In vitro inhibition and molecular docking of a new ciprofloxacin-chalcone against SARS-CoV-2 main protease

Structure-Activity Relationship of Ciprofloxacin towards S-Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2: Synthesis and In-Silico Evaluation

The recent outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed serious threats to global health systems. Although several directions have been put by the WHO for effective treatment, use of antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin, in suspected and acquired Covid-19 patients has raised an even more serious concern of antibiotic resistance. Ciprofloxacin has been reported to inhibit entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells via interacting with the spike (S) protein. However, a proper structure-activity relationship study of ciprofloxacin with the S-protein is lacking, which inhibits researchers from developing a more potent fluoroquinolone analogue, specific for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry. Herein, in order to have a structure-activity relationship study, we have accomplished a short and convergent synthesis of different derivatives of ciprofloxacin and a detailed in-silico study using molecular docking to explore the interactions of the derivatives with S-protein. The ADMET studies also indicated the drug likeliness and nontoxicity of the derivatives. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation approach was used to study the dynamical behavior after the best docked derivative binds to the protein, and the MM-PBSA approach was adopted to calculate the binding energies. This has led to a derivative that has higher interactions with the S-protein compared to ciprofloxacin, without hampering the dynamics of the interactions. The strong affinity of compound 5 with the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein was further evaluated experimentally using biolayer interferometry (BLI). Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were extended to evaluate its binding with the mutated variants Delta and Omicron. We anticipate that the current study could lead to an alternative therapeutic viral inhibitor with a better efficacy than ciprofloxacin.

Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Enoxacin-Based Compounds

A comprehensive review of advances in the synthesis and biological applications of enoxacin (1, referred to as ENX)-based compounds is presented. ENX, a second-generation fluoroquinolone (FQ), is a prominent 1,8-naphthyridine containing compounds studied in medicinal chemistry. Quinolones, a class of synthetic antibiotics, are crucial building blocks for designing multi-biological libraries due to their inhibitory properties against DNA replication. Chemical modifications at positions 3 and 7 of the quinolone structure can transform antibacterial FQs into anticancer analogs. ENX and its derivatives have been examined for various therapeutic applications, including anticancer, antiviral, and potential treatment against COVID-19. Several synthetic methodologies have been devised for the efficient and versatile synthesis of ENX and its derivatives. This review emphasizes all-inclusive developments in the synthesis of ENX derivatives, focusing on modifications at C3 (carboxylic acid, Part A), C7 (piperazinyl, Part B), and other modifications (Parts A and B). The reactions considered were chosen based on their reproducibility, ease of execution, accessibility, and the availability of the methodology reported in the literature. This review provides valuable insights into the medicinal properties of these compounds, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents in various fields.

Vincamine alleviates intrahepatic cholestasis in rats through modulation of NF-kB/PDGF/klf6/PPARγ and PI3K/Akt pathways

The defect in the hepatobiliary transport system results in an impairment of bile flow, leading to accumulation of toxic compounds with subsequent liver disorders. Vincamine, a plant indole alkaloid that is utilized as a dietary supplement, has been known for its promising pharmacological activities. For the first time, the present study was planned to estimate, at the molecular level, the potentiality of vincamine against alfa-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced hepatic cholestasis. Liver function tests were analyzed. Hepatic activity of SOD and levels of GSH and MDA were assessed. Hepatic contents of bax, bcl2, NF-kB, PPARγ, catalase, heme-oxygenase-1, NTCP, and BSEP were evaluated using ELISA. mRNA levels of NF-kB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, PDGF, klf6, PPARγ, and P53 were examined using qRT-PCR. PI3K, Akt and cleaved caspase-3 proteins were assessed using western blotting. Histopathological analyses were performed using hematoxylin & eosin staining. ANIT-induced hepatic cholestasis elevated liver function tests, including AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, and total bilirubin. ANIT reduced the protein expression of NTCP and BSEP hepatic transporters. It induced the expression of the inflammatory genes, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and PDGF, and the expression of NF-kB at the genetic and protein level and suppressed the anti-inflammatory genes, klf6 and PPARγ. Also, antioxidant markers were reduced during ANIT induction such as GSH, SOD, catalase, heme-oxygenase-1 and PI3K/Akt pathway, while MDA levels were elevated. Furthermore, the expression of P53 gene, bax and cleaved caspase 3 proteins were activated, while bcl2 was inhibited. Also, the histopathological analysis showed degeneration of hepatocytes and inflammatory cellular infiltrates. However, vincamine treatment modulated all these markers. It improved liver function tests. It inhibited the expression of NF-kB, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and PDGF and activated the expression of klf6 and PPARγ. Furthermore, vincamine reduced MDA levels and induced GSH, SOD, catalase, heme-oxygenase-1 and PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, it inhibited expression of P53 gene, bax and cleaved caspase 3 proteins. More interestingly, vincamine showed better outcomes on the hepatic histopathological analysis and improved the alterations induced by ANIT. Vincamine alleviated hepatic dysfunction during ANIT-induced intrahepatic cholestasis through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacies by the modulation of NF-kB/PDGF/klf6/PPARγ and PI3K/Akt pathways.

