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Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Spinal lipocalin 2 as a factor in the development of central post-stroke pain. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148976. [PMID: 38705557 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Central poststroke pain (CPSP) is a type of central neuropathic pain whose mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, we showed that activated astrocytes and microglial cells are present in the spinal cord of CPSP model mice. Activated glial cells exacerbate cerebral ischemic pathology by increasing the expression of inflammatory factors. However, the involvement of spinal glial cells in CPSP remains unknown. We hypothesized that spinal glial cell-derived molecules cause hyperexcitability or promoted the development of CPSP. In this study, we identified glial cell-derived factors involved in the development of CPSP using a bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCAO)-induced CPSP mouse model. Male ddY mice were subjected to BCAO for 30 min. The von Frey test assessed mechanical hypersensitivity in the right hind paw of mice. BCAO mice showed hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli and astrocyte activation in the spinal cord 3 days after treatment. DNA microarray analysis revealed a significant increase in lipocalin 2 (LCN2), is known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, in the superficial dorsal horns of BCAO-induced CPSP model mice. LCN2 colocalized with GFAP, an astrocyte marker. Spinal GFAP-positive cells in BCAO mice co-expressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The increase in the fluorescence intensity of LCN2 and GFAP in BCAO mice was suppressed by intrathecal injection of AG490, an inhibitor of JAK2 and downstream STAT3 activation, or anti-LCN2 antibody. Our findings indicated that LCN2 in spinal astrocytes may be a key molecule and may be partly involved in the development of CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan.
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2
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Smolińska K, Szopa A, Sobczyński J, Serefko A, Dobrowolski P. Nutritional Quality Implications: Exploring the Impact of a Fatty Acid-Rich Diet on Central Nervous System Development. Nutrients 2024; 16:1093. [PMID: 38613126 PMCID: PMC11013435 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the comprehensive examination of the role of fatty acid-rich diets in central nervous system development in children, this study bridges significant gaps in the understanding of dietary effects on neurodevelopment. It delves into the essential functions of fatty acids in neurodevelopment, including their contributions to neuronal membrane formation, neuroinflammatory modulation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Despite the acknowledged importance of these nutrients, this review reveals a lack of comprehensive synthesis in current research, particularly regarding the broader spectrum of fatty acids and their optimal levels throughout childhood. By consolidating the existing knowledge and highlighting critical research gaps, such as the effects of fatty acid metabolism on neurodevelopmental disorders and the need for age-specific dietary guidelines, this study sets a foundation for future studies. This underscores the potential of nutritional strategies to significantly influence neurodevelopmental trajectories, advocating an enriched academic and clinical understanding that can inform dietary recommendations and interventions aimed at optimizing neurological health from infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smolińska
- Chronic Wounds Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jan Sobczyński
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Stress-Induced Changes in the Endogenous Opioid System Cause Dysfunction of Pain and Emotion Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11713. [PMID: 37511469 PMCID: PMC10380691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress, such as child abuse and neglect, and psychosocial stress in adulthood are risk factors for psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. Furthermore, exposure to these stresses affects the sensitivity to pain stimuli and is associated with the development of chronic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of stress-induced depression, anxiety, and pain control remain unclear. Endogenous opioid signaling is reportedly associated with analgesia, reward, addiction, and the regulation of stress responses and anxiety. Stress alters the expression of various opioid receptors in the central nervous system and sensitivity to opioid receptor agonists and antagonists. μ-opioid receptor-deficient mice exhibit attachment disorders and autism-like behavioral expression patterns, while those with δ-opioid receptor deficiency exhibit anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, deficiency and antagonists of the κ-opioid receptor suppress the stress response. These findings strongly suggest that the expression and dysfunction of the endogenous opioid signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of stress-induced psychiatric disorders and chronic pain. In this review, we summarize the latest basic and clinical research studies on the effects of endogenous opioid signaling on early-life stress, psychosocial stress-induced psychiatric disorders, and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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4
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Nakamoto K, Matsuura W, Tokuyama S. Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 943:175518. [PMID: 36706800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a type of central neuropathic pain, whose underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO)-induced CPSP model mice showed mechanical hypersensitivity and decreased mRNA levels of preproorexin, an orexin precursor, in the hypothalamus. Recently, nicotine was shown to regulate the neuronal activity of orexin in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In this study, we evaluated whether nicotine could suppress BCAO-induced mechanical allodynia through the activation of orexinergic neurons. Mice were subjected to BCAO for 30 min. Mechanical hypersensitivity was assessed by the von Frey test. BCAO mice showed hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli three days after BCAO surgery. The intracerebroventricular injection of nicotine suppressed BCAO-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were inhibited by α7 or α4β2-nicotinic receptor antagonists. After nicotine injection, the level of c-fos, a neuronal activity marker, increased in the LH and locus coeruleus (LC) of Sham and BCAO mice. Increased number of c-Fos-positive cells partly colocalized with orexin A-positive cells in the LH, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the LC. Orexinergic neurons project to the LC area. Nicotine-induced antinociception tended to cancel by the pretreatment of SB334867, an orexin receptor1 antagonist into the LC. Intra-LH microinjection of nicotine attenuated BCAO-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Nicotine-induced antinociception was inhibited by intrathecal pre-treatment with yohimbine, an α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. These results indicated that nicotine may suppress BCAO-induced mechanical hypersensitivity through the activation of the descending pain control system via orexin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan.
