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Shafi A, Khan RS, Mir S, Khan GH, Masoodi KZ, Sofi NR, Mohidin FA, Lone JA, Shikari AB. Gene expression of near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying blast resistance genes Pi9 and Pi54 in the background of rice cultivar Mushk Budji. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08475-5. [PMID: 37245171 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kashmir valley, India is a homeland to rice landraces like Zag, Nunbeoul, Qadirbeigh, Kawkadur, Kamad, Mushk Budji, etc., generally characterized by short grains, aroma, earliness and cold tolerance. Mushk Budji is a commercially important speciality rice known for its taste and aroma, nonetheless, is extremely vulnerable to blast disease. Through the use of the marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach, a set of 24 Near-isogenic lines (NILs) was created, and the lines with the highest background genome recovery were chosen. The expression analysis was carried out for the component genes and other eight pathway genes related to blast resistance. RESULTS The major blast resistance genes Pi9 (from IRBL-9W) and Pi54 (from DHMAS 70Q 164-1b) were incorporated following simultaneous-but-step-wise MABC. The NILs harbouring genes Pi9 + Pi54, Pi9 and Pi54 expressed resistance to isolate (Mo-nwi-kash-32) under controlled and natural field conditions. The loci controlling ETI (effector triggered immunity) included the gene Pi9 and showed 61.18 and 60.27 fold change in relative gene expression in Pi54 + Pi9 and Pi9 carrying NILs against RP Mushk Budji. Pi54 was up regulated and showed 41 and 21 fold change in relative gene expression for NIL-Pi54 + Pi9 and NIL-Pi54, respectively. Among the pathway genes, LOC_Os01g60600 (WRKY 108) recorded 8 and 7.5 fold up regulation in Pi9 and Pi54 NILs. CONCLUSION The NILs showed recurrent parent genome recovery (RPG) per cent of 81.67 to 92.54 and were on par in performance to recurrent parent Mushk Budji. The lines were utilized to study the expression of the loci controlling WRKYs, peroxidases and chitinases that confer overall ETI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshana Shafi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, J&K, 190 025, India
| | - Raheel Shafeeq Khan
- Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Wadura, J&K, 193 201, India
| | - Saba Mir
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J&K, 192 102, India
| | - Gazala H Khan
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J&K, 192 102, India
| | - K Z Masoodi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, J&K, 190 025, India
| | - Najeebul Rehman Sofi
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J&K, 192 102, India
| | - F A Mohidin
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J&K, 192 102, India
| | - Javeed A Lone
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, J&K, 192 102, India
| | - Asif Bashir Shikari
- Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Wadura, J&K, 193 201, India.
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Pečenková T, Pejchar P, Moravec T, Drs M, Haluška S, Šantrůček J, Potocká A, Žárský V, Potocký M. Immunity functions of Arabidopsis pathogenesis-related 1 are coupled but not confined to its C-terminus processing and trafficking. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:664-678. [PMID: 35122385 PMCID: PMC8995067 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) proteins are members of the cross-kingdom conserved CAP superfamily (from Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and PR1 proteins). PR1 mRNA expression is frequently used for biotic stress monitoring in plants; however, the molecular mechanisms of its cellular processing, localization, and function are still unknown. To analyse the localization and immunity features of Arabidopsis thaliana PR1, we employed transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the tagged full-length PR1 construct, and also disrupted variants with C-terminal truncations or mutations. We found that en route from the endoplasmic reticulum, the PR1 protein transits via the multivesicular body and undergoes partial proteolytic processing, dependent on an intact C-terminal motif. Importantly, only nonmutated or processing-mimicking variants of PR1 are secreted to the apoplast. The C-terminal proteolytic cleavage releases a protein fragment that acts as a modulator of plant defence responses, including localized cell death control. However, other parts of PR1 also have immunity potential unrelated to cell death. The described modes of the PR1 contribution to immunity were found to be tissue-localized and host plant ontogenesis dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Matěj Drs
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyFaculty of Food and Biochemical TechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Andrea Potocká
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant BiologyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Zhang Y, Miao L, Yang X, Jiang G. Genome-wide characterization and expression of the TLP gene family associated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculation in Fragaria × ananassa. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12979. [PMID: 35356470 PMCID: PMC8958966 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a soil-borne fungal pathogen, causes significant yield losses in many plants, including cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa, 2n = 8x = 56). Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are a large and complex family of proteins that play a vital role in plant host defense and other physiological processes. Methods To enhance our understanding of the antifungal activity of F. × ananassa TLPs (FaTLP), we investigated the genome-wide identification of FaTLP gene families and their expression patterns in F. × ananassa plants upon pathogen infection. Moreover, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to detect the differences in the expression patterns of TLP genes between different resistant strawberry cultivars in response to C. gloeosporioides infection. Results In total, 76 TLP genes were identified from the octoploid cultivated strawberry genome with a mean length of 1,439 bp. They were distributed on 24 F. × ananassa chromosomes. The FaTLP family was then divided into ten groups (Group I-X) according to the comparative phylogenetic results. Group VIII contained the highest number of TLP family genes. qRT-PCR analysis results indicated that FaTLP40, FaTLP41, FaTLP43, FaTLP68, and FaTLP75 were upregulated following C. gloeosporioides infection in the resistant octoploid strawberry. Conclusions The data showed some differences in TLP gene expression patterns across different resistant strawberry cultivars, as well as faster TLP defense responses to pathogenic fungi in resistant cultivars. This study will aid in the characterization of TLP gene family members found in octoploid strawberries and their potential biological functions in plants' defenses against pathogenic fungi.
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Herlihy J, Ludwig NR, van den Ackerveken G, McDowell JM. Oomycetes Used in Arabidopsis Research. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2019; 17:e0188. [PMID: 33149730 PMCID: PMC7592078 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants in their natural environment are susceptible to infection by oomycete pathogens, in particular to downy mildew and white rust diseases. These naturally occurring infectious agents have imposed evolutionary pressures on Arabidopsis populations and are therefore highly relevant for the study of host-pathogen co-evolution. In addition, the study of oomycete diseases, including infections caused by several Phytophthora species, has led to many scientific discoveries on Arabidopsis immunity and disease. Herein, we describe the major oomycete species used for experiments on Arabidopsis, and how these pathosystems have been used to provide significant insights into mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of plant-oomycete interactions. We also highlight understudied aspects of plant-oomycete interactions, as well as translational approaches, that can be productively addressed using the reference pathosystems described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Herlihy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nora R. Ludwig
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guido van den Ackerveken
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John M. McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Grenier J, Potvin C, Asselin A. Some fungi express β-1,3-glucanases similar to thaumatin-like proteins. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Grenier
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
| | - Claude Potvin
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
| | - Alain Asselin
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4 Canada
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Thanh VM, Bui LM, Bach LG, Nguyen NT, Thi HL, Hoang Thi TT. Origanum majorana L. Essential Oil-Associated Polymeric Nano Dendrimer for Antifungal Activity against Phytophthora infestans. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12091446. [PMID: 31060208 PMCID: PMC6539362 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the introduction of Origanum majorana L. essential oil into a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G4.0 dendrimer was performed for creation of a potential nanocide against Phytophthora infestans. The characteristics of marjoram oil and PAMAM G4.0 was analyzed using transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The success of combining marjoram oil with PAMAM G4.0 was evaluated by FT-IR, TGA analysis, and the antifungal activity of this system was also investigated. The results showed that the antifungal activity of oil/PAMAM G4.0 was high and significantly higher than only PAMAM G4.0 or marjoram essential oil. These results indicated that the nanocide oil/PAMAM G4.0 helped strengthen and prolong the antifungal properties of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Minh Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry and Materials, 17 Hoang Sam, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Le Minh Bui
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Long Giang Bach
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Center of Excellence for Functional Polymers and NanoEngineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Ngoc Tung Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer (CRETECH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Hoa Le Thi
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam.
| | - Thai Thanh Hoang Thi
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam.
