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Koshimizu S, Masuda S, Shibata A, Ishii T, Shirasu K, Hoshino A, Arita M. Genome and transcriptome analyses reveal genes involved in the formation of fine ridges on petal epidermal cells in Hibiscus trionum. DNA Res 2023; 30:dsad019. [PMID: 37691489 PMCID: PMC10558197 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus trionum, commonly known as the 'Flower of an Hour', is an easily cultivated plant in the Malvaceae family that is widespread in tropical and temperate regions, including drylands. The purple base part of its petal exhibits structural colour due to the fine ridges on the epidermal cell surface, and the molecular mechanism of ridge formation has been actively investigated. We performed genome sequencing of H. trionum using a long-read sequencing technology with transcriptome and pathway analyses to identify candidate genes for fine structure formation. The ortholog of AtSHINE1, which is involved in the biosynthesis of cuticular wax in Arabidopsis thaliana, was significantly overexpressed in the iridescent tissue. In addition, orthologs of AtCUS2 and AtCYP77A, which contribute to cutin synthesis, were also overexpressed. Our results provide important insights into the formation of fine ridges on epidermal cells in plants using H. trionum as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Koshimizu
- Bioinformation and DDBJ Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sachiko Masuda
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Arisa Shibata
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ishii
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-001, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Arita
- Bioinformation and DDBJ Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
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Han J, Liu Y, Shen Y, Li W. A Surprising Diversity of Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase in Wheat: New in Sight to the Roles in Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9886. [PMID: 37373033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought has become a major limiting factor for wheat productivity, and its negative impact on crop growth is anticipated to increase with climate deterioration in arid areas. Xyloglucan endoglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) are involved in constructing and remodeling cell wall structures and play an essential role in regulating cell wall extensibility and stress responses. However, there are no systematic studies on the wheat XTH gene family. In this study, 71 wheat XTH genes (TaXTHs) were characterized and classified into three subgroups through phylogenetic analysis. Genomic replication promoted the expansion of TaXTHs. We found a catalytically active motif and a potential N-linked glycosylation domain in all TaXTHs. Further expression analysis revealed that many TaXTHs in the roots and shoots were significantly associated with drought stress. The wheat TaXTH12.5a gene was transferred into Arabidopsis to verify a possible role of TaXTHs in stress response. The transgenic plants possessed higher seed germination rates and longer roots and exhibited improved tolerance to drought. In conclusion, bioinformatics and gene expression pattern analysis indicated that the TaXTH genes played a role in regulating drought response in wheat. The expression of TaXTH12.5a enhanced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis and supported the XTH genes' role in regulating drought stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Han
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yiting Shen
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Weihua Li
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Luo S, Pan C, Liu S, Liao G, Li A, Wang Y, Wang A, Xiao D, He LF, Zhan J. Identification and functional characterization of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 32 (AhXTH32) in peanut during aluminum-induced programmed cell death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:161-168. [PMID: 36410145 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of aluminum (Al) in acidic soil is a prevalent problem and causes reduced crop yields. In the plant response to Al toxicity, programmed cell death (PCD) appears to be an important mechanism. The plant cell wall of crop roots is the predominant site targeted by Al. Here, studies of the capacities of different cell wall constituents (pectin, hemicellulose 1 {HC1} and HC2) to adsorb Al indicated that HC1 has the greater ability to bind Al. The activity of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) was significantly inhibited by Al in the Al-tolerant peanut cultivar '99-1507' compared to that in 'ZH 2' (Al-sensitive). Results from qPCR analysis suggested that the suppression of XET activity by Al was transcriptionally regulated and that xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 32 (AhXTH32) was the major contributor to these changes. The overexpression of AhXTH32 in Arabidopsis strongly inhibited root growth with a loss of viability in root cells and the occurrence of typical hallmarks of PCD, while largely opposite effects were observed after xth32 suppression. AhXTH32 contributed to the modulation XET and xyloglucan endohydrolase (XEH) activity in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Al-tolerant peanut cultivar root tips cell walls bind Al predominantly in the HC1 fraction, which results in the inhibition of AhXTH32, with consequences to root growth, Al sensitivity, the occurrence of PCD and the XET/XEH activity ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Luo
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunliu Pan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Songying Liu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guoting Liao
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ailing Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yalun Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Long-Fei He
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Mokshina N, Panina A, Galinousky D, Sautkina O, Mikshina P. Transcriptome profiling of celery petiole tissues reveals peculiarities of the collenchyma cell wall formation. PLANTA 2022; 257:18. [PMID: 36538078 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome and biochemical analyses are applied to individual plant cell types to reveal potential players involved in the molecular machinery of cell wall formation in specialized cells such as collenchyma. Plant collenchyma is a mechanical tissue characterized by an irregular, thickened cell wall and the ability to support cell elongation. The composition of the collenchyma cell wall resembles that of the primary cell wall and includes cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectin; lignin is absent. Thus, the processes associated with the formation of the primary cell wall in the collenchyma can be more pronounced compared to other tissues due to its thickening. Primary cell walls intrinsic to different tissues may differ in structure and composition, which should be reflected at the transcriptomic level. For the first time, we conducted transcriptome profiling of collenchyma strands isolated from young celery petioles and compared them with other tissues, such as parenchyma and vascular bundles. Genes encoding proteins involved in the primary cell wall formation during cell elongation, such as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, expansins, and leucine-rich repeat proteins, were significantly activated in the collenchyma. As the key players in the transcriptome orchestra of collenchyma, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase transcripts were characterized in more detail, including phylogeny and expression patterns. The comprehensive approach that included transcriptome and biochemical analyses allowed us to reveal peculiarities of collenchyma cell wall formation and modification, matching the abundance of upregulated transcripts and their potential substrates for revealed gene products. As a result, specific isoforms of multigene families were determined for further functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Panina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olga Sautkina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
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Ma X, Chen Y, Liu M, Xue X, Zhang X, Xu L, Lai Z, Lin Y. Genome-wide analysis of the XTH gene family and functional analysis of DlXTH23.5/25 during early longan somatic embryogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043464. [PMID: 36507400 PMCID: PMC9727300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET)/hydrolase (XTH) is a cell wall-modifying protein that affects cell expansion and loosening of the cell wall. RESULTS This study focused on the regulatory mechanism of DlXTH genes during early somatic embryogenesis (SE) and the heat stress response in longan. Mining of the available D. longan genome sequence yielded 25 putative XTH genes. Transcript profiles based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that most of the 17 detected DlXTH genes were highly expressed in the embryogenic callus (EC) (8) and globular embryo (GE) (8), and 13 of them responded significantly to heat stress. The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) data analysis showed that in terms of chromatin accessibility, 22 of the 25 DlXTH genes were open during early SE, and most of the peak DlXTH genes with transcription differences during early SE were associated with high levels of H3K4me1. The most differentially expressed genes, DlXTH23.5 and DlXTH25, were selected for analysis. According to subcellular localization and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, DlXTH23.5/25, which encode cell membrane-localized proteins, were expressed at the highest level in the GE and significantly responded to heat stress. Dual-luciferase assays and transient transformation showed that the transcription factors (TFs) DlWRKY31, DlERF1, and DlERF5 might bind to the DlXTH23.5/25 promoters to activate gene transcription. Transient overexpression of TFs and DlXTH23.5/25 induced XET activity in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Under heat stress in the longan EC, the XET activities and expression levels of TFs and DlXTH23.5/25 were significantly increased, and a high concentration of XET might inhibit longan SE. DISCUSSIONS Thus, the regulatory network composed of DlXTH23.5/25 and its related TFs may regulate early longan SE and participate in the regulatory pathway of longan under heat stress via cell wall repair through the action of XET.
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Hrmova M, Stratilová B, Stratilová E. Broad Specific Xyloglucan:Xyloglucosyl Transferases Are Formidable Players in the Re-Modelling of Plant Cell Wall Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031656. [PMID: 35163576 PMCID: PMC8836008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases, known as xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) are the key players that underlie plant cell wall dynamics and mechanics. These fundamental roles are central for the assembly and modifications of cell walls during embryogenesis, vegetative and reproductive growth, and adaptations to living environments under biotic and abiotic (environmental) stresses. XET enzymes (EC 2.4.1.207) have the β-sandwich architecture and the β-jelly-roll topology, and are classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 based on their evolutionary history. XET enzymes catalyse transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived and other than XG-derived donors and acceptors, and this poly-specificity originates from the structural plasticity and evolutionary diversification that has evolved through expansion and duplication. In phyletic groups, XETs form the gene families that are differentially expressed in organs and tissues in time- and space-dependent manners, and in response to environmental conditions. Here, we examine higher plant XET enzymes and dissect how their exclusively carbohydrate-linked transglycosylation catalytic function inter-connects complex plant cell wall components. Further, we discuss progress in technologies that advance the knowledge of plant cell walls and how this knowledge defines the roles of XETs. We construe that the broad specificity of the plant XETs underscores their roles in continuous cell wall restructuring and re-modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-0775
| | - Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (E.S.)