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Wang B, Cai Z, Yao H, Jiao S, Chen S, Yang Z, Huang W, Ren Q, Cao Z, Chen Y, Zhang L, Li Z. Discovery of a structurally novel, potent, and once-weekly free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist for the treatment of diabetes. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 245:114883. [PMID: 36343410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a lifelong disease that requires long-term medication to control glucose levels, and thereby long-acting drug has been clinically needed for improving medical adherence. The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1) was considered as a promising target for several diseases, such as T2DM, pain and fatty liver. However, no once-weekly FFA1 agonist has been reported until now. Herein, we report the successful discovery of ZLY50, the first once-weekly FFA1 agonist with a completely new chemotype, highly agonistic activity and selectivity on FFA1. Moreover, ZLY50 has enough brain exposure to activate FFA1 in brain, and it is the first orally available FFA1 agonist with analgesic activity. Notably, the long-term anti-diabetic and anti-fatty liver effects of ZLY50 (once-weekly) were better than those of HWL-088 (once-daily), a highly potent FFA1 agonist with far stronger glucose-lowering effect than Phase 3 clinical candidate TAK-875. Further mechanism studies suggested that ZLY50 alleviates fatty liver by regulating the expressions of genes related to lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zongyu Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Huixin Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shixuan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Siliang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhongcheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wanqiu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Ya Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of the Guangdong Provincial Education Department, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Kurihara T. [Possible involvement of FFAR1 signaling in mouse emotional behaviors through the regulation of brain monoamine releases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2023; 158:454-459. [PMID: 37914322 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is suggested to function as a G protein-coupled receptor for medium- to long-chain free fatty acids. We have previously shown that FFAR1 signaling pathway plays an important suppressive role in spinal nociceptive processing after peripheral inflammation and nerve injury, and that FFAR1 agonists might serve as a new class of analgesics for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain. To further pursue the functional significance of central FFAR1 signaling, we investigated the possible involvement of FFAR1 in endogenous pain modulation, depressive-like behavior, and aberrant behavior induced by addictive drugs using FFAR1 agonist (GW9508), FFAR1 antagonist (GW1100), and FFAR1 gene-deficient mice. As a result, FFAR1-deficient mice were found to exhibit stronger inflammatory and peripheral neuropathic pain-like behavior as well as depressive-like behavior. In particular, we noticed that peripheral nerve injury-induced depressive-like behavior was insensitive to imipramine. Next, we employed in vivo microdialysis to investigate whether FFAR1 is actually involved in the regulation of brain monoamines (dopamine and serotonin) releases. Our findings suggest that FFAR1 indirectly regulates dopamine release by promoting serotonin release. Thus, we are currently investigating how FFAR1 is involved in behavioral changes induced by addictive drugs such as cocaine and morphine. In this review, we briefly discuss about the possible involvement of FFAR1 in cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
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Petermann AB, Reyna-Jeldes M, Ortega L, Coddou C, Yévenes GE. Roles of the Unsaturated Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Central Nervous System: Molecular and Cellular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105390. [PMID: 35628201 PMCID: PMC9141004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are essential components of the central nervous system (CNS), where they exert multiple roles in health and disease. Among the FAs, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been widely recognized as a key molecule for neuronal function and cell signaling. Despite its relevance, the molecular pathways underlying the beneficial effects of DHA on the cells of the CNS are still unclear. Here, we summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of DHA in neural cells with a special focus on processes of survival, morphological development, and synaptic maturation. In addition, we examine the evidence supporting a potential therapeutic role of DHA against CNS tumor diseases and tumorigenesis. The current results suggest that DHA exerts its actions on neural cells mainly through the modulation of signaling cascades involving the activation of diverse types of receptors. In addition, we found evidence connecting brain DHA and ω-3 PUFA levels with CNS diseases, such as depression, autism spectrum disorders, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of cancer, the existing data have shown that DHA exerts positive actions as a coadjuvant in antitumoral therapy. Although many questions in the field remain only partially resolved, we hope that future research may soon define specific pathways and receptor systems involved in the beneficial effects of DHA in cells of the CNS, opening new avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Petermann
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8330025, Chile; (M.R.-J.); (L.O.)
| | - Mauricio Reyna-Jeldes
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8330025, Chile; (M.R.-J.); (L.O.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a Nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile
| | - Lorena Ortega
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8330025, Chile; (M.R.-J.); (L.O.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a Nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile
| | - Claudio Coddou
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8330025, Chile; (M.R.-J.); (L.O.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica Del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Núcleo para el Estudio del Cáncer a Nivel Básico, Aplicado y Clínico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (G.E.Y.)
