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Duncan EM, Vita L, Dibnah B, Hudson BD. Metabolite-sensing GPCRs controlling interactions between adipose tissue and inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1197102. [PMID: 37484963 PMCID: PMC10357040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1197102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are a group of conditions characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation of metabolic tissues. There is now a growing appreciation that various metabolites released from adipose tissue serve as key signalling mediators, influencing this interaction with inflammation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of signal transduction proteins and most historically successful drug targets. The signalling pathways for several key adipose metabolites are mediated through GPCRs expressed both on the adipocytes themselves and on infiltrating macrophages. These include three main groups of GPCRs: the FFA4 receptor, which is activated by long chain free fatty acids; the HCA2 and HCA3 receptors, activated by hydroxy carboxylic acids; and the succinate receptor. Understanding the roles these metabolites and their receptors play in metabolic-immune interactions is critical to establishing how these GPCRs may be exploited for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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2
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Prado TP, Jara CP, Dias Bóbbo VC, Carraro RS, Sidarta-Oliveira D, de Mendonça GRA, Velloso LA, Araújo EP. A Free Fatty Acid Synthetic Agonist Accelerates Wound Healing and Improves Scar Quality in Mice. Biol Res Nurs 2023; 25:353-366. [PMID: 36444640 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221142331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired wound healing is a health problem around the world, and the search for a novel product to repair wounded skin is a major topic in the field. GW9508 is a synthetic molecule described as a selective agonist of free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) 1 and 4, and there is evidence of its anti-inflammatory effects on several organs of the body. PURPOSE Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of topical GW9508 on wound healing in mice. RESEARCH DESIGN First, we used bioinformatic methods to determine the expression of FFAR1 and FFAR4 mRNA in the skin from a human cell atlas assembled with single-cell transcriptomes. Next, we employed 6-week-old C57BL6J mice with 2 wounds inflicted in the back. The mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control group, which received topical vehicle, and a treatment group, which received GW9508, for 12 days. The wound was monitored by photographic documentation every 2 days, and samples were collected at day 6 and 12 post injury for RT-PCR, western blot and histology analyses. RESULTS FFAR1 and FFAR4 mRNA are expressed in skin cells in similar amounts to those in other tissues. Topical GW9508 accelerated wound healing and decreased gene expression of IL-10 and metalloproteinase 9 on days 6 and 12 post injury. It increased the quantity of Collagen I and improved the organization of collagen fibres. Conclusions: Our results show that GW9508 could be an attractive drug treatment for wounded skin. Future studies need to be performed to assess the impact of GW9508 in chronic wound models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais P Prado
- Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Center, OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Jara
- Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Center, OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Dias Bóbbo
- Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Center, OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Carraro
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R A de Mendonça
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eliana P Araújo
- Nursing School, Laboratory of Cell Signaling Obesity and Comorbidities Center, OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Center - OCRC, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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3
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Zhang N, Harsch B, Zhang MJ, Gyberg DJ, Stevens JA, Wagner BM, Mendelson J, Patterson MT, Orchard DA, Healy CL, Williams JW, Townsend D, Shearer GC, Murphy KA, O'Connell TD. FFAR4 regulates cardiac oxylipin balance to promote inflammation resolution in HFpEF secondary to metabolic syndrome. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100374. [PMID: 37075982 PMCID: PMC10209340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome, but a predominant subset of HFpEF patients has metabolic syndrome (MetS). Mechanistically, systemic, nonresolving inflammation associated with MetS might drive HFpEF remodeling. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) is a GPCR for long-chain fatty acids that attenuates metabolic dysfunction and resolves inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ffar4 would attenuate remodeling in HFpEF secondary to MetS (HFpEF-MetS). To test this hypothesis, mice with systemic deletion of Ffar4 (Ffar4KO) were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet with L-NAME in their water to induce HFpEF-MetS. In male Ffar4KO mice, this HFpEF-MetS diet induced similar metabolic deficits but worsened diastolic function and microvascular rarefaction relative to WT mice. Conversely, in female Ffar4KO mice, the diet produced greater obesity but no worsened ventricular remodeling relative to WT mice. In Ffar4KO males, MetS altered the balance of inflammatory oxylipins systemically in HDL and in the heart, decreasing the eicosapentaenoic acid-derived, proresolving oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), while increasing the arachidonic acid-derived, proinflammatory oxylipin 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). This increased 12-HETE/18-HEPE ratio reflected a more proinflammatory state both systemically and in the heart in male Ffar4KO mice and was associated with increased macrophage numbers in the heart, which in turn correlated with worsened ventricular remodeling. In summary, our data suggest that Ffar4 controls the proinflammatory/proresolving oxylipin balance systemically and in the heart to resolve inflammation and attenuate HFpEF remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian Harsch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dylan J Gyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jackie A Stevens
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brandon M Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jenna Mendelson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Devin A Orchard
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chastity L Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Timothy D O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Choi GS, Lim JH, Rod-In W, Jung SK, Park WJ. Anti-inflammatory properties of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids isolated from Ammodytes personatus eggs in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1109-1117. [PMID: 36283595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, total lipids were extracted from Ammodytes personatus eggs and separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. The anti-inflammatory activity of the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids was investigated in macrophages, as well as the fatty acid profiles of the lipids. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the primary fatty acids in the three fractionated lipids. Among the lipids, the phospholipids contained the highest concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly DHA and EPA (31.89 and 16.93% of the total fatty acids, respectively). The anti-inflammatory effects of the three lipids isolated from A. personatus eggs were analyzed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The three lipids significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression of immune-associated genes in a dose-dependent manner. All lipids down-regulated the protein expression of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 and MAPK (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2) signaling pathways, suggesting that they could inhibit cell signaling pathways by activating NF-κB and MAPK. The expression of CD40 and CD86 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was also significantly decreased by A. personatus lipids. Consequently, the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids from A. personatus eggs could serve as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Su Choi
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyeok Lim
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, South Korea
| | - Weerawan Rod-In
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, South Korea
| | - Seok Kyu Jung
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kongju National University, Yesan-gun, Chungcheonnam-do, 32439, South Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, South Korea; Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, South Korea.
