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Hogg CJ. Translating genomic advances into biodiversity conservation. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:362-373. [PMID: 38012268 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A key action of the new Global Biodiversity Framework is the maintenance of genetic diversity in all species to safeguard their adaptive potential. To achieve this goal, a translational mindset, which aims to convert results of basic research into direct practical benefits, needs to be applied to biodiversity conservation. Despite much discussion on the value of genomics to conservation, a disconnect between those generating genomic resources and those applying it to biodiversity management remains. As global efforts to generate reference genomes for non-model species increase, investment into practical biodiversity applications is critically important. Applications such as understanding population and multispecies diversity and longitudinal monitoring need support alongside education for policymakers on integrating the data into evidence-based decisions. Without such investment, the opportunity to revolutionize global biodiversity conservation using genomics will not be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Hogg
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Takács E, Lázár D, Siakwa A, Klátyik S, Mörtl M, Kocsányi L, Barócsi A, Lenk S, Lengyel E, Székács A. Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Safener and Antimicrobial Additives in Isoxaflutole-Based Herbicide Formulations. Toxics 2024; 12:238. [PMID: 38668461 PMCID: PMC11055135 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The environmental load by isoxaflutole and its formulated herbicide products has increasingly become apparent because, after the ban of atrazine, isoxaflutole has become its replacement active ingredient (a.i.). Obtaining information regarding the fate of this a.i. in environmental matrices and its ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms is essential for the risk assessment of the herbicide. In this study, the effects of Merlin Flexx- and Merlin WG75 formulated isoxaflutole-based herbicide products and two selected additives (cyprosulfamide safener and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one antimicrobial agent) were investigated on Raphidocelis subcapitata in growth inhibition assays. In ecotoxicological tests, two conventional (optical density and chlorophyll-a content) and two induced fluorescence-based (Fv*/Fp: efficiency of the photosystem PSII and Rfd* changes in the observed ratio of fluorescence decrease) endpoints were determined by UV-spectrophotometer and by our FluoroMeter Module, respectively. Furthermore, dissipation of isoxaflutole alone and in its formulated products was examined by an HPLC-UV method. In ecotoxicological assays, the fluorescence-based Rfd* was observed as the most sensitive endpoint. In this study, the effects of the safener cyprosulfamide and the antimicrobial agent 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one on R. subcapitata is firstly reported. The results indicated that the isoxaflutole-equivalent toxicity of the mixture of the isoxaflutole-safener-antimicrobial agent triggered lower toxicity (EC50 = 2.81 ± 0.22 mg/L) compared to the individual effect of the a.i. (EC50 = 0.02 ± 0.00 mg/L). The Merlin Flexx formulation (EC50 = 27.04 ± 1.41 mg/L) was found to be approximately 50-fold less toxic than Merlin WG75, which can be explained by the different chemical characteristics and quantity of additives in them. The additives influenced the dissipation of the a.i. in Z8 medium, as the DT50 value decreased by approximately 1.2- and 3.5-fold under light and dark conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Takács
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Diána Lázár
- Limnology Research Group, Center of Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (D.L.); (E.L.)
- Aquatic Botany and Microbial Ecology Research Group, HUN-REN-BLKI, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Augustine Siakwa
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Szandra Klátyik
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mária Mörtl
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - László Kocsányi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Attila Barócsi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Sándor Lenk
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Edina Lengyel
- Limnology Research Group, Center of Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (D.L.); (E.L.)
- Limnoecology Research Group, ELKH-PE, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - András Székács
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
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Fontana G, Sawyer M. The macroeconomics of near zero growth of GDP in a world of geopolitical risks and conflicts. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119717. [PMID: 38042081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper offers an analysis of the macroeconomic conditions for near zero economic growth based on a demand-led growth model, and their implications in terms of paid employment, government finances, and the rate of profit. The main finding of the paper is that a level of net investment compatible with near zero growth would lead to a lower level of paid employment in terms of total hours worked. The effects on the distribution of work and the unemployment level would depend on changes to working time, whether in terms of average hours worked per annum, ages of entry into, and exit from, the work force. Furthermore, changes in working time would be achieved through social actions and legislation, rather than market mechanisms. A government budget deficit may well be required to underpin full employment and capacity utilisation, though there may be long-term limits on the use of budget deficits in a near zero growth context. Finally, a near zero growth rate would also mean a substantial lower rate of profit than hitherto. The implementation of these theoretical conditions require a level of cooperation between and within countries, which is much more difficult to reach in the presence of geopolitical risks and conflicts. Yet, there is no country secure from geopolitical risks and conflicts without an ecologically sustainable use of the natural resources. The theoretical conditions discussed in this paper could serve as "condiciones sine quibus non" to ecological sustainability, while navigating the complexities and uncertainties caused by the on-going conflicts and heightened geopolitical risks.
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Vogel J, Hickel J. Is green growth happening? An empirical analysis of achieved versus Paris-compliant CO 2-GDP decoupling in high-income countries. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e759-e769. [PMID: 37673546 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientists have raised concerns about whether high-income countries, with their high per-capita CO2 emissions, can decarbonise fast enough to meet their obligations under the Paris Agreement if they continue to pursue aggregate economic growth. Over the past decade, some countries have reduced their CO2 emissions while increasing their gross domestic product (absolute decoupling). Politicians and media have hailed this as green growth. In this empirical study, we aimed to assess whether these achievements are consistent with the Paris Agreement, and whether Paris-compliant decoupling is within reach. METHODS We developed and implemented a novel approach to assess whether decoupling achievements in high-income countries are consistent with the Paris climate and equity goals. We identified 11 high-income countries that achieved absolute decoupling between 2013 and 2019. We assessed the achieved consumption-based CO2 emission reductions and decoupling rates of these countries against Paris-compliant rates, defined here as rates consistent with national fair-shares of the remaining global carbon budgets for a 50% chance of limiting global warming to 1·5°C or 1·7°C (representing the lower [1·5°C] and upper [well below 2°C] bounds of the Paris target). FINDINGS The emission reductions that high-income countries achieved through absolute decoupling fall far short of Paris-compliant rates. At the achieved rates, these countries would on average take more than 220 years to reduce their emissions by 95%, emitting 27 times their remaining 1·5°C fair-shares in the process. To meet their 1·5°C fair-shares alongside continued economic growth, decoupling rates would on average need to increase by a factor of ten by 2025. INTERPRETATION The decoupling rates achieved in high-income countries are inadequate for meeting the climate and equity commitments of the Paris Agreement and cannot legitimately be considered green. If green is to be consistent with the Paris Agreement, then high-income countries have not achieved green growth, and are very unlikely to be able to achieve it in the future. To achieve Paris-compliant emission reductions, high-income countries will need to pursue post-growth demand-reduction strategies, reorienting the economy towards sufficiency, equity, and human wellbeing, while also accelerating technological change and efficiency improvements. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefim Vogel
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jason Hickel
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) and Department of Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; International Inequalities Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
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Forti LR, Travassos MLDO, Coronel-Bejarano D, Miranda DF, Souza D, Sabino J, Szabo JK. Posts Supporting Anti-Environmental Policy in Brazil are Shared More on Social Media. Environ Manage 2023; 71:1188-1198. [PMID: 36443526 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Weakening environmental laws supported by disinformation are currently of concern in Brazil. An example of disinformation is the case of the "firefighter cattle". Supporters of this idea believe that by consuming organic mass, cattle decrease the risk of fire in natural ecosystems. This statement was cited by a member of the Bolsonaro government in response to the unprecedented 2020 fires in the Pantanal, as well as in support of a new law that enables extensive livestock in protected areas of this biome. By suggesting that grazing benefits the ecosystem, the "firefighter cattle" argument supports the interests of agribusiness. However, it ignores the real costs of livestock production on biodiversity. We analysed the social repercussion of the "firefighter cattle" by analysing public reactions to YouTube, Facebook, and Google News posts. These videos and articles and the responses to them either agreed or disagreed with the "firefighter cattle". Supportive posts were shared more on social media and triggered more interactions than critical posts. Even though many netizens disagreed with the idea of "firefighter cattle", it has gone viral, and was used as a tool to strengthen anti-environmental policies. We advocate that government institutions should use resources and guidelines provided by the scientific community to raise awareness. These materials include international reports produced by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We need to curb pseudoscience and misinformation in political discourse, avoiding misconceptions that threaten natural resources and confuse global society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rodriguez Forti
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Av. Francisco Mota, 572 - Costa e Silva, 59625-900, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Magno Lima de Oliveira Travassos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Conservação e Manejo da Biodiversidade, Universidade Católica do Salvador, Av. Prof. Pinto de Aguiar, 2589 - Pituaçu, CEP: 41740-090, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Diana Coronel-Bejarano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Diego Fernandes Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - David Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Sabino
- Brazilian Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - BPBES, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Judit K Szabo