Fabrication and characteristics of new quaternized chitosan nanocapsules loaded with thymol or thyme essential oil as effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors

This research explores the potential of encapsulating thyme essential oil (TEO) and thymol (TH) into quaternized chitosan nanocapsules to combat SARS-CoV-2. Initially, the bioactive materials, TH and TEO, were extracted from Thymus vulgaris and then structurally and phytochemically characterized by spectral and GC-MS analyses. Meanwhile, O-quaternized ultrasonic-mediated deacetylated chitosan (QUCS) was successfully synthesized and characterized. Lastly, nanobiocomposites (NBCs; NBC1 and NBC2) were fabricated using QUCS as a scaffold to encapsulate either TEO or TH, with the mediation of Tween 80. By encapsulating these bioactive materials, we aim to enhance their efficacy and targeted delivery, bioavailability, stability, and anti-COVID properties. The new NBCs were structurally, morphologically, and physically characterized. Incorporating TEO or TH into QUCS significantly increased ZP values to ±53.1 mV for NBC1 and ±48.2 mV for NBC2, indicating superior colloidal stability. Interestingly, Tween 80-QUCS provided outstanding packing and release performance, with entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) values of 98.2% and 3.7% for NBC1 and 83.7% and 1.9% for NBC2. The findings of in vitro antiviral studies not only highlight the potential of these nanobiocomposites as potential candidates for anti-COVID therapies but also underscore their selectivity in targeting SARS-CoV-2.

The protective role of two oxindole derivatives is mediated by modulating NLRP3/caspase-1 and PI3K/AKT pathways in a preclinical animal model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury

Aim Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a leading cause of mortality post liver transplantation, hypovolemic shock and trauma. In this study, we tested, on molecular bases, the possible protective role of two different derivatives of 2-oxindole in a preclinical model of HIRI in rats.

MAIN METHODS

HIRI was operated in male Wistar albino rats and prophylactic treatment with oxindole-curcumin (Coxi) or oxindole-vanillin (Voxi) was carried out before the operation. The biochemical and histopathological investigations, in addition to the mechanistic characterizations of the effect of the tested drugs were performed.

KEY FINDINGS

HIRI was assured with elevated liver enzymes and marked changes in histopathological features, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with Coxi and Voxi improved the hepatic histopathological alterations, reduced the elevated serum liver enzymes level and hepatic Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increased the hepatic Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced Glutathione (GSH) content, downregulated the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, Nod-Like Receptor p3 (NLRP3), Cleaved caspase1, Cleaved caspase 3 proteins, alongside the expression level of IL-1β, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and BAX genes, attenuated NF-кB p-P65 Ser536 and Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive neutrophils, and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway.

SIGNIFICANCE

Coxi and Voxi have promising hepatoprotective activity against HIRI in rats through ameliorating the biochemical and histopathological alterations, attenuating inflammatory and oxidative stress status by modulating the inflammatory TNF-α/ICAM-1, the pyroptosis NLRP3/Caspase-1, and the antioxidant PI3K/AKT pathways.

Theoretical biological activities and docking studies of new derivatives of acyclovir for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019

Acyclovir is an established antiviral agent. The global emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought forth the necessity to investigate potential therapeutic attributes of existing drugs, including acyclovir, to combat this novel virus. The primary focus of this research was to assess the theoretical bioactivities of acyclovir derivatives and to evaluate their molecular docking capacities, thereby determining their prospective application in treating COVID-19. A set of 22 ligand molecules derived from acyclovir were carefully selected for this study. Using the one-click docking technique, these derivatives underwent molecular interactions with specific proteins sourced from the Protein Data Bank, identified by IDs 1R4L, 1S49, 1AJ6, and 1PVG. The molecular docking analysis revealed that acyclovir derivatives no. 3, 5, 8, and 14 displayed the highest docking scores and could be potential candidates as therapeutic agents against COVID-19 based on these scores. Further experimental validations are essential to establish their efficacy in clinical settings.

Vincamine exerts hepato-protective activity during colon ligation puncture-induced sepsis by modulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and TNFα/Nrf-2/Keap-1 signaling pathways

Sepsis is a pathological and biochemical disorder induced by numerous infections, leading to critical illness and a high mortality rate worldwide. Vincamine is an indole alkaloid compound obtained from the leaves of Vinca minor. The present study aims to investigate the hepato-protective activity of vincamine during colon ligation puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis at the molecular level. Sepsis was induced using the CLP model. Liver function enzymes such as ALT and AST were analyzed. The hepatic antioxidant status (SOD and GSH), lipid peroxidation (MDA), the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β), bax, bcl2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins were estimated. Nrf-2 and Keap-1 protein expression was evaluated using western blotting. Histopathological investigation of liver tissues was also performed. CLP-induced sepsis led to liver injury through the elevation of ALT and AST liver enzymes. Oxidative stress was initiated during CLP via the suppression of hepatic GSH content and SOD activity and the elevation of MDA. The inflammatory condition was activated by the upregulation of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and Keap-1 and the downregulation of Nrf-2 proteins. The apoptosis was initiated through the activation of bax and cleaved caspase 3 protein expression and inhibition of bcl2 protein expression. However, vincamine significantly improved the hepatic histological abnormalities and decreased liver enzymes (ALT and AST). It ameliorated oxidative stress, as evidenced by reducing the hepatic MDA content and increasing the SOD activity and GSH content. Moreover, vincamine reduced the hepatic content of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and Keap-1 and increased Nrf-2 protein expression. Additionally, it upregulated bcl2 protein expression and downregulated bax and cleaved caspase 3 protein expression. Vincamine exhibited hepato-protective potential during CLP-induced sepsis via the cross-connection of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities by modulating TNFα/IL-6/IL-1β/Nrf-2/Keap-1 and regulating bax/bcl2/cleaved caspase 3 signaling pathways.

