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Yao A, Yang J, Liu Y, Su G, Zhao M, Wang S, Tang Y, Qiu R. Mitigation effects of foliar supply of different sulfur forms on uptake, translocation and grain accumulation of Cd and As by paddy rice on basis of liming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167338. [PMID: 37748603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination of Cd and As in strongly acidic paddy soil has posed great challenges for remediation practice due to their distinct properties. Liming is a necessary but inadequate measure for normal growth of paddy rice and for Cd and As remediation in strongly acidic paddy soils rich in iron minerals. A greenhouse rice pot cultivation experiment was conducted to explore the efficiency and mechanisms of how foliar supply of different sulfur forms (K2S, K2SO4) could further mediate the uptake, translocation and grain accumulation of Cd and As by paddy rice on basis of liming. Results showed that compared to liming alone (CK), co-application of liming and foliar supply of K2S (L + FK2S) significantly reduced contents of Cd and As in brown rice by 44.4 % and 24.7 %, respectively. Contrastingly, co-application of liming and foliar supply of K2SO4 (L + FK2SO4) decreased Cd content of brown rice by 55.5 %, but had no effect on As content. Foliar supply of K2S and K2SO4 dramatically facilitated Cd upward transfer from roots to shoots by enhancing root Cd transfer from cell wall into trophoplast. On the other hand, both sulfur forms remarkably elevated sulfur contents in leaves and significantly inhibited Cd translocation from leaves to grain by enhancing vacuolar sequestration of Cd in leaves. Compared to CK and L + FK2SO4 treatment, it was by enhancing glutathione synthesis, cell wall deposition in roots and vacuolar sequestration of As in leaves that L + FK2S showed greater inhibiting effects on transfer of As from roots, stems and leaves to grain. Foliar supply of either sulfate or sulfide could efficiently decrease grain Cd of paddy rice, but only foliar supply of sulfide is effective in reducing grain As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Yao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingliu Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guangquan Su
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Man Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yetao Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Mahdavian K. Detoxification role of amino acids and phytochelatins on two populations of harmel plant under silver stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:110970-110980. [PMID: 37798526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Two non-metallicolous and metallicolous populations of harmel plants were compared regarding the role of proline, cysteine, reducing sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione, thiol compounds, organic acids, total free amino acids, and lipid peroxidation in detoxification and tolerance of silver stress (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 ppm Ag). The results of the present research state that the effects of Ag were increased total free amino acids, glutathione, organic acids, proline, reducing sugars, thiol compounds, and cysteine, so the accumulation of these compounds was higher in metallicolous populations than non-metallicolous. On the other hand, non-metallicolous populations showed higher content of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 than metallicolous populations under Ag stresses. Also, the accumulation of phytochelatins (PC) was observed with increasing Ag concentration, which shows that compared to glutathione, non-protein thiols have a higher concentration. The number of organic acids (malic acids, fumaric, oxalic, and citric) except acetic acid increased in the leaves of harmel in both populations. According to the results of this research, the harmel metallophilic population has a crucial role in the tolerance and detoxification of Ag stress, so the antioxidant responses of the plant against Ag stress in the non-metallicolous population were lower than the metallicolous population. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the harmel plant has a detoxification mechanism to deal with high concentrations of Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Mahdavian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Phytochelatins: Sulfur-Containing Metal(loid)-Chelating Ligands in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2430. [PMID: 36768751 PMCID: PMC9917255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides capable of binding metal(loid)s via SH-groups. Although the biosynthesis of PCs can be induced in vivo by various metal(loid)s, PCs are mainly involved in the detoxification of cadmium and arsenic (III), as well as mercury, zinc, lead, and copper ions, which have high affinities for S-containing ligands. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent data on PC biosynthesis, structure, and role in metal(loid) transport and sequestration in the vacuoles of plant cells. A comparative analysis of PC accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their shoots, and in the excluders, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their roots, investigates the question of whether the endogenous PC concentration determines a plant's tolerance to metal(loid)s. Summarizing the available data, it can be concluded that PCs are not involved in metal(loid) hyperaccumulation machinery, though they play a key role in metal(loid) homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological role of metal(loid)-binding ligands is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology, plant physiology, ionomics, and toxicology, and is important for the development of technologies used in phytoremediation, biofortification, and phytomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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Frémont A, Sas E, Sarrazin M, Gonzalez E, Brisson J, Pitre FE, Brereton NJB. Phytochelatin and coumarin enrichment in root exudates of arsenic-treated white lupin. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:936-954. [PMID: 34392550 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with toxic metalloids, such as arsenic, can represent a substantial human health and environmental risk. Some plants are thought to tolerate soil toxicity using root exudation, however, the nature of this response to arsenic remains largely unknown. Here, white lupin plants were exposed to arsenic in a semi-hydroponic system and their exudates were profiled using untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Arsenic concentrations up to 1 ppm were tolerated and led to the accumulation of 12.9 μg As g-1 dry weight (DW) and 411 μg As g-1 DW in above-ground and belowground tissues, respectively. From 193 exuded metabolites, 34 were significantly differentially abundant due to 1 ppm arsenic, including depletion of glutathione disulphide and enrichment of phytochelatins and coumarins. Significant enrichment of phytochelatins in exudates of arsenic-treated plants was further confirmed using exudate sampling with strict root exclusion. The chemical tolerance toolkit in white lupin included nutrient acquisition metabolites as well as phytochelatins, the major intracellular metal-binding detoxification oligopeptides which have not been previously reported as having an extracellular role. These findings highlight the value of untargeted metabolite profiling approaches to reveal the unexpected and inform strategies to mitigate anthropogenic pollution in soils around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Frémont
- University of Montreal-Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eszter Sas
- University of Montreal-Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics (C3G)-Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Microbiome Research Platform-McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity (MI4), Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Brisson
- University of Montreal-Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Emmanuel Pitre
- University of Montreal-Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Low-molecular-weight ligands in plants: role in metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:51-96. [PMID: 32653983 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrition is one of the key factors determining plant productivity. In plants, metal homeostasis is achieved through the functioning of a complex system governing metal uptake, translocation, distribution, and sequestration, leading to the maintenance of a regulated delivery of micronutrients to metal-requiring processes as well as detoxification of excess or non-essential metals. Low-molecular-weight ligands, such as nicotianamine, histidine, phytochelatins, phytosiderophores, and organic acids, play an important role in metal transport and detoxification in plants. Nicotianamine and histidine are also involved in metal hyperaccumulation, which determines the ability of some plant species to accumulate a large amount of metals in their shoots. In this review we extensively summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the main pathways for the biosynthesis of these ligands, their involvement in metal uptake, radial and long-distance transport, as well as metal influx, isolation and sequestration in plant tissues and cell compartments. It is analyzed how diverse endogenous ligand levels in plants can determine their different tolerance to metal toxic effects. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the physiological role of these compounds in metal homeostasis, which is an essential task of modern ionomics and plant physiology. It is of key importance in studying the influence of metal deficiency or excess on various physiological processes, which is a prerequisite to the improvement of micronutrient uptake efficiency and crop productivity and to the development of a variety of applications in phytoremediation, phytomining, biofortification, and nutritional crop safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276.