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina, CEP: 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0909, Australia
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Durán AP, Kuiper JJ, Aguiar APD, Cheung WWL, Diaw MC, Halouani G, Hashimoto S, Gasalla MA, Peterson GD, Schoolenberg MA, Abbasov R, Acosta LA, Armenteras D, Davila F, Denboba MA, Harrison PA, Harhash KA, Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen S, Kim H, Lundquist CJ, Miller BW, Okayasu S, Pichs-Madruga R, Sathyapalan J, Saysel AK, Yu D, Pereira LM. Bringing the Nature Futures Framework to life: creating a set of illustrative narratives of nature futures. Sustain Sci 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37363310 PMCID: PMC10158677 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-023-01316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To halt further destruction of the biosphere, most people and societies around the globe need to transform their relationships with nature. The internationally agreed vision under the Convention of Biological Diversity-Living in harmony with nature-is that "By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people". In this context, there are a variety of debates between alternative perspectives on how to achieve this vision. Yet, scenarios and models that are able to explore these debates in the context of "living in harmony with nature" have not been widely developed. To address this gap, the Nature Futures Framework has been developed to catalyse the development of new scenarios and models that embrace a plurality of perspectives on desirable futures for nature and people. In this paper, members of the IPBES task force on scenarios and models provide an example of how the Nature Futures Framework can be implemented for the development of illustrative narratives representing a diversity of desirable nature futures: information that can be used to assess and develop scenarios and models whilst acknowledging the underpinning value perspectives on nature. Here, the term illustrative reflects the multiple ways in which desired nature futures can be captured by these narratives. In addition, to explore the interdependence between narratives, and therefore their potential to be translated into scenarios and models, the six narratives developed here were assessed around three areas of the transformative change debate, specifically, (1) land sparing vs. land sharing, (2) Half Earth vs. Whole Earth conservation, and (3) green growth vs. post-growth economic development. The paper concludes with an assessment of how the Nature Futures Framework could be used to assist in developing and articulating transformative pathways towards desirable nature futures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-023-01316-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- América Paz Durán
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB-Chile), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jan J. Kuiper
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Paula Dutra Aguiar
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, SP CEP: 12227-010 Brazil
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mariteuw Chimère Diaw
- African Model Forests Network, BP 33678, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- African Model Forests Network, BP 2384, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ghassen Halouani
- IFREMER, Unité halieutique Manche‐Mer du Nord Ifremer, HMMN, 62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | | | - Maria A. Gasalla
- Fisheries Ecosystems Laboratory (LabPesq), Oceanographic Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Garry D. Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rovshan Abbasov
- Department of Geography and Environment, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Lilibeth A. Acosta
- Climate Action and Inclusive Development Department, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dolors Armenteras
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Federico Davila
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - HyeJin Kim
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Salle), Germany
| | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brian W. Miller
- U.S. Geological Survey, North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Sana Okayasu
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jyothis Sathyapalan
- National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ali Kerem Saysel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dandan Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences (NIES), Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) of China, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, 210042 People’s Republic of China
| | - Laura M. Pereira
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Change Institute, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Penca J. Public authorities for transformative change: integration principle in public funding. Biodivers Conserv 2023; 32:1-25. [PMID: 37359476 PMCID: PMC9999069 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-023-02542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Although science widely supports moving towards transformative change through integrating biodiversity into decision-making, and arguing for the essential role of public authorities, it falls short on suggesting specific means to that end. This article considers the EU's approach to fostering the green transition as part of its post-pandemic recovery while exploring how the integration of biodiversity considerations could be integrated into decision-making. The rationale and implementation of the EU's do no harm principle is examined, which functioned as a condition for public funds. The analysis shows the mentioned EU policy innovation has a very limited impact. The role of do no harm has been limited to validating, rather than initiating policy measures. It has failed to influence the design of measures such that they would benefit biodiversity and not encouraged synergies between the climate and biodiversity goals. Based on the experience with do no harm as well as the more focussed regulatory action directed at the goal of climate neutrality, the article lists key steps for fostering biodiversity integration in policy planning and policy implementation. These steps encompass substantive and procedural approaches and aim for deliberation, target-setting, tracking, verification and screening. There is considerable scope for robust regulation to play a role in support of the biodiversity goals alongside transformative bottom-up initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Penca
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Mediterranean Institute for Environmental Studies, Garibaldijeva 1, Koper, Slovenia
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8
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Chaparro-Banegas N, Ibañez Escribano AM, Mas-Tur A, Roig-Tierno N. Innovation facilitators and sustainable development: a country comparative approach. Environ Dev Sustain 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37363019 PMCID: PMC9985822 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-03055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
National and international organizations have introduced policies aimed at sustainable development. These policies are designed to encourage sustainable forms of business to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. Regional inequalities in sustainable development may be exacerbated by disparate levels of innovation. This paper analyzes the variations between clusters of countries according to the degree to which they have achieved the SDGs and their levels of innovation facilitators. Two types of analyses were employed. First, cluster analysis was used to examine changes in groups of regions with similar innovation characteristics between 2015 and 2020. Data for 122 countries were gathered from the World Bank, the SDG Index, and the Global Innovation Index. Second, multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the power of the variables in the model to explain the level of sustainable development. The results reveal four clusters (low, medium, high, and very high innovative facilitators and sustainable development), as well as movements between those clusters from 2015 to 2020. The multiple linear regression analysis shows that the variables have explanatory power with respect to the dependent variable of sustainable development. This analysis also reveals different degrees of importance of the variables for each cluster. The findings highlight the need to consider the limitations of economic growth in terms of innovation facilitators to promote sustainable development. If policymakers recognize the limitations of economic growth and the physical ecosystem, degradation of the environment can be avoided, even when there is innovation. Global and individual social welfare can thus be ensured. This study offers valuable insights into how to achieve sustainable development through innovation facilitators by providing in-depth knowledge of the individual characteristics of innovation systems and considering the limitations of economic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Chaparro-Banegas
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Mas-Tur
- Department of Management, Universitat de València, Tarongers, S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Norat Roig-Tierno
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Joof F, Samour A, Tursoy T, Ali M. Climate change, insurance market, renewable energy, and biodiversity: double-materiality concept from BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:28676-28689. [PMID: 36401006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The threat of biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species with an aftermath will shape all lives now and those to come. In this context, recent empirical studies illustrate various drivers of biodiversity for better environmental quality; however, the impact of the insurance market has not been thoroughly examined. Likewise, the possible non-linearities between biodiversity and its determinants are ignored in the current empirical literature for BRICS economies. Therefore, this work is the first to explore the effect of the insurance market, climate change, and renewable energy on biodiversity in BRICS economies using an advanced method of the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) method. The findings illustrated that a decline in the insurance market alleviates biodiversity loss and stimulates environmental quality. In contrast, an increasing insurance market augments biodiversity loss and negatively affects ecological quality. Furthermore, the findings uncovered that carbon emissions are detrimental to environmental quality. Lastly, the results report that reducing the level of renewable energy worsens biodiversity loss while boosting renewable energy utilization declines biodiversity loss. The policymakers and regulatory authorities in the BRICS should adopt the risk-based approach proposed by the network of greening the financial system (NGFS) to tackle the dilemma of double materiality between financial institutions and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foday Joof
- Banking and Finance Department, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Cyprus
- Risk Management Department, Central Bank of The Gambia, 1/2 Ecowas Avenue, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ahmed Samour
- Department of Accounting, Dhofar University, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Turgut Tursoy
- Banking and Finance Department, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Mumtaz Ali
- Banking and Finance Department, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Cyprus