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 8330025, Chile; (M.R.-J.); (L.O.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (G.E.Y.)
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Sadamura Y, Thapa S, Mizunuma R, Kambe Y, Hirasawa A, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S, Yoshimoto K, Arita K, Miyata A, Oyoshi T, Kurihara T. FFAR1/GPR40 Contributes to the Regulation of Striatal Monoamine Releases and Facilitation of Cocaine-Induced Locomotor Activity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699026. [PMID: 34489696 PMCID: PMC8417570 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is suggested to function as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPR40) for medium-to-long-chain free fatty acids. Previous studies on the expression of FFAR1 revealed that the nigrostriatal region is one of the areas which express abundant FFAR1 mRNA/protein in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of FFAR1 in the CNS has been still largely unclarified. Here, we examined a possible functional role of FFAR1 in the control of extracellular concentrations of striatal monoamines and cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Microdialysis analysis revealed that the basal level of extracellular dopamine (DA) was significantly elevated, while the basal serotonin (5-HT) level tended to be reduced in the striatum of FFAR1 knockout (-/-) mice. Interestingly, local application of a FFAR1 agonist, GW9508, markedly augmented the striatal 5-HT release in FFAR1 wild-type (+/+) mice, whereas topical application of a FFAR1 antagonist, GW1100, significantly reduced the 5-HT release. However, the enhanced 5-HT release was completely lost in -/- mice. Although acute administration of cocaine enhanced the locomotor activity in both +/+ and -/- mice, the magnitude of the enhancement was significantly reduced in -/- mice. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of GW1100 significantly decreased the cocaine-induced locomotor enhancement. These results suggest that FFAR1 has a facilitatory role in striatal 5-HT release, and the evoked 5-HT release might contribute to enhance cocaine-induced locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sadamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shanta Thapa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryota Mizunuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Arita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Oyoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Aging-Related Phenotypic Conversion of Medullary Microglia Enhances Intraoral Incisional Pain Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217871. [PMID: 33114176 PMCID: PMC7660637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia involved in the development of orofacial pain hypersensitivity have two major polarization states. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of the aging-related phenotypic conversion of medullary microglia in the enhancement of intraoral pain sensitivity using senescence-accelerated mice (SAM)-prone/8 (SAMP8) and SAM-resistant/1 (SAMR1) mice. Mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured for 21 days post palatal mucosal incision. The number of CD11c-immunoreactive (IR) cells [affective microglia (M1)] and CD163-IR cells [protective microglia (M2)], and tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α)-IR M1 and interleukin (IL)-10-IR M2 were analyzed via immunohistochemistry on days 3 and 11 following incision. The decrease in MHWT observed following incision was enhanced in SAMP8 mice. M1 levels and the number of TNF-α-IR M1 were increased on day 3 in SAMP8 mice compared with those in SAMR1 mice. On day 11, M1 and M2 activation was observed in both groups, whereas IL-10-IR M2 levels were attenuated in SAMP8 mice, and the number of TNF-α-IR M1 cells increased, compared to those in SAMR1 mice. These results suggest that the mechanical allodynia observed following intraoral injury is potentiated and sustained in SAMP8 mice due to enhancement of TNF-α signaling, M1 activation, and an attenuation of M2 activation accompanying IL-10 release.
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Desale SE, Chinnathambi S. Role of dietary fatty acids in microglial polarization in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:93. [PMID: 32209097 PMCID: PMC7093977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial polarization is an utmost important phenomenon in Alzheimer’s disease that influences the brain environment. Polarization depends upon the types of responses that cells undergo, and it is characterized by receptors present on the cell surface and the secreted cytokines to the most. The expression of receptors on the surface is majorly influenced by internal and external factors such as dietary lipids. Types of fatty acids consumed through diet influence the brain environment and glial cell phenotype and types of receptors on microglia. Reports suggest that dietary habits influence microglial polarization and the switching of microglial phenotype is very important in neurodegenerative diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids have more influence on the brain, and they are found to regulate the inflammatory stage of microglia by fine-tuning the number of receptors expressed on microglia cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, one of the pathological proteins involved is Tau protein, and microtubule-associated protein upon abnormal phosphorylation detaches from the microtubule and forms insoluble aggregates. Aggregated proteins have a tendency to propagate within the neurons and also become one of the causes of neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that tuning microglia towards anti-inflammatory phenotype would reduce the propagation of Tau in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
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11
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Matsuura W, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Involvement of descending pain control system regulated by orexin receptor signaling in the induction of central post-stroke pain in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:173029. [PMID: 32084419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a type of neuropathic pain for which the mechanism and relevant drug pathways remain unknown. Recently, it was reported that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of orexin-A suppresses pain and ischemia. In this study, we tested the role of orexin-A in CPSP induction in mice. Male ddY mice were subjected to 30 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO). CPSP was assessed by von Frey test. Colocalization of orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) with various neuron markers were determined by double-immunofluorescence. The hindpaw withdrawal responses to mechanical stimuli were significantly increased 3 days post-BCAO compared with those of sham groups. ICV injection of orexin-A dose-dependently suppressed BCAO-induced mechanical allodynia. These effects were inhibited by pre-treatment with SB334867 (an OX1R antagonist; ICV injection), yohimbine (a noradrenaline α2 receptor antagonist; intrathecal (IT) injection), and WAY100635 (a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist; IT injection), but not TCS OX2 29 (an OX2R antagonist; ICV injection). OX1R colocalized with TH (a noradrenergic neuron marker) and TPH (a serotonergic neuron marker) in the locus ceruleus (LC) and the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), respectively. The number of c-Fos positive cells in the LC and the RVM of BCAO mice was increased at 90 min after ICV injection of orexin-A compared to saline group. These results indicate that orexin-A/OX1R signaling plays an important role through activation of the descending pain control system in the induction of CPSP in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan.