| | - A D Kozhevnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276
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A Review of the Health Implications of Heavy Metals in Food Chain in Nigeria. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:6594109. [PMID: 32351345 PMCID: PMC7182971 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6594109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals such as Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu are abundant in the environment and contribute largely to the sustainability and equilibrium of ecosystem processes. However, because of their bioaccumulation, nondegradability, and the excessive amounts in which they exist, these metals contaminate the food chain and subsequently become a source of toxicity to human beings and the entire ecological function. This is a major issue of concern within the study of environmental science and geochemistry. Although there is a global significance to the issue, it seems more immediate for the developing countries (DCs) such as Nigeria, where the pressure of the teeming population escalates the exigency for human sustainability, food security, and total eradication of hunger. Within the Nigerian context, many studies have examined this all-important issue, but most of these studies are fragmented and limited within the purview of mostly individual states and localities within the country. Taken on a wider geographical scale, the discussions and perspectives of these studies on heavy metal contamination of the food chain offer insufficient insight and expose merely a snapshot of the actual situation. As a result of this, a country-wide knowledge base of the implications of heavy metals on the food chain is lacking. Thus, the present study synthesises existing literature and their findings to create a knowledge base on the vulnerability of the food chain in Nigeria. Aquatic foods, fruits, vegetables, and major staple food such as tubers are the major host of carcinogenic and mutagenic components of heavy metals in Nigeria. This study motivates the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON), along with other food and agricultural agencies, to intensify their efforts in monitoring and analysing food components, and we advise consumers to eat with certain degrees of caveat.
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Thakur S, Choudhary S, Dubey P, Bhardwaj P. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the reprogramming of gene networks under arsenic stress in Indian mustard. Genome 2019; 62:833-847. [PMID: 31518504 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a widespread toxic metalloid that is classified as a class I carcinogen known to cause adverse health effects in humans. In the present study, we investigated arsenic accumulation potential and comparative gene expression in Indian mustard. The amount of arsenic accumulated in shoots varied in the range of 15.99-1138.70 mg/kg on a dry weight basis among five cultivars. Comparative expression analysis revealed 10 870 significantly differentially expressed genes mostly belonging to response to stress, metabolic processes, signal transduction, transporter activity, and transcription regulator activity to be up-regulated, while most of the genes involved in photosynthesis, developmental processes, and cell growth were found to be down-regulated in arsenic-treated tissues. Further, pathway analysis using the KEGG Automated Annotation server (KAAS) revealed a large-scale reprogramming of genes involved in genetic and environmental information processing pathways. Top pathways with maximum KEGG orthology hits included carbon metabolism (2.5%), biosynthesis of amino acids (2.1%), plant hormone signal transduction (1.4%), and glutathione metabolism (0.6%). A transcriptomic investigation to understand the arsenic accumulation and detoxification in Indian mustard will not only help to improve its phytoremediation efficiency but also add to the control measures required to check bioaccumulation of arsenic in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Thakur
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Preeti Dubey
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Dixit G, Singh AP, Kumar A, Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Kumar S, Trivedi PK, Pandey V, Tripathi RD. Reduced arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) shoot involves sulfur mediated improved thiol metabolism, antioxidant system and altered arsenic transporters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 99:86-96. [PMID: 26741538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in rice is at alarming level as majority of rice growing regions are As contaminated such as South East Asia. Restricting the As in aerial parts of rice plant may be an effective strategy to reduce As contamination in food chain. Sulfur (S), an essential element for plant growth and development, plays a crucial role in diminishing heavy metal toxicity. Current study is designed to investigate the role of S to mitigate As toxicity in rice under different S regimes. High S (5 mM) treatment resulted in enhanced root As accumulation as well as prevented its entry in to shoot. Results of thiol metabolism indicate that As was complexed in plant roots through enhanced synthesis of phytochelatins. High S treatment also reduced the expression of OsLsi1 and OsLsi2, the potent transporters of As in rice. High S treatment enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and mitigated the As induced oxidative stress. Thus from present study it is evident that proper supply of S nutrition may be helpful in prevention of As accumulation in aerial parts of plant as well as As induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dixit
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Pal Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Seema Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Dwivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smita Kumar
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rudra Deo Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Tripathi P, Singh PC, Mishra A, Tripathi RD, Nautiyal CS. Trichoderma inoculation augments grain amino acids and mineral nutrients by modulating arsenic speciation and accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 117:72-80. [PMID: 25839184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is an industrially important fungi which also imparts stress tolerance and plant growth promotion in various crops. Arsenic (As) contamination of field soils is one of the challenging problems in agriculture, posing potential threats for both human health and the environment. Plants in association with microbes are a liable method to improve metal tolerance and enhance crop productivity. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is an important grain legume providing cheap source of protein in semi-arid regions including As affected areas. In this study we report the role of T. reesei NBRI 0716 (NBRI 0716) in supporting chickpea growth and improving soil quality in As simulated conditions. NBRI 0716 modulated the As speciation and its availability to improve grain yield and quality (amino acids and mineral content) in chickpea (C. arietinum L.) plants grown in As spiked soil (100 mg As kg(-1) soil). Arsenic accumulation and speciation results indicate that arsenate [As(V)] was the dominant species in chickpea seeds and rhizosphere soil. The Trichoderma reduced total grain inorganic As (Asi) by 66% and enhanced dimethylarsonic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsinic acid (MMA) content of seed and rhizosphere soil. The results indicate a probable role of NBRI 0716 in As methylation as the possible mechanism for maneuvering As stress in chickpea. Analysis of functional diversity using carbon source utilization (Biolog) showed significant difference in diversity and evenness indices among the soil microbial rhizosphere communities. Microbial diversity loss caused by As were prevented in the presence of Trichoderma NBRI 0716.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam C Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rudra D Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. H. O. Ernst
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; Vrije Universiteit; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. A. C. Verkleij
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; Vrije Universiteit; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - H. Schat
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; Vrije Universiteit; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Flores-Cáceres ML, Hattab S, Hattab S, Boussetta H, Banni M, Hernández LE. Specific mechanisms of tolerance to copper and cadmium are compromised by a limited concentration of glutathione in alfalfa plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:165-173. [PMID: 25711824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The induction of oxidative stress is a characteristic symptom of metal phytotoxicity and is counteracted by antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) or homoglutathione (hGSH). The depletion of GSH│hGSH in fifteen-day-old alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants pre-incubated with 1mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) affected antioxidant responses in a metal-specific manner under exposure to copper (Cu; 0, 6, 30 and 100μM) or cadmium (Cd; 0, 6 and 30μM) for 7 days. The phytotoxic symptoms observed with excess Cu were accompanied by an inhibition of root glutathione reductase (GR) activity, a response that was augmented in Cd-treated plants but reverted when combined with BSO. The synthesis of phytochelatins (PCs) was induced by Cd, whereas the biothiol concentration decreased in Cu-treated plants, which did not accumulate PCs. The depletion of GSH│hGSH by BSO also produced a strong induction of oxidative stress under excess Cu stress, primarily due to impaired GSH│hGSH-dependent redox homeostasis. In addition, the synthesis of PCs was required for Cd detoxification, apparently also determining the distribution of Cd in plants, as less metal was translocated to the shoots in BSO-incubated plants. Therefore, specific GSH│hGSH-associated mechanisms of tolerance were triggered by stress due to each metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Flores-Cáceres