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Halat LS, Bali B, Wasteneys G. Cytoplasmic Linker Protein-Associating Protein at the Nexus of Hormone Signaling, Microtubule Organization, and the Transition From Division to Differentiation in Primary Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883363. [PMID: 35574108 PMCID: PMC9096829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from cell division to differentiation in primary roots is dependent on precise gradients of phytohormones, including auxin, cytokinins and brassinosteroids. The reorganization of microtubules also plays a key role in determining whether a cell will enter another round of mitosis or begin to rapidly elongate as the first step in terminal differentiation. In the last few years, progress has been made to establish connections between signaling pathways at distinct locations within the root. This review focuses on the different factors that influence whether a root cell remains in the division zone or transitions to elongation and differentiation using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. We highlight the role of the microtubule-associated protein CLASP as an intermediary between sustaining hormone signaling and controlling microtubule organization. We discuss new, innovative tools and methods, such as hormone sensors and computer modeling, that are allowing researchers to more accurately visualize the belowground growth dynamics of plants.
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Ma X, Li C, Yuan Y, Zhao M, Li J. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes LcXTH4/7/19 are involved in fruitlet abscission and are activated by LcEIL2/3 in litchi. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1136-1146. [PMID: 34302699 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organ abscission in plants requires the hydrolysis of cell wall components, mainly including celluloses, pectins, and xyloglucans. However, how the genes that encode those hydrolytic enzymes are regulated and their function in abscission remains unclear. Previously we revealed that two cellulase genes LcCEL2/8 and two polygalacturonase genes LcPG1/2 were responsible for the degradation of celluloses and pectins, respectively, during fruitlet abscission in litchi. Here, we further identified three xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes (LcXTH4, LcXTH7, LcXTH19) that are also involved in this process. Nineteen LcXTHs, named LcXTH1-19, were identified in the litchi genome. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR confirmed that LcXTH4/7/19 were significantly induced at the abscission zone (AZ) during fruitlet abscission in litchi. The GUS reporter driven by each promoter of LcXTH4/7/19 was specifically expressed at the floral abscission zone of Arabidopsis, and importantly ectopic expression of LcXTH19 in Arabidopsis resulted in precocious floral organ abscission. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase reporter analysis showed that the expression of LcXTH4/7/19 could be directly activated by two ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like (EIL) transcription factors LcEIL2/3. Collectively, we propose that LcXTH4/7/19 are involved in fruitlet abscission, and LcEIL2/3-mediated transcriptional regulation of diverse cell wall hydrolytic genes is responsible for this process in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Franková L, Fry SC. Hemicellulose-remodelling transglycanase activities from charophytes: towards the evolution of the land-plant cell wall. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:7-28. [PMID: 34547150 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases remodel cell-wall polymers, having a critical impact on many physiological processes. Unlike xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity, widely studied in land plants, very little is known about charophyte wall-modifying enzymes - information that would promote our understanding of the 'primordial' wall, revealing how the wall matrix is remodelled in the closest living algal relatives of land plants, and what changed during terrestrialisation. We conducted various in-vitro assays for wall-remodelling transglycosylases, monitoring either (a) polysaccharide-to-[3 H]oligosaccharide transglycosylation or (b) non-radioactive oligosaccharide-to-oligosaccharide transglycosylation. We screened a wide collection of enzyme extracts from charophytes (and early-diverging land plants for comparison) and discovered several homo- and hetero-transglycanase activities. In contrast to most land plants, charophytes possess high trans-β-1,4-mannanase activity, suggesting that land plants' algal ancestors prioritised mannan remodelling. Trans-β-1,4-xylanase activity was also found, most abundantly in Chara, Nitella and Klebsormidium. Exo-acting transglycosidase activities (trans-β-1,4-xylosidase and trans-β-1,4-mannosidase) were also detected. In addition, charophytes exhibited homo- and hetero-trans-β-glucanase activities (XET, mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase and cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) despite the paucity or lack of land-plant-like xyloglucan and MLG as potential donor substrates in their cell walls. However, trans-α-xylosidase activity (which remodels xyloglucan in angiosperms) was absent in charophytes and early-diverging land plants. Transglycanase action was also found in situ, acting on endogenous algal polysaccharides as donor substrates and fluorescent xyloglucan oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates. We conclude that trans-β-mannanase and trans-β-xylanase activities are present and thus may play key roles in charophyte walls (most of which possess little or no xyloglucan and MLG, but often contain abundant β-mannans and β-xylans), comparable to the roles of XET in xyloglucan-rich land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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De Caroli M, Manno E, Piro G, Lenucci MS. Ride to cell wall: Arabidopsis XTH11, XTH29 and XTH33 exhibit different secretion pathways and responses to heat and drought stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:448-466. [PMID: 33932060 PMCID: PMC8453972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are enzymes involved in cell wall assembly and growth regulation, cleaving and re-joining hemicellulose chains in the xyloglucan-cellulose network. Here, in a homologous system, we compare the secretion patterns of XTH11, XTH33 and XTH29, three members of the Arabidopsis thaliana XTH family, selected for the presence (XTH11 and XTH33) or absence (XTH29) of a signal peptide, and the presence of a transmembrane domain (XTH33). We show that XTH11 and XTH33 reached, respectively, the cell wall and plasma membrane through a conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway, whereas XTH29 moves towards the apoplast following an unconventional protein secretion (UPS) mediated by exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs). All XTHs share a common C-terminal functional domain (XET-C) that, for XTH29 and a restricted number of other XTHs (27, 28 and 30), continues with an extraterminal region (ETR) of 45 amino acids. We suggest that this region is necessary for the correct cell wall targeting of XTH29, as the ETR-truncated protein never reaches its final destination and is not recruited by EXPOs. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses performed on 4-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to drought and heat stress suggest a different involvement of the three XTHs in cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress, evidencing stress-, organ- and time-dependent variations in the expression levels. Significantly, XTH29, codifying the only XTH that follows a UPS pathway, is highly upregulated with respect to XTH11 and XTH33, which code for CPS-secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Elisa Manno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
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11
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Seven M, Derman ÜC, Harvey AJ. Enzymatic characterization of ancestral/group-IV clade xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase enzymes reveals broad substrate specificities. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1660-1673. [PMID: 33825243 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes play important roles in cell wall remodelling. Although previous studies have shown a pathway of evolution for XTH genes from bacterial licheninases, through plant endoglucanases (EG16), the order of development within the phylogenetic clades of true XTHs is yet to be elucidated. In addition, recent studies have revealed interesting and potentially useful patterns of transglycosylation beyond the standard xyloglucan-xyloglucan donor/acceptor substrate activities. To study evolutionary relationships and to search for enzymes with useful broad substrate specificities, genes from the 'ancestral' XTH clade of two monocots, Brachypodium distachyon and Triticum aestivum, and two eudicots, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus tremula, were investigated. Specific activities of the heterologously produced enzymes showed remarkably broad substrate specificities. All the enzymes studied had high activity with the cellulose analogue HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) as well as with mixed-link β-glucan as donor substrates, when compared with the standard xyloglucan. Even more surprising was the wide range of acceptor substrates that these enzymes were able to catalyse reactions with, opening a broad range of possible roles for these enzymes, both within plants and in industrial, pharmaceutical and medical fields. Genome screening and expression analyses unexpectedly revealed that genes from this clade were found only in angiosperm genomes and were predominantly or solely expressed in reproductive tissues. We therefore posit that this phylogenetic group is significantly different and should be renamed as the group-IV clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Seven
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ü Cem Derman
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Andrew J Harvey
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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12
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Medina-Puche L, Martínez-Rivas FJ, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, García-Gago JA, Mercado JA, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Blanco-Portales R. Ectopic expression of the atypical HLH FaPRE1 gene determines changes in cell size and morphology. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110830. [PMID: 33691964 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE (PRE) genes code atypical HLH transcriptional regulators characterized by the absence of a DNA-binding domain but present an HLH dimerization domain. In vegetative tissues, the function of these HLH proteins has been related with cell elongation processes. In strawberry, three FaPRE genes are expressed, two of them (FaPRE2 and FaPRE3) in vegetative tissues while FaPRE1 is fruit receptacle-specific. Ubiquitous FaPRE1 accumulation produced elongated flower receptacles and plants due to the elongation of the main aerial vegetative organs, with the exception of leaves. Histological analysis clearly demonstrated that the observed phenotype was due to significant changes in the parenchymal cell's morphology. In addition, transcriptomic studies of the transgenic elongated flower receptacles allowed to identify a small group of differentially expressed genes that encode cell wall-modifying enzymes. Together, the data seem to indicate that, in the strawberry plant vegetative organs, FaPRE proteins could modulate the expression of genes related with the determination of the size and shape of the parenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Medina-Puche
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - F J Martínez-Rivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - F J Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - J A García-Gago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - J A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - J L Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - J Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - R Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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13