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Pluskota WE, Pupel P, Głowacka K, Okorska SB, Jerzmanowski A, Nonogaki H, Górecki RJ. Jasmonic acid and ethylene are involved in the accumulation of osmotin in germinating tomato seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:74-81. [PMID: 30537615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The expression of SlNP24 encoding osmotin was studied in germinating tomato seeds Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Moneymaker. The results show that the accumulation of the transcripts of SlNP24 and its potential upstream regulator TERF1 encoding an ethylene response factor was induced by ethylene and methyl jasmonate in germinating tomato seeds. There was no effect of gibberellins on the expression of the genes studied. The expression of SlNP24 was localized in the micropylar region of the endosperm of tomato seeds. The promoter of tomato osmotin was active in the endosperm cells of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, which contain reporter genes under control of SlNP24 promoter. The activity of SlNP24 promoter in A. thaliana reporter line seeds was visible when the expression of its ortholog gene in A. thaliana (AtOMS34) was observed. The mechanism of induction and a possible role of NP24 in germinating tomato seeds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta E Pluskota
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pupel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia B Okorska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Jerzmanowski
- Warsaw University and Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hiroyuki Nonogaki
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ryszard J Górecki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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de Lamo FJ, Constantin ME, Fresno DH, Boeren S, Rep M, Takken FLW. Xylem Sap Proteomics Reveals Distinct Differences Between R Gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2977. [PMID: 30564219 PMCID: PMC6288350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes and endophytic organisms can both protect plants against pathogens. Although the outcome of both processes is the same, little is known about the commonalities and differences between both immune responses. Here we set out to phenotypically characterize both responses in the tomato-Fusarium pathosystem, and to identify markers to distinguish these responses at the molecular level. As endophyte Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) strain Fo47 was employed, which confers protection against various pathogens, including the vascular wilt fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). As R-gene conferring Fol resistance, the I-2 gene of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used. Fol colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible and I-2 resistant tomato plants, but only causes disease in the former. Fol was found to colonize the vasculature of endophyte-colonized plants, and could be isolated from stems of non-diseased plants co-inoculated with Fo47 and Fol. Because the xylem vessels form the main interface between plant and pathogen, the xylem sap proteomes during R gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Resistance (RMR and EMR) were compared using label-free quantitative nLC-MS/MS. Surprisingly, both proteomes were remarkably similar to the mock, revealing only one or two differentially accumulated proteins in the respective resistant interactions. Whereas in I-2 plants the accumulation of the pathogenesis-related protein PR-5x was strongly induced by Fol, the endophyte triggered induction of both NP24, another PR-5 isoform, and of a β-glucanase in the presence of Fol. Notably, over 54% of the identified xylem sap proteins have a predicted intracellular localization, which implies that these might be present in exosomes. In conclusion, whereas both resistance mechanisms permit the pathogen to colonize the vasculature, this does not result in disease and this resistance coincides with specific induction of two distinct PR-5 isoforms and a β-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. de Lamo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria E. Constantin
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David H. Fresno
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Proteomic characterization and antifungal activity of potato tuber proteins isolated from starch production waste under different temperature regimes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10551-10560. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Van Holle S, De Schutter K, Eggermont L, Tsaneva M, Dang L, Van Damme EJM. Comparative Study of Lectin Domains in Model Species: New Insights into Evolutionary Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061136. [PMID: 28587095 PMCID: PMC5485960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are present throughout the plant kingdom and are reported to be involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, we provide a comparative analysis of the lectin families from model species in a phylogenetic framework. The analysis focuses on the different plant lectin domains identified in five representative core angiosperm genomes (Arabidopsisthaliana, Glycine max, Cucumis sativus, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and Oryza sativa ssp. indica). The genomes were screened for genes encoding lectin domains using a combination of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), hidden Markov models, and InterProScan analysis. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships were investigated by constructing maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees. The results demonstrate that the majority of the lectin families are present in each of the species under study. Domain organization analysis showed that most identified proteins are multi-domain proteins, owing to the modular rearrangement of protein domains during evolution. Most of these multi-domain proteins are widespread, while others display a lineage-specific distribution. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses reveal that some lectin families evolved to be similar to the phylogeny of the plant species, while others share a closer evolutionary history based on the corresponding protein domain architecture. Our results yield insights into the evolutionary relationships and functional divergence of plant lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Holle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lore Eggermont
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mariya Tsaneva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liuyi Dang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Aoun M. Host Defense Mechanisms During Fungal Pathogenesis and how these are Overcome in Susceptible Plants: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2017.82.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Luo XM, Xie CJ, Wang D, Wei YM, Cai J, Cheng SS, Yang XY, Sui AP. Psc-AFP from Psoralea corylifolia L. overexpressed in Pichia pastoris increases antimicrobial activity and enhances disease resistance of transgenic tobacco. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1073-1084. [PMID: 27587300 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psc-AFP, isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L., is an antimicrobial protein with trypsin inhibitor activity. Its encoding gene was cloned by 3'- rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) combined with Y-shaped adaptor-dependent extension (YADE) method. The gene Psc-AFP encodes a protein of 203 amino acids with a deduced signal peptide of 24 residues. The growth inhibition effect exerted by the heterologously expressed Psc-AFP in Pichia pastoris revealed that the recombinant Psc-AFP inhibited mycelium growth of Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, and Alternaria brassicae and conidial germination of Alternaria alternata. The recombinant Psc-AFP also showed protease inhibitor activity manifested by the inhibition of trypsin. The transgenic tobacco bioassays confirmed that overexpressing Psc-AFP significantly enhanced the disease resistance of tobacco and that some of the transgenic lines were almost fully tolerant to Ralstonia solanacearum and A. alternata, whereas no apparent alteration in plant growth and development was observed. Collectively, these results indicate that the recombinant Psc-AFP is an active antimicrobial protein, with protease inhibitor activity that can be successfully produced in the yeast and tobacco and, therefore, maybe a potential antimicrobial candidate for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Luo
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Xie
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - De Wang
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yun-Min Wei
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jie Cai
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shan-Shan Cheng
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xing -Yong Yang
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
- The College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - An -Ping Sui
- The School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Viktorova J, Rehorova K, Musilova L, Suman J, Lovecka P, Macek T. New findings in potential applications of tobacco osmotin. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 129:84-93. [PMID: 27654923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The osmotin protein is involved in both monocot and dicot plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. To determine the biological activity of osmotin, the gene was amplified from tobacco genomic DNA, fused with the hexahistidine tag motif and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, after which the recombinant osmotin was purified and renatured. Various activities were then tested, including hemolytic activity, toxicity against human embryonic kidney cells, and the antifungal activity of the recombinant osmotin. We found that osmotin had no adverse effects on human kidney cells up to a concentration of 500 μg.ml-1. However, the purified osmotin also had significant antimicrobial activity, specifically against fungal pathogens causing candidiasis and otitis, and against the common food pathogens. Using the osmotin-Agrobacterium construct, the osmotin gene was inserted into tobacco plants in order to facilitate the isolation of recombinant protein. Using qPCR, the presence and copy number of the transgene was detected in the tobacco plant DNA. The transgene was also quantified using mRNA, and results indicated a strong expression profile, however the native protein has been never isolated. Once the transgene presence was confirmed, the transgenic tobacco plants were grown in high saline concentrations and monitored for seed germination and chlorophyll content as indicators of overall plant health. Results indicated that the transgenic tobacco plants had a higher tolerance for osmotic stress. These results indicate that the osmotin gene has the potential to increase crop tolerance to stresses such as fungal attack and unfavorable osmotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Viktorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Rehorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Musilova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jachym Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lovecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Macek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Jain P, Singh PK, Kapoor R, Khanna A, Solanke AU, Krishnan SG, Singh AK, Sharma V, Sharma TR. Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions with Expression Profiling of NILs Carrying Rice-Blast Resistance Pi9 Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:93. [PMID: 28280498 PMCID: PMC5322464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae infection causes rice blast, a destructive disease that is responsible for considerable decrease in rice yield. Development of resistant varieties via introgressing resistance genes with marker-assisted breeding can eliminate pesticide use and minimize crop losses. Here, resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) of Pusa Basmati-1(PB1) carrying broad spectrum rice blast resistance gene Pi9 was used to investigate Pi9-mediated resistance response. Infected and uninfected resistant NIL and susceptible control line were subjected to RNA-Seq. With the exception of one gene (Pi9), transcriptional signatures between the two lines were alike, reflecting basal similarities in their profiles. Resistant and susceptible lines possessed 1043 (727 up-regulated and 316 down-regulated) and 568 (341 up-regulated and 227 down-regulated) unique and significant differentially expressed loci (SDEL), respectively. Pathway analysis revealed higher transcriptional activation of kinases, WRKY, MYB, and ERF transcription factors, JA-ET hormones, chitinases, glycosyl hydrolases, lipid biosynthesis, pathogenesis and secondary metabolism related genes in resistant NIL than susceptible line. Singular enrichment analysis demonstrated that blast resistant NIL is significantly enriched with genes for primary and secondary metabolism, response to biotic stimulus and transcriptional regulation. The co-expression network showed proteins of genes in response to biotic stimulus interacted in a manner unique to resistant NIL upon M. oryzae infection. These data suggest that Pi9 modulates genome-wide transcriptional regulation in resistant NIL but not in susceptible PB1. We successfully used transcriptome profiling to understand the molecular basis of Pi9-mediated resistance mechanisms, identified potential candidate genes involved in early pathogen response and revealed the sophisticated transcriptional reprogramming during rice-M. oryzae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jain