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Holz JR. Threatened sustainability: extractivist tendencies in the forest-based bioeconomy in Finland. Sustain Sci 2023; 18:645-659. [PMID: 36845356 PMCID: PMC9944798 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-023-01300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioeconomy is portrayed by the EU and several national governments as a central element contributing to sustainability strategies and a post-fossil transformation. This paper critically engages with extractivist patterns and tendencies in the forest sector as one of the main bio-based sectors. It argues that despite the official endorsement of circularity and renewability in the forest-based bioeconomy, current developments of modern bioeconomy might threaten sustainability prospects. The Finnish forest-based bioeconomy and one of its well-known showcase projects, the bioproduct mill (BPM) in the municipality of Äänekoski, serve as a case study in this paper. The forest-based bioeconomy in Finland is scrutinized as a potential continuation or consolidation of extractivist patterns, rather than an alternative to these tendencies. The lens of extractivism is applied to identify possible extractivist and unsustainable characteristics of the case study which are discussed along the following dimensions: (A) degree of export orientation and processing, (B) the scale, scope, and speed of extraction, (C) socio-economic and environmental impacts, and (D) subjective relations to nature. The extractivist lens provides analytical value to scrutinizing practices, principles, and dynamics of the contested political field and vision of bioeconomy in the Finnish forest sector. The analysis results in a discussion of latent and manifest social, political, and ecological contradictions within the forest-based bioeconomy in Finland. Based on its analytical lens and the empirical case of the BPM in Äänekoski, it can be concluded that extractivist patterns and tendencies are perpetuated within the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana R. Holz
- BMBF Junior Research Group “Mentalities in Flux” (Flumen), Institute of Sociology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Sousa A, Encarnação Coelho R, Costa H, Capela Lourenço T, Azevedo JMN, Frazão Santos C. Integrated climate, ecological and socioeconomic scenarios for the whale watching sector. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159589. [PMID: 36270379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented human induced changes to the climate system have already contributed to a variety of observed impacts to both ecosystems and populations. Decision-makers demand impact assessments at the regional-to-local scale to be able to plan and define effective climate action measures. Integrated socio-ecological assessments that properly consider system uncertainties require the use of prospective scenarios that project potential climate impacts, while accounting for sectoral exposure and adaptive capacity. Here we provide an integrated assessment of climate change to the whale watching sector by: 1) extending the European Shared Socio-economic Pathways (Eur-SSPs) and developing four whale watching SSP narratives (WW-SSPs) and 2) characterize each key element comprised in the WW-SSPs for the time period 2025-2055. We applied this approach in a case study for the Macaronesia region where we developed scenarios which integrate the socio-economic (WW-SSPs), climate (RCPs) and ecological (species' thermal suitability responses) dimensions of whale watching. These scenarios were used by local stakeholders to identify the level of preparedness of the whale watching sector. When confronted with scenarios that combine this ecological dimension with projected climate changes and the four different socioeconomic narratives, stakeholders assessed the whale watching sector in Macaronesia as being somewhat prepared for a Sustainable World and a Fossil Fuel Development World, but somewhat unprepared for a Rivalry World. No consensus was reached regarding the sector's preparedness level under an Inequality World scenario. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple dimensions when assessing the potential challenges posed by climate change and provides a needed resource to help the whale watching sector in Macaronesia, and elsewhere, in its effort to devise efficient climate action policies and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Sousa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Encarnação Coelho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Costa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Capela Lourenço
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Neto Azevedo
- cE3c- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 62 9500-321, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Catarina Frazão Santos
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Environmental Economics Knowledge Center, Nova School of Business and Economics, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Holanda 1, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal
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12
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Tan YL, Yiew TH, Lau LS, Tan AL. Environmental Kuznets curve for biodiversity loss: evidence from South and Southeast Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:64004-64021. [PMID: 35467185 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the income-biodiversity loss nexus in South and Southeast Asian countries covering the period between 2013 and 2019. Negative Binomial regression models are used to deal with the count regressand variable with specific emphasis on different taxonomic groups of threatened species, namely, mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, mollusk, other invertebrate, plant, and total threatened species. We find strong support of an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and biodiversity loss in all taxonomic groups of threatened species examined. Additionally, agricultural land has a significant and positive effect on biodiversity loss. Control of corruption and biodiversity loss are found to be negatively associated. The inverted U-shaped EKC suggests that South and Southeast Asian countries are required to identify policy priority areas that could achieve robust economic growth while reducing biodiversity loss. Our findings also provide valuable policy insights to assist the policy makers to better cope with the problem of biodiversity loss via corruption control and agricultural land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Tan
- Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor Kampus Segamat, Segamat, Malaysia.
| | - Thian-Hee Yiew
- Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Lin-Sea Lau
- Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Ai-Lian Tan
- Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
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13
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14
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Rice WS. Exploring common dialectical tensions constraining collaborative communication required for post-2020 conservation. J Environ Manage 2022; 316:115187. [PMID: 35561492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary conservation requires improved collaboration characterized by greater recognition and incorporation of multiple and diverse actors. Effective communication is central to this endeavour. However, the expression of concerns, perspectives, and the exchange of knowledge between actors and across multiple scales (i.e., collaborative communication), must navigate inevitable competing systems of meaning and motivation (i.e., dialectical tensions). Yet, a lack of understanding of how to improve collaborative communication within conservation interventions persists within the literature. Consequently, this paper reviews relevant literature to propose a framework that identifies common sources of dialectical tensions in collaborative conservation interventions that if managed effectively can improve required collaborative communication. The framework is then revised based on interviews conducted with 277 respondents in three African coastal-marine collaborative conservation interventions. Findings reinforce the effect of continued marginalization of certain actors' 'voices' within governance processes. More specifically, enabling collaborative communication requires managing several identified institutional-, agenda-, cultural-, and perception-based tensions. In particular, tensions emerging from formal-informal institutional interactions; gender-based exclusion; conflicting livelihood-ecological and economic-environmental agendas, and project-funder objectives; between indigenous/local-scientific knowledge and values; and perceived necessary-acceptable change. Furthermore, specific local-scale tensions identified included those associated with local-customary institutions; democratic-meritocratically elected local representatives; and exclusion based on cultural diversity. Consequently, these tensions require the 'co-creation' of communicative strategies amongst all actors to promote greater social equity that better aligns with local priorities to achieve 'positive' post-2020 ecological and social outcomes. Findings should be relevant to diverse conservation actors, and many others working within multi-stakeholder environmental interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Stanley Rice
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Carmenta R, Steward A, Albuquerque A, Carneiro R, Vira B, Estrada Carmona N. The comparative performance of land sharing, land sparing type interventions on place‐based human well‐being. People and Nature 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Carmenta
- School of International Development and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich UK
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Angela Steward
- Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development Federal University of Pará Belém Brazil
| | - Adrielly Albuquerque
- Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development Federal University of Pará Belém Brazil
| | - Renan Carneiro
- Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development Federal University of Pará Belém Brazil
| | - Bhaskar Vira
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Carroll C, Rohlf DJ, Epstein Y. Mainstreaming the Ambition, Coherence, and Comprehensiveness of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework Into Conservation Policy. Front Conserv Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.906699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity are finalizing a new Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) to more effectively guide efforts by the world’s nations to address global loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Each party is required to mainstream the new framework and its component targets into national conservation strategies. To date, such strategies have been criticized as largely aspirational and lacking clear linkages to national policy mechanisms, which has contributed to the world’s general failure to meet the Convention’s previous targets. We use the United States and European Union as examples to compare and contrast opportunities and barriers for mainstreaming the GBF more effectively into policy. The European Union and United States have unique relationships to the Convention, the former being the only supranational party and the latter, having signed but never ratified the treaty, adopting Convention targets on an ad hoc basis. The contrasting conservation policy frameworks of these two polities illustrate several conceptual issues central to biodiversity conservation and demonstrate how insights from the GBF can strengthen biodiversity policy even in atypical contexts. We focus on three characteristics of the GBF which are essential if policy is to effectively motivate and guide efforts to halt and reverse biodiversity loss: comprehensiveness, coherence, and ambition. Statutes in both the United States and European Union provide a strong foundation for mainstreaming the GBF’s comprehensiveness, coherence, and ambition, but policy development and implementation falls short. We identify six common themes among the reforms needed to successfully achieve targets for reversing biodiversity loss: broadening conservation focus to all levels of biodiversity, better coordinating conservation strategies that protect sites and landscapes with those focused on biodiversity elements (e.g., species), coordinating biodiversity conservation with efforts to safeguard ecosystem services including ecosystem-based climate mitigation and adaptation, more coherent scaling of targets from global to local extents, adoption of a more ambitious vision for recovery of biodiversity, and development of effective tracking and accountability mechanisms.