Recent Development of Fluoroquinolone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world following cardiovascular disease. Its treatment, including radiation therapy and surgical removal of the tumour, is based on pharmacotherapy, which prompts a constant search for new and more effective drugs. There are high costs associated with designing, synthesising, and marketing new substances. Drug repositioning is an attractive solution. Fluoroquinolones make up a group of synthetic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity in bacterial diseases. Moreover, those compounds are of particular interest to researchers as a result of reports of their antiproliferative effects on the cells of the most lethal cancers. This article presents the current progress in the development of new fluoroquinolone derivatives with potential anticancer and cytotoxic activity, as well as structure-activity relationships, along with possible directions for further development.

Significance of Chalcone Scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry

Chalcone is a simple naturally occurring α,β-unsaturated ketone with biological importance, which can also be easily synthesized in laboratories by reaction between two aromatic scaffolds. In plants, chalcones occur as polyphenolic compounds of different frameworks which are bioactive molecules that have been in traditional medicinal practice for many years. Chalcone-based lead molecules have been developed, possessing varied potentials such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperurecemic, and anti-ulcer effects. Chalcones contribute considerable fragments to give important heterocyclic molecules with therapeutic utilities targeting various diseases. These characteristic features have made chalcone a topic of interest among researchers and have attracted investigations into this widely applicable structure. This review highlights the extensive exploration carried out on the synthesis, biotransformations, chemical reactions, hybridization, and pharmacological potentials of chalcones, and aims to provide an extensive, thorough, and critical review of their importance, with emphasis on their properties, chemistry, and biomedical applications to boost future investigations into this potential scaffold in medicinal chemistry.

Advancements in Synthetic Strategies and Biological Effects of Ciprofloxacin Derivatives: A Review

Ciprofloxacin is a widely used antibiotic in the fluoroquinolone class. It is widely acknowledged by various researchers worldwide, and it has been documented to have a broad range of other pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antiviral, antimalarial activities, etc. Researchers have been exploring the synthesis of ciprofloxacin derivatives with enhanced biological activities or tailored capability to target specific pathogens. The various biological activities of some of the most potent and promising ciprofloxacin derivatives, as well as the synthetic strategies used to develop them, are thoroughly reviewed in this paper. Modification of ciprofloxacin via 4-oxo-3-carboxylic acid resulted in derivatives with reduced efficacy against bacterial strains. Hybrid molecules containing ciprofloxacin scaffolds displayed promising biological effects. The current review paper provides reported findings on the development of novel ciprofloxacin-based molecules with enhanced potency and intended therapeutic activities which will be of great interest to medicinal chemists.

Synthesis, evaluation, and mechanism of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones as potent reversible SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors

A class of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones were designed and synthesized via Michael addition, cyclization, aldol condensation, and deprotonation to inhibit the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and Furin, which are involved in priming the SARS-CoV-2 Spike for virus entry. The most potent inhibitor 2f (81) was found to efficiently inhibit the replication of various SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants in VeroE6 and Calu-3 cells, with EC50 range of 0.001-0.026 μM by pre-incubation with the virus to avoid the virus entry. The more potent antiviral activities than the proteases inhibitory activities led to discovery that the synthesized compounds also inhibited Spike's receptor binding domain (RBD):angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction as a main target, and their antiviral activities were enhanced by inhibiting TMPRSS2 and/or Furin. To further confirm the blocking effect of 2f (81) on virus entry, SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus was used in the entry assay and the results showed that the compound inhibited the pseudovirus entry in a ACE2-dependent pathway, via mainly inhibiting RBD:ACE2 interaction and TMPRSS2 activity in Calu-3 cells. Finally, in the in vivo animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the oral administration of 25 mg/kg 2f (81) in hamsters resulted in reduced bodyweight loss and 5-fold lower viral RNA levels in nasal turbinate three days post-infection. Our findings demonstrated the potential of the lead compound for further preclinical investigation as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2.