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Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:171-210. [PMID: 31487233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological responses. Long- and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation of the otherwise indigestible dietary fiber, constitute the major sources of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the metabolic network. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FFAs serve not only as energy sources but also as natural ligands for a group of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), essentially intertwining metabolism and immunity in multiple ways, such as via inflammation regulation and secretion of peptide hormones. To date, several FFARs that are activated by the FFAs of various chain lengths have been identified and characterized. In particular, FFAR1 (GPR40) and FFAR4 (GPR120) are activated by long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, while FFAR3 (GPR41) and FFAR2 (GPR43) are activated by SCFAs, mainly acetate, butyrate, and propionate. In this review, we discuss the recent reports on the key physiological functions of the FFAR-mediated signaling transduction pathways in the regulation of metabolism and immune responses. We also attempt to reveal future research opportunities for developing therapeutics for metabolic and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Freitas RDS, Campos MM. Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer-Related Complications. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050945. [PMID: 31035457 PMCID: PMC6566772 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered immunonutrients and are commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients due to their ample biological effects. Omega-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in the cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Additionally, they can act as agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, namely, GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4. Cancer patients undergo complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain, depression, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Interestingly, the 2017 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guidelines for cancer patients only discuss the use of omega-3 PUFAs for cancer-cachexia treatment, leaving aside other cancer-related complications that could potentially be managed by omega-3 PUFA supplementation. This critical review aimed to discuss the effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in cancer-related complications. Data compilation in this critical review indicates that further investigation is still required to assess the factual benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in cancer-associated illnesses. Nevertheless, preclinical evidence reveals that omega-3 PUFAs and their metabolites might modulate pivotal pathways underlying complications secondary to cancer, indicating that this is a promising field of knowledge to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel D S Freitas
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Maria M Campos
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, PUCRS, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil.
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Mao XF, Wu HY, Tang XQ, Ali U, Liu H, Wang YX. Activation of GPR40 produces mechanical antiallodynia via the spinal glial interleukin-10/β-endorphin pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:84. [PMID: 30981281 PMCID: PMC6461825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), broadly expressed in various tissues such as the spinal cord, exerts multiple physiological functions including pain regulation. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying GPR40 activation-induced antinociception in neuropathic pain, particularly related to the spinal glial expression of IL-10 and subsequent β-endorphin. Methods Spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain model was used in this study. β-Endorphin and IL-10 levels were measured in the spinal cord and cultured primary microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Double immunofluorescence staining of β-endorphin with glial and neuronal cellular biomarkers was also detected in the spinal cord and cultured primary microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Results GPR40 was expressed on microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the spinal cords and upregulated by spinal nerve ligation. Intrathecal injection of the GPR40 agonist GW9508 dose-dependently attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats, with Emax values of 80% and 100% MPE and ED50 values of 6.7 and 5.4 μg, respectively. Its mechanical antiallodynia was blocked by the selective GPR40 antagonist GW1100 but not GPR120 antagonist AH7614. Intrathecal GW9508 significantly enhanced IL-10 and β-endorphin immunostaining in spinal microglia and astrocytes but not in neurons. GW9508 also markedly stimulated gene and protein expression of IL-10 and β-endorphin in cultured primary spinal microglia and astrocytes but not in neurons, originated from 1-day-old neonatal rats. The IL-10 antibody inhibited GW9508-stimulated gene expression of the β-endorphin precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) but not IL-10, whereas the β-endorphin antibody did not affect GW9508-stimulated IL-10 or POMC gene expression. GW9508 increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and its stimulatory effects on IL-10 and POMC expression were blocked by each MAPK isoform inhibitor. Spinal GW9508-induced mechanical antiallodynia was completely blocked by intrathecal minocycline, IL-10 neutralizing antibody, β-endorphin antiserum, and μ-opioid receptor-preferred antagonist naloxone. Conclusions Our results illustrate that GPR40 activation produces antinociception via the spinal glial IL-10/β-endorphin antinociceptive pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1457-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Mao
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xue-Qi Tang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Usman Ali
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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15
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Yang Y, Tian X, Xu D, Zheng F, Lu X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Li Y, Xu X, Zhu B, Wang X. GPR40 modulates epileptic seizure and NMDA receptor function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau2357. [PMID: 30345361 PMCID: PMC6192686 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and approximately 30% of patients do not respond adequately to antiepileptic drug treatment. Recent studies suggest that G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is expressed in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of neurological function. However, the impact of GPR40 on epileptic seizures remains unclear. In this study, we first reported that GPR40 expression was increased in epileptic brains. In the kainic acid-induced epilepsy model, GPR40 activation after status epilepticus alleviated epileptic activity, whereas GPR40 inhibition showed the opposite effect. In the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model, susceptibility to epilepsy was reduced with GPR40 activation and increased with GPR40 inhibition. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that GPR40 affected N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. Moreover, GPR40 regulated NR2A and NR2B expression on the surface of neurons. In addition, endocytosis of NMDA receptors and binding of GPR40 with NR2A and NR2B can be regulated by GPR40. Together, our findings indicate that GPR40 modulates epileptic seizures, providing a novel antiepileptic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Demei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangshuo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanke Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Binglin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100101, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (X.W.)