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5
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Karmokar PF, Moniri NH. Oncogenic signaling of the free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 and FFA4 in human breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115328. [PMID: 36309079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women, and most breast cancer-associated deaths are due to metastasis and recurrence of the disease. Dietary habits, specifically dietary fat intake is a crucial risk factor involved in breast cancer development and progression. Decades of research has revealed that free-fatty acids (FFA) modulate carcinogenic processes through fatty acid metabolism and lipid peroxidation. The ground-breaking discovery of free-fatty acid receptors, which are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, has led to the realization that FFA can also act via these receptors to modulate carcinogenic effects. The long-chain free-fatty acid receptors FFA1 (previously termed GPR40) and FFA4 (previously termed GPR120) are activated by mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids including ω-3, 6, and 9 fatty acids. Initial enthusiasm towards the study of these receptors focused on their insulin secretagogue and sensitization effects, and the downstream associated metabolic regulation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression and/or aberrant FFA1/FFA4 signaling are evident in human breast carcinomas, suggesting that FFA receptors could be a promising target in the treatment of breast cancer. The current review discusses the diverse roles of FFA1 and FFA4 in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in human breast carcinoma cells and tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka F Karmokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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6
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Tang X, Hou Y, Schwartz TW, Haeggström JZ. Metabolite G-protein coupled receptor signaling: Potential regulation of eicosanoids. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115208. [PMID: 35963340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are a family of bioactive compounds derived from arachidonic acid (AA) that play pivotal roles in physiology and disease, including inflammatory conditions of multiple organ systems. The biosynthesis of eicosanoids requires a series of catalytic steps that are controlled by designated enzymes, which can be regulated by inflammatory and stress signals via transcriptional and translational mechanisms. In the past decades, evidence have emerged indicating that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can sense extracellular metabolites, and regulate inflammatory responses including eicosanoid production. This review focuses on the recent advances of metabolite GPCRs research, their role in regulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis, and the link to pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Biomedicum 9A, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yaolin Hou
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Biomedicum 9A, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Biomedicum 9A, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Olival A, Vieira SF, Gonçalves VMF, Cunha C, Tiritan ME, Carvalho A, Reis RL, Ferreira H, Neves NM. Erythrocyte-derived liposomes for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Drug Target 2022; 30:873-883. [PMID: 35414285 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2066107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective and safe therapies to counteract persistent inflammation are necessary. We developed erythrocyte-derived liposomes (EDLs) with intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity. The EDLs were prepared using lipids extracted from erythrocyte membranes, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids with several health benefits. Diclofenac, a widely used anti-inflammatory drug, was incorporated into EDLs in relevant therapeutic concentrations. The EDLs were also functionalized with folic acid to allow their active targeting of M1 macrophages, which are key players in inflammatory processes. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, empty EDLs and EDLs incorporating diclofenac were able to reduce the levels of important pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-6 (IL-6; ≈85% and 77%, respectively) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α; ≈64% and 72%, respectively). Strikingly, cytocompatible concentrations of EDLs presented similar effects to dexamethasone, a potent anti-inflammatory drug, in reducing IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations, demonstrating the EDLs potential to be used as bioactive carriers in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olival
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S F Vieira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - V M F Gonçalves
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Paredes, Portugal
| | - C Cunha
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M E Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Paredes, Portugal.,Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Carvalho
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - H Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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8
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Murphy KA, Harsch BA, Healy CL, Joshi SS, Huang S, Walker RE, Wagner BM, Ernste KM, Huang W, Block RC, Wright CD, Tintle N, Jensen BC, Wells QS, Shearer GC, O’Connell TD. Free fatty acid receptor 4 responds to endogenous fatty acids to protect the heart from pressure overload. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1061-1073. [PMID: 33752243 PMCID: PMC8930069 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for endogenous medium-/long-chain fatty acids that attenuates metabolic disease and inflammation. However, the function of Ffar4 in the heart is unclear. Given its putative beneficial role, we hypothesized that Ffar4 would protect the heart from pathologic stress. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice lacking Ffar4 (Ffar4KO), we found that Ffar4 is required for an adaptive response to pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), identifying a novel cardioprotective function for Ffar4. Following TAC, remodelling was worsened in Ffar4KO hearts, with greater hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. Transcriptome analysis 3-day post-TAC identified transcriptional deficits in genes associated with cytoplasmic phospholipase A2α signalling and oxylipin synthesis and the reduction of oxidative stress in Ffar4KO myocytes. In cultured adult cardiac myocytes, Ffar4 induced the production of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived, pro-resolving oxylipin 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE). Furthermore, the activation of Ffar4 attenuated cardiac myocyte death from oxidative stress, while 18-HEPE rescued Ffar4KO myocytes. Systemically, Ffar4 maintained pro-resolving oxylipins and attenuated autoxidation basally, and increased pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving oxylipins, including 18-HEPE, in high-density lipoproteins post-TAC. In humans, Ffar4 expression decreased in heart failure, while the signalling-deficient Ffar4 R270H polymorphism correlated with eccentric remodelling in a large clinical cohort paralleling changes observed in Ffar4KO mice post-TAC. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Ffar4 in cardiac myocytes responds to endogenous fatty acids, reducing oxidative injury, and protecting the heart from pathologic stress, with significant translational implications for targeting Ffar4 in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Brian A Harsch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chastity L Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Sonal S Joshi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Shue Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rachel E Walker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brandon M Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Katherine M Ernste
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Division of Cardiology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Nathan Tintle
- Department of Statistics, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Brian C Jensen
- Division of Cardiology and McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Timothy D O’Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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9
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Macrophage-Mediated Immune Responses: From Fatty Acids to Oxylipins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010152. [PMID: 35011385 PMCID: PMC8746402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have diverse functions in the pathogenesis, resolution, and repair of inflammatory processes. Elegant studies have elucidated the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of activated macrophages. However, the versatility of macrophage responses in inflammation is likely due, at least in part, to their ability to rearrange their repertoire of bioactive lipids, including fatty acids and oxylipins. This review will describe the fatty acids and oxylipins generated by macrophages and their role in type 1 and type 2 immune responses. We will highlight lipidomic studies that have shaped the current understanding of the role of lipids in macrophage polarization.
