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Vitt P, Taylor A, Rakosy D, Kreft H, Meyer A, Weigelt P, Knight TM. Global conservation prioritization for the Orchidaceae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6718. [PMID: 37185616 PMCID: PMC10130154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative assessments of endemism, evolutionary distinctiveness and extinction threat underpin global conservation prioritization for well-studied taxa, such as birds, mammals, and amphibians. However, such information is unavailable for most of the world's taxa. This is the case for the Orchidaceae, a hyperdiverse and cosmopolitan family with incomplete phylogenetic and threat information. To define conservation priorities, we present a framework based on phylogenetic and taxonomic measures of distinctiveness and rarity based on the number of regions and the area of occupancy. For 25,434 orchid species with distribution data (89.3% of the Orchidaceae), we identify the Neotropics as hotspots for richness, New Guinea as a hotspot for evolutionary distinctiveness, and several islands that contain many rare and distinct species. Orchids have a similar proportion of monotypic genera as other Angiosperms, however, more taxonomically distinct orchid species are found in a single region. We identify 278 species in need of immediate conservation actions and find that more than 70% of these do not currently have an IUCN conservation assessment and are not protected in ex-situ collections at Botanical Gardens. Our study highlights locations and orchid species in urgent need of conservation and demonstrates a framework that can be applied to other data-deficient taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pati Vitt
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA.
- Plant Conservation and Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60203, USA.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Faculty for Forest Sciences & Forest Ecology, Goettingen University, Buesgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Demetra Rakosy
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Faculty for Forest Sciences & Forest Ecology, Goettingen University, Buesgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abby Meyer
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, U.S., 1151 Oxford Road, Botanical Division, San Marino, CA, 91108, USA
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, Faculty for Forest Sciences & Forest Ecology, Goettingen University, Buesgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institut Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiffany M Knight
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
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2
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Wu N, Liu G, Zhang M, Wang Y, Peng W, Qu X. Spatial Factors Outperform Local Environmental and Geo-Climatic Variables in Structuring Multiple Facets of Stream Macroinvertebrates' β-Diversity. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192648. [PMID: 36230389 PMCID: PMC9558512 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the key targets of community ecology and biogeography concerns revealing the variability and underlying drivers of biodiversity. Most current studies understand biodiversity based on taxonomic information alone. Our study was based on macroinvertebrates from 179 stream sampling sites in the Hun-Tai River Basin in Northeastern China. The correlation of different facets of β-diversity was compared while revealing the relative contribution of multiple abiotic factors (i.e., local environmental, geo-climatic, and spatial factors) to shaping β-diversity based on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic information. The results showed that functional β-diversity provides important complementary information to taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity. Moreover, spatial factors outperform local environmental and geo-climatic variables in structuring multiple facets of stream macroinvertebrates’ β-diversity. Our study provides guidance for future conservation studies of watershed biodiversity, as well as implications for future studies of β-diversity. Abstract One of the key targets of community ecology and biogeography concerns revealing the variability and underlying drivers of biodiversity. Most current studies understand biodiversity based on taxonomic information alone, but few studies have shown the relative contributions of multiple abiotic factors in shaping biodiversity based on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic information. We collected 179 samples of macroinvertebrates in the Hun-Tai River Basin. We validated the complementarity between the three facets and components of β-diversity using the Mantel test. Distance-based redundancy analysis and variance partitioning were applied to explore the comparative importance of local environmental, geo-climatic, and spatial factors on each facet and component of β-diversity. Our study found that taxonomic and phylogenetic total β-diversity was mainly forced by turnover, while functional total β-diversity was largely contributed by nestedness. There is a strong correlation between taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity. However, the correlations of functional with both taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity were relatively weak. The findings of variation partitioning suggested that distinct facets and components of macroinvertebrates’ β-diversity were impacted by abiotic factors to varying degrees. The contribution of spatial factors was greater than that of the local environment and geo-climatic factors for taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic β-diversity. Thus, studying different facets and components of β-diversity allows a clearer comprehension of the influence of abiotic factors on diversity patterns. Therefore, future research should investigate patterns and mechanisms of β-diversity from taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naicheng Wu
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China or
| | - Guohao Liu
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China or
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yixia Wang
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China or
| | - Wenqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaodong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Miranda Cebrián H, Font X, Roquet C, Pizarro Gavilán M, García MB. Phylogenetic patterns of rarity and vulnerability in the flora of a temperate mountain range. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Font
- Plant Biodiversity Resource Centre, Univ. of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Roquet
- Dept de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal I Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain
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4
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Oliveira BF, Moore FC, Dong X. Biodiversity mediates ecosystem sensitivity to climate variability. Commun Biol 2022; 5:628. [PMID: 35761028 PMCID: PMC9237054 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rich body of evidence from local-scale experiments and observational studies has revealed stabilizing effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. However, whether these effects emerge across entire regions and continents remains largely overlooked. Here we combine data on the distribution of more than 57,500 plant species and remote-sensing observations throughout the entire Western Hemisphere to investigate the role of multiple facets of plant diversity (species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity) in mediating the sensitivity of ecosystems to climate variability at the regional-scale over the past 20 years. We show that, across multiple biomes, regions of greater plant diversity exhibit lower sensitivity (more stable over time) to temperature variability at the interannual and seasonal-scales. While these areas can display lower sensitivity to interannual variability in precipitation, they emerge as highly sensitive to precipitation seasonality. Conserving landscapes of greater diversity may help stabilize ecosystem functioning under climate change, possibly securing the continuous provisions of productivity-related ecosystem service to people. With the help of spatial autoregressive models, the relationship between multiple facets of plant biodiversity and ecosystem sensitivity to climate variability is explored on a landscape-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno F Oliveira
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA. .,Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity (CESAB), FRB, Montpellier, France.