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Tang J, Xiong K, Chen Y, Wang Q, Ying B, Zhou J. A Review of Village Ecosystem Vulnerability and Resilience: Implications for the Rocky Desertification Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:6664. [PMID: 35682246 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Under the background of global environmental change, a huge impact has been made on the village ecosystem, which leads to disorder of structure and function of the village ecosystem. The current management measures of the village have failed in allowing the village to achieve sustainable development. Research on the vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem is helpful in regards to the ecological restoration of the village. The research status and progress in regards to the vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem are not clear, and the summary of research results and problems is insufficient. Based on 87 related literatures, this paper focuses on the current status and progress of village ecosystem vulnerability and resilience research, and reveals the current research results and shortcomings of village ecosystem vulnerability and resilience. We found that: (1) the research on vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem is on the rise; (2) the research mainly focuses on the index system, monitoring and assessment, mechanism research and strategy research. The monitoring and assessment research is the most prominent, which mainly discusses the research methods, the vulnerability and the resilience of the village ecosystem; (3) the study area is mainly concentrated in Asia, North America and Africa. Research institutions are mainly institutions of higher learning and research institutes (centers). Finally, this paper finds that major scientific and technical studies such as the construction of indicator systems and the study of governance strategies in the study of vulnerability and resilience of village ecosystems are lagging behind. In future research, we should deepen the research on the concept and connotation of vulnerability and resilience. We must establish a scientific and reasonable research framework for vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem. We should also strengthen and improve the index system of vulnerability and resilience of the village ecosystem. We should strengthen research on the impact mechanisms and governance strategies of vulnerability and resilience, and apply the research on vulnerability and resilience to the planning and governance of the village ecosystem.
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Bodirsky BL, Chen DMC, Weindl I, Soergel B, Beier F, Molina Bacca EJ, Gaupp F, Popp A, Lotze-Campen H. Integrating degrowth and efficiency perspectives enables an emission-neutral food system by 2100. Nat Food 2022; 3:341-348. [PMID: 37117564 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Degrowth proponents advocate reducing ecologically destructive forms of production and resource throughput in wealthy economies to achieve environmental goals, while transforming production to focus on human well-being. Here we present a quantitative model to test degrowth principles in the food and land system. Our results confirm that reducing and redistributing income alone, within current development paradigms, leads to limited greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation from agriculture and land-use change, as the nutrition transition towards unsustainable diets already occurs at relatively low income levels. Instead, we show that a structural, qualitative food system transformation can achieve a steady-state food system economy that is net GHG-neutral by 2100 while improving nutritional outcomes. This sustainable transformation reduces material throughput via a convergence towards a needs-based food system, is enabled by a more equitable income distribution and includes efficient resource allocation through the pricing of GHG emissions as a complementary strategy. It thereby integrates degrowth and efficiency perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Leon Bodirsky
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - David Meng-Chuen Chen
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Weindl
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bjoern Soergel
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felicitas Beier
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edna J Molina Bacca
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Gaupp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- EAT, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermann Lotze-Campen
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
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Gatiso TT, Kulik L, Bachmann M, Bonn A, Bösch L, Freytag A, Heurich M, Wesche K, Winter M, Ordaz‐Németh I, Sop T, Kühl HS. Sustainable protected areas: Synergies between biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development. People and Nature 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye T. Gatiso
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
- Institute for Food and Resource Economics Bonn Germany
| | - Lars Kulik
- Max‐Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Mona Bachmann
- Max‐Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Services Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research—UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Lukas Bösch
- Institute for Sociology University Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Freytag
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- CESifo Research Network University of Stellenbosch Leipzig Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Management Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Karsten Wesche
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz Görlitz Germany
- International Institute Zittau Technische Universität Dresden Zittau Germany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Tenekwetche Sop
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Max‐Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
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20
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Moranta J, Torres C, Murray I, Hidalgo M, Hinz H, Gouraguine A. Transcending capitalism growth strategies for biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13821. [PMID: 34405455 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The unlimited economic growth that fuels capitalism's metabolism has profoundly transformed a large portion of Earth. The resulting environmental destruction has led to an unprecedented rate of biodiversity loss. Following large-scale losses of habitats and species, it was recognized that biodiversity is crucial to maintaining functional ecosystems. We sought to continue the debate on the contradictions between economic growth and biodiversity in the conservation science literature and thus invite scholars to engage in reversing the biodiversity crisis through acknowledging the impacts of economic growth. In the 1970s, a global agenda was set to develop different milestones related to sustainable development, including green-blue economic growth, which despite not specifically addressing biodiversity reinforced the idea that economic development based on profit is compatible with the planet's ecology. Only after biodiversity loss captured the attention of environmental sciences researchers in the early 2000s was a global biodiversity agenda implemented. The agenda highlights biodiversity conservation as a major international challenge and recognizes that the main drivers of biodiversity loss derive from economic activities. The post-2000 biodiversity agendas, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the post-2020 Convention on Biological Diversity Global Strategy Framework, do not consider the negative impacts of growth-oriented strategies on biodiversity. As a result, global biodiversity conservation priorities are governed by the economic value of biodiversity and its assumed contribution to people's welfare. A large body of empirical evidence shows that unlimited economic growth is the main driver of biodiversity loss in the Anthropocene; thus, we strongly argue for sustainable degrowth and a fundamental shift in societal values. An equitable downscaling of the physical economy can improve ecological conditions, thus reducing biodiversity loss and consequently enhancing human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Moranta
- Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Centre Oceanogràfic de Balears (IEO, CSIC), Palma, Spain
- Alimentta, Think Tank para la Transición Alimentaria, Palma, Spain
| | - Cati Torres
- Applied Economics Department, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Ivan Murray
- Department of Geography, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Centre Oceanogràfic de Balears (IEO, CSIC), Palma, Spain
| | - Hilmar Hinz
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Adam Gouraguine
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Brand-Correa L, Brook A, Büchs M, Meier P, Naik Y, O'Neill DW. Economics for people and planet-moving beyond the neoclassical paradigm. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e371-e379. [PMID: 35397225 PMCID: PMC9226380 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial attention within the fields of public and planetary health on developing an economic system that benefits both people's health and the environment, heterodox economic schools of thought have received little attention within these fields. Ecological economics is a school of thought with particular relevance to public and planetary health. In this article, we discuss implications of key ecological economics ideas for public and planetary health, especially those related to critiques of gross domestic product as a measure of progress and economic growth as the dominant goal for economic and policy decision making. We suggest that ecological economics aligns well with public health goals, including concern for equality and redistribution. Ecological economics offers an opportunity to make the transition to an economic system that is designed to promote human and planetary health from the outset, rather than one where social and environmental externalities must be constantly corrected after the fact. Important ideas from ecological economics include the use of a multidimensional framework to evaluate economic and social performance, the prioritisation of wellbeing and environmental goals in decision making, policy design and evaluation that take complex relationships into account, and the role of provisioning systems (the physical and social systems that link resource use and social outcomes). We discuss possible interventions at the national scale that could promote public health and that align with the prioritisation of social and ecological objectives, including universal basic income or services and sovereign money creation. Overall, we lay the foundations for additional integration of ecological economics principles and pluralist economic thinking into public and planetary health scholarship and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Brand-Correa
- Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna Brook
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Milena Büchs
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Petra Meier
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yannish Naik
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel W O'Neill