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10
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van Daal MT, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Braber S. Pharmacological Modulation of Immune Responses by Nutritional Components. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:198-232. [PMID: 34663688 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades, and one of the major contributors to this is lifestyle, especially diet. High intake of saturated fatty acids and low intake of dietary fiber is linked to an increase in NCDs. Conversely, a low intake of saturated fatty acids and a high intake of dietary fiber seem to have a protective effect on general health. Several mechanisms have been identified that underlie this phenomenon. In this review, we focus on pharmacological receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors, which can be activated by nutritional components and their metabolites. Depending on the nutritional component and the receptors involved, both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects occur, leading to an altered immune response. These insights may provide opportunities for the prevention and treatment of NCDs and their inherent (sub)chronic inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes the reported effects of nutritional components and their metabolites on the immune system through manipulation of specific (pharmacological) receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors. Nutritional components, such as vitamins, fibers, and unsaturated fatty acids are able to resolve inflammation, whereas saturated fatty acids tend to exhibit proinflammatory effects. This may aid decision makers and scientists in developing strategies to decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T van Daal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
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11
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Tongmee B, Ontawong A, Lailerd N, Mengamphan K, Amornlerdpisan D. Anti-inflammatory effects and enhancing immune response of freshwater hybrid catfish oil in RAW264.7 cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1223. [PMID: 34603520 PMCID: PMC8453337 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the effect of freshwater hybrid catfish oil (FFO) on the inflammatory status of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and investigated the underlying mechanisms. RAW264.7 cells were supplemented with various concentrations [0.125-2% in 0.5% propylene glycol (v/v)] of FFO with or without LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 h. Inflammatory cytokines and mediators were quantified using ELISA and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results revealed that FFO treatment inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α. In line with this, FFO suppressed the expression and secretion of the inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. FFO also reduced apoptotic body formation and DNA damage. Correspondingly, FFO enhanced the immune response by modulating the cell cycle regulators p53, cyclin D2 and cyclin E2. Accordingly, FFO may be developed as a nutraceutical product to prevent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bussarin Tongmee
- Agricultural Interdisciplinary Program, Faculty of Engineer and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Atcharaporn Ontawong
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Narissara Lailerd
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kriangsak Mengamphan
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Doungporn Amornlerdpisan
- Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.,Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
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12
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Del Cornò M, Varì R, Scazzocchio B, Varano B, Masella R, Conti L. Dietary Fatty Acids at the Crossroad between Obesity and Colorectal Cancer: Fine Regulators of Adipose Tissue Homeostasis and Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071738. [PMID: 34359908 PMCID: PMC8304920 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the major threatening diseases worldwide, being the third most common cancer, and a leading cause of death, with a global incidence expected to increase in the coming years. Enhanced adiposity, particularly visceral fat, is a major risk factor for the development of several tumours, including CRC, and represents an important indicator of incidence, survival, prognosis, recurrence rates, and response to therapy. The obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation is thought to be a key determinant in CRC development, with the adipocytes and the adipose tissue (AT) playing a significant role in the integration of diet-related endocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory signals. Furthermore, AT infiltrating immune cells contribute to local and systemic inflammation by affecting immune and cancer cell functions through the release of soluble mediators. Among the factors introduced with diet and enriched in AT, fatty acids (FA) represent major players in inflammation and are able to deeply regulate AT homeostasis and immune cell function through gene expression regulation and by modulating the activity of several transcription factors (TF). This review summarizes human studies on the effects of dietary FA on AT homeostasis and immune cell functions, highlighting the molecular pathways and TF involved. The relevance of FA balance in linking diet, AT inflammation, and CRC is also discussed. Original and review articles were searched in PubMed without temporal limitation up to March 2021, by using fatty acid as a keyword in combination with diet, obesity, colorectal cancer, inflammation, adipose tissue, immune cells, and transcription factors.