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali UniversityTonk, India
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali UniversityTonk, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Apurva Khanna
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Ashok K. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali UniversityTonk, India
| | - Tilak R. Sharma
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Tilak R. Sharma ;
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15
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Yan J, Yuan SS, Jiang LL, Ye XJ, Ng TB, Wu ZJ. Plant antifungal proteins and their applications in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4961-81. [PMID: 25971197 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are far more complex organisms than viruses or bacteria and can develop numerous diseases in plants that cause loss of a substantial portion of the crop every year. Plants have developed various mechanisms to defend themselves against these fungi which include the production of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites and proteins and peptides with antifungal activity. In this review, families of plant antifungal proteins (AFPs) including defensins, lectins, and several others will be summarized. Moreover, the application of AFPs in agriculture will also be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Virology of Fujian Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China,
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16
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Van Loon LC, Bruinsma J. The new plant physiology-molecular approaches to studying hormonal regulation of plant development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1992.tb01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Van Loon
- Department of Plant Physiology; Agricultural University; Arboretumlaan 4 6703 BD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Bruinsma
- Department of Plant Physiology; Agricultural University; Arboretumlaan 4 6703 BD Wageningen The Netherlands
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17
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Anil Kumar S, Hima Kumari P, Shravan Kumar G, Mohanalatha C, Kavi Kishor PB. Osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 25852715 PMCID: PMC4360817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Osmotin is a stress responsive antifungal protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related (PR)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Protective efforts of osmotin in plants range from high temperature to cold and salt to drought. It lyses the plasma membrane of the pathogens. It is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. It is a differentially expressed and developmentally regulated protein that protects the cells from osmotic stress and invading pathogens as well, by structural or metabolic alterations. During stress conditions, osmotin helps in the accumulation of the osmolyte proline, which quenches reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Osmotin expression results in the accumulation of storage reserves and increases the shelf-life of fruits. It binds to a seven-transmembrane-domain receptor-like protein and induces programmed cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through RAS2/cAMP signaling pathway. Adiponectin, produced in adipose tissues of mammals, is an insulin-sensitizing hormone. Strangely, osmotin acts like the mammalian hormone adiponectin in various in vitro and in vivo models. Adiponectin and osmotin, the two receptor binding proteins do not share sequence similarity at the amino acid level, but interestingly they have a similar structural and functional properties. In experimental mice, adiponectin inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration, primary tumor growth, and reduces atherosclerosis. This retrospective work examines the vital role of osmotin in plant defense and as a potential targeted therapeutic drug for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Anil Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
| | - P. Hima Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
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18
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Van Holle S, Van Damme EJM. Distribution and evolution of the lectin family in soybean (Glycine max). Molecules 2015; 20:2868-91. [PMID: 25679048 PMCID: PMC6272470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a diverse group of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates and are found throughout all kingdoms. In plants, lectins are involved in a range of important processes such as plant defense and stress signaling. Although the genome sequence of Glycine max (soybean) has been published, little is known about the abundance and expansion patterns of lectin genes in soybean. Using BLAST and hidden Markov models, a total of 359 putative lectin genes have been identified. Furthermore, these sequences could be classified in nine of the twelve plant lectin families identified today. Analysis of the domain organization demonstrated that most of the identified lectin genes encode chimerolectins, consisting of one or multiple lectin domains combined with other known protein domains. Both tandem and segmental duplication events have contributed to the expansion of the lectin gene family. These data provide a detailed understanding of the domain architecture and molecular evolution of the lectin gene family in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Holle
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Shi Y, Jian L, Han D, Ren Y. Isolation of an Antifungal Pathogenesis-Related Protein from Naked Oat ( Avena nuda) Seeds. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-12-13-0251-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shi
- Corresponding author. Phone: +86-0351-7018268
| | - Liu Jian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Deping Han
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yemei Ren
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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20
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Ebadzad G, Cravador A. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of differentially expressed genes in Quercus suber in response to Phytophthora cinnamomi infection. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:613. [PMID: 25392784 PMCID: PMC4221558 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
cDNA-AFLP methodology was used to gain insight into gene fragments differentially present in the mRNA profiles of Quercus suber roots infected with zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi at different post challenge time points. Fifty-three transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were identified and sequenced. Six candidate genes were selected based on their expression patterns and homology to genes known to play a role in defence. They encode a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase2 (QsCAD2), a protein disulphide isomerase (QsPDI), a CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein (QsRPc), a thaumatin-like protein (QsTLP), a chitinase (QsCHI) and a 1,3-β-glucanase (QsGlu). Evaluation of the expression of these genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that transcript levels of QsRPc, QsCHI, QsCAD2 and QsPDI increased during the first 24 h post-inoculation, while those of thaumatin-like protein decreased. No differential expression was observed for 1,3-β-glucanase (QsGlu). Four candidate reference genes, polymerase II (QsRPII), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (QsEIF-5A), β-tubulin (QsTUB) and a medium subunit family protein of clathrin adaptor complexes (QsCACs) were assessed to determine the most stable internal references for qRT-PCR normalization in the Phytophthora-Q. suber pathosystem in root tissues. Those found to be more stable, QsRPII and QsCACs, were used as internal reference in the present work. Knowledge on the Quercus defence mechanisms against biotic stress is scarce. This study provides an insight into the gene profiling of a few important genes of Q. suber in response to P. cinnamomi infection contributing to the knowledge of the molecular interactions involving Quercus and root pathogens that can be useful in the future to understand the mechanisms underlying oak resistance to soil-borne oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Ebadzad
- />Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Cravador
- />Centre for Mediterranean Bioresourses and Food, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Abeysekara NS, Bhattacharyya MK. Analyses of the xylem sap proteomes identified candidate Fusarium virguliforme proteinacious toxins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93667. [PMID: 24845418 PMCID: PMC4028188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by the ascomycete fungus, Fusarium virguliforme, exhibits root necrosis and leaf scorch or foliar SDS. The pathogen has never been identified from the above ground diseased foliar tissues. Foliar SDS is believed to be caused by host selective toxins, including FvTox1, secreted by the fungus. This study investigated if the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants contains secreted F. virguliforme-proteins, some of which could cause foliar SDS development. RESULTS Xylem sap samples were collected from five biological replications of F. virguliforme-infected and uninfected soybean plants under controlled conditions. We identified five F. virguliforme proteins from the xylem sap of the F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants by conducting LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. These five proteins were also present in the excreted proteome of the pathogen in culture filtrates. One of these proteins showed high sequence identity to cerato-platanin, a phytotoxin produced by Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani to cause canker stain disease in the plane tree. Of over 500 soybean proteins identified in this study, 112 were present in at least 80% of the sap samples collected from F. virguliforme-infected and -uninfected control plants. We have identified four soybean defense proteins from the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000873. CONCLUSION This study confirms that a few F. virguliforme proteins travel through the xylem, some of which could be involved in foliar SDS development. We have identified five candidate proteinaceous toxins, one of which showed high similarity to a previously characterized phytotoxin. We have also shown the presence of four soybean defense proteins in the xylem sap of F. virguliforme-infected soybean plants. This study laid the foundation for studying the molecular basis of foliar SDS development in soybean and possible defense mechanisms that may be involved in conferring immunity against F. virguliforme and other soybean pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilwala S. Abeysekara
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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22
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Kahl G, Winter P. Plant genetic engineering for crop improvement. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:449-60. [PMID: 24414753 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic engineering has long since left its experimental stage: transgenic plants with resistance to viruses, bacteria, fungi, various pests and abiotic stresses have already been released in their hundreds. Transgenic plants can produce better fruits and food of higher quality than wild-types, and can be used as bioreactors for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important compounds. This review portrays some of the achievements in this field of plant molecular biology.