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Pagani-Núñez E, Xu Y, Yan M, He J, Jiang Z, Jiang H. Trade-offs between economic development and biodiversity conservation on a tropical island. Conserv Biol 2022; 36. [PMID: 35338514 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resolving trade-offs between economic development and biodiversity conservation needs is one of the defining issues of our time. This is crucial in currently developing countries and in particularly sensitive systems harboring high biodiversity. Yet, such a task can be challenging as human activities may have complex effects on biodiversity. Here we assessed the effects of intense economic development on different components of biodiversity using Hainan Island (South China) as model. This highly biodiverse tropical island has experienced intense economic development and extensive forest to agriculture conversion and urbanization across the last two decades. We characterized three main habitat clusters, based on local land use, climate and economic changes across 145 grids (10×10 km), and estimated avian biodiversity responses between 1998 and 2013. We recorded ongoing taxonomic biotic homogenization at the regional scale (i.e., the whole island), evidenced by decreasing differences between traditional and directional alpha diversity. Communities became overall phylogenetically clustered and functionally overdispersed. Biodiversity's priority effects were pervasive, with less diverse communities showing positive and more diverse communities showing negative biodiversity changes. Finally, at the local scale, different economic and environmental indicators showed complex and divergent effects across habitat clusters and biodiversity components. These effects were only partially ameliorated within a newly established Ecological Function Conservation Area in the mountainous central part of the island. Thus, our results depict complex effects of economic development on different biodiversity dimensions in different areas of the island with different land uses and protection regimes, and between local and regional spatial scales. Profound ecosystem damage associated with economic development was partially averted, probably due to enhanced biodiversity conservation policies and law enforcement, yet at the cost of regional-scale biotic homogenization and local-scale biodiversity loss. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Pagani-Núñez
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Environmental Horticulture Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxiao Yan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiekun He
- Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifei Jiang
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haisheng Jiang
- Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Sobratee N, Davids R, Chinzila CB, Mabaudhi T, Scheelbeek P, Modi AT, Dangour A, Slotow R. Visioning a food system for equitable transition towards sustainable diets. Sustainability 2022; 14:3280. [PMID: 37693306 PMCID: PMC7615045 DOI: 10.3390/su14063280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Global Goals to end hunger requires interpretation of problems, and change across multiple domains. We facilitated a workshop aimed at understanding how stakeholders problematise sustainable diet transition (SDT) among a previously-marginalised social group. Using the systems thinking approach, three sub-systems, access to dietary diversity, sustainable beneficiation of natural capital, and 'food choice for well-being', highlighted the main forces governing the current context, and future interventions. Moreover, when viewed as co-evolving processes within the multi-level perspective, our identified microlevel leverage points - multi-faceted literacy, youth empowerment, deliberative policy-making, promotion of sustainable diet aspirations - can be linked and developed through existing national macrolevel strategies. Thus, by reconsidering knowledge use in the pursuit sustainability, transformational SDT can streamline multiple outcomes to restructure socio-technical sectors, reconnect people to nature-based solutions and, support legitimate aspirations. The approach could be applied in countries having complex socio-political legacy and to bridge the local-global goals coherently.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sobratee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - R Davids
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C B Chinzila
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - T Mabaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - P Scheelbeek
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - A T Modi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - A Dangour
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - R Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
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Luo R, Yang S, Wang Z, Zhang T, Gao P. Impact and trade off analysis of land use change on spatial pattern of ecosystem services in Chishui River Basin. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:20234-20248. [PMID: 34729715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The motivation of this fundamental research is to reveal the response of ecosystem services to land use change and to support the sustainable development of ecology, economy, and society. Considering the fragile eco-environment, intensive man-land relationship and the world-famous production base of Moutai liquor in China, we select Chishui River Basin (CRB) as the research region. In this study, the InVEST model is used to evaluate the impact of land use change on the spatial pattern of four ecosystem services including water yield, soil retention, carbon storage, and nitrogen export. Meanwhile, the spatial differentiation characteristics, service level, and trade-off using Pearson correlation analysis of each ecosystem service from 2000 to 2020 are explored. The results show the following: (1) The forest increased, while the grassland and cultivated decreased. Especially, the developed has increased greatly from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. (2) Each ecosystem service has spatio-temporal heterogeneity. The water yield and nitrogen export decreased, while soil retention and carbon storage showed an upward trend. (3) There are great differences in the level of ecosystem services among different land use types. The soil retention and carbon storage of forest are the highest, and the water yield of developed is the highest. (4) There are trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, such as the trade-off between water yield and soil retention is increasing, the synergetic relationship between water yield and nitrogen export is decreased. This is important evidence that the forest plays a major role in providing ecosystem services, and the improvement of watershed ecological services generally benefits from the implementation of ecological governance projects in recent years. However, it is worth noting that the frequent changes in land use and the intensification of urbanization have also brought potential risks to the local ecology. Therefore, all our preliminary results throw light on the nature of the impact of land use change on ecology and the trade-off relationship of ecosystem services, which is conducive to scientific protection of watershed ecological environment and the formulation of reasonable land use planning policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Luo
- First Surveying and Mapping Institute, Department of Natural Resources of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Shiliang Yang
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210000, China
- Odette School of Business, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Odette School of Business, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, 243032, China.
| | - Tianming Zhang
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Pengqun Gao
- Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210000, China
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Dempsey J, Irvine-Broque A, Bigger P, Christiansen J, Muchhala B, Nelson S, Rojas-Marchini F, Shapiro-Garza E, Schuldt A, DiSilvestro A. Biodiversity targets will not be met without debt and tax justice. Nat Ecol Evol 2021. [PMID: 34931053 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kracke I, Essl F, Zulka KP, Schindler S. Risks and opportunities of assisted colonization: the perspectives of experts. NC 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.45.72554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to climate change and other anthropogenic environmental changes, the suitability of locations is changing for many biota that consequently have to adapt in situ or to move to other areas. To mitigate the effects of such pressures, assisted colonization is a conservation tool developed to reduce extinction risks by intentionally moving and releasing an organism outside its native range, and thus, to facilitate tracking changing environmental conditions. This conservation tool has been proposed for threatened animals or plants that presumably cannot adapt in situ or follow environmental changes by dispersal or migration. However, there have been contentious debates about the shortcomings and risks of implementing assisted colonization. For this reason, we evaluated the specific opinions of global experts for assisted colonization on potential risks and opportunities that this approach offers. For this purpose, we used an online survey targeted at authors of scientific publications on assisted colonization. The majority (82%) of the 48 respondents were in favor of applying assisted colonization for species that are at risk of global extinction due to anthropogenic environmental change. Most respondents agreed that assisted colonization should be considered only when other conservation tools are not available and that certain preconditions must be met. Some of these were already highlighted in the IUCN guidelines for assisted colonization and include a completed risk assessment, clearly defined management plans and secured political as well as financial support. The advocacy of assisted colonization in response to anthropogenic global environmental changes was only weakly dependent on the geographic origin of the experts and their working background. Regarding possible risks, most of the respondents were concerned about consequences like failure of the long-term establishment of the translocated species and the transmission of diseases and invasiveness potentially endangering native biota. To keep these risks as low as possible most of the experts agreed that a target area must have a reasonable carrying capacity to sustain a minimum viable population and that adaptive management should be implemented. Careful evaluation of assisted colonization projects is required to generate further evidence that needs to be considered for further developing conservation tools for the Anthropocene.
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Naik Y, Brook A, Perraton J, Meier P. Fiscal and monetary policies: the cutting edge of advocacy and research on population health and climate change. Perspect Public Health 2021; 141:325-327. [PMID: 34816776 PMCID: PMC8647482 DOI: 10.1177/17579139211059983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Naik
- The University of Sheffield and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Brook
- The University of Sheffield and Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Perraton
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P Meier
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Iannella M, Fiasca B, Di Lorenzo T, Di Cicco M, Biondi M, Mammola S, Galassi DM. Getting the ‘most out of the hotspot’ for practical conservation of groundwater biodiversity. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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29
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Mance D, Krunić K, Mance D. Protecting Species by Promoting Protected Areas and Human Development—A Panel Analysis. Sustainability 2021; 13:11970. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyze a panel of 147 countries over a 21-year period. We used the Generalized Method of Moments First Differences panel estimation method and found that there is a statistically significant positive association between terrestrial protected areas and protected species. There is strong evidence of a positive statistical relationship between the Human Development Index and protected species under the condition of efficient nitrogen use as an instrumental variable. We support the revision of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis by claiming that in the 21st century it need not be strictly U-shaped, but that a rise in environmental protection measures is present across the board. The final contribution of the paper is the idea that protecting the habitat of endangered species is commensurate with increasing human welfare through income, health and education.