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sabrine Hattab
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Institute Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia; Centre Regional de Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Hattab
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Institute Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hamadi Boussetta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Institute Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia; Centre Regional de Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Institute Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia; Centre Regional de Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Luis E Hernández
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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Morelli E, Scarano G. Cadmium induced phytochelatins in marine algaPhaeodactylum tricornutum:effect of metal speciation. CHEMICAL SPECIATION & BIOAVAILABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09542299.1995.11083241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nwokocha C, Younger-Coleman N, Nwokocha M, Owu D, Iwuala M. A comparative study of the effect of some nutritional medicinal plants effect on lead accumulation in the liver following different modes of administration. Pharmacognosy Res 2014; 6:306-11. [PMID: 25276068 PMCID: PMC4166819 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.138278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and Objectives: Lead (Pb) toxicity leads to cell damage in many organs of the body. Using different treatment interventions and modes of administration we comparatively examined the protective ability of some medicinal plants on liver Pb accumulation. Materials and Methods: Rats were fed on either 7% w/w Zingiber officinale, 7% w/w Allium sativum, 10% w/w Lycopersicon esculentum, 5%, w/w Garcinia kola (all in rat chow), while Pb (100 ppm) was given in drinking water. The additives were administered together with (mode 1), a week after exposure to (mode 2) or a week before metal exposure to (mode 3) the metal for a period of 6 weeks. The metal accumulations in the liver were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and compared using analysis of variance. Results: Some additives significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, while others enhanced Pb accumulation. Mode 2 yielded the highest mean % protection and mode 3 the lowest, no significant interaction between modes of administration and time of measurement in their relationships to percentage protection, but there was statistically significant (P < 0.05) interaction between modes of administration and additive used in their relationships to percentage protection. Conclusion: Protective effects of medicinal plants are varied and depend on the nature of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of The West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Novie Younger-Coleman
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of The West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Magdalene Nwokocha
- Department of Haematology, The University of The West Indies Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Daniel Owu
- Department of Physiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Moses Iwuala
- Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
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Kumar A, Singh RP, Singh PK, Awasthi S, Chakrabarty D, Trivedi PK, Tripathi RD. Selenium ameliorates arsenic induced oxidative stress through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and thiols in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1153-63. [PMID: 24985886 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination of rice is a major problem for South-East Asia. In the present study, the effect of selenium (Se) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants exposed to As was studied in hydroponic culture. Arsenic accumulation, plant growth, thiolic ligands and antioxidative enzyme activities were assayed after single (As and Se) and simultaneous supplementations (As + Se). The results indicated that the presence of Se (25 µM) decreased As accumulation by threefold in roots and twofold in shoots as compared to single As (25 µM) exposed plants. Arsenic induced oxidative stress in roots and shoots was significantly ameliorated by Se supplementation. The observed positive response was found associated with the increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9) and induced levels of non-protein thiols (NPTs), glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) in As + Se exposed plants as compared to single As treatment. Selenium supplementation modulated the thiol metabolism enzymes viz., γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS; EC 6.3.2.2), glutathione-S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) and phytochelatin synthase (PCS; EC 2.3.2.15). Gene expression analysis of several metalloid responsive genes (LOX, SOD and MATE) showed upregulation during As stress, however, significant downregulation during As + Se exposure as compared to single As treatment. Gene expressions of enzymes of antioxidant and GSH and PC biosynthetic systems, such as APX, CAT, GPx, γ-ECS and PCS were found to be significantly positively correlated with their enzyme activities. The findings suggested that Se supplementation could be an effective strategy to reduce As accumulation and toxicity in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division, C.S.I.R.-National Botanical, Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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15
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Nwokocha CR, Younger-Coleman N, Nwokocha M, Owu DU, Iwuala M. Investigation of effects of time of measurement and modes of administration on cadmium accumulation in rat liver under some medicinal plants food supplemented diet. Pharmacognosy Res 2014; 6:240-5. [PMID: 25002805 PMCID: PMC4080505 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.132604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and Objectives: Cadmium (Cd) toxicity leads to cell and organ damage, we comparatively examined the protection ability of different medicinal plants on Cd liver accumulation following different treatment interventions and modes of administration. Materials and Methods: Rats were fed either 7% w/w Zingiber officinale, 7% w/w Allium Sativum, 10% w/w Lycopersicon esculentum, 5%, w/w Garcinia kola (all in rat chow), while Cd (200 ppm) was given in drinking water. Additives were administered together with (mode 1), a week after (mode 2) or a week before metal exposure (mode 3) for a period of six weeks. Cd liver was determined using AAS and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: All additives significantly (P <0.5) reduced the accumulation of Cd in the liver. After adjusting for time and mode of administration, mean %protection for week 4 was significantly lower by 14.1% (P=0.02) from that for week 2 but the means did not differ with respect to additive used or mode of administration, no statistically significant interaction between modes of administration and either of additives used or time of administration in their respective relationships to percentage protection from Cd. Conclusion: Additives significantly reduced Cd accumulation through a reduction in absorption and enhancement of metal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha
- Tropical Metabolism Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Novie Younger-Coleman
- Tropical Metabolism Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Magdalene Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Daniel U Owu
- Department of Physiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Moses Iwuala
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
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Nedkovska M, Atanassov AI. Metallothionein Genes and Expression for Heavy Metal Resistance. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.1998.10818980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Akhter F, McGarvey B, Macfie SM. Reduced translocation of cadmium from roots is associated with increased production of phytochelatins and their precursors. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1821-9. [PMID: 22922170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element and its environmental concentrations are approaching toxic levels, especially in some agricultural soils. Understanding how and where Cd is stored in plants is important for ensuring food safety. In this study, we examined two plant species that differ in the distribution of Cd among roots and leaves. Lettuce and barley were grown in nutrient solution under two conditions: chronic (4 weeks) exposure to a low, environmentally relevant concentration (1.0 μM) of Cd and acute (1 h) exposure to a high concentration (5.0 mM) of Cd. Seedlings grown in solution containing 1.0 μM CdCl₂ did not show symptoms of toxicity and, at this concentration, 77% of the total Cd was translocated to leaves of lettuce, whereas only 24% of the total Cd was translocated to barley leaves. We tested the hypothesis that differential accumulation of Cd in roots and leaves is related to differential concentrations of phytochelatins (PCs), and its precursor peptides. The amounts of PCs and their precursor peptides in the roots and shoots were measured using HPLC. Each of PC₂₋₄ was synthesized in the barley root upon chronic exposure to Cd and did not increase further upon acute exposure. In the case of lettuce, no PCs were detected in the root given either Cd treatment. The high amounts of PCs produced in barley root could have contributed to preferential retention of Cd in barley roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardausi Akhter
