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - Kevin M Lewis
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - John T Barr
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - Fachuang Lu
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - John Ralph
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - Scott E Sattler
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
| | - ChulHee Kang
- School of Molecular Biosciences (A.R.G., C.K.) and Department of Chemistry (K.M.L., J.T.B., J.P.J., C.K.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164;Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (F.L., J.R.);Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 (W.V.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (S.E.S.)
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Hao Z, Mohnen D. A review of xylan and lignin biosynthesis: Foundation for studying Arabidopsisirregular xylemmutants with pleiotropic phenotypes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:212-41. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.889651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Zhao Q, Dixon RA. Altering the cell wall and its impact on plant disease: from forage to bioenergy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:69-91. [PMID: 24821183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The individual sugars found within the major classes of plant cell wall polymers are dietary components of herbivores and are targeted for release in industrial processes for fermentation to liquid biofuels. With a growing understanding of the biosynthesis of the complex cell wall polymers, genetic modification strategies are being developed to target the cell wall to improve the digestibility of forage crops and to render lignocellulose less recalcitrant for bioprocessing. This raises concerns as to whether altering cell wall properties to improve biomass processing traits may inadvertently make plants more susceptible to diseases and pests. Here, we review the impacts of cell wall modification on plant defense, as assessed from studies in model plants utilizing mutants or transgenic modification and in crop plants specifically engineered for improved biomass or bioenergy traits. Such studies reveal that cell wall modifications can indeed have unintended impacts on plant defense, but these are not always negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhao
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401;
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21
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Tobimatsu Y, Chen F, Nakashima J, Escamilla-Treviño LL, Jackson L, Dixon RA, Ralph J. Coexistence but independent biosynthesis of catechyl and guaiacyl/syringyl lignin polymers in seed coats. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2587-600. [PMID: 23903315 PMCID: PMC3753385 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignins are phenylpropanoid polymers, derived from monolignols, commonly found in terrestrial plant secondary cell walls. We recently reported evidence of an unanticipated catechyl lignin homopolymer (C lignin) derived solely from caffeyl alcohol in the seed coats of several monocot and dicot plants. We previously identified plant seeds that possessed either C lignin or traditional guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S) lignins, but not both. Here, we identified several dicot plants (Euphorbiaceae and Cleomaceae) that produce C lignin together with traditional G/S lignins in their seed coats. Solution-state NMR analyses, along with an in vitro lignin polymerization study, determined that there is, however, no copolymerization detectable (i.e., that the synthesis and polymerization of caffeyl alcohol and conventional monolignols in vivo is spatially and/or temporally separated). In particular, the deposition of G and C lignins in Cleome hassleriana seed coats is developmentally regulated during seed maturation; C lignin appears successively after G lignin within the same testa layers, concurrently with apparent loss of the functionality of O-methyltransferases, which are key enzymes for the conversion of C to G lignin precursors. This study exemplifies the flexible biosynthesis of different types of lignin polymers in plants dictated by substantial, but poorly understood, control of monomer supply by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tobimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Fang Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Luis L. Escamilla-Treviño
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- U.S. Department of Energy, BioEnergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- U.S. Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
- Address correspondence to
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22
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Wu L, Han Z, Wang S, Wang X, Sun A, Zu X, Chen Y. Comparative proteomic analysis of the plant-virus interaction in resistant and susceptible ecotypes of maize infected with sugarcane mosaic virus. J Proteomics 2013; 89:124-40. [PMID: 23770298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is an important viral pathogen and has caused serious losses in grain and forage yield. To identify candidate SCMV resistance proteins and to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the plant-SCMV interaction, we conducted proteomic analyses of leaf samples from resistant and susceptible ecotypes of maize infected with SCMV. Proteins were analyzed by quantitative two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and 93 protein spots showed statistically significant differences after virus inoculation. Functional categorization showed that SCMV-responsive proteins were mainly involved in energy and metabolism, stress and defense responses, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation. The majority of the identified proteins were located in chloroplast and cytoplasm based on bioinformatic analysis. Among these identified proteins, 17 have not been identified previously as virus-responsive proteins, and 7 were new and did not have assigned functions. Western blotting analyses confirmed the expression patterns of proteins of specific interest, and the genes encoding these proteins were further analyzed by real-time PCR. The results of this study showed overlapping and specific proteomic responses to SCMV infection between resistant and susceptible maize ecotypes. This study provides further insight into the molecular events during compatible and incompatible interactions between viruses and host plants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is an important viral pathogen and has caused serious losses in grain and forage yield. However, little is known about host-SCMV interactions from the proteome perspective. This study analyzed proteomic changes in resistant and susceptible plants that are infected with SCMV using DIGE based proteomics. We identified 17 proteins that have not been identified previously as virus-responsive proteins, and 7 new proteins without assigned functions. These proteins are interesting candidates for future research, as they may be associated with new biological functions and play important roles in plant-virus interactions. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of genes encoding several proteins of interest provided indication on whether the changes in protein abundance were regulated at the mRNA level. The results of this study showed overlapping and specific proteomic responses to SCMV infection between resistant and susceptible ecotypes. After inoculation, the proteins involved in energy and metabolism, stress and defense responses, photosynthesis and other four functional groups showed significant changes in both ecotypes, which suggested that SCMV infection influenced these physiological processes in both the resistant Siyi and the susceptible Mo17. However, the oxidative burst was more pronounced during incompatible plant-SCMV interactions, as compared to those defined as compatible. We also observed an increase of enzymes involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways in the resistant maize ecotype Siyi, while decrease in the susceptible maize ecotype Mo17. In addition, there is a marked increase of guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta submit in the resistant Siyi, which suggests a possible involvement of G-protein associated pathways in the resistant responses of maize to SCMV. These observations may possibly reveal protein targets/markers that are useful in the design of future diagnosis or plant protection strategies and provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuji Wu