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Wyborn C, Montana J, Kalas N, Clement S, Davila F, Knowles N, Louder E, Balan M, Chambers J, Christel L, Forsyth T, Henderson G, Izquierdo Tort S, Lim M, Martinez‐Harms MJ, Merçon J, Nuesiri E, Pereira L, Pilbeam V, Turnhout E, Wood S, Ryan M. An agenda for research and action toward diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:1086-1097. [PMID: 33244774 PMCID: PMC8359367 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research and policy interventions on biodiversity have insufficiently addressed the dual issues of biodiversity degradation and social justice. New approaches are therefore needed. We devised a research and action agenda that calls for a collective task of revisiting biodiversity toward the goal of sustaining diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Revisiting biodiversity involves critically reflecting on past and present research, policy, and practice concerning biodiversity to inspire creative thinking about the future. The agenda was developed through a 2-year dialogue process that involved close to 300 experts from diverse disciplines and locations. This process was informed by social science insights that show biodiversity research and action is underpinned by choices about how problems are conceptualized. Recognizing knowledge, action, and ethics as inseparable, we synthesized a set of principles that help navigate the task of revisiting biodiversity. The agenda articulates 4 thematic areas for future research. First, researchers need to revisit biodiversity narratives by challenging conceptualizations that exclude diversity and entrench the separation of humans, cultures, economies, and societies from nature. Second, researchers should focus on the relationships between the Anthropocene, biodiversity, and culture by considering humanity and biodiversity as tied together in specific contexts. Third, researchers should focus on nature and economies by better accounting for the interacting structures of economic and financial systems as core drivers of biodiversity loss. Finally, researchers should enable transformative biodiversity research and action by reconfiguring relationships between human and nonhuman communities in and through science, policy, and practice. Revisiting biodiversity necessitates a renewed focus on dialogue among biodiversity communities and beyond that critically reflects on the past to channel research and action toward fostering just and diverse futures for human and nonhuman life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Wyborn
- Luc Hoffmann InstituteIUCN Conservation CentreRue Mauverney 28Gland1196Switzerland
- Institute for Water Futures, Fenner School of Environment and SocietyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT0200Australia
| | - J. Montana
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYU.K.
| | - N. Kalas
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichUniversitätstrasse 8‐22Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - S. Clement
- Geography and PlanningUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3BXU.K.
| | - F. Davila
- Institute for Sustainable FuturesUniversity of Technology Sydney253 Jones StreetUltimoNSW2007Australia
| | - N. Knowles
- Department of Geography and Environmental ManagementUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WWaterlooONN2L 3G1Canada
| | - E. Louder
- School of Geography and DevelopmentUniversity of ArizonaENR2 Building, South 4th floor 1064 E. Lowell StreetTucsonAZ85721U.S.A.
| | - M. Balan
- The Forest WayNo 8, 2nd St, D P Nagar, KotturpuramChennaiTamil Nadu600085India
| | - J. Chambers
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy GroupWageningen UniversityP.O. Box 47Wageningen6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - L. Christel
- School of Politics and Government (EPyG)National University of San MartinAvenida 25 de Mayo 1021San MartínProvincia de Buenos Aires1650Argentina
| | - T. Forsyth
- Department of International DevelopmentLondon School of Economics and Political ScienceHoughton StreetLondonWC2A 2AEU.K
| | - G. Henderson
- Harry Ransom CenterThe University of Texas at AustinP.O. Drawer 7219, 300 W 21st StreetAustinTX78712U.S.A.
| | - S. Izquierdo Tort
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt TempéréeUniversité du Québec en Outaouais58 rue PrincipaleRiponQCJ0V 1V0Canada
- Natura y Ecosistemas Mexicanos A.C.Plaza San Jacinto 23D, San Ángel, Álvaro ObregónMexico City01000Mexico
| | - M. Lim
- Centre for Environmental Law, Macquarie Law SchoolMacquarie University6 First WalkSydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - M. J. Martinez‐Harms
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Avd. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340SantiagoChile
| | - J. Merçon
- Instituto de Investigaciones en EducasiónUniversidad VeracruzanaPaseo 112, Nuevo JalapaXalapa‐Enríquez91193Mexico
| | - E. Nuesiri
- Social Science FacultyAfrican Leadership University (ALU)Powder Mill RoadPamplemousses21001Mauritius
| | - L. Pereira
- Stockholm Resilience CentreStockholm UniversityKräftriket 2BStockholmSE‐10691Sweden
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentUtrecht UniversityPrincetonlaan 8aUtrecht3584 CBThe Netherlands
- Centre for Complex Systems in TransitionStellenbosch University19 Jonkershoek Rd, MostertsdriftStellenbosch7600South Africa
| | - V. Pilbeam
- Clear Horizon Consulting132B Gwynne StCremorneVIC3121Australia
| | - E. Turnhout
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy GroupWageningen UniversityP.O. Box 47Wageningen6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - S. Wood
- Future Earth1250 Guy St, MontrealQuebecONH3H 2L3Canada
| | - M. Ryan
- Luc Hoffmann InstituteIUCN Conservation CentreRue Mauverney 28Gland1196Switzerland
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31
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Wyborn C, Montana J, Kalas N, Clement S, Davila F, Knowles N, Louder E, Balan M, Chambers J, Christel L, Forsyth T, Henderson G, Izquierdo Tort S, Lim M, Martinez-Harms MJ, Merçon J, Nuesiri E, Pereira L, Pilbeam V, Turnhout E, Wood S, Ryan M. An agenda for research and action toward diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:1086-1097. [PMID: 33244774 DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.12086.52804/2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research and policy interventions on biodiversity have insufficiently addressed the dual issues of biodiversity degradation and social justice. New approaches are therefore needed. We devised a research and action agenda that calls for a collective task of revisiting biodiversity toward the goal of sustaining diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Revisiting biodiversity involves critically reflecting on past and present research, policy, and practice concerning biodiversity to inspire creative thinking about the future. The agenda was developed through a 2-year dialogue process that involved close to 300 experts from diverse disciplines and locations. This process was informed by social science insights that show biodiversity research and action is underpinned by choices about how problems are conceptualized. Recognizing knowledge, action, and ethics as inseparable, we synthesized a set of principles that help navigate the task of revisiting biodiversity. The agenda articulates 4 thematic areas for future research. First, researchers need to revisit biodiversity narratives by challenging conceptualizations that exclude diversity and entrench the separation of humans, cultures, economies, and societies from nature. Second, researchers should focus on the relationships between the Anthropocene, biodiversity, and culture by considering humanity and biodiversity as tied together in specific contexts. Third, researchers should focus on nature and economies by better accounting for the interacting structures of economic and financial systems as core drivers of biodiversity loss. Finally, researchers should enable transformative biodiversity research and action by reconfiguring relationships between human and nonhuman communities in and through science, policy, and practice. Revisiting biodiversity necessitates a renewed focus on dialogue among biodiversity communities and beyond that critically reflects on the past to channel research and action toward fostering just and diverse futures for human and nonhuman life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyborn
- Luc Hoffmann Institute, IUCN Conservation Centre, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
- Institute for Water Futures, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - J Montana
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, U.K
| | - N Kalas
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 8-22, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - S Clement
- Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, U.K
| | - F Davila
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - N Knowles
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - E Louder
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, ENR2 Building, South 4th floor 1064 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, U.S.A
| | - M Balan
- The Forest Way, No 8, 2nd St, D P Nagar, Kotturpuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600085, India
| | - J Chambers
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - L Christel
- School of Politics and Government (EPyG), National University of San Martin, Avenida 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1650, Argentina
| | - T Forsyth
- Department of International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, U.K
| | - G Henderson
- Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Drawer 7219, 300 W 21st Street, Austin, TX, 78712, U.S.A
| | - S Izquierdo Tort
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 58 rue Principale, Ripon, QC, J0V 1V0, Canada
- Natura y Ecosistemas Mexicanos A.C., Plaza San Jacinto 23D, San Ángel, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, 01000, Mexico
| | - M Lim
- Centre for Environmental Law, Macquarie Law School, Macquarie University, 6 First Walk, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - M J Martinez-Harms
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Avd. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Merçon
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Educasión, Universidad Veracruzana, Paseo 112, Nuevo Jalapa, Xalapa-Enríquez, 91193, Mexico
| | - E Nuesiri
- Social Science Faculty, African Leadership University (ALU), Powder Mill Road, Pamplemousses, 21001, Mauritius
| | - L Pereira
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
- Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University, 19 Jonkershoek Rd, Mostertsdrift, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - V Pilbeam
- Clear Horizon Consulting, 132B Gwynne St, Cremorne, VIC, 3121, Australia
| | - E Turnhout
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - S Wood
- Future Earth, 1250 Guy St, Montreal, Quebec, ON, H3H 2L3, Canada
| | - M Ryan
- Luc Hoffmann Institute, IUCN Conservation Centre, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
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Abstract
Accelerating declines in biodiversity and unmet targets in the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity are stimulating widespread calls for transformative change. Such change includes societal transitions toward sustainability, as well as in specific content of the CBD's draft Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. We summarize research on transformative change and its links to biodiversity conservation, and discuss how it may influence the work of the CBD. We identify five steps to inject transformative change into the design and implementation of a new post-2020 framework: Pay attention to lessons learned from transitions research, plan for climate change, reframe area-based conservation, scale up biodiversity mainstreaming, and increase resources. These actions will transform the very nature of work under the CBD; a convention based on voluntary implementation by countries and facilitated by international administrators and experts must now accommodate a broader range of participants including businesses, Indigenous peoples, and multiple nonstate actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Edward Grumbine
- Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative, Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kumming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- East and Central Asia Office, World Agroforestry Centre, Kunming, China, and is the director of the Centre for Mountain Futures and a professor at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Kunming, China
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Abstract
1.5 °C scenarios reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) rely on combinations of controversial negative emissions and unprecedented technological change, while assuming continued growth in gross domestic product (GDP). Thus far, the integrated assessment modelling community and the IPCC have neglected to consider degrowth scenarios, where economic output declines due to stringent climate mitigation. Hence, their potential to avoid reliance on negative emissions and speculative rates of technological change remains unexplored. As a first step to address this gap, this paper compares 1.5 °C degrowth scenarios with IPCC archetype scenarios, using a simplified quantitative representation of the fuel-energy-emissions nexus. Here we find that the degrowth scenarios minimize many key risks for feasibility and sustainability compared to technology-driven pathways, such as the reliance on high energy-GDP decoupling, large-scale carbon dioxide removal and large-scale and high-speed renewable energy transformation. However, substantial challenges remain regarding political feasibility. Nevertheless, degrowth pathways should be thoroughly considered. Established climate mitigation modelling relies on controversial negative emissions and unprecedented technological change, but neglects to consider degrowth scenarios. Here the authors show that degrowth scenarios minimize many key risks for feasibility and sustainability and thus need to be thoroughly assessed.