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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18
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Sbartai H, Djebar MR, Sbartai I, Berrabbah H. Bioaccumulation du Cd et du Zn chez les plants de tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). C R Biol 2012; 335:585-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Comparative analysis on the effect of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) in reducing cadmium, mercury and lead accumulation in liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2070-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Quantification of phytochelatins and their metal(loid) complexes: critical assessment of current analytical methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:3299-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Differential expression and alternative splicing of rice sulphate transporter family members regulate sulphur status during plant growth, development and stress conditions. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 11:259-73. [PMID: 21221698 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Grill E, Löffler S, Winnacker EL, Zenk MH. Phytochelatins, the heavy-metal-binding peptides of plants, are synthesized from glutathione by a specific gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthase). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 86:6838-42. [PMID: 16594069 PMCID: PMC297945 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme has been discovered and characterized from Silene cucubalus cell suspension cultures that catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptide moiety of glutathione to an acceptor glutathione molecule or a growing chain of [Glu(-Cys)](n)-Gly oligomers, thus synthesizing phytochelatins, the metal-binding peptides of higher plants and select fungi. The enzyme was named gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase and given the trivial name phytochelatin synthase. The primary reaction catalyzed is [Glu(-Cys)]-Gly + [Glu(-Cys)](n)-Gly --> [Glu(-Cys)](n+1)-Gly + Gly. The enzyme is isoelectric near pH 4.8 and has temperature and pH optima at 35 degrees C and 7.9, respectively. Phytochelatin synthase is constitutively present in cell cultures of various plant species and its formation is not noticeably induced by heavy metal ions in the growth medium. The enzyme (M(r)95,000) seems to be composed of four subunits, the dimer (M(r)50,000) being also catalytically active. Cd(2+) is by far the best metal activator of the enzyme followed by Ag(+), Bi(3+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+), and Au(+). The K(m) for glutathione is 6.7 mM. The enzyme activity seems to be self-regulated in that the product of the reaction (the phytochelatins) chelates the enzyme-activating metal, thus terminating the enzyme reaction. The molar ratio of the gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptide in phytochelatin to Cd(2+) in the newly formed complex was 2:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität München, Karlstrasse 29, D-8000 München 2, Federal Republic of Germany
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23
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Wang C, Wang LY, Sun Q. Response of phytochelatins and their relationship with cadmium toxicity in a floating macrophyte Pistia stratiotes L. at environmentally relevant concentrations. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2010; 82:147-154. [PMID: 20183981 DOI: 10.2175/106143009x442970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An indoor experiment was undertaken to investigate the response of phytochelatins and their relationship to cadmium toxicity in Pistia stratiotes L., a free-floating macrophyte, exposed to low concentrations of cadmium typically found in realistic environments. Cadmium concentrations of 0.01 to 0.08 microM had no toxic effects on the growth of this plant, as indicated by no significant changes in the fresh weights of leaves and roots and the slight induction of phytochelatins in plant tissues, whereas cadmium concentrations of 0.16 to 1 microM were toxic, and cadmium toxicity increased with the increase of cadmium concentrations in solutions, accompanied by the dramatic production of phytochelatins in plant tissues, especially in roots. There was a positive correction between root phytochelatin levels and cadmium toxicity, as measured by the growth inhibition rate of the root fresh weight. The results suggested that phytochelatins in aquatic macrophytes can serve as sensitive biomarkers for heavy metal toxicity in a moderately polluted water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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24
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Jambhulkar HP, Juwarkar AA. Assessment of bioaccumulation of heavy metals by different plant species grown on fly ash dump. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1122-1128. [PMID: 19171381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted on a 10-hectare area on fly ash dump at Khaperkheda Thermal Power Plant, Nagpur, India, where different ecologically and economically important plant species were planted using bioremediation technology. The technology involves the use of organic amendment and selection of suitable plant species along with site-specific nitrogen-fixing strains of biofertilizers. The study was conducted to find out the metal accumulation potential of different plant species. The total heavy metal contents in fly ash were determined and their relative abundance was found in the order of Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd. Fly ash samples had acidic pH, low electrical conductivity, low level of organic carbon and trace amounts of N and P. Plantation of divergent species was done on fly ash dump using the bioremediation technique. After 3 years of plantation, luxuriant growth of these species was found covering almost the entire fly ash dump. The results of the metal analysis of these species indicated that iron accumulated to the greatest extent in vegetation followed by Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb. Cassia siamea was found to accumulate all metals at higher concentrations compared to other species. The experimental study revealed that C. siamea could be used as a hyper-accumulator plant for bioremediation of fly ash dump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata P Jambhulkar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India.
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25
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Chen J, Shiyab S, Han FX, Monts DL, Waggoner CA, Yang Z, Su Y. Bioaccumulation and physiological effects of mercury in Pteris vittata and Nephrolepis exaltata. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:110-21. [PMID: 18766440 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, histochemical and biochemical approaches were used to study mercury uptake and phytotoxicity as well as anti-oxidative responses in two species of ferns [Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata)], grown in a hydroponic system. The roots of both cultivars accumulated large amounts of mercury, but exhibited limited mercury translocation to shoots. Mercury exposure led to more pronounced phytotoxicity accompanied by stronger oxidative stress in the shoots of P. vittata than in N. exaltata. N. exaltata established a more effective anti-oxidative system against mercury-induced oxidative stress than did P. vittata. The activity of anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) increased. The reduced ascorbate (ASA) and oxidized ascorbate (DHA) are regulated. Mercury exposure led to an increase in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in both fern species. The present study suggests that N. exaltata is more tolerant to mercury exposure than P. vittata, which has been also reported to be more tolerant to arsenic exposure. N. exaltata may thus have potential for phytostabilization of soils or phytofiltration of waste water contaminated with mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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26
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Jin X, Yang X, Mahmood Q, Islam E, Liu D, Li H. Response of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate and glutathione metabolism towards cadmium in hyperaccumulator and nonhyperaccumulator ecotypes of Sedum alfredii H. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:517-29. [PMID: 18214940 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponics studies were conducted to investigate the antioxidant adaptations, ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in hyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii (HE) exposed to high Cd environment, when compared with its nonhyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE). Exposure to Cd induced a burst of oxidative stress in both ecotypes which was evident by the sharp increase in hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) contents and lipid peroxidation. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, did not affect H(2)O(2) concentrations as well as growth of both ecotypes in the absence of Cd. However, compared with Cd application alone, BSO combined with Cd treatment caused a substantial augmentation of H(2)O(2) accumulation accompanied by a reduction in Cd concentrations in roots and leaves of HE at the end of treatment, which may rule out the possibility that GSH biosynthesis may play an important role as a signal of the stress regulation. No efficient and superior enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms against Cd-imposed oxidative stress existed in both NHE and HE, but the essential nonenzymatic components like ascorbic acid (AsA) and GSH played a prominent role in tolerance against Cd. Cadmium stimulated a notable rise in AsA concentration in both ecotypes soon after the application of treatment. A preferential Cd-stress response in HE was suggested to changes in the GSH pool, where acclimation was marked by increased GSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