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13
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Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Long Chain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Cells Function: Contribution of FFA1 and FFA4 Receptors. Front Physiol 2021; 12:668330. [PMID: 34276398 PMCID: PMC8280355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.668330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids are molecules that act as metabolic intermediates and constituents of membranes; however, their novel role as signaling molecules in immune function has also been demonstrated. The presence of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors on immune cells has contributed to the understanding of this new role of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in immune function, showing their role as anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory molecules and elucidating their intracellular mechanisms. The FFA1 and FFA4 receptors, also known as GPR40 and GPR120, respectively, have been described in macrophages and neutrophils, two key cells mediating innate immune response. Ligands of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors induce the release of a myriad of cytokines through well-defined intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the cellular responses and intracellular mechanisms activated by LCFAs, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in T-cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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14
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Carullo G, Mazzotta S, Vega-Holm M, Iglesias-Guerra F, Vega-Pérez JM, Aiello F, Brizzi A. GPR120/FFAR4 Pharmacology: Focus on Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4312-4332. [PMID: 33843223 PMCID: PMC8154576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
activated by free fatty
acids (FFAs) have emerged as new and exciting drug targets, due to
their plausible translation from pharmacology to medicines. This perspective
aims to report recent research about GPR120/FFAR4 and its involvement
in several diseases, including cancer, inflammatory conditions, and
central nervous system disorders. The focus is to highlight the importance
of GPR120 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GPR120 agonists, useful
in T2DM drug discovery, have been widely explored from a structure–activity
relationship point of view. Since the identification of the first
reported synthetic agonist TUG-891, the research has paved the way
for the development of TUG-based molecules as well as new and different
chemical entities. These molecules might represent the starting point
for the future discovery of GPR120 agonists as antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sarah Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Margarita Vega-Holm
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Iglesias-Guerra
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José Manuel Vega-Pérez
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, DoE 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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15
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Darwesh AM, Bassiouni W, Sosnowski DK, Seubert JM. Can N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be considered a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107703. [PMID: 33031856 PMCID: PMC7534795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has currently led to a global pandemic with millions of confirmed and increasing cases around the world. The novel SARS-CoV-2 not only affects the lungs causing severe acute respiratory dysfunction but also leads to significant dysfunction in multiple organs and physiological systems including the cardiovascular system. A plethora of studies have shown the viral infection triggers an exaggerated immune response, hypercoagulation and oxidative stress, which contribute significantly to poor cardiovascular outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients. To date, there are no approved vaccines or therapies for COVID-19. Accordingly, cardiovascular protective and supportive therapies are urgent and necessary to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Accumulating literature has demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) toward the cardiovascular system, which include ameliorating uncontrolled inflammatory reactions, reduced oxidative stress and mitigating coagulopathy. Moreover, it has been demonstrated the n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors to a group of potent bioactive lipid mediators, generated endogenously, which mediate many of the beneficial effects attributed to their parent compounds. Considering the favorable safety profile for n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites, it is reasonable to consider n-3 PUFAs as potential adjuvant therapies for the clinical management of COVID-19 patients. In this article, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications secondary to COVID-19 and focus on the mechanisms that may contribute to the likely benefits of n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Darwesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Deanna K Sosnowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John M Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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16
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Sokolowska M, Rovati GE, Diamant Z, Untersmayr E, Schwarze J, Lukasik Z, Sava F, Angelina A, Palomares O, Akdis CA, O’Mahony L, Sanak M, Dahlen S, Woszczek G. Current perspective on eicosanoids in asthma and allergic diseases: EAACI Task Force consensus report, part I. Allergy 2021; 76:114-130. [PMID: 32279330 DOI: 10.1111/all.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are biologically active lipid mediators, comprising prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins, involved in several pathophysiological processes relevant to asthma, allergies, and allied diseases. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the most studied eicosanoids and established inducers of airway pathophysiology including bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Drugs inhibiting the synthesis of lipid mediators or their effects, such as leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, leukotriene receptors antagonists, and more recently prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists, have been shown to modulate features of asthma and allergic diseases. This review, produced by an European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) task force, highlights our current understanding of eicosanoid biology and its role in mediating human pathology, with a focus on new findings relevant for clinical practice, development of novel therapeutics, and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology Skane University Hospital Lund Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Jargen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health and Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Zuzanna Lukasik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Florentina Sava
- London North Genomic Laboratory Hub Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Sven‐Erik Dahlen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Allergy Research Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Woszczek
- MRC/Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
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17
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Pal A, Metherel AH, Fiabane L, Buddenbaum N, Bazinet RP, Shaikh SR. Do Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Have the Potential to Compete against Each Other? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123718. [PMID: 33276463 PMCID: PMC7760937 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) consumed in low abundance in the Western diet. Increased consumption of n-3 PUFAs may have beneficial effects for a wide range of physiological outcomes including chronic inflammation. However, considerable mechanistic gaps in knowledge exist about EPA versus DHA, which are often studied as a mixture. We suggest the novel hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete against each other through overlapping mechanisms. First, EPA and DHA may compete for residency in membrane phospholipids and thereby differentially displace n-6 PUFAs, which are highly prevalent in the Western diet. This would influence biosynthesis of downstream metabolites of inflammation initiation and resolution. Second, EPA and DHA exert different effects on plasma membrane biophysical structure, creating an additional layer of competition between the fatty acids in controlling signaling. Third, DHA regulates membrane EPA levels by lowering its rate of conversion to EPA's elongation product n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Collectively, we propose the critical need to investigate molecular competition between EPA and DHA in health and disease, which would ultimately impact dietary recommendations and precision nutrition trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (A.H.M.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Lauren Fiabane
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicole Buddenbaum
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Room 5358, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (A.H.M.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB# 7400, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (A.P.); (L.F.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-843-4348
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18