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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23
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Moiseev DV, James BR, Gushchin AV. Interaction of Tris(3-Hydroxymethyl)Phosphine with Cinnamic Acids. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.736102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Moiseev
- a Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
| | - Brian R. James
- a Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Aleksey V. Gushchin
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
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24
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Van Acker R, Vanholme R, Storme V, Mortimer JC, Dupree P, Boerjan W. Lignin biosynthesis perturbations affect secondary cell wall composition and saccharification yield in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:46. [PMID: 23622268 PMCID: PMC3661393 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second-generation biofuels are generally produced from the polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic plant biomass, mainly cellulose. However, because cellulose is embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and lignin, its hydrolysis into the fermentable glucose is hampered. The senesced inflorescence stems of a set of 20 Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in 10 different genes of the lignin biosynthetic pathway were analyzed for cell wall composition and saccharification yield. Saccharification models were built to elucidate which cell wall parameters played a role in cell wall recalcitrance. RESULTS Although lignin is a key polymer providing the strength necessary for the plant's ability to grow upward, a reduction in lignin content down to 64% of the wild-type level in Arabidopsis was tolerated without any obvious growth penalty. In contrast to common perception, we found that a reduction in lignin was not compensated for by an increase in cellulose, but rather by an increase in matrix polysaccharides. In most lignin mutants, the saccharification yield was improved by up to 88% cellulose conversion for the cinnamoyl-coenzyme A reductase1 mutants under pretreatment conditions, whereas the wild-type cellulose conversion only reached 18%. The saccharification models and Pearson correlation matrix revealed that the lignin content was the main factor determining the saccharification yield. However, also lignin composition, matrix polysaccharide content and composition, and, especially, the xylose, galactose, and arabinose contents influenced the saccharification yield. Strikingly, cellulose content did not significantly affect saccharification yield. CONCLUSIONS Although the lignin content had the main effect on saccharification, also other cell wall factors could be engineered to potentially increase the cell wall processability, such as the galactose content. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the effect of lignin perturbations on plant cell wall composition and its influence on saccharification yield, and provide new potential targets for genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Jennifer C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, 9052, Belgium
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25
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Frolov A, Henning A, Böttcher C, Tissier A, Strack D. An UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of cell wall phenolics in Brassica napus seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1219-1227. [PMID: 23265434 DOI: 10.1021/jf3042648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The seed residues left after pressing of rapeseed oil are rich in proteins and could be used for human nutrition and animal feeding. These press cakes contain, however, antinutritives, with fiber being the most abundant one. The analysis of fiber phenolic component (localized to seed coat cell walls) is, therefore, important in breeding and food quality control. However, correct structure and content assignments of cell wall-bound phenolics are challenging due to their low stability during sample preparation. Here, a novel LC-MS/MS-based method for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of 66 cell wall-bound phenolics and their derivatives is described. The method was internally standardized, corrected for degradation effects during sample preparation, and cross-validated with a well-established UV-based procedure. This approach was successfully applied to the analysis of cell wall phenolic patterns in different B. napus cultivars and proved to be suitable for marker compound search as well as assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Frolov
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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26
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Chen F, Tobimatsu Y, Jackson L, Nakashima J, Ralph J, Dixon RA. Novel seed coat lignins in the Cactaceae: structure, distribution and implications for the evolution of lignin diversity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:201-11. [PMID: 22957702 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently described a hitherto unsuspected catechyl lignin polymer (C-lignin) in the seed coats of Vanilla orchid and in cacti of one genus, Melocactus (Chen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012, 109, 1772-1777.). We have now determined the lignin types in the seed coats of 130 different cactus species. Lignin in the vegetative tissues of cacti is of the normal guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S) type, but members of most genera within the subfamily Cactoidae possess seed coat lignin of the novel C-type only, which we show is a homopolymer formed by endwise β-O-4-coupling of caffeyl alcohol monomers onto the growing polymer resulting in benzodioxane units. However, the species examined within the genera Coryphantha, Cumarinia, Escobaria and Mammillaria (Cactoideae) mostly had normal G/S lignin in their seeds, as did all six species in the subfamily Opuntioidae that were examined. Seed coat lignin composition is still evolving in the Cactaceae, as seeds of one Mammillaria species (M. lasiacantha) possess only C-lignin, three Escobaria species (E. dasyacantha, E. lloydii and E. zilziana) contain an unusual lignin composed of 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units, the first report of such a polymer that occurs naturally in plants, and seeds of some species contain no lignin at all. We discuss the implications of these findings for the mechanisms that underlie the biosynthesis of these newly discovered lignin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- DOE Bioenergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Enzyme Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, Enzyme Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Bioenergy Initiative, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- DOE Bioenergy Sciences Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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27