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27
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Qiu B. Detection of phytochelatins in the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii exposed to cadmium and lead. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:911-8. [PMID: 18023461 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are known to play an essential role in the heavy metal detoxification of some higher plants and fungi by chelating heavy metals. However, three recent papers reported that no PCs could be detected in the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance upon cadmium, lead or zinc treatment, respectively. In this paper, PC synthesis was assayed again in the mine population of S. alfredii with the help of reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPLC-mass spectrometry, and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Our data showed that PC formation could be induced in the leaf, stem and root tissues of S. alfredii upon exposure to 400 microM cadmium, and only in the stem and root when exposed to 700 microM lead. However, no PCs were found in any part of S. alfredii when it was subjected to exposure to 1600 microM zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 Hubei, PR China
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28
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Gupta DK, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Mishra S, Srivastava S, Dwivedi S, Maathuis FJM. Growth and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum L. grown on amended fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 134:479-87. [PMID: 17342436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth and metal accumulation were investigated in two Cicer arietinum L. varieties (var. CSG-8962 and var. C-235) when grown in various combinations of fly ash (FA) amended with garden soil (GS), press mud (PM) or saw dust (SD). In addition, the levels of photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, cysteine, non-protein thiols (NP-SH), and ascorbic acid were studied. FA amended with GS or PM led to a 5-10 times increase in biomass compared to FA control and was most pronounced in the less metal tolerant variety CSG-8962. Amendment of FA with either GS or PM only moderately increased the contents of some essential metals whereas the non-essential Cd and Cr remained similar or decreased slightly compared to FA control. FA combined with either GS or PM increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and was largely absent when SD was added to FA. Improved nitrogen availability led to increased nitrate reductase (NR) activity with all amendments but less so with SD. Metal stress indicating parameters were generally reduced (cysteine and non-protein thiols) or unchanged (ascorbic acid). In conclusion, of the tested ameliorants both GS and PM greatly improved growth of C. arietinum making FA a suitable component of plant growth substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gupta
- Department of Biology Area 9, University of York, York, YO10-55D, UK
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29
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Li M, Zhu Q, Hu CW, Chen L, Liu ZL, Kong ZM. Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis (Prymnesiophyceae): effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. J Environ Sci (China) 2007; 19:1330-1335. [PMID: 18232227 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years. Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth, pigments, lipid peroxidation, and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis, in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress. In response to Co2+, lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control, as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn2+. Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner, depending on the metal assayed: after Co2+ treatments, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was irregular, although it was not significantly affected by Mn2+ exposure. Co2+ and Mn2+ stimulated the activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), whereas, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co2+ treatments and decreased gradually with Mn2+ concentration, up to 50 micromol/L, and then rose very rapidly, reaching to about 38.98% at 200 micromol/L Mn2+. These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced, to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse of China, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Mestek O, Polák J, Koplík R, Komínková J, Šantrůček J, Kodíček M, Kvasnička F. Analysis of element species fractions in buckwheat and amaranth flours by SEC/ICP-MS and MALDI-MS. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Israr M, Sahi SV. Antioxidative responses to mercury in the cell cultures of Sesbania drummondii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:590-5. [PMID: 17070690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of mercury (Hg) on the growth and the response of antioxidative systems have been investigated in Sesbania cell cultures to determine the tolerance limits and the mechanisms of metal (Hg) tolerance in plant cells. Cell cultures of Sesbania were developed in different concentrations (0-50 microM) of mercury. Cultures tolerated Hg up to a concentration of 40 microM and showed an increase in the fresh weight growth by 620% in 3 weeks. The levels of antioxidants: glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiols (NPSH) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) were influenced by Hg treatments. The contents of GSH, NPSH and GSH/GSSG ratio increased up to a concentration of 40 muM Hg and then severely declined at 50 microM Hg. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, SOD, APX and GR followed the same trends as antioxidants, first increased up to a concentration of 40 muM Hg and then declined in the presence of 50 microM Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Israr
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd. #11080, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
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Israr M, Sahi S, Datta R, Sarkar D. Bioaccumulation and physiological effects of mercury in Sesbania drummondii. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:591-8. [PMID: 16564071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of mercury and its effect on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidative responses were studied in Sesbania drummondii seedlings. Mercury concentration in shoots as well as in the roots increased with increasing Hg concentrations in the growth solution. The accumulation of Hg was more in roots than shoots. At 100 mg l-1 Hg concentration, shoots accumulated 998 mg Hg kg -1 dry weight (dw) while roots accumulated 41,403 mg Hg kg-1 dw. Seedlings growth was not significantly affected at lower concentrations of Hg. A concentration of 100 mg l-1 Hg inhibited growth by 36.8%, with respect to control. Photosynthetic activity was assessed by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence by determination of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo values. Photosynthetic integrity was not affected up to 50 mg l-1 Hg concentration, however, concentrations higher than 50 mg l-1 affected photosynthetic integrity. Sesbania responded to Hg induced oxidative stress by modulating non-enzymatic antioxidants [glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiols (NPSH)] and enzymatic antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). Glutathione content and GSH/GSSG ratio increased up to a concentration of 50 mg l-1 while slight down at 100 mg l-1 Hg. The content of NPSH significantly increased with increasing Hg concentrations in the growth medium. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, SOD, APX and GR followed the same trends as antioxidants first increased up to a concentration of 50 mg l-1 Hg and then slight decreased. The results of present study suggest that Sesbania plants were able to accumulate and tolerate Hg induced stress using an effective antioxidative defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Israr
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
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Hunaiti AA, Abukhalaf IK, Silvestrov N, Bayorh M. Rapid HPLC Procedure for the Quantitation of Phytochelatins in Plant Tissue Extracts. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120025602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahim A. Hunaiti
- a Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering , Philadelphia University , P.O. Box 1, 19392, Jordan
| | - Imad K. Abukhalaf
- a Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering , Philadelphia University , P.O. Box 1, 19392, Jordan
- b Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- c Clinical Research Center , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- d Space Medicine and Life Science Research Center , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natalia Silvestrov
- b Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- c Clinical Research Center , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamed Bayorh