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Jalili M, Hekmatdoost A. Dietary ω-3 fatty acids and their influence on inflammation via Toll-like receptor pathways. Nutrition 2020; 85:111070. [PMID: 33545546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of long-chain, highly unsaturated ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) is considered indispensable for humans. The ω-3 FAs have been known to be anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory dietary factors; however, the modes of action on pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream signaling pathways have not been fully elucidated. Dietary sources contain various amounts of ω-3 long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) of different lengths and the association between intake of these polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with underlying mechanisms of various immune-related disorders can be of great interest. The potential anti-inflammatory role for ω-3 LCFAs can be explained by modification of lipid rafts, modulation of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that play an important role in the recognition of bacterial infections and ω-3 FAs have been implicated in the modulation of downstream signaling of TLR-4, an important receptor for recognition of gram-negative bacteria. The ω-3 FAs docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid have been investigated in vivo and in vitro for their effects on the nuclear factor-κB activation pathway. Identification of the effects of ω-3 FAs on other key molecular factors like prostaglandins and leukotrienes and their signals may help the recognition and development of medicines to suppress the main mediators and turn on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Jalili
- Cell, Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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19
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O'Connell TD, Mason RP, Budoff MJ, Navar AM, Shearer GC. Mechanistic insights into cardiovascular protection for omega-3 fatty acids and their bioactive lipid metabolites. Eur Heart J Suppl 2020; 22:J3-J20. [PMID: 33061864 PMCID: PMC7537803 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with well-controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but persistent high triglycerides, remain at increased risk for cardiovascular events as evidenced by multiple genetic and epidemiologic studies, as well as recent clinical outcome trials. While many trials of low-dose ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have shown mixed results to reduce cardiovascular events, recent trials with high-dose ω3-PUFAs have reignited interest in ω3-PUFAs, particularly EPA, in cardiovascular disease (CVD). REDUCE-IT demonstrated that high-dose EPA (4 g/day icosapent-ethyl) reduced a composite of clinical events by 25% in statin-treated patients with established CVD or diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. Outcome trials in similar statin-treated patients using DHA-containing high-dose ω3 formulations have not yet shown the benefits of EPA alone. However, there are data to show that high-dose ω3-PUFAs in patients with acute myocardial infarction had reduced left ventricular remodelling, non-infarct myocardial fibrosis, and systemic inflammation. ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with their metabolites, such as oxylipins and other lipid mediators, have complex effects on the cardiovascular system. Together they target free fatty acid receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in various tissues to modulate inflammation and lipid metabolism. Here, we review these multifactorial mechanisms of ω3-PUFAs in view of recent clinical findings. These findings indicate physico-chemical and biological diversity among ω3-PUFAs that influence tissue distributions as well as disparate effects on membrane organization, rates of lipid oxidation, as well as various receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways and effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 3-141 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Richard Preston Mason
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Navar
- Cardiovascular Division, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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20
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Metabolic Flexibility Assists Reprograming of Central and Peripheral Innate Immunity During Neurodevelopment. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:703-718. [PMID: 33006752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Central innate immunity assists time-dependent neurodevelopment by recruiting and interacting with peripheral immune cells. Microglia are the major player of central innate immunity integrating peripheral signals arising from the circumventricular regions lacking the blood-brain barrier (BBB), via neural afferent pathways such as the vagal nerve and also by choroid plexus into the brain ventricles. Defective and/or unrestrained activation of central and peripheral immunity during embryonic development might set an aberrant connectome establishment and brain function, leading to major psychiatric disorders in postnatal stages. Molecular candidates leading to central and peripheral innate immune overactivation identified metabolic substrates and lipid species as major contributors of immunological priming, supporting the role of a metabolic flexibility node during trained immunity. Mechanistically, trained immunity is established by an epigenetic program including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, as the major molecular epigenetic signatures to set immune phenotypes. By definition, immunological training sets reprogramming of innate immune cells, enhancing or repressing immune responses towards a second challenge which potentially might contribute to neurodevelopment disorders. Notably, the innate immune training might be set during pregnancy by maternal immune activation stimuli. In this review, we integrate the most valuable scientific evidence supporting the role of metabolic cues assisting metabolic flexibility, leading to innate immune training during development and its effects on aberrant neurological phenotypes in the offspring. We also add reports supporting the role of methylation and histone acetylation signatures as a major epigenetic mechanism regulating immune training.
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21
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Pagano E, Iannotti FA, Piscitelli F, Romano B, Lucariello G, Venneri T, Di Marzo V, Izzo AA, Borrelli F. Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation. Phytother Res 2020; 35:517-529. [PMID: 32996187 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil (FO) and phytocannabinoids have received considerable attention for their intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated whether the combination of FO with cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabidiol (CBD) or a combination of all three treatments results in a more pronounced intestinal antiinflammatory action compared to the effects achieved separately. Colitis was induced in mice by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). CBD and CBG levels were detected and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry and ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS-IT-TOF). Endocannabinoids and related mediators were assessed by LC-MS. DNBS increased colon weight/colon length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, interleukin-1β, and intestinal permeability. CBG, but not CBD, given by oral gavage, ameliorated DNBS-induced colonic inflammation. FO pretreatment (at the inactive dose) increased the antiinflammatory action of CBG and rendered oral CBD effective while reducing endocannabinoid levels. Furthermore, the combination of FO, CBD, and a per se inactive dose of CBG resulted in intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, FO did not alter phytocannabinoid levels in the serum and in the colon. By highlighting the apparent additivity between phytocannabinoids and FO, our preclinical data support a novel strategy of combining these substances for the potential development of a treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group
| | - Fabio A Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group
| | - Giuseppe Lucariello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group
| | - Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group
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22
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The Role of GPR120 Receptor in Essential Fatty Acids Metabolism in Schizophrenia. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080243. [PMID: 32722017 PMCID: PMC7459811 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence confirms abnormal fatty acid (FAs) metabolism in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are endogenous ligands of the G protein-coupled receptors, which have anti-inflammatory properties and are a therapeutic target in many diseases. No clinical studies are concerned with the role of the GPR120 signaling pathway in schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in PUFA nutritional status and metabolism between patients with schizophrenia (SZ group) and healthy individuals (HC group). The study included 80 participants (40 in the SZ group, 40 in the HC group). There were no differences in serum GPR120 and PUFA concentrations and PUFA intake between the examined groups. In the HC group, there was a relationship between FAs in serum and GPR120 concentration (p < 0.05): α-linolenic acid (ALA) (R = −0.46), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (R = −0.54), omega-3 PUFAs (R = −0.41), arachidonic acid (AA) (R = −0.44). In the SZ group, FA serum concentration was not related to GPR120 (p > 0.05). In the HC group, ALA and DHA serum concentrations were independently associated with GPR120 (p < 0.05) in the model adjusted for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and accounted for 38.59% of GPR120 variability (p < 0.05). Our results indicate different metabolisms of FAs in schizophrenia. It is possible that the diminished anti-inflammatory response could be a component connecting GPR120 insensitivity with schizophrenia.