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23
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Choi DS, Hong JK, Hwang BK. Pepper osmotin-like protein 1 (CaOSM1) is an essential component for defense response, cell death, and oxidative burst in plants. PLANTA 2013; 238:1113-24. [PMID: 24022744 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Osmotin or osmotin-like protein, a PR-5 family member, is differentially induced in plants by abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we demonstrate that the pepper (Capsicum annuum) osmotin-like protein 1 gene, CaOSM1, was required for the defense and hypersensitive cell death response and oxidative burst signaling during Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) infection. CaOSM1 protein was localized to the plasma membrane in leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of CaOSM1 in pepper distinctly induced the hypersensitive cell death response and H2O2 accumulation. Knock-down of CaOSM1 in pepper by virus-induced gene silencing increased the susceptibility to Xcv infection, which was accompanied by attenuation of the cell death response and decreased accumulation of H2O2. CaOSM1 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis conferred reduced susceptibility and accelerated cell death response and H2O2 accumulation to infection by Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Together, these results suggest that CaOSM1 is involved in cell death and oxidative burst responses during plant defense against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Seok Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Protection, Department of Horticulture, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Chilam-dong, Jinju, 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Involvement of strictosidine as a defensive chemical inCatharanthus roseus. J Chem Ecol 2013; 22:1355-66. [PMID: 24226242 DOI: 10.1007/bf02027718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/1995] [Accepted: 03/22/1996] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the glucoalkaloid strictosidine in antimicrobial and antifeedant activity inCatharanthus roseus leaves was investigated. Strictosidine and its deglucosylation product, specifically formed by the enzyme strictosidine glucosidase, were shown to be active against several microorganisms. In contrast, neither the intact glucoside, nor the aglycone product(s) was found to exhibit antifeedant activity againstSpodoptera exigua larvae, as was found for intactC. roseus leaves and leaf extracts. Besides alkaloids further downstream in the biosynthesis pathway, a more apolar, yet unidentified compound may be involved in this activity.
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Bruno-Moreno F, Sombra Basílio de Oliveira R, de Azevedo Moreira R, Pinto Lobo MD, Teixeira de Freitas CD, Viana Ramos M, Barbosa Grangeiro T, Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira AC. Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of an antifungal laticifer protein. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:646-9. [PMID: 23722843 PMCID: PMC3668584 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113011378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An osmotin (CpOsm) from the latex of Calotropis procera has been crystallized in both tetragonal and trigonal forms suitable for structure determination. Crystallographic studies of CpOsm are of great interest because limited information is available concerning the structure of latex proteins and CpOsm has previously been shown to interact with the spore membranes of some plant pathogenic fungi, thus impairing spore germination and hyphal growth. CpOsm crystals were grown using 0.1 M HEPES buffer pH 7.5, 26% PEG 4000, 0.2 M ammonium sulfate (space group P4(3)) or using 0.1 M HEPES buffer pH 7.5, 35% MPD, 0.7 M ammonium sulfate (space group P3(1)12). X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.17 Å (P4(3)) and 1.80 Å (P3(1)12) resolution and molecular-replacement analyses produced initial phases for both crystal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Bruno-Moreno
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza, Avenida Washington Soares 1321, Bairro Edson Queiroz, 60811-905 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | - Renato de Azevedo Moreira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza, Avenida Washington Soares 1321, Bairro Edson Queiroz, 60811-905 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Márcio Viana Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
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Sanju S, Thakur A, Siddappa S, Sreevathsa R, Srivastava N, Shukla P, Singh BP. Pathogen virulence of Phytophthora infestans: from gene to functional genomics. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:165-77. [PMID: 24431484 PMCID: PMC3656195 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important plant pathogens worldwide. Much of the pathogenic success of P. infestans, the potato late blight agent, relies on its ability to generate large amounts of sporangia from mycelia, which release zoospores that encyst and form infection structures. Until recently, little was known about the molecular basis of oomycete pathogenicity by the avirulence molecules that are perceived by host defenses. To understand the molecular mechanisms interplay in the pathogen and host interactions, knowledge of the genome structure was most important, which is available now after genome sequencing. The mechanism of biotrophic interaction between potato and P. infestans could be determined by understanding the effector biology of the pathogen, which is until now poorly understood. The recent availability of oomycete genome will help in understanding of the signal transduction pathways followed by apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors for translocation into host cell. Finally based on genomics, novel strategies could be developed for effective management of the crop losses due to the late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sanju
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | - Aditi Thakur
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
| | | | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- />National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology, IARI campus, Pusa, New Delhi—12, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- />Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University (Rajasthan), Tonk, India 304022
| | - Pradeep Shukla
- />Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, SHIATS, Naini, Allahabad, India 211007
| | - B. P. Singh
- />Central potato Research Institute, Shimla, H.P India 171001
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Mani T, Sivakumar KC, Manjula S. Expression and functional analysis of two osmotin (PR5) isoforms with differential antifungal activity from Piper colubrinum: prediction of structure-function relationship by bioinformatics approach. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 52:251-61. [PMID: 22207456 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Osmotin, a pathogenesis-related antifungal protein, is relevant in induced plant immunity and belongs to the thaumatin-like group of proteins (TLPs). This article describes comparative structural and functional analysis of the two osmotin isoforms cloned from Phytophthora-resistant wild Piper colubrinum. The two isoforms differ mainly by an internal deletion of 50 amino acid residues which separates them into two size categories (16.4 kDa-PcOSM1 and 21.5 kDa-PcOSM2) with pI values 5.6 and 8.3, respectively. Recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli and antifungal activity assays of the purified proteins demonstrated significant inhibitory activity of the larger osmotin isoform (PcOSM2) on Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium oxysporum, and a markedly reduced antifungal potential of the smaller isoform (PcOSM1). Homology modelling of the proteins indicated structural alterations in their three-dimensional architecture. Tertiary structure of PcOSM2 conformed to the known structure of osmotin, with domain I comprising of 12 β-sheets, an α-helical domain II and a domain III composed of 2 β-sheets. PcOSM1 (smaller isoform) exhibited a distorted, indistinguishable domain III and loss of 4 β-sheets in domain I. Interestingly, an interdomain acidic cleft between domains I and II, containing an optimally placed endoglucanase catalytic pair composed of Glu-Asp residues, which is characteristic of antifungal PR5 proteins, was present in both isoforms. It is well accepted that the presence of an acidic cleft correlates with antifungal activity due to the presence of endoglucanase catalytic property, and hence the present observation of significantly reduced antifungal capacity of PcOSM1 despite the presence of a strong acidic cleft, is suggestive of the possible roles played by other structural features like domain I or/and III, in deciding the antifungal potential of osmotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomson Mani
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014 Kerala, India.