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Taylor NG, Grillas P, Al Hreisha H, Balkız Ö, Borie M, Boutron O, Catita A, Champagnon J, Cherif S, Çiçek K, Costa LT, Dakki M, Fois M, Galewski T, Galli A, Georgiadis NM, Green AJ, Hermoso V, Kapedani R, Lange MA, Mateljak Z, Osta M, Papastergiadou E, Papazoglou C, Sabater S, Samraoui B, Samraoui F, Bachir AS, Tankovic E, Thévenet M, Troya A, Sutherland WJ. The future for Mediterranean wetlands: 50 key issues and 50 important conservation research questions. Reg Environ Change 2021; 21:33. [PMID: 33776560 PMCID: PMC7982080 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-020-01743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Wetlands are critically important for biodiversity and human wellbeing, but face a range of challenges. This is especially true in the Mediterranean region, where wetlands support endemic and threatened species and remain integral to human societies, but have been severely degraded in recent decades. Here, in order to raise awareness of future challenges and opportunities for Mediterranean wetlands, and to inform proactive research and management, we identified (a) 50 key issues that might affect Mediterranean wetlands between 2020 and 2050, and (b) 50 important research questions that, if answered, would have the greatest impact on the conservation of Mediterranean wetlands between 2020 and 2050. We gathered ideas through an online survey and review of recent literature. A diverse assessment panel prioritised ideas through an iterative, anonymised, Delphi-like process of scoring, voting and discussion. The prioritised issues included some that are already well known but likely to have a large impact on Mediterranean wetlands in the next 30 years (e.g. the accumulation of dams and reservoirs, plastic pollution and weak governance), and some that are currently overlooked in the context of Mediterranean wetlands (e.g. increasing desalination capacity and development of antimicrobial resistance). Questions largely focused on how best to carry out conservation interventions, or understanding the impacts of threats to inform conservation decision-making. This analysis will support research, policy and practice related to environmental conservation and sustainable development in the Mediterranean, and provides a model for similar analyses elsewhere in the world. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10113-020-01743-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G. Taylor
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 13200 Arles, France
| | - Patrick Grillas
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 13200 Arles, France
| | | | - Özge Balkız
- Doğa Koruma Merkezi (Nature Conservation Centre), Çiğdem Mah. 1594. Sok. No:3 06530, Çankaya, Ankara Turkey
| | - Maud Borie
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 13200 Arles, France
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Olivier Boutron
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 13200 Arles, France
| | - Ana Catita
- Development and Innovation Network (RCDI), Centro Empresarial de Grândola, Fracção E - Incubadora de Empresas- Estrada da Aldeia do Futuro, 7570-272 Grândola, Portugal
- Associação Portuguesa de Geógrafos, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Av. Professor Aníbal Bettencourt, n.° 9, 1600-189 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associação Portuguesa para o Desenvolvimento Regional, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João D’Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Jocelyn Champagnon
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 13200 Arles, France
| | - Semia Cherif
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Matériaux et de l’Environnement pour le Développement Durable (LR18ES10), ISSBAT, Université de Tunis El Manar, 9 Avenue Zouheir Essefi, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kerim Çiçek
- Section of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luís T. Costa
- MAVA Foundation, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Dakki
- Département de Zoologie et Écologie Animale, Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Centre d’Etude des Migrations d’Oiseaux (CEMO), Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mauro Fois
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi, 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Thomas Galewski
- Tour du Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, 13200 Arles, France
| | - Alessandro Galli
- Global Footprint Network, Avenue Louis-Casaï, 18, 1209 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Andy J. Green
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Virgilio Hermoso
- Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Solsona, Spain
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland Australia
| | - Rezart Kapedani
- Regional Environmental Center Albania, Rr. Ismail Qemali, No. 27, Kati/Floor 3, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Manfred A. Lange
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Future Earth MENA Regional Center at the Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Maher Osta
- Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon, Awad Bldg, 6th Floor, Abdel Aziz Street, P.O. Box 11-5665, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eva Papastergiadou
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus Rio, Patras, 26500 Greece
| | | | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, 17003 Spain
| | - Boudjéma Samraoui
- Department of Biology, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Conservation des Zones Humides, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Farrah Samraoui
- Laboratoire de Conservation des Zones Humides, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
- Department of Ecology, University 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Si Bachir
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna, Algeria
| | - Eva Tankovic
- Mediterranean Small Islands Initiative (PIM), Lycée des Calanques, 89 Traverse Parangon, 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Thévenet
- Mediterranean Small Islands Initiative (PIM), Lycée des Calanques, 89 Traverse Parangon, 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Antonio Troya
- IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, C/ Marie Curie 22, Edif. Habitec, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - William J. Sutherland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ UK
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Duflot R, Baumeister S, Burgas D, Eyvindson K, Triviño M, Blattert C, Kuparinen A, Potterf M. Building up an ecologically sustainable and socially desirable post-COVID-19 future. Sustain Sci 2021; 16:1397-1403. [PMID: 33841582 PMCID: PMC8021212 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-021-00940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 crisis has emphasized how poorly prepared humanity is to cope with global disasters. However, this crisis also offers a unique opportunity to move towards a more sustainable and equitable future. Here, we identify the underlying environmental, social, and economic chronic causes of the COVID-19 crisis. We argue in favour of a holistic view to initiate a socio-economic transition to improve the prospects for global sustainability and human well-being. Alternative approaches to "Business-As-Usual" for guiding the transition are already available for implementation. Yet, to ensure a successful and just transition, we need to change our priorities towards environmental integrity and well-being. This necessarily means environmental justice, a different worldview and a closer relationship with nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Duflot
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- School of Business and Economics, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Daniel Burgas
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Kyle Eyvindson
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Natural Resource Institute Finland (LUKE), Laatokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - María Triviño
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Clemens Blattert
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Mária Potterf
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Abstract
A central contention of this paper is that conservation strategies are failing because they have become increasingly integrated into, and share the assumptions of, the structures of capitalism. As a result, conservation is becoming a strategic specialty within capitalism, rather than an ethical challenge to its basic assumptions. The paper examines this integration by analysing the way Hardin’s argument in the “tragedy of the commons” metaphor was taken up by policy makers in Canada’s East Coast fishery and a case is made that, as seen in the case of the fishery, this strategic integration limited the analytical capability of conservation to highlight the causes of environmental degradation. The critical literature on Hardin’s model points to the failure to recognize the importance of social relations and local institutional arrangements in combatting environmental failure. This paper contributes to the importance of “the social” in conservation debates by emphasizing Polanyi’s contrasting definitions of formal and substantive economics and the way they relate to contrasting conceptions of tragedy, as set out by Hardin (formal tragedy from above) and Goldmann’s conception of a historically specific tragedy that can be described as substantive tragedy from below. The analytical failure associated with Hardin’s metaphor can serve as a cautionary tale for current strategic and specific conservation strategies that tend to downplay the importance of ethical and social issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A. Rogers
- Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Bethlenfalvy A, Olive A. Recent amendments to the Endangered Species Act and an uncertain future for species at risk: a case study of Ontario’s Niagara Region. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity crisis is a pressing global issue. In Ontario, Canada, species at risk are protected under the Endangered Species Act (2007) . The current government amended that legislation through the More Homes, More Choice Act (2019), leaving species at risk with an uncertain future. This paper uses the Niagara Region as a case study and relies on interviews and data collection about listed species to illuminate the possible implications for the new amendments. The results indicate a total of 71 species at risk that exist in the Region, with as many as 37 species that could be delisted and stripped of protection under the recent changes. There is also concern around the prioritization of the economics over science in the amendments. While uncertainty surrounding the implementation of the amendments to the Ontario Endangered Species Act exists, there is agreement that species at risk should be protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Bethlenfalvy
- Master of Science and Sustainability Management, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Kanff Building, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Andrea Olive
- Departments of Political Science and Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Maanjiwe nendamowinan, 5th Floor, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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Abstract
Abstract
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic extend to global biodiversity and its conservation. Although short-term beneficial or adverse impacts on biodiversity have been widely discussed, there is less attention to the likely political and economic responses to the crisis and their implications for conservation. Here we describe four possible alternative future policy responses: (1) restoration of the previous economy, (2) removal of obstacles to economic growth, (3) green recovery and (4) transformative economic reconstruction. Each alternative offers opportunities and risks for conservation. They differ in the agents they emphasize to mobilize change (e.g. markets or states) and in the extent to which they prioritize or downplay the protection of nature. We analyse the advantages and disadvantages of these four options from a conservation perspective. We argue that the choice of post-COVID-19 recovery strategy has huge significance for the future of biodiversity, and that conservationists of all persuasions must not shrink from engagement in the debates to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Lundquist
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Shizuka Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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40
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Abstract
The exponential increase in water demand has been a focus since the 1970s in the well-known report on the “Limits to growth” [...]