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Sona C, Kumar A, Dogra S, Kumar BA, Umrao D, Yadav PN. Docosahexaenoic acid modulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor via GPR40 in the brain and alleviates diabesity-associated learning and memory deficits in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 118:94-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Nourbakhsh F, Atabaki R, Roohbakhsh A. The role of orphan G protein-coupled receptors in the modulation of pain: A review. Life Sci 2018; 212:59-69. [PMID: 30236869 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large number of receptors. Orphan GPCRs are divided into six families. These groups contain orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligands are unclear. They have various physiological effects in the body and have the potential to be used in the treatment of different diseases. Considering their important role in the central and peripheral nervous system, their role in the treatment of pain has been the subject of some recent studies. At present, there are effective therapeutics for the treatment of pain including opioid medications and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the side effects of these drugs and the risks of tolerance and dependence remain a major problem. In addition, neuropathic pain is a condition that does not respond to currently available analgesic medications well. In the present review article, we aimed to review the most recent findings regarding the role of orphan GPCRs in the treatment of pain. Accordingly, based on the preclinical findings, the role of GPR3, GPR7, GPR8, GPR18, GPR30, GPR35, GPR40, GPR55, GPR74, and GPR147 in the treatment of pain was discussed. The present study highlights the role of orphan GPCRs in the modulation of pain and implies that these receptors are potential new targets for finding better and more efficient therapeutics for the management of pain particularly neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rabi Atabaki
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Al-Ghannami SS, Sedlak E, Hussein IS, Min Y, Al-Shmmkhi SM, Al-Oufi HS, Al-Mazroui A, Clough P, Ghebremeskel K. DHA-enriched re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil supplementation and oily fish consumption enhance red blood n-3 fatty acid index in Omani pre-adolescent schoolchildren. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:74-82. [PMID: 30103936 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habits of Omani population particularly of children and young adults have changed significantly. Consumption of imported calorie-dense foods, vegetable oils, milled and polished grains and carbonated beverages have become the norm. Concomitantly, there has been an exponential increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The impact of the westernisation of eating habits on children has not been evaluated. We have investigated blood fatty acid profile of male (n = 125) and female (n = 160) children aged 9 and 10 (9.8 ± 0.4) years enrolled from three state-funded schools. The schools, which are homogenous with respect to socio-economic background of their pupils, were randomised into fish oil (n = 98), oily fish (n = 82) or control (n = 105) group. Subsequently, the children were given during morning tea break for 12 weeks: 1. DHA-enriched re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil capsule with cheese/salad sandwich (fish oil group), 2. Lightly grilled oily fish with salad (fish group) or 3. Cheese/salad sandwich (control group). At baseline, the males had higher myristic, palmitic and oleic and lower adrenic acids than the females (p < 0.05). There was no difference in n-3 fatty acid index (4.86 ± 1.95 vs. 5.12 ± 1.67, p > 0.05) or AA (14.6 ± 1.9 vs. 14.9 ± 1.8, p > 0.05) between the genders. There was no difference in any of the fatty acids between the three groups at baseline. Post-intervention, the oily fish group had lower n-3 fatty acid index (EPA + DHA, 6.03 ± 1.39 vs. 6.60 ± 1.63, p < 0.05) and higher AA (15.2 ± 1.8 vs. 13.7 ± 2.0, p = 0.0001) and n-3 DPA (1.40 ± 0.27 vs. 1.07 ± 0.22, p = 0.0001) compared with those who received fish oil capsules. In both the fish oil and oily fish groups, fatty acid index correlated positively with AA (r = 0.394, p = 0.0001; r = 0.231, p = 0.038) and negatively with total saturated (r = - 0.816, p = 0.0001; r = - 0.439, p = 0.0001) and total mono-unsaturated (r = - 0.431, p = 0.0001; r = - 0.231, p = 0.037) fatty acids. Although seafood is an integral part of traditional Omani cuisine the children had a low level of n-3 fatty acids index. There is a need to address this nutritional insufficiency through school feeding programme, targeted intervention with n-3 fatty acid enriched food products and/or family education programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Al-Ghannami
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK; Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - E Sedlak
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - I S Hussein
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - Y Min
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | | | - H S Al-Oufi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - A Al-Mazroui
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - P Clough
- Cobden Research Limited, Grayburn Garden House, Newbegin, Beverley, UK
| | - K Ghebremeskel
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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Aizawa F, Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. The involvement of free fatty acid-GPR40/FFAR1 signaling in chronic social defeat stress-induced pain prolongation in C57BL/6J male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2335-2347. [PMID: 29931581 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression and anxiety can cause the development of chronic pain. However, the mechanism of chronic pain induced by emotional dysfunction is still unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that the G protein-coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40/FFAR1) signaling in the brain is related to regulation of both pain and emotion. In the present study, we proved that the role of GPR40/FFAR1 signaling in the development of chronic pain is induced by emotional dysfunction. RESULTS Repeated social defeat (SD)-stressed mice showed the impairment of social interaction and anxiety behavior. These mice also caused pain prolongation after paw-incision comparison with non-SD mice. This pain prolongation was markedly continued by infusion of the GPR40/FFAR1 antagonist, GW1100 during SD stress but not non-SD stress. Although, infusion of the GW1100 during SD stress did not cause deterioration of the emotional behavior. Furthermore, GW1100-treated SD-mice showed strong tendency of emotional dysfunction after paw incision. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the dysfunction of fatty acids-GPR40/FFAR1 signaling in the brain underlying stress condition might be related to the development of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan.