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Holloway T, Steinbrecher T, Pérez M, Seville A, Stock D, Nakabayashi K, Leubner-Metzger G. Coleorhiza-enforced seed dormancy: a novel mechanism to control germination in grasses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2179-2191. [PMID: 32970853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
How the biophysical properties of overlaying tissues control growth, such as the embryonic root (radicle) during seed germination, is a fundamental question. In eudicot seeds the endosperm surrounding the radicle confers coat dormancy and controls germination responses through modulation of its cell wall mechanical properties. Far less is known for grass caryopses that differ in tissue morphology. Here we report that the coleorhiza, a sheath-like organ that surrounds the radicle in grass embryos, performs the same role in the grass weed Avena fatua (common wild oat). We combined innovative biomechanical techniques, tissue ablation, microscopy, tissue-specific gene and enzyme activity expression with the analysis of hormones and oligosaccharides. The combined experimental work demonstrates that in grass caryopses the coleorhiza indeed controls germination for which we provide direct biomechanical evidence. We show that the coleorhiza becomes reinforced during dormancy maintenance and weakened during germination. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases may have a role in coleorhiza reinforcement through cell wall remodelling to confer coat dormancy. The control of germination by coleorhiza-enforced dormancy in grasses is an example of the convergent evolution of mechanical restraint by overlaying tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holloway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell,, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Anne Seville
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell,, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - David Stock
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell,, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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14
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Stratilová B, Kozmon S, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant. Molecules 2020; 25:E5619. [PMID: 33260399 PMCID: PMC7729885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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15
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Xu P, Fang S, Chen H, Cai W. The brassinosteroid-responsive xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 19 (XTH19) and XTH23 genes are involved in lateral root development under salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:59-75. [PMID: 32656780 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are the main component of the root system architecture in Arabidopsis. The plasticity of LR development has an important role in improving plant survival in response to the external environment. Previous studies have revealed a number of genetic pathways that control plant growth in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we find that the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 19 (XTH19) and XTH23 genes are involved in LR development under salt stress. The density of LRs was decreased in the xth23 single mutant, which was also more sensitive to salt than the wild type, and the xth19xth23 double mutant exhibited additive downregulated LR initiation and salt sensitivity compared with the single mutant. On the contrary, constitutive overexpression of XTH19 or XTH23 caused increased LR densities. Furthermore, XTH19 and XTH23 were induced by salt via the key brassinosteroid signaling pathway transcription factor BES1. In addition, we found that 35S::BES1 increased salt tolerance and the phenotype of xth19xth23 & 35S::BES1 was partially complementary to the wild-type level. In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that BES1 acts directly upstream of XTH19 and XTH23 to control their expression. Overall, our results revealed that XTH19 and XTH23 are involved in LR development via the BES1-dependent pathway, and contribute to LR adaptation to salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shan Fang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 1278 BaoDe Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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16
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Holland C, Simmons TJ, Meulewaeter F, Hudson A, Fry SC. Three highly acidic Equisetum XTHs differ from hetero-trans-β-glucanase in donor substrate specificity and are predominantly xyloglucan homo-transglucosylases. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 251:153210. [PMID: 32544741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases are enzymes that remodel the primary cell wall in plants, potentially loosening and/or strengthening it. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET; EC 2.4.1.207), ubiquitous in land plants, is a homo-transglucanase activity (donor, xyloglucan; acceptor, xyloglucan) exhibited by XTH (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase) proteins. By contrast, hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG) is the only known enzyme that is preferentially a hetero-transglucanase. Its two main hetero-transglucanase activities are MLG : xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) and cellulose : xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (CXE). HTG is highly acidic and found only in the evolutionarily isolated genus of fern-allies, Equisetum. We now report genes for three new highly acidic HTG-related XTHs in E. fluviatile (EfXTH-A, EfXTH-H and EfXTH-I). We expressed them heterologously in Pichia and tested the encoded proteins' enzymic activities to determine whether their acidity and/or their Equisetum-specific sequences might confer high hetero-transglucanase activity. Untransformed Pichia was found to secrete MLG-degrading enzyme(s), which had to be removed for reliable MXE assays. All three acidic EfXTHs exhibited very predominantly XET activity, although low but measurable hetero-transglucanase activities (MXE and CXE) were also detected in EfXTH-H and EfXTH-I. We conclude that the extremely high hetero-transglucanase activities of Equisetum HTG are not emulated by similarly acidic Equisetum XTHs that share up to 55.5% sequence identity with HTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Holland
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- BASF Innovation Center Gent- Trait Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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17
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Herburger K, Franková L, Pičmanová M, Loh JW, Valenzuela-Ortega M, Meulewaeter F, Hudson AD, French CE, Fry SC. Hetero-trans-β-Glucanase Produces Cellulose-Xyloglucan Covalent Bonds in the Cell Walls of Structural Plant Tissues and Is Stimulated by Expansin. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1047-1062. [PMID: 32376294 PMCID: PMC7339142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current cell-wall models assume no covalent bonding between cellulose and hemicelluloses such as xyloglucan or mixed-linkage β-d-glucan (MLG). However, Equisetum hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG) grafts cellulose onto xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) - and, we now show, xyloglucan polysaccharide - in vitro, thus exhibiting CXE (cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) activity. In addition, HTG also catalyzes MLG-to-XGO bonding (MXE activity). In this study, we explored the CXE action of HTG in native plant cell walls and tested whether expansin exposes cellulose to HTG by disrupting hydrogen bonds. To quantify and visualize CXE and MXE action, we assayed the sequential release of HTG products from cell walls pre-labeled with substrate mimics. We demonstrated covalent cellulose-xyloglucan bonding in plant cell walls and showed that CXE and MXE action was up to 15% and 60% of total transglucanase action, respectively, and peaked in aging, strengthening tissues: CXE in xylem and cells bordering intercellular canals and MXE in sclerenchyma. Recombinant bacterial expansin (EXLX1) strongly augmented CXE activity in vitro. CXE and MXE action in living Equisetum structural tissues potentially strengthens stems, while expansin might augment the HTG-catalyzed CXE reaction, thereby allowing efficient CXE action in muro. Our methods will enable surveys for comparable reactions throughout the plant kingdom. Furthermore, engineering similar hetero-polymer formation into angiosperm crop plants may improve certain agronomic traits such as lodging tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Wooi Loh
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Valenzuela-Ortega
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- BASF, BBCC Innovation Center Gent - Trait Research, 9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Andrew D Hudson
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E French
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
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18
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Kushwah S, Banasiak A, Nishikubo N, Derba-Maceluch M, Majda M, Endo S, Kumar V, Gomez L, Gorzsas A, McQueen-Mason S, Braam J, Sundberg B, Mellerowicz EJ. Arabidopsis XTH4 and XTH9 Contribute to Wood Cell Expansion and Secondary Wall Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1946-1965. [PMID: 32005783 PMCID: PMC7140944 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the major hemicellulose of dicotyledon primary cell walls, affecting the load-bearing framework with the participation of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). We used loss- and gain-of function approaches to study functions of XTH4 and XTH9 abundantly expressed in cambial regions during secondary growth of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In secondarily thickened hypocotyls, these enzymes had positive effects on vessel element expansion and fiber intrusive growth. They also stimulated secondary wall thickening but reduced secondary xylem production. Cell wall analyses of inflorescence stems revealed changes in lignin, cellulose, and matrix sugar composition indicating an overall increase in secondary versus primary walls in mutants, indicative of higher xylem production compared with the wild type (since secondary walls were thinner). Intriguingly, the number of secondary cell wall layers compared with the wild type was increased in xth9 and reduced in xth4, whereas the double mutant xth4x9 displayed an intermediate number of layers. These changes correlated with specific Raman signals from the walls, indicating changes in lignin and cellulose. Secondary walls were affected also in the interfascicular fibers, where neither XTH4 nor XTH9 was expressed, indicating that these effects were indirect. Transcripts involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and cell wall integrity sensing, including THESEUS1 and WALL ASSOCIATED KINASE2, were highly induced in the mutants, indicating that deficiency in XTH4 and XTH9 triggers cell wall integrity signaling, which, we propose, stimulates xylem cell production and modulates secondary wall thickening. Prominent effects of XTH4 and XTH9 on secondary xylem support the hypothesis that altered xyloglucan affects wood properties both directly and via cell wall integrity sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Kushwah
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Nobuyuki Nishikubo
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Gomez
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andras Gorzsas
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Simon McQueen-Mason
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Braam
- Department of Bioscience, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1827
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
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19