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Vanholme R, Morreel K, Darrah C, Oyarce P, Grabber JH, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Metabolic engineering of novel lignin in biomass crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:978-1000. [PMID: 23035778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a phenolic polymer in the secondary wall, is the major cause of lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to efficient industrial processing. From an applications perspective, it is desirable that second-generation bioenergy crops have lignin that is readily degraded by chemical pretreatments but still fulfill its biological role in plants. Because plants can tolerate large variations in lignin composition, often without apparent adverse effects, substitution of some fraction of the traditional monolignols by alternative monomers through genetic engineering is a promising strategy to tailor lignin in bioenergy crops. However, successful engineering of lignin incorporating alternative monomers requires knowledge about phenolic metabolism in plants and about the coupling properties of these alternative monomers. Here, we review the current knowledge about lignin biosynthesis and the pathways towards the main phenolic classes. In addition, the minimal requirements are defined for molecules that, upon incorporation into the lignin polymer, make the latter more susceptible to biomass pretreatment. Numerous metabolites made by plants meet these requirements, and several have already been tested as monolignol substitutes in biomimetic systems. Finally, the status of detection and identification of compounds by phenolic profiling is discussed, as phenolic profiling serves in pathway elucidation and for the detection of incorporation of alternative lignin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Chiarina Darrah
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Paula Oyarce
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - John H Grabber
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biological Systems Engineering, the Wisconsin Bioenergy Initiative, and the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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28
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Tschaplinski TJ, Standaert RF, Engle NL, Martin MZ, Sangha AK, Parks JM, Smith JC, Samuel R, Jiang N, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Hamilton CY, Fu C, Wang ZY, Davison BH, Dixon RA, Mielenz JR. Down-regulation of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase gene in switchgrass reveals a novel monolignol analog. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:71. [PMID: 22998926 PMCID: PMC3524654 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Down-regulation of the caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.68 (COMT) gene in the lignin biosynthetic pathway of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) resulted in cell walls of transgenic plants releasing more constituent sugars after pretreatment by dilute acid and treatment with glycosyl hydrolases from an added enzyme preparation and from Clostridium thermocellum. Fermentation of both wild-type and transgenic switchgrass after milder hot water pretreatment with no water washing showed that only the transgenic switchgrass inhibited C. thermocellum. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS)-based metabolomics were undertaken on cell wall aqueous extracts to determine the nature of the microbial inhibitors. RESULTS GCMS confirmed the increased concentration of a number of phenolic acids and aldehydes that are known inhibitors of microbial fermentation. Metabolomic analyses of the transgenic biomass additionally revealed the presence of a novel monolignol-like metabolite, identified as trans-3, 4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol (iso-sinapyl alcohol) in both non-pretreated, as well as hot water pretreated samples. iso-Sinapyl alcohol and its glucoside were subsequently generated by organic synthesis and the identity of natural and synthetic materials were confirmed by mass spectrometric and NMR analyses. The additional novel presence of iso-sinapic acid, iso-sinapyl aldehyde, and iso-syringin suggest the increased activity of a para-methyltransferase, concomitant with the reduced COMT activity, a strict meta-methyltransferase. Quantum chemical calculations were used to predict the most likely homodimeric lignans generated from dehydration reactions, but these products were not evident in plant samples. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of COMT activity in switchgrass resulted in the accumulation of previously undetected metabolites resembling sinapyl alcohol and its related metabolites, but that are derived from para-methylation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, and related precursors and products; the accumulation of which suggests altered metabolism of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol in switchgrass. Given that there was no indication that iso-sinapyl alcohol was integrated in cell walls, it is considered a monolignol analog. Diversion of substrates from sinapyl alcohol to free iso-sinapyl alcohol, its glucoside, and associated upstream lignin pathway changes, including increased phenolic aldehydes and acids, are together associated with more facile cell wall deconstruction, and to the observed inhibitory effect on microbial growth. However, iso-sinapyl alcohol and iso-sinapic acid, added separately to media, were not inhibitory to C. thermocellum cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Robert F Standaert
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Nancy L Engle
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Madhavi Z Martin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Amandeep K Sangha
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jerry M Parks
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Reichel Samuel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Choo Y Hamilton
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Brian H Davison
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
| | - Jonathan R Mielenz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6341, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, TN 38731, USA
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Owen BC, Haupert LJ, Jarrell TM, Marcum CL, Parsell TH, Abu-Omar MM, Bozell JJ, Black SK, Kenttämaa HI. High-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution multiple stage tandem mass spectrometry using negative-ion-mode hydroxide-doped electrospray ionization for the characterization of lignin degradation products. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6000-7. [PMID: 22746183 DOI: 10.1021/ac300762y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the search for a replacement for fossil fuel and the valuable chemicals currently obtained from crude oil, lignocellulosic biomass has become a promising candidate as an alternative biorenewable source for crude oil. Hence, many research efforts focus on the extraction, degradation, and catalytic transformation of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Unfortunately, these processes result in the production of very complex mixtures. Further, while methods have been developed for the analysis of mixtures of oligosaccharides, this is not true for the complex mixtures generated upon degradation of lignin. For example, high-performance liquid chromatography/multiple stage tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS(n)), a tool proven to be invaluable in the analysis of complex mixtures derived from many other biopolymers, such as proteins and DNA, has not been implemented for lignin degradation products. In this study, we have developed an HPLC separation method for lignin degradation products that is amenable to negative-ion-mode electrospray ionization (ESI doped with NaOH), the best method identified thus far for ionization of lignin-related model compounds without fragmentation. The separated and ionized compounds are then analyzed by MS(3) experiments to obtain detailed structural information while simultaneously performing high-resolution measurements to determine their elemental compositions in the two parts of a commercial linear quadrupole ion trap/Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. A lignin degradation product mixture was analyzed using this method, and molecular structures were proposed for some components. This methodology significantly improves the ability to analyze complex product mixtures that result from degraded lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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30