| | - Frances C Moore
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Tims AR, Alroy J. Phylogeny-based conservation priorities for Australian freshwater fishes. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13811. [PMID: 34288119 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conservation scientists are increasingly interested in the question of how extinction prunes the tree of life. This question is particularly important for Australian freshwater fishes because there is a broad mix of ∼300 old and young species, many of which are severely threatened. We used a complete species-level phylogeny of Australian freshwater fishes to examine phylogenetic nonrandomness of extinction risk. We computed the potential loss of phylogenetic diversity by simulating extinction across the tree under a pattern weighted based on International Union for Conservation of Nature extinction risk category and compared this loss to projected diversity loss under a random null model of extinction. Finally, we calculated EDGE (evolutionary distinctiveness, global endangerment) scores for 251 freshwater and 60 brackish species and compiled a list of high-priority species for conservation actions based on their extinction risk and evolutionary uniqueness. Extinction risk was not random and was clustered in both diversity cradles (recently diversifying, species-rich clades, such as Galaxiidae and Percichthyidae) and museums (older, species-poor groups, such as freshwater chondrichthyans). Clustered extinction made little difference to the average expected loss of phylogenetic diversity. However, the upper bound of loss was higher under a selective model of extinction, particularly when the counts of species lost were low. Thus, the loss of highly threatened species would diminish the tree of life more than a null model of randomly distributed extinction. High priority species included both widely recognized and charismatic ones, such as the Queensland lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), river sharks, and freshwater sawfishes, and lesser-known species that receive less public attention, including the salamanderfish (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides), cave gudgeons, and many galaxiids, rainbowfishes, and pygmy perches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Tims
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Alroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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El‐Barougy RF, Dakhil MA, ElGamal IA, Gray SM, Khedr AA, Bersier L. The success of alien plants in an arid ecosystem: Structural equation modeling reveals hidden effects of soil resources. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reham F. El‐Barougy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of Science Damietta University Damietta Egypt
- Department of Biology ‐ Ecology and Evolution University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Mohammed A. Dakhil
- Botany and Microbiology Department Faculty of Science Helwan University Cairo 11790 Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. ElGamal
- Nature Conservation Sector Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Cairo 11728 Egypt
| | - Sarah M. Gray
- Department of Biology ‐ Ecology and Evolution University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Abdel‐Hamid A. Khedr
- Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of Science Damietta University Damietta Egypt
| | - Louis‐Félix Bersier
- Department of Biology ‐ Ecology and Evolution University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 10 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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7
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Daru BH, Davies TJ, Willis CG, Meineke EK, Ronk A, Zobel M, Pärtel M, Antonelli A, Davis CC. Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6983. [PMID: 34873159 PMCID: PMC8648934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Native biodiversity decline and non-native species spread are major features of the Anthropocene. Both processes can drive biotic homogenization by reducing trait and phylogenetic differences in species assemblages between regions, thus diminishing the regional distinctiveness of biotas and likely have negative impacts on key ecosystem functions. However, a global assessment of this phenomenon is lacking. Here, using a dataset of >200,000 plant species, we demonstrate widespread and temporal decreases in species and phylogenetic turnover across grain sizes and spatial extents. The extent of homogenization within major biomes is pronounced and is overwhelmingly explained by non-native species naturalizations. Asia and North America are major sources of non-native species; however, the species they export tend to be phylogenetically close to recipient floras. Australia, the Pacific and Europe, in contrast, contribute fewer species to the global pool of non-natives, but represent a disproportionate amount of phylogenetic diversity. The timeline of most naturalisations coincides with widespread human migration within the last ~500 years, and demonstrates the profound influence humans exert on regional biotas beyond changes in species richness. Human-driven movements and extinctions of species have made plant communities across biomes more homogenous. Here the authors quantify plant vascular species and phylogenetic homogenization across the globe, finding that non-native species naturalisations have been a major driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA. .,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, and Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Charles G Willis
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emily K Meineke
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Argo Ronk
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,University of Gothenburg and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.,Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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8
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Eppinga MB, Haber EA, Sweeney L, Santos MJ, Rietkerk M, Wassen MJ. Antigonon leptopus invasion is associated with plant community disassembly in a Caribbean island ecosystem. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInvasions by non-native plant species are widely recognized as a major driver of biodiversity loss. Globally, (sub-)tropical islands form important components of biodiversity hotspots, while being particularly susceptible to invasions by plants in general and vines in particular. We studied the impact of the invasive vine A. leptopus on the diversity and structure of recipient plant communities on the northern Caribbean island St. Eustatius. We used a paired-plot design to study differences in species richness, evenness and community structure under A. leptopus-invaded and uninvaded conditions. Community structure was studied through species co-occurrence patterns. We found that in plots invaded by A. leptopus, species richness was 40–50% lower, and these plots also exhibited lower evenness. The magnitude of these negative impacts increased with increasing cover of A. leptopus. Invaded plots also showed higher degrees of homogeneity in species composition. Species co-occurrence patterns indicated that plant communities in uninvaded plots were characterized by segregation, whereas recipient plant communities in invaded plots exhibited random co-occurrence patterns. These observations suggest that invasion of A. leptopus is not only associated with reduced species richness and evenness of recipient communities in invaded sites, but also with a community disassembly process that may reduce diversity between sites. Given that A. leptopus is a successful invader of (sub-)tropical islands around the globe, these impacts on plant community structure highlight that this invasive species could be a particular conservation concern for these systems.