Curative Effect of AD-MSCs against Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats is Potentiated by Azilsartan: Targeting Oxidative Stress, MAPK, and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways

Despite its clinical value, cisplatin (CISP) is complicated by marked hepatotoxicity via inducing oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. This study aims to explore the protective impact of azilsartan (AZIL), an antihypertensive drug, in addition to adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) on CISP-induced hepatotoxicity. After characterization and labeling of AD-MSCs by PKH26 dye, 54 Wistar male albino rats were randomly divided into nine groups: I (CONT), II (AZIL.H), III (CISP), IV (CISP + AZIL.L), V (CISP + AZIL.H), VI (CISP + AD-MSCs), VII (CISP + AZIL.L + AD-MSCs), VIII (CISP + AZIL.H + AD-MSCs), and IX (CISP + VITA C). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), and albumin levels were determined. Assessment of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and glutathione contents, and superoxide dismutase activity and histopathological evaluations were done on hepatic tissue. Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to estimate the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 genes. Cell homing of labeled AD-MSCs to the liver tissues was investigated. Hepatic expression of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins was investigated by western blot analysis. CISP elevated serum ALT and AST activities, reduced albumin level, and remarkably changed the hepatic architecture. It increased the expression TNF-α and IL-6 genes, raised the expression of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins, and diminished the Bcl-2 protein. By contrast, treatment of animals with either AZIL or AD-MSCs dramatically reduced the effects of CISP injection. Moreover, treatment with combination therapy (AZIL.L or H + AD-MSCs) considerably mitigated all previously mentioned alterations superior to AZIL or AD-MSCs alone, which might be attributed to the AZIL-enhanced homing ability of AD-MSCs into the injured liver tissue. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated that AZIL improves the hepatoprotective potential of AD-MSCs against CISP-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and apoptotic pathways.

Viral target and metabolism-based rationale for combined use of recently authorized small molecule COVID-19 medicines: Molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and remdesivir

The COVID-19 pandemic remains a major health concern worldwide, and SARS-CoV-2 is continuously evolving. There is an urgent need to identify new antiviral drugs and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Combined use of newly authorized COVID-19 medicines including molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and remdesivir has been actively pursued. Mechanistically, nirmatrelvir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by targeting the viral main protease (Mpro ), a critical enzyme in the processing of the immediately translated coronavirus polyproteins for viral replication. Molnupiravir and remdesivir, on the other hand, inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by targeting RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), which is directly responsible for genome replication and production of subgenomic RNAs. Molnupiravir targets RdRp and induces severe viral RNA mutations (genome), commonly referred to as error catastrophe. Remdesivir, in contrast, targets RdRp and causes chain termination and arrests RNA synthesis of the viral genome. In addition, all three medicines undergo extensive metabolism with strong therapeutic significance. Molnupiravir is hydrolytically activated by carboxylesterase-2 (CES2), nirmatrelvir is inactivated by cytochrome P450-based oxidation (e.g., CYP3A4), and remdesivir is hydrolytically activated by CES1 but covalently inhibits CES2. Additionally, remdesivir and nirmatrelvir are oxidized by the same CYP enzymes. The distinct mechanisms of action provide strong rationale for their combined use. On the other hand, these drugs undergo extensive metabolism that determines their therapeutic potential. This review discusses how metabolism pathways and enzymes involved should be carefully considered during their combined use for therapeutic synergy.

Vincamine Ameliorates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats; Targeting TGF-β/MAPK/Snai1 Pathway

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, irreversible lung disease that leads to respiratory failure and death. Vincamine is an indole alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Vinca minor and acts as a vasodilator. The present study aims to investigate the protective activity of vincamine against EMT in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis via assessing the apoptotic and TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, protein content, total cell count, and LDH activity were evaluated. N-cadherin, fibronectin, collagen, SOD, GPX, and MDA levels were determined in lung tissue using ELISA. Bax, p53, bcl2, TWIST, Snai1, and Slug mRNA levels were examined using qRT-PCR. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of TGF-β1, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins. H & E and Masson's trichrome staining were used to analyze histopathology. In BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, vincamine reduced LDH activity, total protein content, and total and differential cell count. SOD and GPX were also increased following vincamine treatment, while MDA levels were decreased. Additionally, vincamine suppressed the expression of p53, Bax, TWIST, Snail, and Slug genes as well as the expression of factors such as TGF-β1, p/t p38 MAPK, p/t ERK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins, and, at the same time, vincamine increased bcl2 gene expression. Moreover, vincamine restored fibronectin, N-Catherine, and collagen protein elevation due to BLM-induced lung fibrosis. In addition, the histopathological examination of lung tissues revealed that vincamine attenuated the fibrotic and inflammatory conditions. In conclusion, vincamine suppressed bleomycin-induced EMT by attenuating TGF-β1/p38 MAPK/ERK1/2/TWIST/Snai1/Slug/fibronectin/N-cadherin pathway. Moreover, it exerted anti-apoptotic activity in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Anticancer Activity of Chalcones and Its Derivatives: Review and In Silico Studies

Chalcones are direct precursors in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. They have an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system which gives them broad biological properties. Among the biological properties exerted by chalcones, their ability to suppress tumors stands out, in addition to their low toxicity. In this perspective, the present work explores the role of natural and synthetic chalcones and their anticancer activity in vitro reported in the last four years from 2019 to 2023. Moreover, we carried out a partial least square (PLS) analysis of the biologic data reported for colon adenocarcinoma lineage HCT-116. Information was obtained from the Web of Science database. Our in silico analysis identified that the presence of polar radicals such as hydroxyl and methoxyl contributed to the anticancer activity of chalcones derivatives. We hope that the data presented in this work will help researchers to develop effective drugs to inhibit colon adenocarcinoma in future works.