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Eudes A, George A, Mukerjee P, Kim JS, Pollet B, Benke PI, Yang F, Mitra P, Sun L, Cetinkol OP, Chabout S, Mouille G, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Balzergue S, Singh S, Holmes BM, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Lapierre C, Ralph J, Loqué D. Biosynthesis and incorporation of side-chain-truncated lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization and enhance saccharification. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:609-20. [PMID: 22458713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is utilized as a renewable feedstock in various agro-industrial activities. Lignin is an aromatic, hydrophobic and mildly branched polymer integrally associated with polysaccharides within the biomass, which negatively affects their extraction and hydrolysis during industrial processing. Engineering the monomer composition of lignins offers an attractive option towards new lignins with reduced recalcitrance. The presented work describes a new strategy developed in Arabidopsis for the overproduction of rare lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization degree (DP). Biosynthesis of these 'DP reducers' is achieved by expressing a bacterial hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase-lyase (HCHL) in lignifying tissues of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. HCHL cleaves the propanoid side-chain of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA lignin precursors to produce the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehydes so that plant stems expressing HCHL accumulate in their cell wall higher amounts of hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzoate derivatives. Engineered plants with intermediate HCHL activity levels show no reduction in total lignin, sugar content or biomass yield compared with wild-type plants. However, cell wall characterization of extract-free stems by thioacidolysis and by 2D-NMR revealed an increased amount of unusual C₆C₁ lignin monomers most likely linked with lignin as end-groups. Moreover the analysis of lignin isolated from these plants using size-exclusion chromatography revealed a reduced molecular weight. Furthermore, these engineered lines show saccharification improvement of pretreated stem cell walls. Therefore, we conclude that enhancing the biosynthesis and incorporation of C₆C₁ monomers ('DP reducers') into lignin polymers represents a promising strategy to reduce lignin DP and to decrease cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, Emeryville, CA, USA
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31
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Barakate A, Stephens J, Goldie A, Hunter WN, Marshall D, Hancock RD, Lapierre C, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Halpin C. Syringyl lignin is unaltered by severe sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase suppression in tobacco. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:4492-506. [PMID: 22158465 PMCID: PMC3269879 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.089037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of lignin could, in principle, facilitate efficient biofuel production from plant biomass. Despite intensive study of the lignin pathway, uncertainty exists about the enzyme catalyzing the last step in syringyl (S) monolignol biosynthesis, the reduction of sinapaldehyde to sinapyl alcohol. Traditional schemes of the pathway suggested that both guaiacyl (G) and S monolignols are produced by a single substrate-versatile enzyme, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). This was challenged by the discovery of a novel sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SAD) that preferentially uses sinapaldehyde as a substrate and that was claimed to regulate S lignin biosynthesis in angiosperms. Consequently, most pathway schemes now show SAD (or SAD and CAD) at the sinapaldehyde reduction step, although functional evidence is lacking. We cloned SAD from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and suppressed it in transgenic plants using RNA interference-inducing vectors. Characterization of lignin in the woody stems shows no change to content, composition, or structure, and S lignin is normal. By contrast, plants additionally suppressed in CAD have changes to lignin structure and S:G ratio and have increased sinapaldehyde in lignin, similar to plants suppressed in CAD alone. These data demonstrate that CAD, not SAD, is the enzyme responsible for S lignin biosynthesis in woody angiosperm xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Barakate
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Goldie
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Marshall
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
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32
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Li K, Xu C, Zhang J. Proteome profile of maize (Zea Mays L.) leaf tissue at the flowering stage after long-term adjustment to rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection. Gene 2011; 485:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Goulao LF, Vieira-Silva S, Jackson PA. Association of hemicellulose- and pectin-modifying gene expression with Eucalyptus globulus secondary growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:873-81. [PMID: 21429757 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wood properties are ultimately related to the morphology and biophysical properties of the xylem cell wall. Although the cellulose and lignin biosynthetic pathways have been extensively studied, modifications of other wall matrix components during secondary growth have attracted relatively less attention. In this work, thirty-eight new Eucalyptus cDNAs encoding cell wall-modifying proteins from nine candidate families that act on the cellulose-hemicellulose and pectin networks were cloned and their gene expression was investigated throughout the developing stem. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed distinct, gene-specific transcription patterns for each clone, allowing the identification of genes up-regulated in xylem or phloem of stem regions undergoing secondary growth. Some genes, namely an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, one mannan-hydrolase and three pectin methylesterases showed transcription in juvenile and also in mature stages of wood development. The patterns of gene expression using samples from tension and opposite wood disclosed a general trend for up-regulation in tension wood and/or down-regulation in opposite wood. Localised gene expression of two selected representative clones, EGl-XTH1 and EGl-XTH4, obtained through in situ hybridization confirms the RT-PCR results and association with secondary xylem formation. Likewise, immunolocalisation studies with the anti-pectin antibody (JIM5) also supported the idea that the development of tissue-specific pectin characteristics is important during secondary growth. These results emphasize an involvement of hemicellulose and pectin biochemistry in wood formation, suggesting that the controlled and localised modification of these polysaccharides may define cell properties and architecture and thus, contribute to determining different biophysical characteristics of Eucalyptus wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Goulao