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9
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Raiol RL, Gastauer M, Campbell AJ, Borges RC, Awade M, Giannini TC. Specialist Bee Species Are Larger and Less Phylogenetically Distinct Than Generalists in Tropical Plant–Bee Interaction Networks. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.699649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee pollinators are key components of terrestrial ecosystems. Evidence is mounting that bees are globally in decline, and species with a higher degree of specialization are the most vulnerable to local extinction. However, ecological features that could explain bee specialization remain poorly tested, especially in tropical species. Here, we aim to determine the most specialized bee species and their associated ecological traits in tropical plant–bee interaction networks, answering three questions: (1) Which bees in the interaction networks are specialists? (2) Is body size related to their role as specialists in interaction networks? (3) Are there phylogenetic relationships between the bee species identified as specialists? We used fifteen quantitative plant–bee interaction networks from different Brazilian biomes covering 1,702 interactions (386 bee and 717 plant species). We used the normalized degree (standardized number of partners) as a metric to determine trophic specialization of bee species. Body size was estimated by measuring intertegular distance (ITD), i.e., the distance between the bases of the wings on the thorax. Evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) was used to quantify species uniqueness, i.e., the singularity of species in the phylogenetic tree. Relationships between dietary specialism, ITD and ED were assessed using generalized linear models. We detected 34 specialist bee species (9% of total species), distributed in 13 genera, and four families. ITD and ED were important variables explaining the specialization of tropical bee species. Specialists were larger and less phylogenetically distinct than expected by chance. Based on a large data set covering some of the main tropical biomes, our results suggest that loss of specialist bees from Brazilian plant–bee networks could have deleterious consequences for native plant species preferentially pollinated by large-bodied bees. Moreover, by affecting more evolutionarily distinct species, i.e., those with fewer extant relatives, the loss of specialist bees will likely affect few clades but can result on considerable loss of evolutionary history and phylogenetic diversity in the Brazilian bee communities. The results are important for decision-making concerning conservation measures for these species and may also encourage the development of sustainable management techniques for bees.
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El-Barougy RF, Elgamal IA, Khedr AHA, Bersier LF. Contrasting alien effects on native diversity along biotic and abiotic gradients in an arid protected area. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13557. [PMID: 34193919 PMCID: PMC8245551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alien impact on native diversity could be a function of both the relatedness of alien species to native community and resources availability. Here, we investigated whether alien plants expand or decrease the functional and phylogenetic space of native plant communities, and how this is affected by alien relatedness to natives and by resources availability. We used a trait-environment dataset of 33 alien and 130 native plants in 83 pairs of invaded and non-invaded plots, covering a gradient of soil resources (organic matter-nitrogen) in Saint-Katherine-Protectorate, Egypt. First, we compared the changes in native composition and calculated alien relatedness to natives within each pair of plots. Second, we tested the effects of resources availability and relatedness on the magnitude of alien impact (defined as a change in native diversity). We found that native composition was phylogenetically less but functionally more diverse in invaded plots compared to non-invaded ones. Moreover, in resources-rich plots, dissimilar aliens to natives significantly increased native diversity, while in resource-limited ones, similar aliens to natives declined native diversity. These results suggest that the assessment of alien impacts in arid-regions is significantly linked to resources-availability and relatedness to natives. Hence, future studies should test the generality of our findings in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham F. El-Barougy
- grid.462079.e0000 0004 4699 2981Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt ,grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution unit, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim A. Elgamal
- grid.434414.2Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo, 11728 Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid A. Khedr
- grid.462079.e0000 0004 4699 2981Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Louis-Félix Bersier
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution unit, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Velazco SJE, Svenning J, Ribeiro BR, Laureto LMO. On opportunities and threats to conserve the phylogenetic diversity of Neotropical palms. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago José Elías Velazco
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical Universidad Nacional de Misiones‐CONICET Puerto Iguazú Misiones N3370BFAArgentina
| | - Jean‐Christian Svenning
- Section of Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience Aarhus University AarhusDK‐8000Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University AarhusDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Bruno R. Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós‐Graduaçao Ecología e Evolução Instituto de Ciências Biológicas V, Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Goiás 74.690‐900Brazil
| | - Livia Maira Orlandi Laureto
- Theoretical, Metacommunity and Landscape Ecology Laboratory Instituto de Ciências Biológicas V, Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia Goiás 74.690‐900Brazil
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12
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Chan KMA, Satterfield T. The maturation of ecosystem services: Social and policy research expands, but whither biophysically informed valuation? PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Terre Satterfield
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainability The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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13
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Franke S, Brandl R, Heibl C, Mattivi A, Müller J, Pinkert S, Thorn S. Predicting regional hotspots of phylogenetic diversity across multiple species groups. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Franke
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Angelina Mattivi
- Fritz & Grossmann (environmental planning) Horb am Necker Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