Hepatoprotective potential of gabapentin in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis; targeting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NF-kB/MAPK signaling pathways

AIMS

Sepsis is a severe inflammatory response to infection with an incidence rate exceeding 48 million cases and 11 million sepsis-related deaths yearly. Furthermore, sepsis remains the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. The present study aimed to examine, for the first time, the potential hepatoprotective activity of gabapentin on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats at the molecular level.

MAIN METHODS

CLP was used as a model of sepsis in male Wistar rats. Histological examination and liver functions were evaluated. Levels of MDA, GSH, SOD, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were investigated using ELISA. mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and NF-kB were assessed by qRT-PCR. Western blotting investigated the expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins.

KEY FINDINGS

CLP resulted in liver damage, elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, increased expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins, and upregulated Bax and NF-κB genes expression while it down-regulated Bcl-2 gene expression. However, gabapentin treatment significantly reduced the severity of CLP-induced biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes. Gabapentin attenuated the levels of the proinflammatory mediators, decreased the expression of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins, suppressed Bax and NF-κB genes expression and increased the expression of the Bcl-2 gene.

SIGNIFICANCE

Consequently, Gabapentin reduced hepatic injury resulting from CLP-induced sepsis by reducing proinflammatory mediators, attenuating apoptosis, and inhibiting the intracellular MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK1/2)-NF-kB signaling pathway.

Structure-based virtual screening of novel natural products as chalcone derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread quickly around the world, causing a global pandemic. It has infected more than 500 million people as of April 28, 2022. Much research has been reported to stop the virus from spreading, but there are currently no approved medicines to treat COVID-19. In this work, a dataset of 142 natural products collected from various medicinal plants was used to perform structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) through the combined application of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. First, the dataset of compounds was optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) approach. The optimized compounds were then submitted to the first screening, which was done by the pKCM web server to look for drug-likeness and the PyRx to look for binding affinity. Among the 142 natural substances, 10 compounds were selected for docking validation. Compounds that interact with CYS145 and LEU141, the essential catalytic residues, as well as compounds with binding affinities less than -8.0 kcal/mol, are considered promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. The top-ranked compounds were then evaluated by MD simulations and MM-GBSA method. These results could help researchers come up with new natural compounds that could be used to treat SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Nephroprotective effect of AT-MSCs against cisplatin-induced EMT is improved by azilsartan via attenuating oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad signaling

The nephrotoxicity of cisplatin (CIS) is a significant complication that challenges its clinical applicability. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be included in the pathogenesis of CIS-evoked nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the possible protective effect of AZL and/or AT-MSCs against CIS-induced EMT in rats on molecular bases. Fifty-four healthy Wistar male albino rats were used in this study. Different biochemical markers of kidney function as well as oxidative stress parameters were investigated. Additionally, renal histopathological study was performed. The expression of EMT-related proteins and genes was evaluated by western blotting and qRT-PCR. CIS markedly increased SCr, BUN, uric acid and renal MDA levels, with concomitant decrease in serum total protein, renal GSH level and SOD activity. Furthermore, it suppressed the expression of Cdh1 gene, increased the α-SMA, Acta2, Cdh2 and Vim genes expression, down regulated the expression of E-cad protein and up-regulated the α-SMA, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3 and Snail proteins expression. Kidney tissues showed severe histopathological alterations and extensive collagen accumulation. Conversely, the treatment with either AZL or AT-MSCs significantly attenuated these alterations caused by CIS. Interestingly, the combined therapy of AZL and AT-MSCs has a superior ameliorative effect than AT-MSCs alone. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, revealed that AZL and/ or AT-MSCs successfully ameliorated the CIS-induced EMT via the inhibition of oxidative stress and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Intriguingly, AZL enhanced the effect of AT-MSCs making them promising agents for kidney protection against CIS-induced EMT.

Azilsartan Modulates HMGB1/NF-κB/p38/ERK1/2/JNK and Apoptosis Pathways during Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is characterized by an unexpected impairment of blood flow to the kidney. Azilsartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker that is approved for the management of hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate, on molecular basics, the nephroprotective activity of azilsartan on renal IR injury in rats. Rats were assigned into four groups: (1) Sham group, (2) Azilsartan group, (3) IR group, and (4) IR/Azilsartan-treated group. Histological examination and renal function were evaluated. Levels of KIM-1, HMGB1, caspase 3, GPX, SOD, NF-κB, and p53 proteins were investigated using ELISA. mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL6, IL10, TNF-α, NF-κB, p53, and bax were assessed by qRT-PCR. Expression of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 proteins was investigated by Western blotting. IR injury resulted in tissue damage, elevation of creatinine, BUN, KIM-1, HMGB1, caspase 3, NF-κB, and p53 levels, decreasing GPX and SOD activities, and up-regulation of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL6, TNF-α, p53, and bax genes. Furthermore, it up-regulated the expression of phosphorylated/total ratio of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK proteins. Interestingly, treatment of the injured rats with azilsartan significantly alleviated IR injury-induced histopathological and biochemical changes. It reduced the creatinine, BUN, KIM-1, HMGB1, caspase-3, NF-κB, and p53 levels, elevated GPX and SOD activities, down-regulated the expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL6, TNF-α, p53, and bax genes, and up-regulated IL10 gene expression. Furthermore, it decreased the phosphorylated/total ratio of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK proteins. Azilsartan exhibited nephroprotective activity in IR-injured rats via its antioxidant effect, suppression of inflammation, attenuation of apoptosis, and inhibition of HMGB1/NF-κB/p38/ERK1/2/JNK signaling pathway.