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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34
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Wagner A, Tobimatsu Y, Phillips L, Flint H, Torr K, Donaldson L, Pears L, Ralph J. CCoAOMT suppression modifies lignin composition in Pinus radiata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:119-29. [PMID: 21426426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding the lignin-related enzyme caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) was isolated from a Pinus radiata cDNA library derived from differentiating xylem. Suppression of PrCCoAOMT expression in P. radiata tracheary element cultures affected lignin content and composition, resulting in a lignin polymer containing p-hydroxyphenyl (H), catechyl (C) and guaiacyl (G) units. Acetyl bromide-soluble lignin assays revealed reductions in lignin content of up to 20% in PrCCoAOMT-deficient transgenic lines. Pyrolysis-GC/MS and 2D-NMR studies demonstrated that these reductions were due to depletion of G-type lignin. Correspondingly, the proportion of H-type lignin in PrCCoAOMT-deficient transgenic lines increased, resulting in up to a 10-fold increase in the H/G ratio relative to untransformed controls. 2D-NMR spectra revealed that PrCCoAOMT suppression resulted in formation of benzodioxanes in the lignin polymer. This suggested that phenylpropanoids with an ortho-diphenyl structure such as caffeyl alcohol are involved in lignin polymerization. To test this hypothesis, synthetic lignins containing methyl caffeate or caffeyl alcohol were generated and analyzed by 2D-NMR. Comparison of the 2D-NMR spectra from PrCCoAOMT-RNAi lines and synthetic lignins identified caffeyl alcohol as the new lignin constituent in PrCCoAOMT-deficient lines. The incorporation of caffeyl alcohol into lignin created a polymer containing catechyl units, a lignin type that has not been previously identified in recombinant lignin studies. This finding is consistent with the theory that lignin polymerization is based on a radical coupling process that is determined solely by chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Wagner
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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35
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Nouailhas H, Aouf C, Le Guerneve C, Caillol S, Boutevin B, Fulcrand H. Synthesis and properties of biobased epoxy resins. part 1. Glycidylation of flavonoids by epichlorohydrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chahinez Aouf
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier I, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Le Guerneve
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier I, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Equipe Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Bernard Boutevin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Equipe Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Hélène Fulcrand
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier I, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, F‐34060 Montpellier, France
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36
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Morreel K, Kim H, Lu F, Dima O, Akiyama T, Vanholme R, Niculaes C, Goeminne G, Inzé D, Messens E, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Mass spectrometry-based fragmentation as an identification tool in lignomics. Anal Chem 2011; 82:8095-105. [PMID: 20795635 DOI: 10.1021/ac100968g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ensemble of all phenolics for which the biosynthesis is coregulated with lignin biosynthesis, i.e., metabolites from the general phenylpropanoid, monolignol, and (neo)lignan biosynthetic pathways and their derivatives, as well as the lignin oligomers, is coined the lignome. In lignifying tissues, the lignome comprises a significant portion of the metabolome. However, as is true for metabolomics in general, the structural elucidation of unknowns represents the biggest challenge in characterizing the lignome. To minimize the necessity to purify unknowns for NMR analysis, it would be desirable to be able to extract structural information from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data directly. However, mass spectral libraries for metabolomics are scarce, and no libraries exist for the lignome. Therefore, elucidating the gas-phase fragmentation behavior of the major bonding types encountered in lignome-associated molecules would considerably advance the systematic characterization of the lignome. By comparative MS(n) analysis of a series of molecules belonging to the β-aryl ether, benzodioxane, phenylcoumaran, and resinol groups, we succeeded in annotating typical fragmentations for each of these bonding structures as well as fragmentations that enabled the identification of the aromatic units involved in each bonding structure. Consequently, this work lays the foundation for a detailed characterization of the lignome in different plant species, mutants, and transgenics and for the MS-based sequencing of lignin oligomers and (neo)lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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37
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Vanholme R, Ralph J, Akiyama T, Lu F, Pazo JR, Kim H, Christensen JH, Van Reusel B, Storme V, De Rycke R, Rohde A, Morreel K, Boerjan W. Engineering traditional monolignols out of lignin by concomitant up-regulation of F5H1 and down-regulation of COMT in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:885-97. [PMID: 20822504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin engineering is a promising strategy to optimize lignocellulosic plant biomass for use as a renewable feedstock for agro-industrial applications. Current efforts focus on engineering lignin with monomers that are not normally incorporated into wild-type lignins. Here we describe an Arabidopsis line in which the lignin is derived to a major extent from a non-traditional monomer. The combination of mutation in the gene encoding caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (comt) with over-expression of ferulate 5-hydroxylase under the control of the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase promoter (C4H:F5H1) resulted in plants with a unique lignin comprising almost 92% benzodioxane units. In addition to biosynthesis of this particular lignin, the comt C4H:F5H1 plants revealed massive shifts in phenolic metabolism compared to the wild type. The structures of 38 metabolites that accumulated in comt C4H:F51 plants were resolved by mass spectral analyses, and were shown to derive from 5-hydroxy-substituted phenylpropanoids. These metabolites probably originate from passive metabolism via existing biochemical routes normally used for 5-methoxylated and 5-unsubstituted phenylpropanoids and from active detoxification by hexosylation. Transcripts of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were highly up-regulated in comt C4H:F5H1 plants, indicating feedback regulation within the pathway. To investigate the role of flavonoids in the abnormal growth of comt C4H:F5H1 plants, a mutation in a gene encoding chalcone synthase (chs) was crossed in. The resulting comt C4H:F5H1 chs plants showed partial restoration of growth. However, a causal connection between flavonoid deficiency and this restoration of growth was not demonstrated; instead, genetic interactions between phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis could explain the partial restoration. These genetic interactions must be taken into account in future cell-wall engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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38