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Matos FAR, Magnago LFS, Aquila Chan Miranda C, de Menezes LFT, Gastauer M, Safar NVH, Schaefer CEGR, da Silva MP, Simonelli M, Edwards FA, Martins SV, Meira-Neto JAA, Edwards DP. Secondary forest fragments offer important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:509-522. [PMID: 31486174 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests store large amounts of carbon and high biodiversity, but are being degraded at alarming rates. The emerging global Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) agenda seeks to limit global climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the growth of trees. In doing so, it may also protect biodiversity as a free cobenefit, which is vital given the massive shortfall in funding for biodiversity conservation. We investigated whether natural forest regeneration on abandoned pastureland offers such cobenefits, focusing for the first time on the recovery of taxonomic diversity (TD), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD) of trees, including the recovery of threatened and endemic species richness, within isolated secondary forest (SF) fragments. We focused on the globally threatened Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where commitments have been made to restore 1 million hectares under FLR. Three decades after land abandonment, regenerating forests had recovered ~20% (72 Mg/ha) of the above-ground carbon stocks of a primary forest (PF), with cattle pasture containing just 3% of stocks relative to PFs. Over this period, SF recovered ~76% of TD, 84% of PD and 96% of FD found within PFs. In addition, SFs had on average recovered 65% of threatened and ~30% of endemic species richness of primary Atlantic forest. Finally, we find positive relationships between carbon stock and tree diversity recovery. Our results emphasize that SF fragments offer cobenefits under FLR and other carbon-based payments for ecosystem service schemes (e.g. carbon enhancements under REDD+). They also indicate that even isolated patches of SF could help to mitigate climate change and the biodiversity extinction crisis by recovering species of high conservation concern and improving landscape connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A R Matos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany Graduate Program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Faculdade Zacaria de Góes, Valença, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Luiz F S Magnago
- Centro de Formação em Ciências e Tecnologias Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mônica P da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Valença, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sebastião V Martins
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - João A A Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany Graduate Program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Veron S, Mouchet M, Govaerts R, Haevermans T, Pellens R. Vulnerability to climate change of islands worldwide and its impact on the tree of life. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14471. [PMID: 31597935 PMCID: PMC6785531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Island systems are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which is predicted to induce shifts in temperature, rainfall and/or sea levels. Our aim was: (i) to map the relative vulnerability of islands to each of these threats from climate change on a worldwide scale; (ii) to estimate how island vulnerability would impact phylogenetic diversity. We focused on monocotyledons, a major group of flowering plants that includes taxa of important economic value such as palms, grasses, bananas, taro. Islands that were vulnerable to climate change were found at all latitudes, e.g. in Australia, Indonesia, the Caribbean, Pacific countries, the United States, although they were more common near the equator. The loss of highly vulnerable islands would lead to relatively low absolute loss of plant phylogenetic diversity. However, these losses tended to be higher than expected by chance alone even in some highly vulnerable insular systems. This suggests the possible collapse of deep and long branches in vulnerable islands. Measuring the vulnerability of each island is a first step towards a risk analysis to identify where the impacts of climate change are the most likely and what may be their consequences on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR7205), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France. .,Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université - CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Maud Mouchet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université - CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Haevermans
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR7205), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roseli Pellens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR7205), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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16
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Veron S, Haevermans T, Govaerts R, Mouchet M, Pellens R. Distribution and relative age of endemism across islands worldwide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11693. [PMID: 31406123 PMCID: PMC6690940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Islands have remarkable levels of endemism and contribute greatly to global biodiversity. Establishing the age of island endemics is important to gain insights into the processes that have shaped the biodiversity patterns of island biota. We investigated the relative age of monocots across islands worldwide, using different measures of phylogenetic endemism tested against null models. We compiled a species occurrence dataset across 4,306 islands, and identified 142 sites with neo-, paleo-, mixed and super-endemism. These sites were distributed across the world, although they tended to be more common at low latitudes. The most frequent types of endemism were mixed and super-endemism, which suggests that present-day island biodiversity has frequently been shaped by processes that took place at different points in times. We also identified the environmental factors that contributed most to different types of endemism; we found that latitude, habitat availability and climate stability had a significant impact on the persistence of ancient taxa and on recent diversification events. The islands identified here are irreplaceable both for the uniqueness and the evolutionary history of their flora, and because they are a source of "option values" and evolutionary potential. Therefore, our findings will help guide biodiversity conservation on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 51, 47 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204) MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université - CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Haevermans
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 51, 47 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Maud Mouchet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204) MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université - CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roseli Pellens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 51, 47 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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17
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Kondratyeva A, Grandcolas P, Pavoine S. Reconciling the concepts and measures of diversity, rarity and originality in ecology and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1317-1337. [PMID: 30861626 PMCID: PMC6850657 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept of biological diversity, or biodiversity, is at the core of evolutionary and ecological studies. Many indices of biodiversity have been developed in the last four decades, with species being one of the central units of these indices. However, evolutionary and ecological studies need a precise description of species' characteristics to best quantify inter-species diversity, as species are not equivalent and exchangeable. One of the first concepts characterizing species in biodiversity studies was abundance-based rarity. Abundance-based rarity was then complemented by trait- and phylo-based rarity, called species' trait-based and phylogenetic originalities, respectively. Originality, which is a property of an individual species, represents a species' contribution to the overall diversity of a reference set of species. Originality can also be defined as the rarity of a species' characteristics such as the state of a functional trait, which is often assumed to be represented by the position of the species on a phylogenetic tree. We review and compare various approaches for measuring originality, rarity and diversity and demonstrate that (i) even if attempts to bridge these concepts do exist, only a few ecological and evolutionary studies have tried to combine them all in the past two decades; (ii) phylo- and trait-based diversity indices can be written as a function of species rarity and originality measures in several ways; and (iii) there is a need for the joint use of these three types of indices to understand community assembly processes and species' roles in ecosystem functioning in order to protect biodiversity efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kondratyeva