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Zavyalov AV, Rykov SV, Lunina NA, Sushkova VI, Yarotsky SV, Berezina OV. Plant Polysaccharide Xyloglucan and Enzymes That Hydrolyze It (Review). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019070148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Escamez S, André D, Sztojka B, Bollhöner B, Hall H, Berthet B, Voß U, Lers A, Maizel A, Andersson M, Bennett M, Tuominen H. Cell Death in Cells Overlying Lateral Root Primordia Facilitates Organ Growth in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:455-464.e7. [PMID: 31956028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ growth is widely accepted to be determined by cell division and cell expansion, but, unlike that in animals, the contribution of cell elimination has rarely been recognized. We investigated this paradigm during Arabidopsis lateral root formation, when the lateral root primordia (LRP) must traverse three overlying cell layers within the parent root. A subset of LRP-overlying cells displayed the induction of marker genes for cell types undergoing developmental cell death, and their cell death was detected by electron, confocal, and light sheet microscopy techniques. LRP growth was delayed in cell-death-deficient mutants lacking the positive cell death regulator ORESARA1/ANAC092 (ORE1). LRP growth was restored in ore1-2 knockout plants by genetically inducing cell elimination in cells overlying the LRP or by physically killing LRP-overlying cells by ablation with optical tweezers. Our results support that, in addition to previously discovered mechanisms, cell elimination contributes to regulating lateral root emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Escamez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Domenique André
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernadette Sztojka
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hardy Hall
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Béatrice Berthet
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Voß
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 SRD, UK
| | - Amnon Lers
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Malcolm Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 SRD, UK
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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21
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Abstract
Transglycanases (endotransglycosylases) are enzymes that "cut and paste" polysaccharide chains. Several transglycanase activities have been discovered which can cut (i.e., use as donor substrate) each of the major hemicelluloses [xyloglucan, mannans, xylans, and mixed-linkage β-glucan (MLG)], and, as a recent addition, cellulose. These enzymes may play interesting roles in adjusting the wall's physical properties, influencing cell expansion, stem strengthening, and fruit softening.Activities discussed include the homotransglycanases XET (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, i.e., xyloglucan-xyloglucan endotransglycosylase), trans-β-mannanase (mannan -mannan endotransglycosylase), and trans-β-xylanase (xylan -xylan endotransglucosylase), plus the heterotransglycanases MXE (MLG -xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) and CXE (cellulose -xyloglucan endotransglucosylase).Transglycanases acting on polysaccharide donor substrates can utilize small, labeled oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates, generating easily recognizable polymeric labeled products. We present methods for extracting transglycanases from plant tissues and assaying them in vitro, either quantitatively in solution assays or by high-throughput dot-blot screens. Both radioactively and fluorescently labeled substrates are mentioned. A general procedure (glass-fiber blotting) is illustrated by which proposed novel transglycanase activities can be tested for.In addition, we describe strategies for detecting transglycanase action in vivo. These methods enable the quantification of, separately, XET and MXE action in Equisetum stems. Related methods enable the tissue distribution of transglycanase action to be visualized cytologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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22
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Xu G, Huang J, Lei SK, Sun XG, Li X. Comparative gene expression profile analysis of ovules provides insights into Jatropha curcas L. ovule development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15973. [PMID: 31685957 PMCID: PMC6828956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas, an economically important biofuel feedstock with oil-rich seeds, has attracted considerable attention among researchers in recent years. Nevertheless, valuable information on the yield component of this plant, particularly regarding ovule development, remains scarce. In this study, transcriptome profiles of anther and ovule development were established to investigate the ovule development mechanism of J. curcas. In total, 64,325 unigenes with annotation were obtained, and 1723 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between different stages. The DEG analysis showed the participation of five transcription factor families (bHLH, WRKY, MYB, NAC and ERF), five hormone signaling pathways (auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, brassinosteroids (BR) and jasmonic acid (JA)), five MADS-box genes (AGAMOUS-2, AGAMOUS-1, AGL1, AGL11, and AGL14), SUP and SLK3 in ovule development. The role of GA and JA in ovule development was evident with increases in flower buds during ovule development: GA was increased approximately twofold, and JA was increased approximately sevenfold. In addition, the expression pattern analysis using qRT-PCR revealed that CRABS CLAW and AGAMOUS-2 were also involved in ovule development. The upregulation of BR signaling genes during ovule development might have been regulated by other phytohormone signaling pathways through crosstalk. This study provides a valuable framework for investigating the regulatory networks of ovule development in J. curcas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou / College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P.R. China. .,Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Kang Lei
- School of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Guang Sun
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou / College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
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23
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Xu P, Cai W. Nitrate-responsive OBP4-XTH9 regulatory module controls lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008465. [PMID: 31626627 PMCID: PMC6821136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant root system architecture in response to nitrate availability represents a notable example to study developmental plasticity, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylases (XTHs) play a critical role in cell wall biosynthesis. Here we assessed the gene expression of XTH1-11 belonging to group I of XTHs in lateral root (LR) primordia and found that XTH9 was highly expressed. Correspondingly, an xth9 mutant displayed less LR, while overexpressing XTH9 presented more LR, suggesting the potential function of XTH9 in controlling LR development. XTH9 gene mutation obviously alters the properties of the cell wall. Furthermore, nitrogen signals stimulated the expression of XTH9 to promote LRs. Genetic analysis revealed that the function of XTH9 was dependent on auxin-mediated ARF7/19 and downstream AFB3 in response to nitrogen signals. In addition, we identified another transcription factor, OBP4, that was also induced by nitrogen treatment, but the induction was much slower than that of XTH9. In contrast to XTH9, overexpressing OBP4 caused fewer LRs while OBP4 knockdown with OBP4-RNAi or an artificial miRNA silenced amiOBP4 line produced more LR. We further found OBP4 bound to the promoter of XTH9 to suppress XTH9 expression. In agreement with this, both OBP4-RNAi and crossed OBP4-RNAi & 35S::XTH9 lines led to more LR, but OBP4-RNAi & xth9 produced less LR, similar to xth9. Based on these findings we propose a novel mechanism by which OBP4 antagonistically controls XTH9 expression and the OBP4-XTH9 module elaborately sustains LR development in response to nitrate treatment. Nitrate is not only a nutrient, but also a signal that controls downstream signaling genes at the whole-plant level. In plants, changes in root system architecture in response to nitrate availability represent a notable example of developmental plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrate-associated modulation are largely unknown. Here, we identified a nitrogen-responsive signaling module that comprises both xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 9 (XTH9) and the Dof transcription factor OBP4 and controls lateral root (LR) development. We used root gravitropic bending assays to observe the gene expression of group 1 xyloglucan endotransglucosylases (XTHs) involved in LR primordia. The results showed that XTH9 expression patterns were changed and that xth9 knockout mutants displayed altered LR growth. XTH9 was expressed in the LRs and in response to nitrate treatment, and the xth9 mutants were defective in nitrate-promoted LR growth. Moreover, XTH9 overexpression increased LR length and increased tolerance to low-nitrate stress. We found that OBP4 could negatively regulate XTH9 and inhibited root growth. OBP4 and XTH9 worked downstream of ARF7/9. We conclude that OBP4 and XTH9 constitute a regulatory module which contributes to LR growth in response to different environmental nitrate concentration signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Stratilová B, Firáková Z, Klaudiny J, Šesták S, Kozmon S, Strouhalová D, Garajová S, Ait-Mohand F, Horváthová Á, Farkaš V, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Engineering the acceptor substrate specificity in the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase TmXET6.3 from nasturtium seeds (Tropaeolum majus L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:181-197. [PMID: 30868545 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of substrate specificity of XET enzymes is important for the general understanding of metabolic pathways to challenge the established notion that these enzymes operate uniquely on cellulose-xyloglucan networks. Xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (XETs) (EC 2.4.1.207) play a central role in loosening and re-arranging the cellulose-xyloglucan network, which is assumed to be the primary load-bearing structural component of plant cell walls. The sequence of mature TmXET6.3 from Tropaeolum majus (280 residues) was deduced by the nucleotide sequence analysis of complete cDNA by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, based on tryptic and chymotryptic peptide sequences. Partly purified TmXET6.3, expressed in Pichia occurred in N-glycosylated and unglycosylated forms. The quantification of hetero-transglycosylation activities of TmXET6.3 revealed that (1,3;1,4)-, (1,6)- and (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides were the preferred acceptor substrates, while (1,4)-β-D-xylooligosaccharides, and arabinoxylo- and glucomanno-oligosaccharides were less preferred. The 3D model of TmXET6.3, and bioinformatics analyses of identified and putative plant xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs)/hydrolases (XEHs) of the GH16 family revealed that H94, A104, Q108, K234 and K237 were the key residues that underpinned the acceptor substrate specificity of TmXET6.3. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the single Q108R and K237T, and double-K234T/K237T and triple-H94Q/A104D/Q108R variants exhibited enhanced hetero-transglycosylation activities with xyloglucan and (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides, while those with (1,3;1,4)- and (1,6)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides were suppressed; the incorporation of xyloglucan to (1,4)-β-D-glucooligosaccharides by the H94Q variant was influenced most extensively. Structural and biochemical data of non-specific TmXET6.3 presented here extend the classic XET reaction mechanism by which these enzymes operate in plant cell walls. The evaluations of TmXET6.3 transglycosylation activities and the incidence of investigated residues in other members of the GH16 family suggest that a broad acceptor substrate specificity in plant XET enzymes could be more widespread than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Firáková