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Weng JK, Mo H, Chapple C. Over-expression of F5H in COMT-deficient Arabidopsis leads to enrichment of an unusual lignin and disruption of pollen wall formation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:898-911. [PMID: 21143672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the phenylpropanoid polymer lignin in plant cell walls impedes breakdown of polysaccharides to the fermentable sugars that are used in biofuel production. Genetically modified plants with altered lignin properties hold great promise to improve biomass degradability. Here, we describe the generation of a new type of lignin enriched in 5-hydroxy-guaiacyl units by over-expressing ferulate 5-hydroxylase in a line of Arabidopsis lacking caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. The lignin modification strategy had a profound impact on plant growth and development and cell-wall properties, and resulted in male sterility due to complete disruption of formation of the pollen wall. The modified plants showed significantly improved cell-wall enzymatic saccharification efficiency without a reduction in post-harvest biomass yield despite the alterations in the overall growth morphology. This study demonstrated the plasticity of lignin polymerization in terms of incorporation of unusual monomers that chemically resemble conventional monomers, and also revealed the link between the biosynthetic pathways of lignin and the pollen wall-forming sporopollenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ke Weng
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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39
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Lee Y, Voit EO. Mathematical modeling of monolignol biosynthesis in Populus xylem. Math Biosci 2010; 228:78-89. [PMID: 20816867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to sugar release is a central issue in the production of biofuel as an economically viable energy source. Among all contributing factors, variations in lignin content and its syringyl-guaiacyl monomer composition have been directly linked with the yield of fermentable sugars. While recent advances in genomics and metabolite profiling have significantly broadened our understanding of lignin biosynthesis, its regulation at the pathway level is yet poorly understood. During the past decade, computational and mathematical methods of systems biology have become effective tools for deciphering the structure and regulation of complex metabolic networks. As increasing amounts of data from various organizational levels are being published, the application of these methods to studying lignin biosynthesis appears to be very beneficial for the future development of genetically engineered crops with reduced recalcitrance. Here, we use techniques from flux balance analysis and nonlinear dynamic modeling to construct a mathematical model of monolignol biosynthesis in Populus xylem. Various types of experimental data from the literature are used to identify the statistically most significant parameters and to estimate their values through an ensemble approach. The thus generated ensemble of models yields results that are quantitatively consistent with several transgenic experiments, including two experiments not used in the model construction. Additional model results not only reveal probable substrate saturation at steps leading to the synthesis of sinapyl alcohol, but also suggest that the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl monomers might not be affected by genetic modulations prior to the reactions involving coniferaldehyde. This latter model prediction is directly supported by data from transgenic experiments. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the model in metabolic engineering, where the pathway is to be optimized toward a higher yield of xylose through modification of the relative amounts of the two major monolignols. The results generated by our preliminary model of in vivo lignin biosynthesis are encouraging and demonstrate that mathematical modeling is poised to become an effective and predictive complement to traditional biotechnological and transgenic approaches, not just in microorganisms but also in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lee
- Integrative Biosystems Institute and The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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40
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Potential of Arabidopsis systems biology to advance the biofuel field. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:543-7. [PMID: 20800303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass is a renewable and potentially sustainable resource for the production of liquid biofuels and a multitude of bio-based materials. To tailor plants for biofuel production, a powerful gene discovery program targeted to cell wall recalcitrance genes is needed. In parallel, a system is required that reveals the pleiotropic effects of gene modifications and that delivers the fundamental knowledge necessary for successful gene stacking. In our opinion, these objectives can be pioneered through a systems biology approach in Arabidopsis. We develop our ideas with a focus on the lignin biosynthetic pathway, because lignin is among the most important factors determining cell wall recalcitrance.
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41
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Morreel K, Dima O, Kim H, Lu F, Niculaes C, Vanholme R, Dauwe R, Goeminne G, Inzé D, Messens E, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Mass spectrometry-based sequencing of lignin oligomers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1464-78. [PMID: 20554692 PMCID: PMC2923877 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.156489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the primary structure of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates can be readily determined, no sequencing method has been described yet for the second most abundant biopolymer on earth (i.e. lignin). Within secondary-thickened plant cell walls, lignin forms an aromatic mesh arising from the combinatorial radical-radical coupling of monolignols and many other less abundant monomers. This polymerization process leads to a plethora of units and linkage types that affect the physicochemical characteristics of the cell wall. Current methods to analyze the lignin structure focus only on the frequency of the major monomeric units and interunit linkage types but do not provide information on the presence of less abundant unknown units and linkage types, nor on how linkages affect the formation of neighboring linkages. Such information can only be obtained using a sequencing approach. Here, we describe, to our knowledge for the first time, a sequencing strategy for lignin oligomers using mass spectrometry. This strategy was then evaluated on the oligomers extracted from wild-type poplar (Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) xylem. In total, 134 lignin trimers to hexamers were observed, of which 36 could be completely sequenced. Interestingly, based on molecular mass data of the unknown monomeric and dimeric substructures, at least 10 unknown monomeric units or interunit linkage types were observed, one of which was identified as an arylglycerol end unit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., O.D., C.N., R.V., R.D., G.G., D.I., W.B.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (K.M., O.D., C.N., R.V., R.D., G.G., D.I., E.M., W.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (H.K., F.L., J.R.)