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 135, 75005ParisFrance
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Département Origines et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université EPHE, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005ParisFrance
| | - Philippe Grandcolas
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Département Origines et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université EPHE, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005ParisFrance
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 135, 75005ParisFrance
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18
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The effects of grassland ecosystem afforestation on avian phylogenetic diversity, taxonomic diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Véron S, Saito V, Padilla-García N, Forest F, Bertheau Y. The Use of Phylogenetic Diversity in Conservation Biology and Community Ecology: A Common Base but Different Approaches. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/703580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Carta A, Gargano D, Rossi G, Bacchetta G, Fenu G, Montagnani C, Abeli T, Peruzzi L, Orsenigo S. Phylogenetically informed spatial planning as a tool to prioritise areas for threatened plant conservation within a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:1046-1052. [PMID: 30893736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global plant diversity is at risk due to anthropogenic changes to ecosystems, but given severely limited conservation resources, a reliable prioritisation strategy for species and sites is needed. Our objective was to identify key areas for conserving the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of threatened vascular plants in Italy, one of the most species-rich regions in the Mediterranean Basin. We used spatial data and the conservation status of 995 threatened vascular plants and applied a phylogenetically informed spatial planning to minimize conservation costs. We then determined the degree of overlap with existing protected areas and evaluated whether this PD-based prioritisation of areas provides adequate protection for threatened phylogenetically distinctive species (EDGE). The cost-effective procedure identified as priority for conservation 12% of the study territory, while achieving over 90% of conservation targets (total PD). We showed that priority areas and protected areas are moderately spatially mismatched. We also showed that not all top-EDGE species were met by the procedure applied, hence we conclude that the PD-based model indicated key areas for protection, but nevertheless additional attention is needed to protect top-EDGE species. This study represents one of the most comprehensive analyses, to date, for the conservation of the native flora in the Mediterranean, incorporating both spatial distribution and evolutionary relationships. Our work on the prioritisation of threatened plant species across Italy can serve as a guide for future conservation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domenico Gargano
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Graziano Rossi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Centre for the Conservation of Biodiversity (CCB), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Montagnani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Abeli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Simone Orsenigo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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21
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Weedop KB, Mooers AØ, Tucker CM, Pearse WD. The effect of phylogenetic uncertainty and imputation on
EDGE
Scores. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Weedop
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - A. Ø. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - C. M. Tucker
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - W. D. Pearse
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
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22
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Hensley CB, Trisos CH, Warren PS, MacFarland J, Blumenshine S, Reece J, Katti M. Effects of Urbanization on Native Bird Species in Three Southwestern US Cities. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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23
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Adeoba M, Tesfamichael SG, Yessoufou K. Preserving the tree of life of the fish family Cyprinidae in Africa in the face of the ongoing extinction crisis. Genome 2019; 62:170-182. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how the phylogenetic tree of fishes might be affected by the ongoing extinction risk is poor. This is due to the unavailability of comprehensive DNA data, especially for many African lineages. In addition, the ongoing taxonomic confusion within some lineages, e.g., Cyprinidae, makes it difficult to contribute to the debate on how the fish tree of life might be shaped by extinction. Here, we combine COI sequences and taxonomic information to assemble a fully sampled phylogeny of the African Cyprinidae and investigate whether we might lose more phylogenetic diversity (PD) than expected if currently threatened species go extinct. We found evidence for phylogenetic signal in extinction risk, suggesting that some lineages might be at higher risk than others. Based on simulated extinctions, we found that the loss of all threatened species, which approximates 37% of total PD, would lead to a greater loss of PD than expected, although highly evolutionarily distinct species are not particularly at risk. Pending the reconstruction of an improved multi-gene phylogeny, our results suggest that prioritizing high-EDGE species (evolutionary distinct and globally endangered species) in conservation programmes, particularly in some geographic regions, would contribute significantly to safeguarding the tree of life of the African Cyprinidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Adeoba
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Solomon G. Tesfamichael
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Kowiyou Yessoufou
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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24
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Mazel F, Pennell MW, Cadotte MW, Diaz S, Riva GVD, Grenyer R, Leprieur F, Mooers AO, Mouillot D, Tucker CM, Pearse WD. Reply to: "Global conservation of phylogenetic diversity captures more than just functional diversity". Nat Commun 2019; 10:858. [PMID: 30787308 PMCID: PMC6382820 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Mazel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Scarborough, M1C, 1A4, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and FECFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Richard Grenyer
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Arne O Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, BC, Canada
| | - David Mouillot
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - Caroline M Tucker
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599-3280, NC, USA
| | - William D Pearse
- Ecology Center and Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, 84322, UT, USA
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25