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Nair M, Sandhu SS. A Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) that exerts an antimicrobial effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2013.411079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chymotrypsin both directly modulates bacterial growth and asserts ampicillin degradation-mediated protective effect on bacteria. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Orłowska E, Basile A, Kandzia I, Llorente B, Kirk HG, Cvitanich C. Revealing the importance of meristems and roots for the development of hypersensitive responses and full foliar resistance to Phytophthora infestans in the resistant potato cultivar Sarpo Mira. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4765-79. [PMID: 22844094 PMCID: PMC3428001 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The defence responses of potato against Phytophthora infestans were studied using the highly resistant Sarpo Mira cultivar. The effects of plant integrity, meristems, and roots on the hypersensitive response (HR), plant resistance, and the regulation of PR genes were analysed. Sarpo Mira shoots and roots grafted with the susceptible Bintje cultivar as well as non-grafted different parts of Sarpo Mira plants were inoculated with P. infestans. The progress of the infection and the number of HR lesions were monitored, and the regulation of PR genes was compared in detached and attached leaves. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was assessed. The presented data show that roots are needed to achieve full pathogen resistance, that the removal of meristems in detached leaves inhibits the formation of HR lesions, that PR genes are differentially regulated in detached leaves compared with leaves of whole plants, and that antimicrobial compounds accumulate in leaves and roots of Sarpo Mira plants challenged with P. infestans. While meristems are necessary for the formation of HR lesions, the roots of Sarpo Mira plants participate in the production of defence-associated compounds that increase systemic resistance. Based on the literature and on the presented results, a model is proposed for mechanisms involved in Sarpo Mira resistance that may apply to other resistant potato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Orłowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Ali A, Moushib LI, Lenman M, Levander F, Olsson K, Carlson-Nilson U, Zoteyeva N, Liljeroth E, Andreasson E. Paranoid potato: phytophthora-resistant genotype shows constitutively activated defense. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:400-8. [PMID: 22476463 PMCID: PMC3443922 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora is the most devastating pathogen of dicot plants. There is a need for resistance sources with different modes of action to counteract the fast evolution of this pathogen. In order to better understand mechanisms of defense against P. infestans, we analyzed several clones of potato. Two of the genotypes tested, Sarpo Mira and SW93-1015, exhibited strong resistance against P. infestans in field trials, whole plant assays and detached leaf assays. The resistant genotypes developed different sizes of hypersensitive response (HR)-related lesions. HR lesions in SW93-1015 were restricted to very small areas, whereas those in Sarpo Mira were similar to those in Solanum demissum, the main source of classical resistance genes. SW93-1015 can be characterized as a cpr (constitutive expressor of PR genes) genotype without spontaneous microscopic or macroscopic HR lesions. This is indicated by constitutive hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production and PR1 (pathogenesis-related protein 1) secretion. SW93-1015 is one of the first plants identified as having classical protein-based induced defense expressed constitutively without any obvious metabolic costs or spontaneous cell death lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Ali
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Marit Lenman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Olsson
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlson-Nilson
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Nadezhda Zoteyeva
- Genetic Department of N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry; St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Erland Liljeroth
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Alnarp, Sweden
- Correspondence to: Erik Andreasson,
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Feltus FA, Saski CA, Mockaitis K, Haiminen N, Parida L, Smith Z, Ford J, Staton ME, Ficklin SP, Blackmon BP, Cheng CH, Schnell RJ, Kuhn DN, Motamayor JC. Sequencing of a QTL-rich region of the Theobroma cacao genome using pooled BACs and the identification of trait specific candidate genes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:379. [PMID: 21794110 PMCID: PMC3154204 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BAC-based physical maps provide for sequencing across an entire genome or a selected sub-genomic region of biological interest. Such a region can be approached with next-generation whole-genome sequencing and assembly as if it were an independent small genome. Using the minimum tiling path as a guide, specific BAC clones representing the prioritized genomic interval are selected, pooled, and used to prepare a sequencing library. Results This pooled BAC approach was taken to sequence and assemble a QTL-rich region, of ~3 Mbp and represented by twenty-seven BACs, on linkage group 5 of the Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6 genome. Using various mixtures of read coverages from paired-end and linear 454 libraries, multiple assemblies of varied quality were generated. Quality was assessed by comparing the assembly of 454 reads with a subset of ten BACs individually sequenced and assembled using Sanger reads. A mixture of reads optimal for assembly was identified. We found, furthermore, that a quality assembly suitable for serving as a reference genome template could be obtained even with a reduced depth of sequencing coverage. Annotation of the resulting assembly revealed several genes potentially responsible for three T. cacao traits: black pod disease resistance, bean shape index, and pod weight. Conclusions Our results, as with other pooled BAC sequencing reports, suggest that pooling portions of a minimum tiling path derived from a BAC-based physical map is an effective method to target sub-genomic regions for sequencing. While we focused on a single QTL region, other QTL regions of importance could be similarly sequenced allowing for biological discovery to take place before a high quality whole-genome assembly is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Feltus
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson University, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Zhang W, Yang X, Qiu D, Guo L, Zeng H, Mao J, Gao Q. PeaT1-induced systemic acquired resistance in tobacco follows salicylic acid-dependent pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:2549-56. [PMID: 21088909 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense mechanism which plays a central role in protecting plants from pathogen attack. A new elicitor, PeaT1 from Alternaria tenuissima, was expressed in Escherichia coil and characterized with systemic acquired resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). PeaT1-treated plants exhibited enhanced systemic resistance with a significant reduction in number and size of TMV lesions on wild tobacco leaves as compared with control. The quantitative analysis of TMV CP gene expression with real-time quantitative PCR showed there was reduction in TMV virus concentration after PeaT1 treatment. Similarly, peroxidase (POD) activity and lignin increased significantly after PeaT1 treatment. The real-time quantitative PCR revealed that PeaT1 also induced the systemic accumulation of pathogenesis-related gene, PR-1a and PR-1b which are the markers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), NPR1 gene for salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction pathway and PAL gene for SA synthesis. The accumulation of SA and the failure in development of similar level of resistance as in wild type tobacco plants in PeaT1 treated nahG transgenic tobacco plants indicated that PeaT1-induced resistance depended on SA accumulation. The present work suggested that the molecular mechanism of PeaT1 inducing disease resistance in tobacco was likely through the systemic acquired resistance pathway mediated by salicylic acid and the NPR1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Control of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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Das M, Chauhan H, Chhibbar A, Rizwanul Haq QM, Khurana P. High-efficiency transformation and selective tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress in mulberry, Morus indica cv. K2, by constitutive and inducible expression of tobacco osmotin. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:231-46. [PMID: 20549349 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osmotin and osmotin-like proteins are stress proteins belonging to the plant PR-5 group of proteins induced in several plant species in response to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. We report here the overexpression of tobacco osmotin in transgenic mulberry plants under the control of a constitutive promoter (CaMV 35S) as well as a stress-inducible rd29A promoter. Southern analysis of the transgenic plants revealed the stable integration of the introduced genes in the transformants. Real-time PCR analysis provided evidence for the expression of osmotin in the transgenic plants under both the constitutive and stress-inducible promoters. Transgenic plants with the stress-inducible promoter were observed to better tolerate salt and drought stress than those with the constitutive promoter. Transgenic plants when subjected to simulated salinity and drought stress conditions showed better cellular membrane stability (CMS) and photosynthetic yield than non-transgenic plants under conditions of both salinity and drought stress. Proline levels were very high in transgenic plants with the constitutive promoter relative to those with the stress-inducible promoter. Fungal challenge undertaken with three fungal species known to cause serious losses to mulberry cultivation, namely, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum dematium, revealed that transgenic plants with osmotin under control of the constitutive promoter had a better resistance than those with osmotin under the control of the stress-inducible promoter. Evaluation in next generation was undertaken by studying bud break in transgenic and non-transgenic plants under simulated drought (2% polyethylene glycol) and salt stress (200 mM NaCl) conditions. The axillary buds of the selected transgenic lines had a better bud break percentage under stressed conditions than buds from non-transgenic mulberry lines. A biotic assay with Bombyx mori indicated that osmotin protein had no undesirable effect on silkworm rearing and feeding. We therefore conclude that 35S transgenic plants are better suited for both abiotic stress also biotic challenges (fungal), while the rd29A transgenic plants are more responsive to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaswini Das