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Strouhalová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Veveří, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Garajová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fairouz Ait-Mohand
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ágnes Horváthová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Farkaš
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Centre for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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25
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Ruprecht C, Dallabernardina P, Smith PJ, Urbanowicz BR, Pfrengle F. Analyzing Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases by Incorporating Synthetic Oligosaccharides into Plant Cell Walls. Chembiochem 2018; 19:793-798. [PMID: 29384258 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a cellular exoskeleton consisting predominantly of a complex polysaccharide network that defines the shape of cells. During growth, this network can be loosened through the action of xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XETs), glycoside hydrolases that "cut and paste" xyloglucan polysaccharides through a transglycosylation process. We have analyzed cohorts of XETs in different plant species to evaluate the substrate specificities of xyloglucan acceptors by using a set of synthetic oligosaccharides obtained by automated glycan assembly. The ability of XETs to incorporate the oligosaccharides into polysaccharides printed as microarrays and into stem sections of Arabidopsis thaliana, beans, and peas was assessed. We found that single xylose substitutions are sufficient for transfer, and xylosylation of the terminal glucose residue is not required by XETs, independent of plant species. To obtain information on the potential xylosylation pattern of the natural acceptor of XETs, that is, the nonreducing end of xyloglucan, we further tested the activity of xyloglucan xylosyl transferase (XXT) 2 on the synthetic xyloglucan oligosaccharides. These data shed light on inconsistencies between previous studies towards determining the acceptor substrate specificities of XETs and have important implications for further understanding plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J Smith
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Herburger K, Ryan LM, Popper ZA, Holzinger A. Localisation and substrate specificities of transglycanases in charophyte algae relate to development and morphology. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs203208. [PMID: 28827406 PMCID: PMC5722204 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall-modifying enzymes have been previously investigated in charophyte green algae (CGA) in cultures of uniform age, giving limited insight into their roles. Therefore, we investigated the in situ localisation and specificity of enzymes acting on hemicelluloses in CGA genera of different morphologies and developmental stages. In vivo transglycosylation between xyloglucan and an endogenous donor in filamentous Klebsormidium and Zygnema was observed in longitudinal cell walls of young (1 month) but not old cells (1 year), suggesting that it has a role in cell growth. By contrast, in parenchymatous Chara, transglycanase action occurred in all cell planes. In Klebsormidium and Zygnema, the location of enzyme action mainly occurred in regions where xyloglucans and mannans, and to a lesser extent mixed-linkage β-glucan (MLG), were present, indicating predominantly xyloglucan:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity. Novel transglycosylation activities between xyloglucan and xylan, and xyloglucan and galactomannan were identified in vitro in both genera. Our results show that several cell wall-modifying enzymes are present in CGA, and that differences in morphology and cell age are related to enzyme localisation and specificity. This indicates an evolutionary significance of cell wall modifications, as similar changes are known in their immediate descendants, the land plants. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 16, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Louise M Ryan
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine, and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine, and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 16, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:31-46. [PMID: 28859907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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28
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Rydahl MG, Hansen AR, Kračun SK, Mravec J. Report on the Current Inventory of the Toolbox for Plant Cell Wall Analysis: Proteinaceous and Small Molecular Probes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:581. [PMID: 29774041 PMCID: PMC5943554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly complex structures composed of diverse classes of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and polyphenolics, which have numerous roles throughout the life of a plant. Significant research efforts aim to understand the biology of this cellular organelle and to facilitate cell-wall-based industrial applications. To accomplish this, researchers need to be provided with a variety of sensitive and specific detection methods for separate cell wall components, and their various molecular characteristics in vitro as well as in situ. Cell wall component-directed molecular detection probes (in short: cell wall probes, CWPs) are an essential asset to the plant glycobiology toolbox. To date, a relatively large set of CWPs has been produced-mainly consisting of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate-binding modules, synthetic antibodies produced by phage display, and small molecular probes. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge about these CWPs; their classification and their advantages and disadvantages in different applications. In particular, we elaborate on the recent advances in non-conventional approaches to the generation of novel CWPs, and identify the remaining gaps in terms of target recognition. This report also highlights the addition of new "compartments" to the probing toolbox, which is filled with novel chemical biology tools, such as metabolic labeling reagents and oligosaccharide conjugates. In the end, we also forecast future developments in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja G. Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aleksander R. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stjepan K. Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- GlycoSpot IVS, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jozef Mravec
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29
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Pan CL, Yao SC, Xiong WJ, Luo SZ, Wang YL, Wang AQ, Xiao D, Zhan J, He LF. Nitric Oxide Inhibits Al-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Root Tips of Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) by Affecting Physiological Properties of Antioxidants Systems and Cell Wall. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1037. [PMID: 29311970 PMCID: PMC5742856 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that nitric oxide (NO) is a negative regulator of aluminum (Al)-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in peanut root tips. However, the inhibiting mechanism of NO on Al-induced PCD is unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism by which NO inhibits Al-induced PCD, the effects of co-treatment Al with the exogenous NO donor or the NO-specific scavenger on peanut root tips, the physiological properties of antioxidants systems and cell wall (CW) in root tip cells of NO inhibiting Al-induced PCD were studied with two peanut cultivars. The results showed that Al exposure induced endogenous NO accumulation, and endogenous NO burst increased antioxidant enzyme activity in response to Al stress. The addition of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) relieved Al-induced root elongation inhibition, cell death and Al adsorption in CW, as well as oxidative damage and ROS accumulation. Furthermore, co-treatment with the exogenous NO donor decreased MDA content, LOX activity and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity, increased xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity and relative expression of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH-32) gene. Taken together, exogenous NO alleviated Al-induced PCD by inhibiting Al adsorption in CW, enhancing antioxidant defense and reducing peroxidation of membrane lipids, alleviating the inhibition of Al on root elongation by maintaining the extensibility of CW, decreasing PME activity, and increasing XET activity and relative XTH-32 expression of CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liu Pan
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | - Shao-Chang Yao
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | | | - Shu-Zhen Luo
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ya-Lun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ai-Qin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Long-Fei He
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
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30
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Cajero Sánchez W, García-Ponce B, Sánchez MDLP, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Identifying the transition to the maturation zone in three ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 11:e1395993. [PMID: 29497470 PMCID: PMC5824961 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1395993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis) root has become a useful model for studying how organ morphogenesis emerge from the coordination and balance of cell proliferation and differentiation, as both processes may be observed and quantified in the root at different stages of development. Hence, being able to objectively identify and delimit the different stages of root development has been very important. Up to now, three different zones along the longitudinal axis of the primary root of Arabidopsis, have been identified: the root apical meristematic zone (RAM) with two domains [the proliferative (PD) and the transition domain (TD)], the elongation zone (EZ) and the maturation zone (MZ). We previously reported a method to quantify the length of the cells of the meristematic and the elongation zone, as well as the boundaries or transitions between the root domains along the growing part of the Arabidopsis root. In this study, we provide a more accurate criterion to identify the MZ. Traditionally, the transition between the EZ to the MZ has been established by the emergence of the first root-hair bulge in the epidermis, because this emergence coincides with cell maturation in this cell type. But we have found here that after the emergence of the first root-hair bulge some cells continue to elongate and we have confirmed this in three different Arabidopsis ecotypes. We established the limit between the EZ and the MZ by looking for the closest cortical cell with a longer length than the average cell length of 10 cells after the cortical cell closest to the epidermal cell with the first root-hair bulge in these three ecotypes. In Col-0 and Ws this cell is four cells above the one with the root hair bulge and, in the Ler ecotype, this cell is five cells above. To unambiguously identifying the site at which cells stop elongating and attain their final length and fate at the MZ, we propose to calculate the length of completely elongated cortical cells counting 10 cells starting from the sixth cell above the cortical cell closest to the epidermal cell with the first root-hair bulge. We validated this proposal in the three ecotypes analyzed and consider that this proposal may aid at having a more objective way to characterize root phenotypes and compare among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Cajero Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Jin Y, Fan X, Li X, Zhang Z, Sun L, Fu Z, Lavoie M, Pan X, Qian H. Distinct physiological and molecular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to aluminum oxide nanoparticles and ionic aluminum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:517-527. [PMID: 28576325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nano-aluminium oxide (nAl2O3) is one of the most widely used nanomaterials. However, nAl2O3 toxicity mechanisms and potential beneficial effects on terrestrial plant physiology remain poorly understood. Such knowledge is essential for the development of robust nAl2O3 risk assessment. In this study, we studied the influence of a 10-d exposure to a total selected concentration of 98 μM nAl2O3 or to the equivalent molar concentration of ionic Al (AlCl3) (196 μM) on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana on the physiology (e.g., growth and photosynthesis, membrane damage) and the transcriptome using a high throughput state-of-the-art technology, RNA-seq. We found no evidence of nAl2O3 toxicity on photosynthesis, growth and lipid peroxidation. Rather the nAl2O3 treatment stimulated root weight and length by 48% and 39%, respectively as well as photosynthesis opening up the door to the use of nAl2O3 in biotechnology and nano agriculture. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that the beneficial effect of nAl2O3 was related to an increase in the transcription of several genes involved in root growth as well as in root nutrient uptake (e.g., up-regulation of the root hair-specific gene family and root development genes, POLARIS protein). By contrast, the ionic Al treatment decreased shoot and root weight of Arabidopsis thaliana by 57.01% and 45.15%, respectively. This toxic effect was coupled to a range of response at the gene transcription level including increase transcription of antioxidant-related genes and transcription of genes involved in plant defense response to pathogens. This work provides an integrated understanding at the molecular and physiological level of the effects of nAl2O3 and ionic Al in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Xiaoji Fan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Xingxing Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Michel Lavoie
- Quebec-Ocean and Takuvik Joint International Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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Xiong B, Gu X, Qiu X, Dong Z, Ye S, Sun G, Huang S, Liu X, Xi L, Wang Z. Variability in CitXET expression and XET activity in Citrus cultivar Huangguogan seedlings with differed degrees of etiolation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178973. [PMID: 28617857 PMCID: PMC5472283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the known effects of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) on plant growth and development, we aimed to determine whether XETs help to regulate the growth and elongation of Huangguogan shoots and roots. We confirmed a possible role for XET during seedling etiolation. Our results revealed that the roots of etiolated seedlings (H-E) were longer than those of green seedlings (H-G). However, shoot length exhibited the opposite pattern. We also observed positive and negative effects on the xyloglucan-degrading activity of XET in the root sub-apical region and shoots of etiolated Huangguogan seedling, respectively. There was a significant down-regulation in CitXET expression in the etiolated shoots at 15 days after seed germination. On the contrary, it was significantly increased in the root sub-apical region of etiolated and multicolored seedlings at 15 days after seed germination. The XET coding sequence (i.e., CitXET) was cloned from Huangguogan seedlings using gene-specific primers. The encoded amino acid sequence was predicted by using bioinformatics-based methods. The 990-bp CitXET gene was highly homologous to other XET genes. The CitXET protein was predicted to contain 319 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 37.45 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.05. The predicted molecular formula was C1724H2548N448O466S14, and the resulting protein included only one transmembrane structure. The CitXET secondary structure consisted of four main structures (i.e., 21% α-helix, 30.72% extended strand, 9.09% β-turn, and 39.18% random coil). Analyses involving the NCBI Conserved Domains Database (NCBI-CDD), InterPro, and ScanProsite revealed that CitXET was a member of the glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16), and included the DEIDFEFLG motif. Our results indicate that the differed degrees of etiolation influenced the CitXET expression pattern and XET activity in Huangguogan seedlings. The differential changes in XET activity and CitXET expression levels in Huangguogan seedlings may influence the regulation of root and shoot development, and may be important for seedling etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjie Gu
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixiang Dong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengjia Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Xi
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Olsen S, Krause K. Activity of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases suggests a role during host invasion by the parasitic plant Cuscuta reflexa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176754. [PMID: 28448560 PMCID: PMC5407826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic vines of the genus Cuscuta form haustoria that grow into other plants and connect with their vascular system, thus allowing the parasite to feed on its host. A major obstacle that meets the infection organ as it penetrates the host tissue is the rigid plant cell wall. In the present study, we examined the activity of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) during the host-invasive growth of the haustorium. The level of xyloglucan endotransglucosylation (XET) activity was found to peak at the penetrating stage of Cuscuta reflexa on its host Pelargonium zonale. In vivo colocalization of XET activity and donor substrate demonstrated XET activity at the border between host and parasite. A test for secretion of XET-active enzymes from haustoria of C. reflexa corroborated this and further indicated that the xyloglucan-modifying enzymes originated from the parasite. A known inhibitor of XET, Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250, was shown to reduce the level of XET in penetrating haustoria of C. reflexa. Moreover, the coating of P. zonale petioles with the inhibitor compound lowered the number of successful haustorial invasions of this otherwise compatible host plant. The presented data indicate that the activity of Cuscuta XTHs at the host-parasite interface is essential to penetration of host plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Kuluev B, Mikhaylova E, Berezhneva Z, Nikonorov Y, Postrigan B, Kudoyarova G, Chemeris A. Expression profiles and hormonal regulation of tobacco NtEXGT gene and its involvement in abiotic stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:203-215. [PMID: 27940271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the intensive study of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases, their multifaceted role in plant growth regulation in changing environmental conditions is not yet clarified. The functional role of the large number of genes encoding this group of enzymes is also still unclear. NtEXGT gene encodes one of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) of Nicotiana tabacum L. The highest level of NtEXGT gene expression was detected in young flowers and leaves near the shoot apex. Expression of the NtEXGT gene in leaves was induced by cytokinins, auxins, brassinosteroids and gibberellins. NtEXGT gene was also up-regulated by salinity, drought, cold, cadmium and 10 μM abscisic acid treatments and down-regulated in response to 0 °C and 100 μM abscisic acid. Pretreatment of leaves with fluridone contributed to smaller increase in the level of NtEXGT transcripts in response to drought stress. These data suggest that NtEXGT gene is ABA-regulated and probably implicated in ABA-dependent signaling in response to stress factors. 35S::NtEXGT plants of tobacco showed higher rate of root growth under salt-stress conditions, greater frost and heat tolerance as compared with the wild type tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kuluev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University (BSU), Z. Validi str. 32, 450074, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University (BSU), Z. Validi str. 32, 450074, Ufa, Russia
| | - Zoya Berezhneva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Yuri Nikonorov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Bogdan Postrigan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (UIB RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Aleksey Chemeris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
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Iurlaro A, De Caroli M, Sabella E, De Pascali M, Rampino P, De Bellis L, Perrotta C, Dalessandro G, Piro G, Fry SC, Lenucci MS. Drought and Heat Differentially Affect XTH Expression and XET Activity and Action in 3-Day-Old Seedlings of Durum Wheat Cultivars with Different Stress Susceptibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1686. [PMID: 27891140 PMCID: PMC5102909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heat and drought stress have emerged as major constraints for durum wheat production. In the Mediterranean area, their negative effect on crop productivity is expected to be exacerbated by the occurring climate change. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are chief enzymes in cell wall remodeling, whose relevance in cell expansion and morphogenesis suggests a central role in stress responses. In this work the potential role of XTHs in abiotic stress tolerance was investigated in durum wheat. The separate effects of dehydration and heat exposure on XTH expression and its endotransglucosylase (XET) in vitro activity and in vivo action have been monitored, up to 24 h, in the apical and sub-apical root regions and shoots excised from 3-day-old seedlings of durum wheat cultivars differing in stress susceptibility/tolerance. Dehydration and heat stress differentially influence the XTH expression profiles and the activity and action of XET in the wheat seedlings, depending on the degree of susceptibility/tolerance of the cultivars, the organ, the topological region of the root and, within the root, on the gradient of cell differentiation. The root apical region was the zone mainly affected by both treatments in all assayed cultivars, while no change in XET activity was observed at shoot level, irrespective of susceptibility/tolerance, confirming the pivotal role of the root in stress perception, signaling, and response. Conflicting effects were observed depending on stress type: dehydration evoked an overall increase, at least in the apical region of the root, of XET activity and action, while a significant inhibition was caused by heat treatment in most cultivars. The data suggest that differential changes in XET action in defined portions of the root of young durum wheat seedlings may have a role as a response to drought and heat stress, thus contributing to seedling survival and crop establishment. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying these variations could represent the theoretical basis for implementing breeding strategies to develop new highly productive hybrids adapted to future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iurlaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rampino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Carla Perrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
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Abstract
Beta galactosidases (BGALs) are glycosyl hydrolases that remove terminal β-D-galactosyl residues from β-D-galactosides. There are 17 predicted BGAL genes in the genomes of both Arabidopsis (BGAL1-17) and tomato (TBG1-17). All tested BGALs have BGAL activity but their distinct expression profiles and ancient phylogenetic separation indicates that these enzymes fulfil diverse, non-redundant roles in plant biology. The majority of these BGALs are predicted to have signal peptide and thought to act during cell wall-related biological processes. Interestingly, deletion of BGAL6 and BGAL10 in Arabidopsis causes reduced mucilage release during seed imbibition and shorter siliques respectively, whereas TBG4 depletion by RNAi decreases in fruit softening in tomato. The majority of plant BGALs remain to be characterized.