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41
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Estrada A, Garber PA, Chaudhary A. Current and future trends in socio-economic, demographic and governance factors affecting global primate conservation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9816. [PMID: 32884865 PMCID: PMC7444509 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, ~65% of extant primate species (ca 512 species) distributed in 91 countries in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, South Asia and Southeast Asia are threatened with extinction and 75% have declining populations as a result of deforestation and habitat loss resulting from increasing global market demands, and land conversion for industrial agriculture, cattle production and natural resource extraction. Other pressures that negatively impact primates are unsustainable bushmeat hunting, the illegal trade of primates as pets and as body parts, expanding road networks in previously isolated areas, zoonotic disease transmission and climate change. Here we examine current and future trends in several socio-economic factors directly or indirectly affecting primates to further our understanding of the interdependent relationship between human well-being, sustainable development, and primate population persistence. We found that between 2001 and 2018 ca 191 Mha of tropical forest (30% canopy cover) were lost as a result of human activities in the five primate range regions. Forty-six percent of this loss was in the Neotropics (Mexico, Central and South America), 30% in Southeast Asia, 21% in mainland Africa, 2% in Madagascar and 1% in South Asia. Countries with the greatest losses (ca 57% of total tree cover loss) were Brazil, Indonesia, DRC, China, and Malaysia. Together these countries harbor almost 50% of all extant primate species. In 2018, the world human population was estimated at ca 8bn people, ca 60% of which were found in primate range countries. Projections to 2050 and to 2100 indicate continued rapid growth of the human populations in these five primate range regions, with Africa surpassing all the other regions and totaling ca 4bn people by the year 2100. Socioeconomic indicators show that, compared to developed nations, most primate range countries are characterized by high levels of poverty and income inequality, low human development, low food security, high levels of corruption and weak governance. Models of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) projected to 2050 and 2100 showed that whereas practices of increasing inequality (SSP4) or unconstrained growth in economic output and energy use (SSP5) are projected to have dire consequences for human well-being and primate survivorship, practices of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1) are expected to have a positive effect on maintaining biodiversity, protecting environments, and improving the human condition. These results stress that improving the well-being, health, and security of the current and future human populations in primate range countries are of paramount importance if we are to move forward with effective policies to protect the world's primate species and promote biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Biology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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Ngwenya N, Helfand R, Mcnamara A, Cooper M, Espinosa P, Flenley D, Steiner N, Awoyemi S, Dicke I, Musasa M, Sandbrook C. A call for collective crisis leadership. ORYX 2020; 54:431-2. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605320000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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García-casarejos N, Sáez-pérez LA. Internships for Higher Education Students to Promote the Local Sustainability of Rural Places. Sustainability 2020; 12:4926. [DOI: 10.3390/su12124926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability and population have a complex relationship. Popular versions of the first are usually based on the premise of reducing the population. However, in some remote rural areas with a low density, this condition needs to be reconsidered, as it would put the viability of the local community at risk and lead to environmental, economic and, above all, social losses. Although repopulation is impossible, since remote rural areas have an ageing demographic structure and an extremely low fertility rate, we can propose the regeneration of their human, social and relational capital by attracting talent and commitment. To achieve this, the Desafío Programme (Rural Erasmus) enables university students to do internships in companies and institutions in sparsely populated areas, living alongside their residents. Despite being an experimental policy with a narrow scope in statistical terms, the Desafío Programme is an inspiring experience supported by those who have participated in it and contributes to the social and economic regeneration of areas in decline. This is a practical case of applying a sustainable strategy to a rural area in crisis, which can be transferred to many other countries facing a similar problem.
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Nuss-girona S, Vicente Rufí J, Canaleta G. 50 Years of Environmental Activism in Girona, Catalonia: From Case Advocacy to Regional Planning. Land 2020; 9:172. [DOI: 10.3390/land9060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental activism, with decades of relevant presence already, is a fundamental element for the preservation of natural and cultural values. Theories around their bases, protagonists, methods, instruments and results proliferate in a period of obliged ecological transition. Here, we present an investigation in the region of Girona (Catalunya, Spain), with the main objective of reflecting on environmental activism and its singular impact on the territorial reality of this area. The specific interest of this case resides in the longevity of the mobilizations (50 years) and the number of cases and actors; for its causes (a territory endowed with a very socialized narrative linking landscape to identity, and subject to multiple and powerful transformative pressures); and for its effective results. Through collaborative research and different data sources, we display map-based results about environmental movements and conflicts, and quantitative results about typologies of movements, conflict triggers, outcomes of the cases, and conversion rate to nature or heritage protection figures. The discussion, and by extension the conclusions, proposes answers to the exceptional nature of the case in the Catalan context, its relationship with NIMBY processes, and the notable incidence of these mobilizations in the landscape quality and land planning of Girona.
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O’Neill BC, Carter TR, Ebi K, Harrison PA, Kemp-Benedict E, Kok K, Kriegler E, Preston BL, Riahi K, Sillmann J, van Ruijven BJ, van Vuuren D, Carlisle D, Conde C, Fuglestvedt J, Green C, Hasegawa T, Leininger J, Monteith S, Pichs-Madruga R. Achievements and needs for the climate change scenario framework. Nat Clim Chang 2020; 10:1074-1084. [PMID: 33262808 PMCID: PMC7688299 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-020-00952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term global scenarios have underpinned research and assessment of global environmental change for four decades. Over the past ten years, the climate change research community has developed a scenario framework combining alternative futures of climate and society to facilitate integrated research and consistent assessment to inform policy. Here we assess how well this framework is working and what challenges it faces. We synthesize insights from scenario-based literature, community discussions and recent experience in assessments, concluding that the framework has been widely adopted across research communities and is largely meeting immediate needs. However, some mixed successes and a changing policy and research landscape present key challenges, and we recommend several new directions for the development and use of this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. O’Neill
- Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
- Present Address: Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD USA
| | | | - Kristie Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Kasper Kok
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elmar Kriegler
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Keywan Riahi
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jana Sillmann
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Bas J. van Ruijven
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Detlef van Vuuren
- Netherland Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), The Hague, the Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Carlisle
- Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
| | - Cecilia Conde
- Center of Atmospheric Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (CCA-UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jan Fuglestvedt
- Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Carole Green
- Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
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