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23
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Deura C, Kimura Y, Nonoyama T, Moriyama R. Gpr120 mRNA expression in gonadotropes in the mouse pituitary gland is regulated by free fatty acids. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:249-254. [PMID: 32115468 PMCID: PMC7297631 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR120 is a long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) receptor that is specifically expressed in gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland in mice. The aim of this study was to investigate
whether GPR120 is activated by free fatty acids in the pituitary of mice and mouse immortalized gonadotrope LβT2 cells. First, the effects of palmitate on GPR120, gonadotropic
hormone b-subunits, and GnRH-receptor expression in gonadotropes were investigated in vitro. We observed palmitate-induced an increase in Gpr120
mRNA expression and a decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone b-subunit (Fshb) expression in LβT2 cells. Furthermore, palmitate exposure caused the
phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in LβT2 cells, but no significant changes were observed in the expression levels of luteinizing hormone b-subunit (Lhb) and gonadotropin
releasing hormone-receptor (Gnrh-r) mRNA and number of GPR120 immunoreactive cells. Next, diurnal variation in Gpr120 mRNA expression in the male
mouse pituitary gland was investigated using ad libitum and night-time restricted feeding (active phase from 1900 to 0700 h) treatments. In ad
libitum feeding group mice, Gpr120 mRNA expression at 1700 h was transiently higher than that measured at other times, and the peak blood non-esterified
fatty acid (NEFA) levels were observed from 1300 to 1500 h. These results were not observed in night-time-restricted feeding group mice. These results suggest that GPR120 is
activated by LCFAs to regulate follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis in the mouse gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikaya Deura
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takumi Nonoyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Moriyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan
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24
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Brown LH, Mutch DM. Mechanisms underlying N3-PUFA regulation of white adipose tissue endocrine function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:40-46. [PMID: 32504953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFA) are widely reported to improve obesity-associated metabolic impairments, in part, through the regulation of adipokine and cytokine secretion from white adipose tissue (WAT). However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms by which N3-PUFA influence WAT endocrine function remain poorly described. Available evidence supports that N3-PUFA and related bioactive lipid mediators regulate several intracellular pathways that converge on two important transcription factors: PPAR-γ and NF-κB. Further, N3-PUFA signaling through GPR120 appears integral for the regulation of adipokine and cytokine production. This review collates insights from in vitro and in vivo studies using genetic and chemical inhibition of key signaling proteins to describe the pathways by which N3-PUFA regulate WAT endocrine function. Existing gaps in knowledge and opportunities to advance our understanding in this area are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam H Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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25
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Zhao YY, Fu H, Liang XY, Zhang BL, Wei LL, Zhu JX, Chen MW, Zhao YF. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits GPR120 expression in macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 and p38 MAPK activation. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:89-97. [PMID: 31322778 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is highly expressed in macrophages and was reported to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine expression. Under inflammation, macrophages exhibit striking functional changes, but changes in GPR120 expression and signaling are not known. In this study, the effects of LPS treatment on macrophage GPR120 expression and activation were investigated. The results showed that LPS inhibited GPR120 expression in mouse macrophage cell line Ana-1 cells. Moreover, LPS treatment inhibited GPR120 expression in mouse alveolar macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effect of LPS on GPR120 expression was blocked by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK242 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor LY222820, but not by ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125. LPS-induced inhibition of GPR120 expression was not attenuated by GPR120 agonists TUG891 and GW9508. TUG891 inhibited the phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages, and LPS treatment counteracted the effects of TUG891 on phagocytosis. These results indicate that pretreatment with LPS inhibits GPR120 expression and activation in macrophages. It is suggested that LPS-induced inhibition of GPR120 expression is a reaction enhancing the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Bi-Lin Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Lan-Lan Wei
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Juan-Xia Zhu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ming-Wei Chen
- Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
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26
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Radzikowska U, Rinaldi AO, Çelebi Sözener Z, Karaguzel D, Wojcik M, Cypryk K, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Sokolowska M. The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2990. [PMID: 31817726 PMCID: PMC6950146 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) are essential sources of energy and fundamental structural components of cells. They also play important roles in the modulation of immune responses in health and disease. Saturated and unsaturated FAs influence the effector and regulatory functions of innate and adaptive immune cells by changing membrane composition and fluidity and by acting through specific receptors. Impaired balance of saturated/unsaturated FAs, as well as n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FAs has significant consequences on immune system homeostasis, contributing to the development of many allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. In this paper, we discuss up-to-date knowledge and the clinical relevance of the influence of dietary FAs on the biology, homeostasis, and functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells, T cells and B cells. Additionally, we review the effects of dietary FAs on the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis as well as type 1 and 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Arturo O Rinaldi
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Zeynep Çelebi Sözener
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Department of Chest Disease, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ankara University School of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilara Karaguzel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marzena Wojcik
- Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Cypryk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
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27
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Chen H, Wang B, Yu N, Qi J, Tang N, Wang S, Tian Z, Wang M, Xu S, Zhou B, Long Q, Chen D, Li Z. Transcriptome analysis and the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the immune responses of the critically endangered angtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:199-210. [PMID: 31499199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The poor understanding of nutrition needed has become a significant obstruction to artificial conservation of Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus) and the relationship between ployunsaturated fatty acid nutrition and the immune response of Yangtze sturgeon is remains unclear. To explore this relationship, the immune response was determined by the activities of serum immune-related enzymes and the transcriptome pattern in the spleen after feeding different fat source diets for 7 weeks. In addition, the gene expression pattern after a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was investigated in the presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Long-term feeding of the fish oil diets increased the serum immune-related enzyme activities, including lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase of Yangtze sturgeon. More than 653,999 transcripts with an N50 length of 1047 bp were obtained and a final set of 280,408 unigenes was generated. After annotating the unigenes, 3549 genes were assigned to the immune system and 2839 were identified to participate in the response to the different fat sources. A transcriptome assay showed the fish oil diets moderately upregulated immune-related signaling pathways in the spleen of Yangtze sturgeon, including NLR signaling, platelet activation, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, Th17 cell differentiation, and Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results of candidate genes for these pathways showed similar results. The LPS challenge study revealed that DHA and EPA moderately upregulated the candidate immune-related genes and modulated excessive activation of the immune pathway by the pathogen. This study confirmed the immunomodulatory function of unsaturated fatty acids in Yangtze sturgeon. This research will provide a reference for the preparation of artificial diets for Yangtze sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Nianye Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jingwen Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ni Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhengzhi Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shaoqi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Fisheries Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yibin, 644000, China.