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20
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Matsuura W, Harada S, Liu K, Nishibori M, Tokuyama S. Evidence of a role for spinal HMGB1 in ischemic stress-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1687:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. [The role of brain n-3 fatty acids-GPR40/FFAR1 signaling in pain]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:21-26. [PMID: 29321392 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40)/free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 1 is activated by long-chain fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Its receptor is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system (CNS) and in β-cells in the pancreatic Islets. We have already demonstrated that the intracerebroventricular administration of DHA or GW9508, a GPR40/FFAR1 agonist, suppresses formalin-induced pain behavior. It also attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting that these effects occur by increasing β-endorphin release from propiomelanocortin neurons. Furthermore, we found that the brain GPR40/FFAR1 signaling may involve in the regulation of the descending pain control system, whereas the deletion of GPR40/FFAR1 might exacerbate mechanical allodynia in postoperative pain. Therefore, it is possible that the brain n-3 fatty acid-GPR40/FFAR1 signaling may play a key role in the modulation of the endogenous pain control system and emotional function. Here, we discuss the role of brain n-3 fatty acids-GPR40/FFAR1 signaling in a pain, and we review the current status and future prospects of the brain GPR40/FFAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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22
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Cooper A, Singh S, Hook S, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ. Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:316-353. [PMID: 28655732 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein-coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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23
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Nakamoto K, Shimada K, Harada S, Morimoto Y, Hirasawa A, Tokuyama S. DHA supplementation prevent the progression of NASH via GPR120 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:31-38. [PMID: 29221950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common liver diseases involving chronic accumulation of fat and inflammation, often leading to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and carcinoma. However, the pathological mechanism for this is unknown. GPR120/FFAR4 has been recognized as a functional fatty acid receptor and an attractive therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated the involvement of GPR120/FFAR4 in the pathogenesis of NASH. Mice fed with a 0.1% methionine and choline deficient high-fat (CDAHF) diet showed a significant increase in plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, fatty deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mild fibrosis. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, GPR120/FFAR4 agonist) suppressed the inflammatory cytokines in the liver tissues and prevented fibrosis in the wild type (WT) mice fed CDAHF diet, but not GPR120/FFAR4 deficient (GPR120KO) mice. GPR120KO mice fed CDAHF diet showed increment of the number of crown like structures and the immunoreactivity for F4/80 positive cells, and increased TNF-α mRNA in the liver compared to WT mice fed CDAHF diet. GPR120 KO mice fed CDAHF diet showed more severe liver inflammation than that of WT mice fed CDAHF diet, but not fibrosis. Our findings suggest that DHA supplementation could be prevented the development of NASH via GPR120/FFAR4 signaling. Furthermore, decrease of GPR120/FFAR4 signaling could be facilitated an inflammatory response in the process of NASH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Koki Shimada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yasuko Morimoto
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Health Support, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Gakuin University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
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Arroyo-Lira AG, Rodríguez-Ramos F, Ortiz MI, Castañeda-Hernández G, Chávez-Piña AE. Supra-Additive Interaction of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Naproxen and Gastric Safety on the Formalin Test in Rats. Drug Dev Res 2017; 78:332-339. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Guadalupe Arroyo-Lira
- Doctorado en Biotecnología; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, DCNI; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa; Ciudad de México México
| | - Mario I. Ortiz
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo México
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Aracely Evangelina Chávez-Piña
- Doctorado en Biotecnología; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
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25
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Nakamoto K, Aizawa F, Miyagi K, Yamashita T, Mankura M, Koyama Y, Kasuya F, Hirasawa A, Kurihara T, Miyata A, Tokuyama S. Dysfunctional GPR40/FFAR1 signaling exacerbates pain behavior in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180610. [PMID: 28723961 PMCID: PMC5516985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that activation of G protein-coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40/FFAR1) signaling modulates descending inhibition of pain. In this study, we investigated the involvement of fatty acid-GPR40/FFAR1 signaling in the transition from acute to chronic pain. We used GPR40/FFAR1-knockout (GPR40KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. A plantar incision was performed, and mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated with a von Frey filament test and plantar test, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize GPR40/FFAR1, and the levels of free fatty acids in the hypothalamus were analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The repeated administration of GW1100, a GPR40/FFAR1 antagonist, exacerbated the incision-induced mechanical allodynia and significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the spinal cord after low-threshold touch stimulation in the mice compared to vehicle-treated mice. The levels of long-chain free fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and palmitate, which are GPR40/FFAR1 agonists, were significantly increased in the hypothalamus two days after the surgery compared to levels in the sham group. Furthermore, the incision-induced mechanical allodynia was exacerbated in the GPR40KO mice compared to the WT mice, while the response in the plantar test was not changed. These findings suggested that dysfunction of the GPR40/FFAR1 signaling pathway altered the endogenous pain control system and that this dysfunction might be associated with the development of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kei Miyagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Mankura