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42
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Moinuddin SGA, Jourdes M, Laskar DD, Ki C, Cardenas CL, Kim KW, Zhang D, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Insights into lignin primary structure and deconstruction from Arabidopsis thaliana COMT (caffeic acid O-methyl transferase) mutant Atomt1. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3928-46. [PMID: 20652169 DOI: 10.1039/c004817h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis mutant Atomt1 lignin differs from native lignin in wild type plants, in terms of sinapyl (S) alcohol-derived substructures in fiber cell walls being substituted by 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol (5OHG)-derived moieties. During programmed lignin assembly, these engender formation of benzodioxane substructures due to intramolecular cyclization of their quinone methides that are transiently formed following 8-O-4' radical-radical coupling. Thioacidolytic cleavage of the 8-O-4' inter-unit linkages in the Atomt1 mutant, relative to the wild type, indicated that cleavable sinapyl (S) and coniferyl (G) alcohol-derived monomeric moieties were stoichiometrically reduced by a circa 2 : 1 ratio. Additionally, lignin degradative analysis resulted in release of a 5OHG-5OHG-G trimer from the Atomt1 mutant, which then underwent further cleavage. Significantly, the trimeric moiety released provides new insight into lignin primary structure: during polymer assembly, the first 5OHG moiety is linked via a C8-O-X inter-unit linkage, whereas subsequent addition of monomers apparently involves sequential addition of 5OHG and G moieties to the growing chain in a 2 : 1 overall stoichiometry. This quantification data thus provides further insight into how inter-unit linkage frequencies in native lignins are apparently conserved (or near conserved) during assembly in both instances, as well as providing additional impetus to resolve how the overall question of lignin macromolecular assembly is controlled in terms of both type of monomer addition and primary sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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Vanholme R, Demedts B, Morreel K, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Lignin biosynthesis and structure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:895-905. [PMID: 20472751 PMCID: PMC2899938 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1135] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (R.V., B.D., K.M., W.B.); Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (R.V., B.D., K.M., W.B.); Department of Biochemistry and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (J.R.)
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Lu F, Marita JM, Lapierre C, Jouanin L, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Ralph J. Sequencing around 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol-derived units in caffeic acid O-methyltransferase-deficient poplar lignins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:569-79. [PMID: 20427467 PMCID: PMC2879778 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a bifunctional enzyme that methylates the 5- and 3-hydroxyl positions on the aromatic ring of monolignol precursors, with a preference for 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde, on the way to producing sinapyl alcohol. Lignins in COMT-deficient plants contain benzodioxane substructures due to the incorporation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol (5-OH-CA), as a monomer, into the lignin polymer. The derivatization followed by reductive cleavage method can be used to detect and determine benzodioxane structures because of their total survival under this degradation method. Moreover, partial sequencing information for 5-OH-CA incorporation into lignin can be derived from detection or isolation and structural analysis of the resulting benzodioxane products. Results from a modified derivatization followed by reductive cleavage analysis of COMT-deficient lignins provide evidence that 5-OH-CA cross couples (at its beta-position) with syringyl and guaiacyl units (at their O-4-positions) in the growing lignin polymer and then either coniferyl or sinapyl alcohol, or another 5-hydroxyconiferyl monomer, adds to the resulting 5-hydroxyguaiacyl terminus, producing the benzodioxane. This new terminus may also become etherified by coupling with further monolignols, incorporating the 5-OH-CA integrally into the lignin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fachuang Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Palmer NA, Sattler SE, Saathoff AJ, Sarath G. A continuous, quantitative fluorescent assay for plant caffeic acid O-methyltransferases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5220-5226. [PMID: 20397733 DOI: 10.1021/jf904445q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant caffeic acid O-methyltransferases (COMTs) use S-adenosylmethionine (ado-met), as a methyl donor to transmethylate their preferred (phenolic) substrates in vivo, and will generally utilize a range of phenolic compounds in vitro. Collazo et al. (Anal. Biochem. 2005, 342, 86-92) have published a discrete, end-point fluorescence assay to detect histone methyltransferases using S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase and adeonsine deaminase as coupling enzymes and a thiol-specific fluorophore, Thioglo1, as the detecting reagent. Using this previous assay as a guide, we have developed and validated a facile, sensitive and real-time fluorescence assay for characterizing plant COMTs and in the process simplified the original assay as well by obviating the need for adenosine deaminase in the assay, and simultaneously converting an end-point assay into a continuous one. Our assay has been used to kinetically characterize recombinant sorghum COMT (Bmr-12) a key enzyme involved in cell wall lignification, and analyze COMT activity in maturing tillers from switchgrass plants. Data indicated that the calculated K(m) and V(max) values for the recombinant sorghum COMT using different substrates in the fluorescent assay were similar to published values for COMT enzymes from other plant species. Native COMT activity was greatest in internodes at the top of a tiller and declined in the more basal internodes. This new assay should have broad applicability for characterizing COMTs and potentially other plant methlytransferases that utilize ado-met as a methyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Palmer