Recruitment of chalcone's potential in drug discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents

Chalcone is an interesting scaffold found in the structure of many naturally occurring molecules. Medicinal chemists are commonly interested in designing new chalcone-based structures because of having the α, β-unsaturated ketone functional group, which allows these compounds to participate in Michael's reaction and create strong covalent bonds at the active sites of the targets. Some studies have identified several natural chalcone-based compounds with the ability to inhibit the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus proteases. A few years after the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the publication of many findings in this regard, there is some evidence that suggests chalcone scaffolding has great potential for use in the design and development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inhibitors. Artificial placement of this scaffold in the structure of optimized anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds can potentially provide irreversible inhibition of the viral cysteine proteases 3-chymotrypsin-like protease and papain-like protease by creating Michael interaction. Despite having remarkable capabilities, the use of chalcone scaffold in drug design and discovery of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors seems to have been largely neglected. This review addresses issues that could lead to further consideration of chalcone scaffolding in the structure of SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors in the future.

Dual Topoisomerase I/II Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Necro-Apoptosis in Cancer Cells by a Novel Ciprofloxacin Derivative via RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL Activation

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that have been recently repurposed to anticancer candidates. Designing new derivatives of FQs with different moieties to target DNA topoisomerases could improve their anticancer efficacy. The present study aimed to synthesize a novel ciprofloxacin derivative, examine its anticancer activity against HepG2 and A549 cancer cells, and investigate the possible molecular mechanism underlying this activity by examining its ability to inhibit the topo I/II activity and to induce the apoptotic and necro-apoptotic pathways. Molecular docking, cell viability, cell migration, colony formation, cell cycle, Annexin V, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, ELISA, and western blotting assays were utilized. Molecular docking results showed that this novel ciprofloxacin derivative exerted dual topo I and topo II binding and inhibition. It significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 and HepG2 cancer cells and decreased their cell migration and colony formation abilities. In addition, it significantly increased the % of apoptotic cells, caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and elevated the LDH release levels in both cancer cells. Furthermore, it increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL proteins. This novel ciprofloxacin derivative exerted substantial dual inhibition of topo I/II enzyme activities, showed antiproliferative activity, suppressed the cell migration and colony formation abilities for A549 and HepG2 cancer cells and activated the apoptotic pathway. In addition, it initiated another backup deadly pathway, necro-apoptosis, through the activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway.

Protective effects and DNA repair induction of a coumarin-chalcone hybrid against genotoxicity induced by mutagens

Coumarins and chalcones are compounds widely found in plants or obtained by synthetic methods which possess several biological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. A series of coumarin-chalcone hybrids were synthesized to improve their biological actions and reduce potential adverse effects. Considering the applications of these molecules, a coumarin-chalcone hybrid [7-methoxy-3-(E)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) acryloyl-2 H-chromen-2-one] (4-MET) was synthesized and the genotoxic, cytotoxic, and protective effects assessed against damage induced by different mutagens. First, in silico tools were used to predict biological activity of 4-MET which indicated a chemopreventive potential. Subsequently, the genotoxic/antigenotoxic activities of 4-MET were determined both in vitro (Ames test) and in vivo (micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay). In addition, molecular docking simulations were performed between 4-MET and glutathione reductase, an important cellular detoxifying enzyme. Our results indicated that 4-MET was not mutagenic in the Ames test; however, when co-treated with sodium azide or 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), 4-MET significantly reduced the harmful actions of these mutagens. Except for a cytotoxic effect after 120 hr treatment, 4-MET alone did not produce cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in the MN test and comet assay. Nonetheless, all treatments of 4-MET with cyclophosphamide (CPA) showed a chemoprotective effect against DNA damage induced by CPA. Further, molecular docking analysis indicated a strong interaction between 4-MET and the catalytic site of glutathione reductase. These effects may be related to (1) damage prevention, (2) interaction with detoxifying enzymes, and (3) DNA-repair induction. Therefore, data demonstrated that 4-MET presents a favorable profile to be used in chemopreventive therapies.

Inhibition of NF-kB/IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Pathway and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells by Azilsartan

Metastatic breast cancer is an incurable form of breast cancer that exhibits high levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Angiotensin II has been linked to various signaling pathways involved in tumor cell growth and metastasis. The aim of this study is to investigate, for the first time, the anti-proliferative activity of azilsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 at the molecular level. Cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, colony formation, and cell migration assays were performed. RT-PCR and western blotting analysis were used to explain the molecular mechanism. Azilsartan significantly decreased the cancer cells survival, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and inhibited colony formation and cell migration abilities. Furthermore, azilsartan reduced the mRNA levels of NF-kB, TWIST, SNAIL, SLUG and bcl2, and increased the mRNA level of bax. Additionally, azilsartan inhibited the expression of IL-6, JAK2, STAT3, MMP9 and bcl2 proteins, and increased the expression of bax, c-PARP and cleaved caspase 3 protein. Interestingly, it reduced the in vivo metastatic capacity of MDA-MBA-231 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed, for the first time, the anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti-migration and EMT inhibition activities of azilsartan against breast cancer cells through modulating NF-kB/IL-6/JAK2/STAT3/MMP9, TWIST/SNAIL/SLUG and apoptosis signaling pathways.