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
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Tzou YM, Huang TS, Huggins KW, Chin BA, Simonne AH, Singh NK. Expression of truncated tobacco osmotin in Escherichia coli: purification and antifungal activity. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:539-43. [PMID: 21046196 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF WORK Tobacco osmotin is a functional homolog of mammalian adiponectin, and has antifungal activity. This work was undertaken to produce recombinant osmotin that has previously been unsuccessful because of its toxicity. Expression of recombinant tobacco osmotin (rOSM) in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies has been achieved. The optimal pH for rOSM expression in ZYM 505 medium is 7.0 at OD(650) of 1.5 of culture growth. The rOSM from the inclusion body was extracted with 8 M urea, and purified using CM-cellulose and cobalt-agarose bead affinity chromatography to a high purity. Approximately 80% of the rOSM remained bound to CM-cellulose and Cobalt-agarose beads after initial elution. The yield of purified rOSM was between 40 and 50 mg from 2 l of culture. Repeated elution of protein from CM-cellulose and Co-agarose increased the yield of rOSM to 200 mg from 2 l culture. The purified rOSM showed variable antifungal activities against two pathogenic yeast strains; Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and non-pathogenic strains; Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia methanolica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ywh-Min Tzou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn University, 201 Poultry Science Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Petre B, Major I, Rouhier N, Duplessis S. Genome-wide analysis of eukaryote thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) with an emphasis on poplar. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:33. [PMID: 21324123 PMCID: PMC3048497 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant inducible immunity includes the accumulation of a set of defense proteins during infection called pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which are grouped into families termed PR-1 to PR-17. The PR-5 family is composed of thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), which are responsive to biotic and abiotic stress and are widely studied in plants. TLPs were also recently discovered in fungi and animals. In the poplar genome, TLPs are over-represented compared with annual species and their transcripts strongly accumulate during stress conditions. RESULTS Our analysis of the poplar TLP family suggests that the expansion of this gene family was followed by diversification, as differences in expression patterns and predicted properties correlate with phylogeny. In particular, we identified a clade of poplar TLPs that cluster to a single 350 kb locus of chromosome I and that are up-regulated by poplar leaf rust infection. A wider phylogenetic analysis of eukaryote TLPs - including plant, animal and fungi sequences - shows that TLP gene content and diversity increased markedly during land plant evolution. Mapping the reported functions of characterized TLPs to the eukaryote phylogenetic tree showed that antifungal or glycan-lytic properties are widespread across eukaryote phylogeny, suggesting that these properties are shared by most TLPs and are likely associated with the presence of a conserved acidic cleft in their 3D structure. Also, we established an exhaustive catalog of TLPs with atypical architectures such as small-TLPs, TLP-kinases and small-TLP-kinases, which have potentially developed alternative functions (such as putative receptor kinases for pathogen sensing and signaling). CONCLUSION Our study, based on the most recent plant genome sequences, provides evidence for TLP gene family diversification during land plant evolution. We have shown that the diverse functions described for TLPs are not restricted to specific clades but seem to be universal among eukaryotes, with some exceptions likely attributable to atypical protein structures. In the perennial plant model Populus, we unravelled the TLPs likely involved in leaf rust resistance, which will provide the foundation for further functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- INRA†/Nancy Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Ian Major
- Plant Research Laboratory, 122 Plant Biology Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48864, USA
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- INRA†/Nancy Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA†/Nancy Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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Doxey AC, Cheng Z, Moffatt BA, McConkey BJ. Structural motif screening reveals a novel, conserved carbohydrate-binding surface in the pathogenesis-related protein PR-5d. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:23. [PMID: 20678238 PMCID: PMC2924342 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic amino acids play a critical role in protein-glycan interactions. Clusters of surface aromatic residues and their features may therefore be useful in distinguishing glycan-binding sites as well as predicting novel glycan-binding proteins. In this work, a structural bioinformatics approach was used to screen the Protein Data Bank (PDB) for coplanar aromatic motifs similar to those found in known glycan-binding proteins. RESULTS The proteins identified in the screen were significantly associated with carbohydrate-related functions according to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, and predicted motifs were found frequently within novel folds and glycan-binding sites not included in the training set. In addition to numerous binding sites predicted in structural genomics proteins of unknown function, one novel prediction was a surface motif (W34/W36/W192) in the tobacco pathogenesis-related protein, PR-5d. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the surface motif is exclusive to a subfamily of PR-5 proteins from the Solanaceae family of plants, and is absent completely in more distant homologs. To confirm PR-5d's insoluble-polysaccharide binding activity, a cellulose-pulldown assay of tobacco proteins was performed and PR-5d was identified in the cellulose-binding fraction by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Based on the combined results, we propose that the putative binding site in PR-5d may be an evolutionary adaptation of Solanaceae plants including potato, tomato, and tobacco, towards defense against cellulose-containing pathogens such as species of the deadly oomycete genus, Phytophthora. More generally, the results demonstrate that coplanar aromatic clusters on protein surfaces are a structural signature of glycan-binding proteins, and can be used to computationally predict novel glycan-binding proteins from 3 D structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenyu Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara A Moffatt
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brendan J McConkey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Vierheilig H, Alt M, Lange J, Gut-Rella M, Wiemken A, Boller T. Colonization of Transgenic Tobacco Constitutively Expressing Pathogenesis-Related Proteins by the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:3031-4. [PMID: 16535103 PMCID: PMC1388557 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.8.3031-3034.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in tobacco plants on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Tobacco lines genetically transformed to express various PRs constitutively under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter of tobacco were examined. Immunoblot analysis and activity measurements demonstrated high levels of expression of the PRs in the root systems of the plants. Constitutive expression of the following acidic isoforms of tobacco PRs did not affect the time course or the final level of colonization by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae: PR-1a, PR-3 (=PR-Q), PR-Q(prm1), PR-4, and PR-5. Similarly, constitutive expression of an acidic cucumber chitinase, of a basic tobacco chitinase with and without its vacuolar targeting peptide, of a basic (beta)-1,3-glucanase, and of combinations of PR-Q and PR-Q(prm1) or basic chitinase and basic (beta)-1,3-glucanase did not affect colonization by the mycorrhizal fungus. A delay of colonization by G. mosseae was observed in tobacco plants constitutively expressing the acidic isoform of tobacco PR-2, a protein with (beta)-1,3-glucanase activity.