- Faculty of Food Culture, Kurashiki Sakuyo University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Kasuya
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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26
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Nakamoto K, Aizawa F, Kinoshita M, Koyama Y, Tokuyama S. Astrocyte Activation in Locus Coeruleus Is Involved in Neuropathic Pain Exacerbation Mediated by Maternal Separation and Social Isolation Stress. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:401. [PMID: 28701953 PMCID: PMC5487383 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that emotional dysfunction associated with early life stress exacerbated nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. Sex differences were observed in several anxiety tests, but not in mechanical allodynia. To elucidate the mechanism underlying these findings, we have now investigated the involvement of astrocytes in emotional dysfunction and enhancement of nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia in mice subjected to maternal separation combined with social isolation (MSSI) as an early life stress. We measured expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte maker, in each brain area by immunohistochemistry. GFAP expression in the locus coeruleus (LC) of female, but not of male mice, significantly increased after MSSI, corresponding to the behavioral changes at 7 and 12 weeks of age. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated astrocyte-derived supernatant was administered to local brain regions, including LC. Intra-LC injection of conditioned medium from cultured astrocytes treated with LPS increased GFAP expression, anxiety-like behavior and mechanical allodynia in both male and female mice. Furthermore, increases in anxiety-like behavior correlated with increased mechanical allodynia. These findings demonstrate that emotional dysfunction and enhanced nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia after exposure to MSSI are mediated, at least in part, by astrocyte activation in the LC. Male but not female mice may show resistance to MSSI stress during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin UniversityKobe, Japan
| | - Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin UniversityKobe, Japan
| | - Megumi Kinoshita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin UniversityKobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin UniversityKobe, Japan
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27
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Nakamoto K. A New Pain Regulatory System via the Brain Long Chain Fatty Acid Receptor GPR40/FFA1 Signal. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:199-204. [PMID: 28154332 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An increasingly large number of pharmacological and physiological works on fatty acids have shown that the functional properties of fatty acids are regulated by the amount of individual fatty acid intake and the distribution of fatty acids among organs. Recently, it has been determined that G-protein-coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40/FFA1) is activated by long-chain fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). GPR40/FFA1 is mainly expressed in the β cell of the pancreas, spinal cord and brain. It is reported that this receptor has a functional role in controlling blood glucose levels via the modulation of insulin secretion. However, its physiological function in the brain remains unknown. Our previous studies have shown that GPR40/FFA1 is expressed in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus, serotonergic neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus, and in noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. Furthermore, the intracerebroventricular injection of DHA or GW9508, which is a selective GPR40/FFA1 agonist, attenuates formalin-induced inflammatory pain behavior through increasing β-endorphin release in the hypothalamus. It also suppresses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Our findings suggest that brain free long-chain fatty acids-GPR40/FFA1 signaling might have an important role in the modulation of endogenous pain control systems. In this review, I discuss the current status and our recent study regarding a new pain regulatory system via the brain long chain fatty acid receptor GPR40/FFA1 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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28
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Aizawa F, Nishinaka T, Yamashita T, Nakamoto K, Koyama Y, Kasuya F, Tokuyama S. Astrocytes Release Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Lipopolysaccharide Stimuli. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1100-6. [PMID: 27374285 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that levels of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) including docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) increase in the hypothalamus of inflammatory pain model mice. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the increment of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the brain during inflammation remains unknown. In this study, we characterized FFAs released by inflammatory stimulation in rat primary cultured astrocytes, and tested the involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on these mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation significantly increased the levels of several FAs in the astrocytes. Under these conditions, mRNA expression of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) in LPS-treated group increased compared with the control group. Furthermore, in the culture media, the levels of DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) significantly increased by LPS stimuli compared with those of a vehicle-treated control group whereas the levels of saturated FAs (SFAs), namely palmitic acid (PAM) and stearic acid (STA), did not change. In summary, our findings suggest that astrocytes specifically release DHA and ARA by inflammatory conditions. Therefore astrocytes might function as a regulatory factor of DHA and ARA in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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29