Novel ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin-tetrazole hybrids as potential antibacterial and antiviral agents: targeting S. aureus topoisomerase and SARS-CoV-2-MPro

This study was designed to synthesize hybridizing molecules from ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin by enhancing their biological activity with tetrazoles. The synthesized compounds were investigated in the interaction with the target enzyme of fluoroquinolones (DNA gyrase) and COVID-19 main protease using molecular similarity, molecular docking, and QSAR studies. A QSAR study was carried out to explore the antibacterial activity of our compounds over Staphylococcus aureus a QSAR study, using descriptors obtained from the docking with DNA gyrase, in combination with steric type descriptors, was done obtaining suitable statistical parameters (R2=87.00, QLMO2=71.67, and QEXT2=73.49) to support our results. The binding interaction of our compounds with CoV-2-Mpro was done by molecular docking and were compared with different covalent and non-covalent inhibitors of this enzyme. For the docking studies we used several crystallographic structures of the CoV-2-Mpro. The interaction energy values and binding mode with several key residues, by our compounds, support the capability of them to be CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors. The characterization of the compounds was completed using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, ¹⁹F-NMR and HRMS spectroscopic methods. The results showed that compounds 1, 4, 5, 10 and 12 had the potential to be further studied as new antibacterial and antiviral compounds

Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2

Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.

A New EGFR Inhibitor from Ficus benghalensis Exerted Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity via Akt/PI3K Pathway Inhibition

Inflammation is a critical defensive mechanism mainly arising due to the production of prostaglandins via cyclooxygenase enzymes. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of fatty acid glucoside (FAG), which is isolated from Ficus benghalensis against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The cytotoxic activity of the FAG on RAW 264.7 macrophages was evaluated with an MTT assay. The levels of PGE2 and NO and the activity of iNOS, COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. The gene expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2 was investigated by qRT-PCR. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Akt, and PI3K proteins was examined using Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking of the new FAG against EGFR was investigated. A non-cytotoxic concentration of FAG increased NO release and iNOS activity, inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 activities, and reduced PGE2 levels in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It diminished the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, EGFR, Akt, and PI3K. Furthermore, the molecular docking study proposed the potential direct binding of FAG with EGFR with a high affinity. This study showed that FAG is a natural EGFR inhibitor, NO-releasing, and COX-inhibiting anti-inflammatory agent via EGFR/Akt/PI3K pathway inhibition.

Inhibition of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) by repurposing/designing drug-like substances and utilizing nature's toolbox of bioactive compounds

The emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a long pandemic, with numerous cases and victims worldwide and enormous consequences on social and economic life. Although vaccinations have proceeded and provide a valuable shield against the virus, the approved drugs are limited and it is crucial that further ways to combat infection are developed, that can also act against potential mutations. The main protease (Mpro) of the virus is an appealing target for the development of inhibitors, due to its importance in the viral life cycle and its high conservation among different coronaviruses. Several compounds have shown inhibitory potential against Mpro, both in silico and in vitro, with few of them also having entered clinical trials. These candidates include: known drugs that have been repurposed, molecules specifically designed based on the natural substrate of the protease or on structural moieties that have shown high binding affinity to the protease active site, as well as naturally derived compounds, either isolated or in plant extracts. The aim of this work is to collectively present the results of research regarding Mpro inhibitors to date, focusing on the function of the compounds founded by in silico simulations and further explored by in vitro and in vivo assays. Creating an extended portfolio of promising compounds that may block viral replication by inhibiting Mpro and by understanding involved structure-activity relationships, could provide a basis for the development of effective solutions against SARS-CoV-2 and future related outbreaks.

Vincamine Modulates the Effect of Pantoprazole in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Attenuating MAPK and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways

Pantoprazole has an antioxidant function against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Vincamine, a herbal candidate, is an indole alkaloid of clinical use against brain sclerosis. The aim of the present experiment is to evaluate, on a molecular level for the first time, the value of vincamine in addition to pantoprazole in treating experimentally induced renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). One-hundred-and-twenty-eight healthy male Wistar albino rats were included. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde levels were assessed. ELISA was used to estimate the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38, cleaved caspase-3, and NF-κB proteins expressions were estimated using western blot assay. The kidneys were also histopathologically studied. The IRI resulted in impaired cellular functions with increased creatinine, urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β serum levels, and up-regulated NF-ĸB, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. Furthermore, it down-regulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene and upregulated the Bax gene. The treatment with vincamine, in addition to pantoprazole multiple doses, significantly alleviated the biochemical and histopathological changes more than pantoprazole or vincamine alone, whether the dose is single or multiple, declaring their synergistic effect. In conclusion, vincamine with pantoprazole multiple doses mitigated the renal IRI through the inhibition of apoptosis, attenuation of the extracellular signaling pathways through proinflammatory cytokines' levels, and suppression of the MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38)-NF-κB intracellular signaling pathway.