| | - Qiaoling Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Defang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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28
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Baker MA, Nandivada P, Mitchell PD, Fell GL, Pan A, Cho BS, De La Flor DJ, Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Nosé V, Puder M. Omega-3 fatty acids are protective in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in the absence of GPR120 signaling. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:2392-2397. [PMID: 31036368 PMCID: PMC6790164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single dose of IV fish oil (FO) before hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI) increases hepatocyte proliferation and reduces necrosis in wild type (WT) mice. It has been suggested that the GPR120 receptor on Kupffer cells mediates FO's ability to reduce HIRI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GPR120 is required for FO to reduce HIRI. METHODS Sixty-four (n = 8/group) adult male WT (C57BL/6) and GPR120 knockout (KO) mice received IV FO (1 g/kg) or saline 1 h prior to HIRI or sham operation. Mice were euthanized 24 h postoperatively for analysis of hepatic histology, NFκB activity, and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. RESULTS FO pretreated livers had less necrosis after HIRI than saline pretreated livers in both WT (mean ± SEM 25.9 ± 7.3% less, P = 0.007) and KO (36.6 ± 7.3% less, P < 0.0001) mice. There was no significant difference in percent necrosis between WT-FO and KO-FO groups. Sham groups demonstrated minimal necrosis (0-1.9%). Mean [95% CI] ALT after HIRI was significantly higher (P = 0.04) in WT-Saline mice (1604 U/L [751-3427]) compared to WT-FO (321 U/L [150-686]) but was not significantly higher in KO-Saline mice compared to KO-FO. There were no differences in ALT between WT-FO and KO-FO mice who underwent HIRI or between groups who underwent sham surgery. There were no differences in NFκB or IKKβ activation among groups as measured by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS IV FO pretreatment was able to reduce HIRI in GPR120 KO mice, suggesting the hepatoprotective effects of FO are not mediated by GPR120 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Paul D. Mitchell
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Bennet S. Cho
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Denis J. De La Flor
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | | | - Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Vania Nosé
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital.
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29
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Gutiérrez S, Svahn SL, Johansson ME. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205028. [PMID: 31614433 PMCID: PMC6834330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations on the immune system caused by omega-3 fatty acids have been described for 30 years. This family of polyunsaturated fatty acids exerts major alterations on the activation of cells from both the innate and the adaptive immune system, although the mechanisms for such regulation are diverse. First, as a constitutive part of the cellular membrane, omega-3 fatty acids can regulate cellular membrane properties, such as membrane fluidity or complex assembly in lipid rafts. In recent years, however, a new role for omega-3 fatty acids and their derivatives as signaling molecules has emerged. In this review, we describe the latest findings describing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on different cells from the immune system and their possible molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sara L Svahn
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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30
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A Diet Rich in Fish Oil and Leucine Ameliorates Hypercalcemia in Tumour-Induced Cachectic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204978. [PMID: 31600911 PMCID: PMC6829241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary supplementation with leucine and fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has previously been shown to reduce cachexia-related outcomes in C26 tumour-bearing mice. To further explore associated processes and mechanisms we investigated changes in plasma Ca2+ levels, the involvement of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), and its possible interactions with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Methods: CD2F1 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with C26 adenocarcinoma cells or sham treated and divided in: (1) controls, (2) tumour-bearing controls, and (3) tumour-bearing receiving experimental diets. After 20 days, body and organ masses and total plasma Ca2+ levels were determined. Furthermore, effects of DHA, EPA and leucine on production of PTHrP were studied in cultured C26 cells. Results: The combination of leucine and fish oil reduced tumour-associated hypercalcemia. Plasma Ca2+ levels negatively correlated with carcass mass and multiple organ masses. DHA was able to reduce PTHrP production by C26 cells in vitro. Results indicate that this effect occurred independently of COX-2 inhibition. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cancer-related hypercalcemia may be ameliorated by a nutritional intervention rich in leucine and fish oil. The effect of fish oil possibly relates to a DHA-induced reduction of PTHrP excretion by the tumour.