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Suckow AT, Briscoe CP. Key Questions for Translation of FFA Receptors: From Pharmacology to Medicines. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 236:101-131. [PMID: 27873087 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of fatty acids as ligands for the G-protein coupled free fatty acid (FFA) receptor family over 10 years ago led to intensive chemistry efforts to find small-molecule ligands for this class of receptors. Identification of potent, selective modulators of the FFA receptors and their utility in medicine has proven challenging, in part due to their complex pharmacology. Nevertheless, ligands have been identified that are sufficient for exploring the therapeutic potential of this class of receptors in rodents and, in the case of FFA1, FFA2, FFA4, and GPR84, also in humans. Expression profiling, the phenotyping of FFA receptor knockout mice, and the results of studies exploring the effects of these ligands in rodents have uncovered a number of indications where engagement of one or a combination of FFA receptors might provide some clinical benefit in areas including diabetes, inflammatory bowel syndrome, Alzheimer's, pain, and cancer. In this chapter, we will review the clinical potential of modulating FFA receptors based on preclinical and in some cases clinical studies with synthetic ligands. In particular, key aspects and challenges associated with small-molecule ligand identification and FFA receptor pharmacology will be addressed with a view of the hurdles that need to be overcome to fully understand the potential of the receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia P Briscoe
- Epigen Biosciences, 10225 Barnes Canyon Rd, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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30
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Fukushima A, Sekiguchi W, Mamada K, Tohma Y, Ono H. Serotonergic System Does Not Contribute to the Hypothermic Action of Acetaminophen. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 40:227-233. [PMID: 27916764 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (AcAP), a widely-used antipyretic and analgesic drug, has been considered to exert its effects via central mechanisms, and many studies have demonstrated that the analgesic action of AcAP involves activation of the serotonergic system. Although the serotonergic system also plays an important role in thermoregulation, the contribution of serotonergic activity to the hypothermic effect of AcAP has remained unclear. In the present study, we examined whether the serotonergic system is involved in AcAP-induced hypothermia. In normal mice, AcAP (300 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) induced marked hypothermia (ca. -4°C). The same dose of AcAP reduced pain response behavior in the formalin test. Pretreatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg/d, i.p., 5 consecutive days) substantially decreased serotonin in the brain by 70% and significantly inhibited the analgesic, but not the hypothermic action of AcAP. The same PCPA treatment significantly inhibited the hypothermia induced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist cyproheptadine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg, i.p.). The lower doses of fluoxetine hydrochloride (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and cyproheptadine hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the AcAP-induced hypothermia. These results suggest that, in comparison with its analgesic effect, the hypothermic effect of AcAP is not mediated by the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Fukushima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University
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31
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Aizawa F, Nishinaka T, Yamashita T, Nakamoto K, Kurihara T, Hirasawa A, Kasuya F, Miyata A, Tokuyama S. GPR40/FFAR1 deficient mice increase noradrenaline levels in the brain and exhibit abnormal behavior. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:249-254. [PMID: 27979701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40/FFAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is activated by long chain fatty acids. We have previously demonstrated that activation of brain GPR40/FFAR1 exerts an antinociceptive effect that is mediated by the modulation of the descending pain control system. However, it is unclear whether brain GPR40/FFAR1 contributes to emotional function. In this study, we investigated the involvement of GPR40/FFAR1 in emotional behavior using GPR40/FFAR1 deficient (knockout, KO) mice. The emotional behavior in wild and KO male mice was evaluated at 9-10 weeks of age by the elevated plus-maze test, open field test, social interaction test, and sucrose preference test. Brain monoamines levels were measured using LC-MS/MS. The elevated plus-maze test and open field tests revealed that the KO mice reduced anxiety-like behavior. There were no differences in locomotor activity or social behavior between the wild and KO mice. In the sucrose preference test, the KO mice showed reduction in sucrose preference and intake. The level of noradrenaline was higher in the hippocampus, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and midbrain of KO mice. Therefore, these results suggest that brain GPR40/FFAR1 is associated with anxiety- and depression-related behavior regulated by the increment of noradrenaline in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishinaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Kasuya
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
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32
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Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. [The possibility of a novel pain control system through brain long chain fatty acid receptor GPR40/FFAR1]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 146:302-8. [PMID: 26657120 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.146.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Nakamoto K, Aizawa F, Nishinaka T, Tokuyama S. Regulation of prohormone convertase 2 protein expression via GPR40/FFA1 in the hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:459-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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