Drug Repurposing for the Identification of Compounds with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Capability via Multiple Targets

Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing hundreds of millions of infections. Despite the development of vaccines, insufficient protection remains a concern. Therefore, the screening of drugs for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is reasonable and necessary. This study utilized bioinformatics for the selection of compounds approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration with therapeutic potential in this setting. In addition, the inhibitory effect of these compounds on the enzyme activity of transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), papain-like protease (PLpro), and 3C-like protease (3CLpro) was evaluated. Furthermore, the capability of compounds to attach to the spike-receptor-binding domain (RBD) was considered an important factor in the present assessment. Finally, the antiviral potency of compounds was validated using a plaque reduction assay. Our funnel strategy revealed that tamoxifen possesses an anti-SARS-CoV-2 property owing to its inhibitory performance in multiple assays. The proposed time-saving and feasible strategy may accelerate drug screening for COVID-19 and other diseases.

Computational Evidence Based Perspective on the Plausible Repositioning of Fluoroquinolones for COVID-19 Treatment

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a serious global healthcare crisis, so there is an emergence of identifying efficacious therapeutic options. In a setting where there is an unavailability of definitive medication along with the constant eruption of vaccine-related controversies, the drugrepositioning approach seems to be an ideal step for the management of COVID-19 patients. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are commonly prescribed antibiotics for the treatment of genitourinary tract and upper respiratory tract infections, including severe community-acquired pneumonia. Research over the years has postulated multifaceted implications of FQs in various pathological conditions. Previously, it has been reported that few, but not all FQs, possess strong antiviral activity with an unknown mechanism of action. Herein, an interesting perspective is discussed on repositioning possibilities of FQs for the SARS-CoV-2 infections based on the recent in silico evidential support. Noteworthy, FQs possess immunomodulatory and bactericidal activity which could be valuable for patients dealing with COVID-19 related complications. Conclusively, the current perspective could pave the way to initiate pre-clinical testing of FQs against several strains of SARS-CoV-2.

Carpachromene Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells via Modulating IR/IRS1/PI3k/Akt/GSK3/FoxO1 Pathway

Insulin resistance contributes to several disorders including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Carpachromene is a natural active compound that inhibits α-glucosidase enzyme. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential activity of carpachromene on glucose consumption, metabolism and insulin signalling in a HepG2 cells insulin resistant model. A HepG2 insulin resistant cell model (HepG2/IRM) was established. Cell viability assay of HepG2/IRM cells was performed after carpachromene/metformin treatment. Glucose concentration and glycogen content were determined. Western blot analysis of insulin receptor, IRS1, IRS2, PI3k, Akt, GSK3, FoxO1 proteins after carpachromene treatment was performed. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and hexokinase (HK) enzymes activity was also estimated. Viability of HepG2/IRM cells was over 90% after carpachromene treatment at concentrations 6.3, 10, and 20 µg/mL. Treatment of HepG2/IRM cells with carpachromene decreased glucose concentration in a concentration- and time-dependant manner. In addition, carpachromene increased glycogen content of HepG2/IRM cells. Moreover, carpachromene treatment of HepG2/IRM cells significantly increased the expression of phosphorylated/total ratios of IR, IRS1, PI3K, Akt, GSK3, and FoxO1 proteins. Furthermore, PEPCK enzyme activity was significantly decreased, and HK enzyme activity was significantly increased after carpachromene treatment. The present study examined, for the first time, the potential antidiabetic activity of carpachromene on a biochemical and molecular basis. It increased the expression ratio of insulin receptor and IRS1 which further phosphorylated/activated PI3K/Akt pathway and phosphorylated/inhibited GSK3 and FoxO1 proteins. Our findings revealed that carpachromene showed central molecular regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin signalling via IR/IRS1/ PI3K/Akt/GSK3/FoxO1 pathway.

Pantoprazole Attenuates MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38)-NF-κB and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways after Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in the kidney is the most common cause of acute renal dysfunction through different cell damage mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate, on molecular basics for the first time, the effect of pantoprazole on renal IRI in rats. Different biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers were assessed. ELISA was used to estimate proinflammatory cytokines. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to investigate the gene and protein expression. Renal histopathological examination was also performed. IRI resulted in tissue damage, elevation of serum levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, up-regulation of NF-κB, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. Furthermore, it up-regulated the expression of the Bax gene and down-regulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. Treatment of the injured rats with pantoprazole, either single dose or multiple doses, significantly alleviated IRI-induced biochemical and histopathological changes, attenuated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, down-regulated the expression of NF-κB, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins, and the Bax gene, and up-regulated Bcl-2 gene expression. Moreover, treatment with pantoprazole multiple doses has an ameliorative effect that is greater than pantoprazole single-dose. In conclusion, pantoprazole diminished renal IRI via suppression of apoptosis, attenuation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines’ levels, and inhibition of the intracellular signaling pathway MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38)–NF-κB.