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Pavoine S, Bonsall MB, Davies TJ, Masi S. Mammal extinctions and the increasing isolation of humans on the tree of life. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:914-924. [PMID: 30805130 PMCID: PMC6374672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A sixth great mass extinction is ongoing due to the direct and indirect effects of human pressures. However, not all lineages are affected equally. From an anthropocentric perspective, it is often purported that humans hold a unique place on Earth. Here, we show that our current impacts on the natural world risk realizing that expectation. We simulated species loss on the mammalian phylogenetic tree, informed by species current extinction risks. We explored how Homo sapiens could become isolated in the tree if species currently threatened with extinction disappeared. We analyzed correlates of mammal extinctions risks that may drive this isolation pattern. We show that, within mammals, and more particularly within primates, extinction risks increase with the number of known threat types, and decrease with geographic range size. Extinctions increase with species body mass, trophic level, and the median longitudinal extent of each species range in mammals but not within primates. The risks of extinction are frequently high among H. sapiens close relatives. Pruning threatened primates, including apes (Hominidae, Hylobatidae), from the tree of life will lead to our species being among those with the fewest close relatives. If no action is taken, we will thus not only lose crucial biodiversity for the preservation of Earth ecosystems, but also a key living reference to what makes us human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Mathematical Ecology Research GroupDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- St Peter's CollegeOxfordUK
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- African Centre for DNA BarcodingUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation SciencesBiodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Shelly Masi
- Unité Eco‐anthropologie et Ethnobiologie (EAE)Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Université Paris DiderotParisFrance
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26
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Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11262-11267. [PMID: 30322924 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804906115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incipient sixth mass extinction that started in the Late Pleistocene has already erased over 300 mammal species and, with them, more than 2.5 billion y of unique evolutionary history. At the global scale, this lost phylogenetic diversity (PD) can only be restored with time as lineages evolve and create new evolutionary history. Given the increasing rate of extinctions however, can mammals evolve fast enough to recover their lost PD on a human time scale? We use a birth-death tree framework to show that even if extinction rates slow to preanthropogenic background levels, recovery of lost PD will likely take millions of years. These findings emphasize the severity of the potential sixth mass extinction and the need to avoid the loss of unique evolutionary history now.
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27
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Tetrapods on the EDGE: Overcoming data limitations to identify phylogenetic conservation priorities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194680. [PMID: 29641585 PMCID: PMC5894989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The scale of the ongoing biodiversity crisis requires both effective conservation prioritisation and urgent action. As extinction is non-random across the tree of life, it is important to prioritise threatened species which represent large amounts of evolutionary history. The EDGE metric prioritises species based on their Evolutionary Distinctiveness (ED), which measures the relative contribution of a species to the total evolutionary history of their taxonomic group, and Global Endangerment (GE), or extinction risk. EDGE prioritisations rely on adequate phylogenetic and extinction risk data to generate meaningful priorities for conservation. However, comprehensive phylogenetic trees of large taxonomic groups are extremely rare and, even when available, become quickly out-of-date due to the rapid rate of species descriptions and taxonomic revisions. Thus, it is important that conservationists can use the available data to incorporate evolutionary history into conservation prioritisation. We compared published and new methods to estimate missing ED scores for species absent from a phylogenetic tree whilst simultaneously correcting the ED scores of their close taxonomic relatives. We found that following artificial removal of species from a phylogenetic tree, the new method provided the closest estimates of their “true” ED score, differing from the true ED score by an average of less than 1%, compared to the 31% and 38% difference of the previous methods. The previous methods also substantially under- and over-estimated scores as more species were artificially removed from a phylogenetic tree. We therefore used the new method to estimate ED scores for all tetrapods. From these scores we updated EDGE prioritisation rankings for all tetrapod species with IUCN Red List assessments, including the first EDGE prioritisation for reptiles. Further, we identified criteria to identify robust priority species in an effort to further inform conservation action whilst limiting uncertainty and anticipating future phylogenetic advances.
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28
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La Sorte FA, Lepczyk CA, Aronson MFJ, Goddard MA, Hedblom M, Katti M, MacGregor‐Fors I, Mörtberg U, Nilon CH, Warren PS, Williams NSG, Yang J. The phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional breeding bird assemblages is reduced and constricted through urbanization. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Myla F. J. Aronson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Mark A. Goddard
- Sustainability Research Institute School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds UK
| | - Marcus Hedblom
- Department of Swedish Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Madhusudan Katti
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources Chancellor's Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public Science North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Ian MacGregor‐Fors
- Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL) Xalapa México
| | - Ulla Mörtberg
- Environmental Management and Assessment Research Group KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Charles H. Nilon
- School of Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Paige S. Warren
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China
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29
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Reintroductions of birds and mammals involve evolutionarily distinct species at the regional scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018. [PMID: 29531037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714599115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reintroductions offer a powerful tool for reversing the effects of species extirpation and have been increasingly used over recent decades. However, this species-centered conservation approach has been criticized for its strong biases toward charismatic birds and mammals. Here, we investigated whether reintroduced species can be representative of the phylogenetic diversity within these two groups at a continental scale (i.e., Europe, North and Central America). Using null models, we found that reintroduced birds and mammals of the two subcontinents tend to be more evolutionarily distinct than expected by chance, despite strong taxonomic biases leading to low values of phylogenetic diversity. While evolutionary considerations are unlikely to have explicitly driven the allocation of reintroduction efforts, our results illustrate an interest of reintroduction practitioners toward species with fewer close relatives. We discuss how this phylogenetic framework allows us to investigate the contribution of reintroductions to the conservation of biodiversity at multiple geographic scales. We argue that because reintroductions rely on a parochial approach of conservation, it is important to first understand how the motivations and constraints at stake at a local context can induce phylogenetic biases before trying to assess the relevance of the allocation of reintroduction efforts at larger scales.