- b Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- d Space Medicine and Life Science Research Center , Morehouse School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Singla-Pareek SL, Yadav SK, Pareek A, Reddy MK, Sopory SK. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing glyoxalase pathway enzymes grow and set viable seeds in zinc-spiked soils. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:613-23. [PMID: 16384901 PMCID: PMC1361328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.073734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We reported earlier that engineering of the glyoxalase pathway (a two-step reaction mediated through glyoxalase I and II enzymes) enhances salinity tolerance. Here we report the extended suitability of this engineering strategy for improved heavy-metal tolerance in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The glyoxalase transgenics were able to grow, flower, and set normal viable seeds in the presence of 5 mm ZnCl2 without any yield penalty. The endogenous ion content measurements revealed roots to be the major sink for excess zinc accumulation, with negligible amounts in seeds in transgenic plants. Preliminary observations suggest that glyoxalase overexpression could confer tolerance to other heavy metals, such as cadmium or lead. Comparison of relative tolerance capacities of transgenic plants, overexpressing either glyoxalase I or II individually or together in double transgenics, evaluated in terms of various critical parameters such as survival, growth, and yield, reflected double transgenics to perform better than either of the single-gene transformants. Biochemical investigations indicated restricted methylglyoxal accumulation and less lipid peroxidation under high zinc conditions in transgenic plants. Studies employing the glutathione biosynthetic inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine, suggested an increase in the level of phytochelatins and maintenance of glutathione homeostasis in transgenic plants during exposure to excess zinc as the possible mechanism behind this tolerance. Together, these findings presents a novel strategy to develop multiple stress tolerance via glyoxalase pathway engineering, thus implicating its potential use in engineering agriculturally important crop plants to grow on rapidly deteriorating lands with multiple unfavorable edaphic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) were first discovered as Cd-binding "Cadystins A and B" in a fission yeast and then in many plants as the major components of Cd-binding complexes. PCs have the general structure of (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl)n-glycine (n=2-11) and the variants with the repeated gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl units are formed in some plants and yeast. They are capable of binding to various metals including Cd, Cu, Zn or As via the sulfhydryl and carboxyl residues, but their biosyntheses are controlled preferentially by the metal Cd or metalloid As. PCs are synthesized from glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) in steps mediated by PC synthase. Genes (CAD1, PCS1) of the enzyme have been isolated from plants, fission yeast and some animals. Inhibition studies of PC biosynthesis via glutathione have demonstrated their fundamental roles in the metal detoxification in yeast and fungi, green algae and some aquatic plants, and also in the suspension-cultured cells and intact tissues in higher plants. Over-expression of PC synthase genes increases the Cd-tolerance in yeast and bacteria efficiently but not always in higher plant tissues especially in metal-accumulating species. "Hyperaccumulators" of Cd, Zn, Ni or As in terrestrial plants have a common feature where massive metal transport to shoots prevails, besides the ability of their roots to form PCs. This suggests that PC-based metal detoxification might be an ancient type of defense mechanism established in micro-algae or micro-fungi, and the additional PC-independent mechanism via vascular transport system became established later in higher plants. Readjustment of the PC-dependent and independent mechanisms at the metal-binding sites in the symplast and apoplast of shoots can be effective for further improvement of the metal detoxification activities and the tolerance characteristics of higher plants under various conditions.
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Camper ND, Keese RJ, Coker PS. MSMA resistance studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2004; 39:665-673. [PMID: 15473645 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-200026903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA)-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were treated with MSMA. Plant parameters analyzed were: glutathione synthetase activity, selected amino acid (arginine, glutamic acid, alanine, citrulline, glutamine, and glutathione) content and arsenic content (MSMA, total arsenic, and arsonate). No reduction of arsenic from the parent pentavalent form present in MSMA to the trivalent form was detected. Arginine, glutamic acid, and glutamine content increased in tissue three days after MSMA treatment. Glutathione content decreased during the first three days after treatment; however, five days after treatment the resistant biotype of cocklebur and cotton had elevated glutathione levels (8-20 times greater, respectively). Glutathione Synthetase activity was higher in cotton than in either of the cocklebur biotypes; MSMA did not affect its activity in cotton or either cocklebur biotype. Resistant biotypes have a slightly higher activity than the susceptible biotype. Tolerance of cotton to MSMA may be related to glutathione synthetase activity and possibly to the presence of phytochelatins. Also, increased glutathione levels in the resistant biotype may implicate phytochelatin involvement in the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Camper
- Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0315, USA.
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Smith AP, DeRidder BP, Guo WJ, Seeley EH, Regnier FE, Goldsbrough PB. Proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis glutathione S-transferases from benoxacor- and copper-treated seedlings. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:26098-104. [PMID: 15069083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402807200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in many stress responses in plants, for example, participating in the detoxification of xenobiotics and limiting oxidative damage. Studies examining the regulation of this gene family in diverse plant species have focused primarily on RNA expression. A proteomics method was developed to identify GSTs expressed in Arabidopsis seedlings and to determine how the abundance of these proteins changed in response to copper, a promoter of oxidative stress, and benoxacor, a herbicide safener. Eight GSTs were identified in seedlings grown under control conditions, and only one, AtGSTU19, was induced by benoxacor. In contrast, four GSTs, AtGSTF2, AtGSTF6, AtGSTF7, and AtGSTU19, were significantly more abundant in copper-treated seedlings. The different responses to these treatments may reflect the potential for copper to affect many more aspects of plant growth and physiology compared with a herbicide safener. Differences between RNA and protein expression of GSTs indicate that both transcriptional and translational mechanisms are involved in regulation of GSTs under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Smith
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2010, USA
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Ruotolo R, Peracchi A, Bolchi A, Infusini G, Amoresano A, Ottonello S. Domain Organization of Phytochelatin Synthase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14686-93. [PMID: 14729665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314325200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is a major determinant of heavy metal tolerance in plants and other organisms. No structural information on this enzyme is as yet available. It is generally believed, however, that the active site region is located in the more conserved N-terminal portion of PCS, whereas various, as yet unidentified (but supposedly less critical) roles have been proposed for the C-terminal region. To gain insight into the structural/functional organization of PCS, we have conducted a limited proteolysis analysis of the enzyme from Arabidopsis (AtPCS1), followed by functional characterization of the resulting polypeptide fragments. Two N-terminal fragments ending at positions 372 (PCS_Nt1) and 283 (PCS_Nt2) were produced sequentially upon V8 protease digestion, without any detectable accumulation of the corresponding C-terminal fragments. As revealed by the results of in vivo and in vitro functional assays, the core PCS_Nt2 fragment is biosynthetically active in the presence of cadmium ions and supports phytochelatin formation at a rate that is only approximately 5-fold lower than that of full-length AtPCS1. The loss of the C-terminal region, however, substantially decreases the thermal stability of the enzyme and impairs phytochelatin formation in the presence of certain heavy metals (e.g. mercury and zinc, but not cadmium or copper). The latter phenotype was shared by PCS_Nt2 and by its precursor fragment PCS_Nt1, which, on the other hand, was almost as stable and biosynthetically active (in the presence of cadmium) as the full-length enzyme. AtPCS1 thus appears to be composed of a protease-resistant (and hence presumably highly structured) N-terminal domain, flanked by an intrinsically unstable C-terminal region. The most upstream part of such a region (positions 284-372) is important for enzyme stabilization, whereas its most terminal part (positions 373-485) appears to be required to determine enzyme responsiveness to a broader range of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ruotolo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Noctor G, Foyer CH. ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE: Keeping Active Oxygen Under Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 49:249-279. [PMID: 15012235 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2379] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To cope with environmental fluctuations and to prevent invasion by pathogens, plant metabolism must be flexible and dynamic. Active oxygen species, whose formation is accelerated under stress conditions, must be rapidly processed if oxidative damage is to be averted. The lifetime of active oxygen species within the cellular environment is determined by the antioxidative system, which provides crucial protection against oxidative damage. The antioxidative system comprises numerous enzymes and compounds of low molecular weight. While research into the former has benefited greatly from advances in molecular technology, the pathways by which the latter are synthesized have received comparatively little attention. The present review emphasizes the roles of ascorbate and glutathione in plant metabolism and stress tolerance. We provide a detailed account of current knowledge of the biosynthesis, compartmentation, and transport of these two important antioxidants, with emphasis on the unique insights and advances gained by molecular exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Laboratoire du Metabolisme, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026 Versailles cedex, France, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
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Tripathi RD, Vajpayee P, Singh N, Rai UN, Kumar A, Ali MB, Kumar B, Yunus M. Efficacy of various amendments for amelioration of fly-ash toxicity: growth performance and metal composition of Cassia siamea Lamk. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 54:1581-1588. [PMID: 14675837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants of Cassia siamea Lamk were grown in garden soil (control), fly-ash (100%) and fly-ash amended by various ameliorants (cowdung manure, press-mud, garden soil; 1:1, w/w). The plants survived in fly-ash (100%) though their growth was less in comparison to the treatments. Fly-ash+press-mud (1:1, w/w) proved to be the best combination as growth (total biomass, leaf number, photosynthetic area, total chlorophyll and protein) was significantly high in this treatment followed by cowdung manure and garden soil. Leaves and roots accumulated significant amount of Cu, Zn, Ni and and Fe. However, the concentration of all the metals was more in roots than leaves except Ni. Although, fly-ash contains high amount of metals but the metal uptake was more in the plants grown in fly-ash+press-mud mixture. Inspite of high metal availability in fly-ash and press-mud mixture, plant growth was good. This might be attributed to the some metal detoxification mechanism active in this treatment. The present study concluded that C. siamea seems to be a suitable plant for developing a vegetation cover on fly-ash dumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Tripathi
- Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, P.O. Box 436, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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Shrager J, Hauser C, Chang CW, Harris EH, Davies J, McDermott J, Tamse R, Zhang Z, Grossman AR. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome project. A guide to the generation and use of the cDNA information. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:401-8. [PMID: 12586865 PMCID: PMC166817 DOI: 10.1104/pp.016899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2002] [Revised: 11/13/2002] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The National Science Foundation-funded Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome project involves (a) construction and sequencing of cDNAs isolated from cells exposed to various environmental conditions, (b) construction of a high-density cDNA microarray, (c) generation of genomic contigs that are nucleated around specific physical and genetic markers, (d) generation of a complete chloroplast genome sequence and analyses of chloroplast gene expression, and (e) the creation of a Web-based resource that allows for easy access of the information in a format that can be readily queried. Phases of the project performed by the groups at the Carnegie Institution and Duke University involve the generation of normalized cDNA libraries, sequencing of cDNAs, analysis and assembly of these sequences to generate contigs and a set of predicted unique genes, and the use of this information to construct a high-density DNA microarray. In this paper, we discuss techniques involved in obtaining cDNA end-sequence information and the ways in which this information is assembled and analyzed. Descriptions of protocols for preparing cDNA libraries, assembling cDNA sequences and annotating the sequence information are provided (the reader is directed to Web sites for more detailed descriptions of these methods). We also discuss preliminary results in which the different cDNA libraries are used to identify genes that are potentially differentially expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Shrager
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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DeRidder BP, Dixon DP, Beussman DJ, Edwards R, Goldsbrough PB. Induction of glutathione S-transferases in Arabidopsis by herbicide safeners. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1497-505. [PMID: 12428014 PMCID: PMC166668 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2002] [Revised: 07/14/2002] [Accepted: 07/28/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners increase herbicide tolerance in cereals but not in dicotyledenous crops. The reason(s) for this difference in safening is unknown. However, safener-induced protection in cereals is associated with increased expression of herbicide detoxifying enzymes, including glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings growing in liquid medium with various safeners similarly resulted in enhanced GST activities toward a range of xenobiotics with benoxacor, fenclorim, and fluxofenim being the most effective. Safeners also increased the tripeptide glutathione content of Arabidopsis seedlings. However, treatment of Arabidopsis plants with safeners had no effect on the tolerance of seedlings to chloroacetanilide herbicides. Each safener produced a distinct profile of enhanced GST activity toward different substrates suggesting a differential induction of distinct isoenzymes. This was confirmed by analysis of affinity-purified GST subunits by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AtGSTU19, a tau class GST, was identified as a dominant polypeptide in all samples. When AtGSTU19 was expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme was highly active toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, as well as chloroacetanilide herbicides. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that AtGSTU19 was induced in response to several safeners. Differential induction of tau GSTs, as well as members of the phi and theta classes by safeners, was demonstrated by RNA-blot analysis. These results indicate that, although Arabidopsis may not be protected from herbicide injury by safeners, at least one component of their detoxification systems is responsive to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P DeRidder
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1165, USA
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Nocito FF, Pirovano L, Cocucci M, Sacchi GA. Cadmium-induced sulfate uptake in maize roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:1872-9. [PMID: 12177501 PMCID: PMC166776 DOI: 10.1104/pp.002659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2002] [Revised: 03/27/2002] [Accepted: 04/28/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cadmium (Cd) on high-affinity sulfate transport of maize (Zea mays) roots was studied and related to the changes in the levels of sulfate and nonprotein thiols during Cd-induced phytochelatin (PC) biosynthesis. Ten micromolar CdCl(2) in the nutrient solution induced a 100% increase in sulfate uptake by roots. This was not observed either for potassium or phosphate uptake, suggesting a specific effect of Cd(2+) on sulfate transport. The higher sulfate uptake was not dependent on a change in the proton motive force that energizes it. In fact, in Cd-treated plants, the transmembrane electric potential difference of root cortical cells was only slightly more negative than in the controls, the external pH did not change, and the activity of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase did not increase. Kinetics analysis showed that in the range of the high-affinity sulfate transport systems, 10 to 250 microM, Cd exposure did not influence the K(m) value (about 20 microM), whereas it doubled the V(max) value with respect to the control. Northern-blot analysis showed that Cd-induced sulfate uptake was related to a higher level of mRNA encoding for a putative high-affinity sulfate transporter in roots. Cd-induced sulfate uptake was associated to both a decrease in the contents of sulfate and glutathione and synthesis of a large amount of PCs. These results suggest that Cd-induced sulfate uptake depends on a pretranslational regulation of the high-affinity sulfate transporter gene and that this response is necessary for sustaining the higher sulfur demand during PC biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio F Nocito