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Damaj MB, Kumpatla SP, Emani C, Beremand PD, Reddy AS, Rathore KS, Buenrostro-Nava MT, Curtis IS, Thomas TL, Mirkov TE. Sugarcane DIRIGENT and O-methyltransferase promoters confer stem-regulated gene expression in diverse monocots. PLANTA 2010; 231:1439-58. [PMID: 20352262 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcription profiling analysis identified Saccharum hybrid DIRIGENT (SHDIR16) and Omicron-Methyltransferase (SHOMT), putative defense and fiber biosynthesis-related genes that are highly expressed in the stem of sugarcane, a major sucrose accumulator and biomass producer. Promoters (Pro) of these genes were isolated and fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Transient and stable transgene expression analyses showed that both Pro( DIR16 ):GUS and Pro( OMT ):GUS retain the expression characteristics of their respective endogenous genes in sugarcane and function in orthologous monocot species, including rice, maize and sorghum. Furthermore, both promoters conferred stem-regulated expression, which was further enhanced in the stem and induced in the leaf and root by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate, key regulators of biotic and abiotic stresses. Pro( DIR16 ) and Pro( OMT ) will enable functional gene analysis in monocots, and will facilitate engineering monocots for improved carbon metabolism, enhanced stress tolerance and bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona B Damaj
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA
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Mandal SM, Dey S. LC-MALDI-TOF MS-based rapid identification of phenolic acids. J Biomol Tech 2008; 19:116-121. [PMID: 19137094 PMCID: PMC2361165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first on combined HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of phenolic acids. The analyses were carried out for phenolic acid mixtures and showed a unique, individual co-crystalline pattern for each phenolic acid. HPLC could distinguish phenolic acids and MALDI-TOF MS provided comparable mass (m/z) profiles for the samples. This combined study proved to be rapid in the accurate identification and structural analysis of phenolic acids with different masses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satyahari Dey
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Satyahari Dey, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India (phone: +91-3222-283760; fax: +91-3222-255303; e-mail:
)
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Chen JJ, Wang TY, Hwang TL. Neolignans, a coumarinolignan, lignan derivatives, and a chromene: anti-inflammatory constituents from Zanthoxylum avicennae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:212-217. [PMID: 18211005 DOI: 10.1021/np070594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Eight new compounds, including four new neolignans, (7' S,8' S)-bilagrewin ( 1), (7' S,8' S)-5-demethoxybilagrewin ( 2), (7' S,8' S)-5- O-demethyl-4'- O-methylbilagrewin ( 3), and (7' S,8' S)-nocomtal ( 4), a new coumarinolignan, (7' S,8' S)-4'- O-methylcleomiscosin D ( 5), two new lignan derivatives, (+)-9'- O-( Z)-feruloyl-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol ( 6) and (+)-9'- O-( E)-feruloyl-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol ( 7), and a new chromene, ( E)-3-(2,2-dimethyl-2 H-chromen-6-yl)prop-2-enal ( 8), have been isolated from the stem wood of Zanthoxylum avicennae, together with 18 known compounds ( 9- 26). The structures of these new compounds were determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. (7' S,8' S)-4'- O-Methylcleomiscosin D ( 5), cleomiscosin D ( 9), skimmianine ( 18), robustine ( 19), and integrifoliolin ( 23) exhibited inhibition (IC 50 < or = 18.19 microM) of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to formyl- l-methionyl- l-leucyl- l-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB). In addition, skimmianine ( 18) inhibited FMLP/CB-induced elastase release with an IC 50 value of 19.15 +/- 0.66 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Mapping methyl jasmonate-mediated transcriptional reprogramming of metabolism and cell cycle progression in cultured Arabidopsis cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1380-5. [PMID: 18216250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711203105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are plant-specific signaling molecules that steer a diverse set of physiological and developmental processes. Pathogen attack and wounding inflicted by herbivores induce the biosynthesis of these hormones, triggering defense responses both locally and systemically. We report on alterations in the transcriptome of a fast-dividing cell culture of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana after exogenous application of methyl JA (MeJA). Early MeJA response genes encoded the JA biosynthesis pathway proteins and key regulators of MeJA responses, including most JA ZIM domain proteins and MYC2, together with transcriptional regulators with potential, but yet unknown, functions in MeJA signaling. In a second transcriptional wave, MeJA reprogrammed cellular metabolism and cell cycle progression. Up-regulation of the monolignol biosynthesis gene set resulted in an increased production of monolignols and oligolignols, the building blocks of lignin. Simultaneously, MeJA repressed activation of M-phase genes, arresting the cell cycle in G(2). MeJA-responsive transcription factors were screened for their involvement in early signaling events, in particular the regulation of JA biosynthesis. Parallel screens based on yeast one-hybrid and transient transactivation assays identified both positive (MYC2 and the AP2/ERF factor ORA47) and negative (the C2H2 Zn finger proteins STZ/ZAT10 and AZF2) regulators, revealing a complex control of the JA autoregulatory loop and possibly other MeJA-mediated downstream processes.
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