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30
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Chaudhary A, Pourfaraj V, Mooers AO. Projecting global land use-driven evolutionary history loss. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahab Pourfaraj
- Department of Biological Sciences and IRMACS; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences and IRMACS; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC Canada
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31
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Daru BH, van der Bank M, Davies TJ. Unravelling the evolutionary origins of biogeographic assemblages. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas H. Daru
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA USA
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Michelle van der Bank
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Biology; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
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Delić T, Trontelj P, Rendoš M, Fišer C. The importance of naming cryptic species and the conservation of endemic subterranean amphipods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3391. [PMID: 28611400 PMCID: PMC5469755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular taxonomy often uncovers cryptic species, reminding us that taxonomic incompleteness is even more severe than previous thought. The importance of cryptic species for conservation is poorly understood. Although some cryptic species may be seriously threatened or otherwise important, they are rarely included in conservation programs as most of them remain undescribed. We analysed the importance of cryptic species in conservation by scrutinizing the South European cryptic complex of the subterranean amphipod Niphargus stygius sensu lato. Using uni- and multilocus delineation methods we show that it consists of 15 parapatric and sympatric species, which we describe using molecular diagnoses. The new species are not mere “taxonomic inflation” as they originate from several distinct branches within the genus and coexist with no evidence of lineage sharing. They are as evolutionarily distinct as average nominal species of the same genus. Ignoring these cryptic species will underestimate the number of subterranean endemics in Slovenia by 12 and in Croatia by four species, although alpha diversity of single caves remains unchanged. The new taxonomy renders national Red Lists largely obsolete, as they list mostly large-ranged species but omit critically endangered single-site endemics. Formal naming of cryptic species is critical for them to be included in conservation policies and faunal listings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo Delić
- SubBio lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Peter Trontelj
- SubBio lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Michal Rendoš
- State Nature Conservancy, Slovak Caves Administration, Hodžova 11, 031 01, Liptovský, Mikuláš, Slovakia
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
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33
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Spatial conservation prioritization of biodiversity spanning the evolutionary continuum. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:151. [PMID: 28812637 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accounting for evolutionary relationships between and within species is important for biodiversity conservation planning, but is rarely considered in practice. Here we introduce a novel framework to identify priority conservation areas accounting for phylogenetic and intraspecific diversity, integrating concepts from phylogeny, phylogeography, spatial statistics and spatial conservation prioritization. The framework allows planners to incorporate and combine different levels of evolutionary diversity and can be applied to any taxonomic group and to any region in the world. We illustrate our approach using amphibian and reptile species occurring in a biodiversity hotspot region, the Iberian Peninsula. We found that explicitly incorporating phylogenetic and intraspecific diversity in systematic conservation planning provides advantages in terms of maximizing overall biodiversity representation while enhancing its persistence and evolutionary potential. Our results emphasize the need to account for the evolutionary continuum in order to efficiently implement biodiversity conservation planning decisions.
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Sol D, Bartomeus I, González-Lagos C, Pavoine S. Urbanisation and the loss of phylogenetic diversity in birds. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:721-729. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sol
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès; Catalonia 08193 Spain
- CSIC; Cerdanyola del Vallès; Catalonia 08193 Spain
| | | | - César González-Lagos
- Departamento de Ecología; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology & Sustainability; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation; Sorbonne Universités; Paris France
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Veron S, Penone C, Clergeau P, Costa GC, Oliveira BF, São-Pedro VA, Pavoine S. Integrating data-deficient species in analyses of evolutionary history loss. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8502-8514. [PMID: 28031802 PMCID: PMC5167052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in measuring loss of phylogenetic diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness which together depict the evolutionary history of conservation interest. Those losses are assessed through the evolutionary relationships between species and species threat status or extinction probabilities. Yet, available information is not always sufficient to quantify the threat status of species that are then classified as data deficient. Data‐deficient species are a crucial issue as they cause incomplete assessments of the loss of phylogenetic diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness. We aimed to explore the potential bias caused by data‐deficient species in estimating four widely used indices: HEDGE, EDGE, PDloss, and Expected PDloss. Second, we tested four different widely applicable and multitaxa imputation methods and their potential to minimize the bias for those four indices. Two methods are based on a best‐ vs. worst‐case extinction scenarios, one is based on the frequency distribution of threat status within a taxonomic group and one is based on correlates of extinction risks. We showed that data‐deficient species led to important bias in predictions of evolutionary history loss (especially high underestimation when they were removed). This issue was particularly important when data‐deficient species tended to be clustered in the tree of life. The imputation method based on correlates of extinction risks, especially geographic range size, had the best performance and enabled us to improve risk assessments. Solving threat status of DD species can fundamentally change our understanding of loss of phylogenetic diversity. We found that this loss could be substantially higher than previously found in amphibians, squamate reptiles, and carnivores. We also identified species that are of high priority for the conservation of evolutionary distinctiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | | | - Philippe Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Laboratório de Biogeografia e Macroecologia Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
| | - Brunno F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biogeografia e Macroecologia Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
| | - Vinícius A São-Pedro
- Laboratório de Biogeografia e Macroecologia Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil; Laboratório de Ecologia Sensorial Departamento de Fisiologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
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36