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Wong JH, Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Ye XJ, Wang HX, Lam SK, Lin P, Chan YS, Fang EF, Ngai PHK, Xia LX, Ye XY, Jiang Y, Liu F. Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1221-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ren X, Kong Q, Wang P, Jiang F, Wang H, Yu T, Zheng X. Molecular cloning of a PR-5 like protein gene from cherry tomato and analysis of the response of this gene to abiotic stresses. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:801-7. [PMID: 20383746 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
LePR-5, a putative PR5 like protein gene was amplified from a cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), which encodes a precursor protein of 250 amino acid residues, and shares high degrees of homology with a number of other PR5 genes. Expression of LePR-5 in different tomato organs was analyzed with Semi-quantitative RT-PCR, showing that LePR-5 expressed at different levels in leaves, stems, roots, flowers and fruits. In addition, expression of LePR-5 under different abiotic stresses was carried out at different time points. Three of the four tested abiotic stimuli, ethophen, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, triggered a significant induction of LePR-5 after treatment. However, LePR-5 was weaker induced by abscisic acid than by others. The positive responses of LePR-5 to the three abiotic stimuli suggested that LePR-5 may play an important role in response to abiotic stresses, and it may also be involved in plant defense system against pathogens. In addition, different expression patterns between tomato fruit and seedling suggested that LePR-5 may play a distinctive role in the defensive system protecting tomato fruit and seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Ren
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
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Kim JY, Park SC, Hwang I, Cheong H, Nah JW, Hahm KS, Park Y. Protease inhibitors from plants with antimicrobial activity. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:2860-2872. [PMID: 19582234 PMCID: PMC2705521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10062860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins (peptides) are known to play important roles in the innate host defense mechanisms of most living organisms, including plants, insects, amphibians and mammals. They are also known to possess potent antibiotic activity against bacteria, fungi, and even certain viruses. Recently, the rapid emergence of microbial pathogens that are resistant to currently available antibiotics has triggered considerable interest in the isolation and investigation of the mode of action of antimicrobial proteins (peptides). Plants produce a variety of proteins (peptides) that are involved in the defense against pathogens and invading organisms, including ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, protease inhibitors and antifungal peptides (proteins). Specially, the protease inhibitors can inhibit aspartic, serine and cysteine proteinases. Increased levels of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors correlated with the plants resistance to the pathogen. Usually, the purification of antimicrobial proteins (peptides) with protease inhibitor activity was accomplished by salt-extraction, ultrafiltration and C18 reverse phase chromatography, successfully. We discuss the relation between antimicrobial and anti-protease activity in this review. Protease inhibitors from plants potently inhibited the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains and are therefore excellent candidates for use as the lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Kim
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(J.-Y.K.);
(S.-C.P.);
(K.-S.H.)
| | - Seong-Cheol Park
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(J.-Y.K.);
(S.-C.P.);
(K.-S.H.)
| | - Indeok Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity Control, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(I.H.);
(H.C.)
| | - Hyeonsook Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity Control, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(I.H.);
(H.C.)
| | - Jae-Woon Nah
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sunchon National University, 315 Maegok, Suncheon, Korea; E-Mail:
(J.-W.N.)
| | - Kyung-Soo Hahm
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(J.-Y.K.);
(S.-C.P.);
(K.-S.H.)
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(J.-Y.K.);
(S.-C.P.);
(K.-S.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology and BK21 Research Team for Protein Activity Control, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea; E-Mails:
(I.H.);
(H.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +82-62-230-6854; Fax: +82-62-227-8345
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Schlink K. Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes from Fagus sylvatica roots after infection with Phytophthora citricola. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:873-882. [PMID: 19290528 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are major plant pathogens infecting herbaceous and woody plants including European beech, the dominant or co-dominant tree in temperate Europe and an economically important species. For the analysis of the interaction of Phytophthora citricola with Fagus sylvatica suppression subtractive hybridization was used to isolate transcripts induced during infection and 1,149 sequences were generated. Hybridizations with driver and tester populations demonstrated differential expression in infected roots as compared to controls and verify efficient enrichment of these cDNAs during subtraction. Up regulation of selected genes during pathogenesis demonstrated using RT-PCR is consistent with these results. Pathogenesis-related proteins formed the largest group among functionally categorized transcripts. Cell wall proteins and protein kinases were also frequently found. Several transcription factors were isolated that are reactive to pathogens or wounding in other plants. The library contained a number of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene responsive genes as well as genes directly involved in signaling pathways. Besides a mechanistic interconnection among signaling pathways another factor explaining the activation of different pathways could be the hemibiotrophic life style of Phytophthora triggering different signals in both stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schlink
- Forest Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Tachi H, Fukuda-Yamada K, Kojima T, Shiraiwa M, Takahara H. Molecular characterization of a novel soybean gene encoding a neutral PR-5 protein induced by high-salt stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:73-9. [PMID: 19010689 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a novel soybean gene encoding a neutral PR-5 protein and compared it to two acidic isoforms of soybean PR-5 protein. This gene, designated as Glycine max osmotin-like protein, b isoform (GmOLPb, accession no. AB370233), encoded a putative protein having the greatest similarity to chickpea PR-5b (89% identity). Unlike the two acidic PR-5, GmOLPa and P21, the protein had a C-terminal elongation responsible for possible vacuolar targeting and after maturation showed a calculated molecular mass of 21.9kDa with pI 6.0. The 3D models, predicted by the homology modeling, contained four alpha-helixes and 16 beta-strands and formed three characteristic domains. The two acidic PR-5 proteins also showed a 3D structure very similar to GmOLPb, although the electrostatic potential on molecular surface of each PR-5 was significantly different. In the study of the gene expression under conditions of high-salt stress, GmOLPb was highly induced in the leaves of the soybean, particularly in the lower part of a leaf. The expression started at 2h after initiation of the stress and was highly induced between 18-72h. Gene expression of P21e (protein homologous to P21) was transiently induced by high-salt stress, but took place earlier than the gene expressions of GmOLPa and GmOLPb. Such differential expression was observed also under investigation with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. These results suggested that each soybean PR-5 might play a distinctive role in the defensive system protecting the soybean plant against high-salt stress, particularly in the leaves of the soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tachi
- Department of Applied Biological Resource Sciences, Ibaraki University, Chuo 3-21-1, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
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Ghosh R, Chakrabarti C. Crystal structure analysis of NP24-I: a thaumatin-like protein. PLANTA 2008; 228:883-90. [PMID: 18651170 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of NP24-I, an isoform of the thaumatin-like protein (TLP) NP24 from tomato, has been reported. A prominent acidic cleft is observed between domains I and II of the three-domain structure of this antifungal protein, a feature common to other antifungal TLPs. The defensive role of the TLPs has also been attributed to their beta-1,3-glucanase activity and here too the acidic cleft is reported to play a vital role. NP24 is known to bind beta-glucans and so a linear beta-1,3-glucan molecule has been docked in the interdomain cleft of NP24-I. From the docked complex it is observed that the beta-glucan chain is so positioned in the cleft that a Glu and Asp residue on either side of it may form a catalytic pair to cause the cleavage of a glycosidic bond. NP24 has been reported to be an allergenic protein and an allergenic motif could be identified on the surface of the helical domain II of NP24-I. In addition, some allergenic motifs bearing high similarity/identity with some predicted Ig-E binding motifs of closely related allergenic TLPs like Jun a 3 (Juniperus ashei, from mountain cedar pollen) and banana-TLP have been identified on the molecular surface of NP24-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Ghosh
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700 064, India
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45