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Grossman A, Takahashi H. MACRONUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES AND THE FABRIC OF INTERACTIONS. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:163-210. [PMID: 11337396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms acclimate to a continually fluctuating nutrient environment. Acclimation involves responses specific for the limiting nutrient as well as responses that are more general and occur when an organism experiences different stress conditions. Specific responses enable organisms to efficiently scavenge the limiting nutrient and may involve the induction of high-affinity transport systems and the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes that facilitate the release of the nutrient from extracellular organic molecules or from internal reserves. General responses include changes in cell division rates and global alterations in metabolic activities. In photosynthetic organisms there must be precise regulation of photosynthetic activity since when severe nutrient limitation prevents continued cell growth, excitation of photosynthetic pigments could result in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which can severely damage structural and functional features of the cell. This review focuses on ways that photosynthetic eukaryotes assimilate the macronutrients nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and the mechanisms that govern assimilatory activities. Also discussed are molecular responses to macronutrient limitation and the elicitation of those responses through integration of environmental and cellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305; e-mail: , RIKEN Plant Science Center, 2-l Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; e-mail:
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The Role of Glutathione in Plant Reaction and Adaptation to Excess Metals. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47644-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Pawlik-Skowrońska B. Relationships between acid-soluble thiol peptides and accumulated Pb in the green alga Stichococcus bacillaris. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2000; 50:221-230. [PMID: 10958956 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(99)00102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stichococcus bacillaris, an ubiquitous green microalga accumulated inorganic lead (Pb) from aqueous solutions extra- and intracellularly. In response to Pb uptake acid-soluble thiol peptides (glutathione - GSH and phytochelatins - PC) were synthesized. The proportion of the intracellular Pb uptake by algal cells was low and comprised only 3-6% of the total metal sorption. The intracellular uptake was dependent on external Pb concentration, time of metal exposure and cell metabolism. Pb accumulation in alga was determined by means of 210Pb radiometry. Reduced GSH and PC were determined in algal cells using HPLC with the post-column derivatization with Ellman's reagent. Within the studied concentration range 0.1-20 µM, inorganic lead caused a significant production of induced thiol peptides: PC (n=2-4) and some other unidentified oligopeptides, probably (GluCys)n. The time of appearance and the concentration of individual oligomers of phytochelatins were dependent on the external Pb concentration and time of metal exposure. In algal cells exposed to Pb, significant changes in the GSH level accompanying the formation of the induced thiol peptides were also observed. The GSH level decreased in the cells exposed to the lower (up to 10 µM) studied Pb concentrations or increased in the cells treated with higher (20 µM) Pb concentrations. The thiol groups originated from induced peptides (mainly phytochelatins) followed a stoichiometric relationship 2:1 to the intracellular Pb amounts, however, only at the lowest studied external concentration (0.1 µM). At higher concentrations (up to 2.5 µM), intracellular Pb concentration was equal or even exceeded (at Pb>2.5 µM) two to three times the level of induced thiols. S. bacillaris accumulated intracellularly by 46% more Pb in light than in dark and the level of induced thiol peptides was significantly higher in the cells exposed to Pb under illumination. The rapid formation of these peptides in S. bacillaris in response to Pb, and their elimination (by about 90%) when algae were placed into the Pb-free solution reveal a tight regulation of GSH and phytochelatin pools in the algal cells exposed to toxic metals. The obtained results suggest that both PCs and GSH are the primary line of defence against the Pb toxicity. Additionally, the induced thiol peptides in S. bacillaris could be a good indicator of intracellular Pb availability and stress at the metal concentrations found in polluted fresh waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Station, Niecala 18/3, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
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Inouhe M, Ito R, Ito S, Sasada N, Tohoyama H, Joho M. Azuki bean cells are hypersensitive to cadmium and do not synthesize phytochelatins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 123:1029-36. [PMID: 10889252 PMCID: PMC59066 DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.3.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1999] [Accepted: 02/21/2000] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Suspension-cultured cells of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) as well as the original root tissues were hypersensitive to Cd (<10 microM). Repeated subculturings with a sublethal level of Cd (1-10 microM) did not affect the subsequent response of cells to inhibitory levels of Cd (10-100 microM). The azuki bean cells challenged to Cd did not contain phytochelatin (PC) peptides, unlike tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells that have a substantial tolerance to Cd (>100 microM). Both of the cell suspensions contained a similar level of reduced glutathione (GSH) when grown in the absence of Cd. Externally applied GSH to azuki bean cells recovered neither Cd tolerance nor PC synthesis of the cells. Furthermore, enzyme assays in vitro revealed that the protein extracts of azuki bean cells had no activity converting GSH to PCs, unlike tomato. These results suggest that azuki bean cells are lacking in the PC synthase activity per se, hence being Cd hypersensitive. We concluded that the PC synthase has an important role in Cd tolerance of suspension-cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inouhe
- Department of Biology and Earth Science, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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Lemaire, Keryer, Stein, Schepens, Issakidis-Bourguet, G rard-Hirne C, Miginiac-Maslow, Jacquot. Heavy-metal regulation of thioredoxin gene expression in chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:773-8. [PMID: 10398712 PMCID: PMC59315 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.3.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1999] [Accepted: 04/11/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are highly toxic compounds for cells. In this report we demonstrate that the expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii thioredoxins (TRX) m and h is induced by heavy metals. Upon exposure of the cells to Cd and Hg, a strong accumulation of both messengers was observed. Western-blot experiments revealed that among these two TRXs, only TRX h polypeptides accumulated in response to the toxic cations. A biochemical analysis indicated that heavy metals inhibit TRX activity, presumably by binding at the level of their active site. Sequence analysis of the C. reinhardtii TRX h promoter revealed the presence of cis-acting elements related to cadmium induction. The origins and purposes of this regulation are discussed. Our data suggest, for the first time to our knowledge, a possible implication of TRXs in defense mechanisms against heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemaire
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8618, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite Paris-Sud, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay cedex, France (S.L., E.K., M.S. , I.S., E.I.-B., C.G.-H., M.M.-M.)
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Ha SB, Smith AP, Howden R, Dietrich WM, Bugg S, O'Connell MJ, Goldsbrough PB, Cobbett CS. Phytochelatin synthase genes from Arabidopsis and the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. THE PLANT CELL 1999. [PMID: 10368185 DOI: 10.2307/3870806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs), a family of heavy metal-inducible peptides important in the detoxification of heavy metals, have been identified in plants and some microorganisms, including Schizosaccharomyces pombe, but not in animals. PCs are synthesized enzymatically from glutathione (GSH) by PC synthase in the presence of heavy metal ions. In Arabidopsis, the CAD1 gene, identified by using Cd-sensitive, PC-deficient cad1 mutants, has been proposed to encode PC synthase. Using a positional cloning strategy, we have isolated the CAD1 gene. Database searches identified a homologous gene in S. pombe, and a mutant with a targeted deletion of this gene was also Cd sensitive and PC deficient. Extracts of Escherichia coli cells expressing a CAD1 cDNA or the S. pombe gene catalyzing GSH-dependent, heavy metal-activated synthesis of PCs in vitro demonstrated that both genes encode PC synthase activity. Both enzymes were activated by a range of metal ions. In contrast, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that expression of the CAD1 mRNA is not influenced by the presence of Cd. A comparison of the two predicted amino acid sequences revealed a highly conserved N-terminal region, which is presumed to be the catalytic domain, and a variable C-terminal region containing multiple Cys residues, which is proposed to be involved in activation of the enzyme by metal ions. Interestingly, a similar gene was identified in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that PCs may also be expressed in some animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Ha
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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