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Veron S, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Loss and conservation of evolutionary history in the Mediterranean Basin. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:43. [PMID: 27717355 PMCID: PMC5055673 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phylogenetic diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness are highly valuable components of biodiversity, but they are rarely considered in conservation practices. Focusing on a biodiversity hotspot, the Mediterranean Basin, we aimed to identify those areas where evolutionary history is highly threatened and range-restricted in the region. Using null models, we first compared the spatial distributions of three indices: two measured threatened evolutionary history-Expected PDloss and Heightened Evolutionary distinctiveness and Global Endangerment-and one measured endemic evolutionary history-Biogeographically Evolutionary Distinctiveness. We focused on three vertebrate groups with high proportions of endemic, threatened species: amphibians, squamates and terrestrial mammals. Second, we estimated the spatial overlap of hotspots of threatened and endemic evolutionary history within the network of protected areas under several conservation scenarios. RESULTS Areas that concentrate evolutionary history of conservation interest greatly differed among taxa and indices, although a large proportion of hotspots were identified in the Maghreb, in the East of the Mediterranean Basin as well as in islands. We found that, in a minimum conservation scenario, there was a significant proportion of hotspots for amphibians and squamates that were protected but not for terrestrial mammals. However, in a strong conservation scenario, only few hotspots overlapped with protected areas and they were significantly less protected than in a model where hotspots were chosen randomly. CONCLUSIONS Some sites concentrate highly threatened and range-restricted evolutionary history of the Mediterranean basin and their conservation could be much improved. These sites are relevant for conservation studies aimed at designing new conservation actions to preserve evolutionary history and the option values it represents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 43-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - P Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 43-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - S Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 43-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Robert
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Charles Thévenin
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - Karine Princé
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - François Sarrazin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS CESCO UMR 7204 Sorbonne Universités 75005 Paris France
| | - Joanne Clavel
- UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 43, Rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
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38
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Zhang J, Nielsen SE, Chen Y, Georges D, Qin Y, Wang SS, Svenning JC, Thuiller W. Extinction risk of North American seed plants elevated by climate and land-use change. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science & Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Youhua Chen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H1 Canada
| | - Damien Georges
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Yuchu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science; Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Si-Shuo Wang
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA); Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
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39
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Mouillot D, Parravicini V, Bellwood DR, Leprieur F, Huang D, Cowman PF, Albouy C, Hughes TP, Thuiller W, Guilhaumon F. Global marine protected areas do not secure the evolutionary history of tropical corals and fishes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10359. [PMID: 26756609 PMCID: PMC4729959 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coral reefs support the largest concentrations of marine biodiversity worldwide, the extent to which the global system of marine-protected areas (MPAs) represents individual species and the breadth of evolutionary history across the Tree of Life has never been quantified. Here we show that only 5.7% of scleractinian coral species and 21.7% of labrid fish species reach the minimum protection target of 10% of their geographic ranges within MPAs. We also estimate that the current global MPA system secures only 1.7% of the Tree of Life for corals, and 17.6% for fishes. Regionally, the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific show the greatest deficit of protection for corals while for fishes this deficit is located primarily in the Western Indian Ocean and in the Central Pacific. Our results call for a global coordinated expansion of current conservation efforts to fully secure the Tree of Life on coral reefs. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are established to conserve species, but the extent to which they also conserve evolutionary history is not clear. Here, Mouillot et al. show that for tropical corals and fish, the current global MPA network secures only 1.7 and 17.6% of phylogenetic diversity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - V Parravicini
- CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Labex 'Corail', University of Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - D R Bellwood
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - F Leprieur
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - D Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - P F Cowman
- Department of Ecology &Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem St, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA
| | - C Albouy
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - T P Hughes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - W Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France.,Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - F Guilhaumon
- UMR 9190 MARBEC, IRD-CNRS-IFREMER-UM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
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Redding DW, Mooers AO. Ranking Mammal Species for Conservation and the Loss of Both Phylogenetic and Trait Diversity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141435. [PMID: 26630179 PMCID: PMC4668038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'edge of existence' (EDGE) prioritisation scheme is a new approach to rank species for conservation attention that aims to identify species that are both isolated on the tree of life and at imminent risk of extinction as defined by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). The self-stated benefit of the EDGE system is that it effectively captures unusual 'unique' species, and doing so will preserve the total evolutionary history of a group into the future. Given the EDGE metric was not designed to capture total evolutionary history, we tested this claim. Our analyses show that the total evolutionary history of mammals preserved is indeed much higher if EDGE species are protected than if at-risk species are chosen randomly. More of the total tree is also protected by EDGE species than if solely threat status or solely evolutionary distinctiveness were used for prioritisation. When considering how much trait diversity is captured by IUCN and EDGE prioritisation rankings, interestingly, preserving the highest-ranked EDGE species, or indeed just the most threatened species, captures more total trait diversity compared to sets of randomly-selected at-risk species. These results suggest that, as advertised, EDGE mammal species contribute evolutionary history to the evolutionary tree of mammals non-randomly, and EDGE-style rankings among endangered species can also capture important trait diversity. If this pattern holds for other groups, the EDGE prioritisation scheme has greater potential to be an efficient method to allocate scarce conservation effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Redding
- BISC, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- IRMACS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- CBER, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- BISC, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- IRMACS, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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