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Hwang SH, Lee IA, Yie SW, Hwang DJ. Identification of an OsPR10a promoter region responsive to salicylic acid. PLANTA 2008; 227:1141-50. [PMID: 18193274 PMCID: PMC2270913 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Orysa sativa pathogenesis-related protein 10a (OsPR10a) was induced by pathogens, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethephon, abscisic acid (ABA), and NaCl. We tried to analyze the OsPR10a promoter to investigate the transcriptional regulation of OsPR10a by SA. We demonstrated the inducibility of OsPR10a promoter by SA using transgenic Arabidopsis carrying OsPR10a:GFP as well as by transient expression assays in rice. To further identify the promoter region responsible for its induction by SA, four different deletions of the OsPR10a promoter were made, and their activities were measured by transient assays. The construct containing 687-bp OsPR10a promoter from its start codon exhibited a six-fold increase of induction compared to the control in response to SA. Mutation in the W-box like element 1 (WLE 1) between 687 and 637-bp from TGACA to TGAAA completely abolished induction of the OsPR10a promoter by SA, indicating that the WLE 1 between -687 and -637 of OsPR10a promoter is important in SA-mediated OsPR10a expression. We show for the first time that the W-box like element plays a role in SA mediated PR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Hwang
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 440-707 South Korea
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 South Korea
| | - In Ah Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 440-707 South Korea
| | - Se Won Yie
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 South Korea
| | - Duk-Ju Hwang
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 440-707 South Korea
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46
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Ferreira RB, Monteiro S, Freitas R, Santos CN, Chen Z, Batista LM, Duarte J, Borges A, Teixeira AR. The role of plant defence proteins in fungal pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:677-700. [PMID: 20507530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY It is becoming increasingly evident that a plant-pathogen interaction may be compared to an open warfare, whose major weapons are proteins synthesized by both organisms. These weapons were gradually developed in what must have been a multimillion-year evolutionary game of ping-pong. The outcome of each battle results in the establishment of resistance or pathogenesis. The plethora of resistance mechanisms exhibited by plants may be grouped into constitutive and inducible, and range from morphological to structural and chemical defences. Most of these mechanisms are defensive, exhibiting a passive role, but some are highly active against pathogens, using as major targets the fungal cell wall, the plasma membrane or intracellular targets. A considerable overlap exists between pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antifungal proteins. However, many of the now considered 17 families of PR proteins do not present any known role as antipathogen activity, whereas among the 13 classes of antifungal proteins, most are not PR proteins. Discovery of novel antifungal proteins and peptides continues at a rapid pace. In their long coevolution with plants, phytopathogens have evolved ways to avoid or circumvent the plant defence weaponry. These include protection of fungal structures from plant defence reactions, inhibition of elicitor-induced plant defence responses and suppression of plant defences. A detailed understanding of the molecular events that take place during a plant-pathogen interaction is an essential goal for disease control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica e Engenharia Biológica, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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47
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Jou Y, Wang YL, Yen HE. Vacuolar acidity, protein profile, and crystal composition of epidermal bladder cells of the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:353-359. [PMID: 32689362 DOI: 10.1071/fp06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The halophyte Mesembryanthemum crytallinum L. (ice plant) is marked by giant epidermal bladder cells (EBC). The differentiation of pavement cells into EBC occurs at an early developmental stage. EBC occupy most of the surface area in the aerial parts of salt-stressed mature ice plants. A large vacuolar reservoir for ion and water storage plays an important role in salinity adaptation. To monitor the acidity of the vacuole at different developmental stages of EBC, peels from the abaxial surface were stained with a pH-sensitive dye, neutral red (NR). Presence of both NR-stained (acidic) and NR-unstained (neutral) EBC were found at the juvenile stage in ice plants. Continuous exposure to illumination decreased the acidity of the NR-stained cells. The EBC protein profile illustrated the prominent co-existence of highly acidic and basic proteins in these specialised cells. Major proteins that accumulate in EBC are involved in photosynthesis, sodium compartmentalisation, and defence. Numerous raphide crystals were found in well fertilised ice plants. Salt-stressed cells exhibited changes in the surface charge and element composition of raphide crystals. A disappearance of potassium in the high-salt grown crystals suggests that these crystals might serve as a potassium reservoir to maintain the Na+/K+ homeostasis in this halophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtzy Jou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hungchen Emilie Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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48
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Jami SK, Swathi Anuradha T, Guruprasad L, Kirti PB. Molecular, biochemical and structural characterization of osmotin-like protein from black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:238-52. [PMID: 16542753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A full-length 910bp cDNA encoding osmotin-like protein with an open reading frame of 744bp encoding a protein of 247 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 26.8kDa was cloned from Solanum nigrum (SniOLP). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary conservation of this protein among diverse taxa. The genomic DNA gel blot showed that SniOLP belongs to a small multigene family and it showed organ-specific expression. Time-course studies revealed that the expression of SniOLP was upregulated by treatment with various signaling molecules, osmotic and oxidative stress inducers. Recombinant protein purified from overexpressed Escherichia coli cells showed hyphal growth inhibition in Rhizoctonia batiticola and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum but without any endo-beta-1,3-glucanase activity. Model built by homology modeling showed that the protein consists of an acidic cleft region that is capable of interacting with the carbohydrate components of the fungal cell walls. Analysis of the structure and functional relationship was carried out by docking of the beta-(1,3)-glucan onto the acidic cleft region on the surface of the protein (SniOLP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Jami
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, AP, India
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Liu CT, Aono T, Kinoshita M, Miwa H, Iki T, Lee KB, Oyaizu H. Isolation and differential expression of β-1,3-glucanase messenger RNAs, SrGLU3 and SrGLU4, following inoculation of Sesbania rostrata. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:983-990. [PMID: 32689309 DOI: 10.1071/fp06086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here the isolation and characterisation of two new β-1,3-glucanase cDNAs, SrGLU3 and SrGLU4, from a tropical legume Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & Oberm., which form N2-fixing nodules on the stem after infection by Azorhizobium caulinodans. SrGLU3 was characterised as being grouped in a branch with tobacco class I β-1,3-glucanases, where the isoforms were reported to be induced by either pathogen infection or ethylene treatment. SrGLU4 was characterised as separate from other classes, and we propose this new branch as a new class (Class VI). The SrGLU3 gene was constitutively expressed in normal stem nodules induced by the wild type strain of A. caulinodans (ORS571), and also even in immature stem nodules induced by a mutant (ORS571-C1), which could not form mature stem-nodules. In contrast, the transcript accumulation of SrGLU4 was hardly detectable in immature nodules inoculated by the ORS571-C1 mutant. We suggest that S. rostrata makes use of SrGLU4 to discriminate between symbionts and non-symbionts (mutants) in developing nodules. We propose the SrGLU4 gene as a new nodulin during nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Te Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aono
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Misako Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miwa
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taichiro Iki
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kyung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oyaizu
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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50
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Kim MH, Park SC, Kim JY, Lee SY, Lim HT, Cheong H, Hahm KS, Park Y. Purification and characterization of a heat-stable serine protease inhibitor from the tubers of new potato variety "Golden Valley". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:681-6. [PMID: 16777063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Potide-G, a small (5578.9 Da) antimicrobial peptide, was isolated from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Golden Valley) through extraction of the water-soluble fraction, dialysis, ultrafiltration and DEAE-cellulose and C18 reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. This antimicrobial peptide was heat-stable and almost completely suppressed the proteolytic activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain, with no hemolytic activity. In addition, potide-G potently inhibited growth of a variety of bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Clavibacter michiganense subsp. michiganinse) and fungal (Candida albicans and Rhizoctonia solani) strains. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry revealed that the N-terminal sequence (residues from 1 to 11) of the protein is identical to that of potato proteinase inhibitor, a member of the Kunitz superfamily. And like other members of this class of protease inhibitor, potide-G may have a number of beneficial and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Kim
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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