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Zhang M, Ma Y, Horst WJ, Yang ZB. Spatial-temporal analysis of polyethylene glycol-reduced aluminium accumulation and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase action in root tips of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1-9. [PMID: 27106549 PMCID: PMC4934392 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are two major limiting factors for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production on tropical acid soils. Polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000)-induced osmotic stress (OS) simulating drought stress reduces Al accumulation in the entire root tips of common bean by alteration of cell-wall (CW) porosity, which might be regulated by two genes encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, PvXTH9 and PvXTHb The aim of this research was to understand the spatial and temporal regulation of both XTH genes in PEG-mediated Al accumulation in the root tips. METHODS In this study the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Al-inhibited root elongation, Al accumulation, XTH gene expression and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) enzyme action in the root tips were analysed under PEG-induced OS by a combination of physiological and molecular approaches such as quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ fluorescence detection of XET in root tips. KEY RESULTS The results showed that Al accumulation, expression of XTH genes and XET action were distinctly reduced in the apical 0-2, 2-7 and 7-12 mm zones under OS, implying a potential regulatory role of XTH genes and XET enzyme in CW Al accumulation in these zones. CONCLUSIONS The results provide novel insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of CW structure modification as a response of plant roots to OS, which will contribute to mitigate Al and drought stresses, severely limiting crop yields on acid soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Walter J Horst
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhong-Bao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Manoli A, Trevisan S, Voigt B, Yokawa K, Baluška F, Quaggiotti S. Nitric Oxide-Mediated Maize Root Apex Responses to Nitrate are Regulated by Auxin and Strigolactones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1269. [PMID: 26834770 PMCID: PMC4722128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3 (-)) is a key element for crop production but its levels in agricultural soils are limited. Plants have developed mechanisms to cope with these NO3 (-) fluctuations based on sensing nitrate at the root apex. Particularly, the transition zone (TZ) of root apex has been suggested as a signaling-response zone. This study dissects cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NO3 (-) resupply effects on primary root (PR) growth in maize, confirming nitric oxide (NO) as a putative modulator. Nitrate restoration induced PR elongation within the first 2 h, corresponding to a stimulation of cell elongation at the basal border of the TZ. Xyloglucans (XGs) immunolocalization together with Brefeldin A applications demonstrated that nitrate resupply induces XG accumulation. This effect was blocked by cPTIO (NO scavenger). Transcriptional analysis of ZmXET1 confirmed the stimulatory effect of nitrate on XGs accumulation in cells of the TZ. Immunolocalization analyses revealed a positive effect of nitrate resupply on auxin and PIN1 accumulation, but a transcriptional regulation of auxin biosynthesis/transport/signaling genes was excluded. Short-term nitrate treatment repressed the transcription of genes involved in strigolactones (SLs) biosynthesis and transport, mainly in the TZ. Enhancement of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) transcription in presence of cPTIO indicated endogenous NO as a negative modulator of CCDs activity. Finally, treatment with the SLs-biosynthesis inhibitor (TIS108) restored the root growth in the nitrate-starved seedlings. Present report suggests that the NO-mediated root apex responses to nitrate are accomplished in cells of the TZ via integrative actions of auxin, NO and SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Manoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
| | - Sara Trevisan
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
| | - Boris Voigt
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
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Somssich M, Khan GA, Persson S. Cell Wall Heterogeneity in Root Development of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1242. [PMID: 27582757 PMCID: PMC4987334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls provide stability and protection to plant cells. During growth and development the composition of cell walls changes, but provides enough strength to withstand the turgor of the cells. Hence, cell walls are highly flexible and diverse in nature. These characteristics are important during root growth, as plant roots consist of radial patterns of cells that have diverse functions and that are at different developmental stages along the growth axis. Young stem cell daughters undergo a series of rapid cell divisions, during which new cell walls are formed that are highly dynamic, and that support rapid anisotropic cell expansion. Once the cells have differentiated, the walls of specific cell types need to comply with and support different cell functions. For example, a newly formed root hair needs to be able to break through the surrounding soil, while endodermal cells modify their walls at distinct positions to form Casparian strips between them. Hence, the cell walls are modified and rebuilt while cells transit through different developmental stages. In addition, the cell walls of roots readjust to their environment to support growth and to maximize nutrient uptake. Many of these modifications are likely driven by different developmental and stress signaling pathways. However, our understanding of how such pathways affect cell wall modifications and what enzymes are involved remain largely unknown. In this review we aim to compile data linking cell wall content and re-modeling to developmental stages of root cells, and dissect how root cell walls respond to certain environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Staffan Persson,
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Avramova V, Sprangers K, Beemster GTS. The Maize Leaf: Another Perspective on Growth Regulation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:787-797. [PMID: 26490722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana root tip has been a key experimental system to study organ growth regulation. It has clear advantages for genetic, transcriptomic, and cell biological studies that focus on the control of cell division and expansion along its longitudinal axis. However, the system shows some limitations for methods that currently require too much tissue to perform them at subzonal resolution, including quantification of proteins, enzyme activity, hormone, and metabolite levels and cell wall extensibility. By contrast, the larger size of the maize leaf does allow such analyses. Here we highlight exciting new possibilities to advance mechanistic understanding of plant growth regulation by using the maize leaf as a complimentary system to the Arabidopsis root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Avramova
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Sprangers
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Chormova D, Franková L, Defries A, Cutler SR, Fry SC. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity by high-throughput screening. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:220-236. [PMID: 26093490 PMCID: PMC4560162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules (xenobiotics) that inhibit cell-wall-localised enzymes are valuable for elucidating the enzymes' biological roles. We applied a high-throughput fluorescent dot-blot screen to search for inhibitors of Petroselinum xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity in vitro. Of 4216 xenobiotics tested, with cellulose-bound xyloglucan as donor-substrate, 18 inhibited XET activity and 18 promoted it (especially anthraquinones and flavonoids). No compounds promoted XET in quantitative assays with (cellulose-free) soluble xyloglucan as substrate, suggesting that promotion was dependent on enzyme-cellulose interactions. With cellulose-free xyloglucan as substrate, we found 22 XET-inhibitors - especially compounds that generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2) e.g., riboflavin (IC50 29 μM), retinoic acid, eosin (IC50 27 μM) and erythrosin (IC50 36 μM). The riboflavin effect was light-dependent, supporting (1)O2 involvement. Other inhibitors included tannins, sulphydryl reagents and triphenylmethanes. Some inhibitors (vulpinic acid and brilliant blue G) were relatively specific to XET, affecting only two or three, respectively, of nine other wall-enzyme activities tested; others [e.g. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and riboflavin] were non-specific. In vivo, out of eight XET-inhibitors bioassayed, erythrosin (1 μM) inhibited cell expansion in Rosa and Zea cell-suspension cultures, and 40 μM mycophenolic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited Zea culture growth. Our work showcases a general high-throughput strategy for discovering wall-enzyme inhibitors, some being plant growth inhibitors potentially valuable as physiological tools or herbicide leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Chormova
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Andrew Defries
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry (CFM), University of California, 5451 Boyce Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry (CFM), University of California, 5451 Boyce Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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Franková L, Fry SC. A general method for assaying homo- and hetero-transglycanase activities that act on plant cell-wall polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:411-428. [PMID: 25641334 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases (endotransglycosylases) cleave a polysaccharide (donor-substrate) in mid-chain, and then transfer a portion onto another poly- or oligosaccharide (acceptor-substrate). Such enzymes contribute to plant cell-wall assembly and/or re-structuring. We sought a general method for revealing novel homo- and hetero-transglycanases, applicable to diverse polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, separating transglycanase-generated (3)H-polysaccharides from unreacted (3)H-oligosaccharides--the former immobilized (on filter-paper, silica-gel or glass-fiber), the latter eluted. On filter-paper, certain polysaccharides [e.g. (1→3, 1→4)-β-D-glucans] remained satisfactorily adsorbed when water-washed; others (e.g. pectins) were partially lost. Many oligosaccharides (e.g. arabinan-, galactan-, xyloglucan-based) were successfully eluted in appropriate solvents, but others (e.g. [(3)H]xylohexaitol, [(3)H]mannohexaitol [(3)H]cellohexaitol) remained immobile. On silica-gel, all (3)H-oligosaccharides left an immobile 'ghost' spot (contaminating any (3)H-polysaccharides), which was diminished but not prevented by additives e.g. sucrose or Triton X-100. The best stratum was glass-fiber (GF), onto which the reaction-mixture was dried then washed in 75% ethanol. Washing led to minimal loss or lateral migration of (3)H-polysaccharides if conducted by slow percolation of acidified ethanol. The effectiveness of GF-blotting was well demonstrated for Chara vulgaris trans-β-mannanase. In conclusion, our novel GF-blotting technique efficiently frees transglycanase-generated (3)H-polysaccharides from unreacted (3)H-oligosaccharides, enabling high-throughput screening of multiple postulated transglycanase activities utilising chemically diverse donor- and acceptor-substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Shi YZ, Zhu XF, Miller JG, Gregson T, Zheng SJ, Fry SC. Distinct catalytic capacities of two aluminium-repressed Arabidopsis thaliana xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, XTH15 and XTH31, heterologously produced in Pichia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:160-169. [PMID: 25446234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan plays an important structural role in primary cell walls, possibly tethering adjacent microfibrils and restraining cell expansion. There is therefore considerable interest in understanding the role of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs), which are encoded in Arabidopsis by a 33-member gene family. We compared the key catalytic properties of two very different Arabidopsis XTHs (heterologously produced in Pichia), both of which are aluminium-repressed. Reductively tritiated oligosaccharides of xyloglucan were used as model acceptor substrates. Untransformed Pichia produced no xyloglucan-acting enzymes; therefore purification of the XTHs was unnecessary. XTH15, a classical group-I/II XTH, had high XET and undetectable XEH activity in vitro; its XET Km values were 31 μM XXXGol (acceptor substrate) and 2.9 mg/ml xyloglucan (donor substrate). In contrast, XTH31, a group-III-A XTH, showed predominant XEH activity and only slight XET activity in vitro; its XET Km was 86μM XXXGol (acceptor), indicating a low affinity of this predominantly hydrolytic protein for a transglycosylation acceptor substrate. The Km of XTH31's XEH activity was 1.6 mg/ml xyloglucan. For both proteins, the preferred XET acceptor substrate, among five cellotetraitol-based oligosaccharides tested, was XXXGol. XTH31's XET activity was strongly compromised when the second Xyl residue was galactosylated. XTH15's XET activity, in contrast, tolerated substitution at the second Xyl residue. The two enzymes also showed different pH preferences, XTH31 exhibiting an unusually low pH optimum and XTH15 an unusually broad optimum. XTH31's hydrolase activity increased almost linearly with decreasing pH in the apoplastic range, 6.2-4.5, consistent with a possible role in 'acid growth'. In conclusion, these two Al(3+)-repressed XTHs differ, in several important enzymic features, from other members of the Arabidopsis XTH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhi Shi
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Janice G Miller
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Timothy Gregson
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Stephen C Fry
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK.
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:10. [PMID: 25750913 PMCID: PMC4335395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J. Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M. Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - T. Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 25750913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
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Tsuchiya M, Satoh S, Iwai H. Distribution of XTH, expansin, and secondary-wall-related CesA in floral and fruit abscission zones during fruit development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:323. [PMID: 26029225 PMCID: PMC4432578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
After fruit development is triggered by pollination, the abscission zone (AZ) in the fruit pedicel strengthens its adhesion to keep the fruit attached. We previously reported that xyloglucan and arabinan accumulation in the AZ accompanies the shedding of unpollinated flowers. After the fruit has developed and is fully ripened, shedding occurs easily in the AZ due to lignin accumulation. Regulation of cell wall metabolism may play an important role in these processes, but it is not well understood. In the present report, we used immunohistochemistry to visualize changes in the distributions of xyloglucan and arabinan metabolism-related enzymes in the AZs of pollinated and unpollinated flowers, and in ripened fruits. During floral abscission, we observed a gradual increase in polyclonal antibody labeling of expansin in the AZ. The intensities of LM6 and LM15 labeling of arabinan and xyloglucan, respectively, also increased. However, during floral abscission, we observed a large 1 day post anthesis (DPA) peak in the polyclonal antibody labeling of XTH in the AZ, which then decreased. These results suggest that expansin and XTH play important, but different roles in the floral abscission process. During fruit abscission, unlike during floral abscission, no AZ-specific expansin and XTH were observed. Although lignification was seen in the AZ of over-ripe fruit pedicels, secondary cell wall-specific cellulose synthase signals were not observed. This suggests that cellulose metabolism-related enzymes do not play important roles in the AZ prior to fruit abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
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Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents. PLANTS 2014; 3:526-42. [PMID: 27135518 PMCID: PMC4844278 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a hemicellulose found in the cell walls of all land plants including early-divergent groups such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The basic structure of XyG, a xylosylated glucan, is similar in all of these plants but additional substituents can vary depending on plant family, tissue, and developmental stage. A comprehensive list of known XyG sidechain substituents is assembled including their occurrence within plant families, thereby providing insight into the evolutionary origin of the various sidechains. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled comparative genomics approaches for the identification of XyG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in non-model plant species. Characterization of these biosynthetic genes not only allows the determination of their substrate specificity but also provides insights into the function of the various substituents in plant growth and development.
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48
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Zhu XF, Wan JX, Sun Y, Shi YZ, Braam J, Li GX, Zheng SJ. Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase-Hydrolase17 Interacts with Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase-Hydrolase31 to Confer Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase Action and Affect Aluminum Sensitivity in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1566-1574. [PMID: 24948835 PMCID: PMC4119039 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that although the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase-Hydrolase31 (XTH31) has predominately xyloglucan endohydrolase activity in vitro, loss of XTH31 results in remarkably reduced in vivo xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) action and enhanced Al resistance. Here, we report that XTH17, predicted to have XET activity, binds XTH31 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitations assays and that this interaction may be required for XTH17 XET activity in planta. XTH17 and XTH31 may be colocalized in plant cells because tagged XTH17 fusion proteins, like XTH31 fusion proteins, appear to target to the plasma membrane. XTH17 expression, like that of XTH31, was substantially reduced in the presence of aluminum (Al), even at concentrations as low as 10 µm for 24 h or 25 µm for just 30 min. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transfer DNA insertion mutant of XTH17, xth17, showed low XET action and had moderately shorter roots than the wild type but was more Al resistant than the wild type. Similar to xth31, xth17 had low hemicellulose content and retained less Al in the cell wall. These data suggest a model whereby XTH17 and XTH31 may exist as a dimer at the plasma membrane to confer in vivo XET action, which modulates cell wall Al-binding capacity and thereby affects Al sensitivity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
| | - Jiang Xue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
| | - Yuan Zhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
| | - Janet Braam
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
| | - Gui Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences (X.F.Z., J.X.W., Y.S, S.J.Z.), and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology (G.X.L.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;Department of Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Tea Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China (Y.Z.S.); andBiochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005 (J.B.)
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Paës G. Fluorescent probes for exploring plant cell wall deconstruction: a review. Molecules 2014; 19:9380-402. [PMID: 24995923 PMCID: PMC6271034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a potential resource of chemicals, new materials and biofuels that could reduce our dependency on fossil carbon, thus decreasing the greenhouse effect. However, due to its chemical and structural complexity, plant biomass is recalcitrant to green biological transformation by enzymes, preventing the establishment of integrated bio-refineries. In order to gain more knowledge in the architecture of plant cell wall to facilitate their deconstruction, many fluorescent probes bearing various fluorophores have been devised and used successfully to reveal the changes in structural motifs during plant biomass deconstruction, and the molecular interactions between enzymes and plant cell wall polymers. Fluorescent probes are thus relevant tools to explore plant cell wall deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), UMR0614 Fractionation of AgroResources and Environment, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, 51100 Reims, France.
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Jacques E, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Review on shape formation in epidermal pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 41:914-921. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1071/fp13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal pavement cells appear with a fascinating irregular wavy shape in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. This review addresses the questions of why this particular shape is produced during leaf development and how this is accomplished. To answer the first question most probably waviness offers some biomechanical benefits over other organisations. Different positions of lobe-formation are therefore explored and discussed. At the moment, however, no hard evidence that favours any one morphology is available. The latter question comprises the biomechanical accomplishment of shape and refers to the cell wall and cytoskeletal involvement herein. A current model for pavement cell development is discussed but remaining questions and pitfalls are put forward. Moreover, an overview of the genetic and biochemical regulatory pathways that are described up to date in the literature is presented.
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