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31
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Meital LT, Windsor MT, Perissiou M, Schulze K, Magee R, Kuballa A, Golledge J, Bailey TG, Askew CD, Russell FD. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in macrophages from patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysm. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12978. [PMID: 31506475 PMCID: PMC6736886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, the latter of which contributes to activation of macrophages, a prominent cell type in AAA. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been reported to limit oxidative stress in animal models of AAA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on antioxidant defence in macrophages from patients with AAA. Cells were obtained from men with small AAA (diameter 3.0–4.5 cm, 75 ± 6 yr, n = 19) and age- matched male controls (72 ± 5 yr, n = 41) and incubated with DHA for 1 h before exposure to 0.1 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. DHA supplementation decreased the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; control, 42.1 ± 13.6 to 5.1 ± 2.1 pg/ml, p < 0.01; AAA, 25.2 ± 9.8 to 1.9 ± 0.9 pg/ml, p < 0.01) and interleukin-6 (IL-6; control, 44.9 ± 7.7 to 5.9 ± 2.0 pg/ml, p < 0.001; AAA, 24.3 ± 5.2 to 0.5 ± 0.3 pg/ml, p < 0.001) in macrophage supernatants. DHA increased glutathione peroxidase activity (control, 3.2 ± 0.3 to 4.1 ± 0.2 nmol/min/ml/μg protein, p = 0.004; AAA, 2.3 ± 0.5 to 3.4 ± 0.5 nmol/min/ml/μg protein, p = 0.008) and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression (control, 1.5-fold increase, p < 0.001). The improvements in macrophage oxidative stress status serve as a stimulus for further investigation of DHA in patients with AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara T Meital
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology & Physiology, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia.,VasoActive Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Mark T Windsor
- VasoActive Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Maria Perissiou
- VasoActive Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Magee
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Qld, Australia
| | - Anna Kuballa
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology & Physiology, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- VasoActive Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Christopher D Askew
- VasoActive Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Fraser D Russell
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology & Physiology, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia. .,VasoActive Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia.
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32
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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Valenzuela P, Teuber S, Manosalva C, Alarcón P, Figueroa CD, Ratto M, Burgos RA, Hidalgo MA. Functional expression of the free fatty acids receptor-1 and -4 (FFA1/GPR40 and FFA4/GPR120) in bovine endometrial cells. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:179-186. [PMID: 31187404 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial epithelial cells play a key defensive role as part of the innate immune response of cow uterus. An association between risk of acquiring infectious diseases and increased levels of free fatty acids postpartum has been suggested, and the use of omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been proposed as a beneficial strategy to improve immunity and fertility. The goal of our study was to demonstrate the presence of free fatty acid (FFA)-1 and 4 receptors in endometrial cells and to investigate their role on DHA interference in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory endometrial activation. We demonstrated that the bovine endometrial (BEND) cells line and bovine endometrium express both FFA1 and FFA4 receptors. FFA1 and FFA4 receptors were localized in the epithelium lining the endometrial cavity and in endometrial glands whereas in BEND cells a characteristic cell membrane localization of both receptors was observed. DHA, a FFA4 natural agonist, increased intracellular calcium mobilization in BEND cells, but the FFA1 agonists oleic and linoleic acids did not increase this response. DHA-induced intracellular calcium mobilization was inhibited by the FFA4 and FFA1 antagonists AH7614 and GW1100, respectively. DHA significantly reduced LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, but none of the antagonists reduced the effect produced by DHA. On the contrary, linoleic acid increased LPS-induced PGE2 production. In conclusion, endometrial cells express FFA4 and FFA1 receptors, and DHA induces intracellular calcium release via FFA4 and FFA1 receptors. DHA reduces PGE2, but this response was not mediated by FFA4 or FFA1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Stefanie Teuber
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ratto
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aurantiochytrium limacinum 4W-1b Ethanol Extract on Murine Macrophage RAW264 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3104057. [PMID: 30809537 PMCID: PMC6369496 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3104057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium limacinum 4W-1b (AL4W-1b) is a newly discovered microalgal strain with unique features. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of AL4W-1b on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced inflammatory responses in RAW264 murine macrophage cells. Pretreatment of RAW264 cells with the AL4W-1b extract significantly reduced the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6. Treatment with the AL4W-1b extract also decreased the production of IL-1β and IL-6. These results suggest that AL4W-1b might have anti-inflammatory effects in RAW264 cells. The NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082, synergistically prevented LPS-induced NO production after pretreatment with the AL4W-1b extract. Thus, the AL4W-1b extract may affect not only the NF-κB pathway but also other inflammatory pathways. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the anti-inflammatory effects of AL4W-1b extract and its mechanism of action in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cells.
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Long-chain fatty acid-induced intracellular signaling in GPR120-expressing brush cells at the limiting ridge of the murine stomach. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:71-81. [PMID: 30560457 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brush cells at the gastric groove have been proposed to operate as sensory cells capable of sensing constituents of ingested food. Recent studies have indicated that these cells express GPR120 (also known as FFAR4), the G protein-coupled receptor for long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). However, functional implications of this receptor in brush cells have remained elusive. Here, we show that a great proportion of brush cells express GPR120. We used phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) as a readout to monitor brush cell responses to the LCFAs oleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Our results demonstrate that ERK1/2 phosphorylation is increased upon exposure to both fatty acids. Increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation is accompanied by upregulated mRNA and protein levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), a key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis. Immunohistochemical experiments confirmed that oleic acid caused ERK1/2 phosphorylation and induced COX-2 expression in brush cells. Our results indicate that LCFA sensing elicits a signaling process in brush cells that may be relevant for a local regulation of gastric functions.
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36
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GPR120, a potential therapeutic target for experimental colitis in IL-10 deficient mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8397-8405. [PMID: 28039475 PMCID: PMC5352409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proved that interleukin-10-knockout (IL-10 KO) mice display the most similar characteristics to that of human Crohn's disease (CD). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has well established beneficial effects on human and animal models health with potent anti-inflammatory effects with poorly understood mechanisms. This study was aimed at figuring out whether DHA could ameliorate the Crohn's colitis by activating GPR120 and whether GPR120 could be a potential therapeutic target for CD.16 week-old mice included in our present study were divided into three groups, WT group, IL-10 KO group and DHA group(IL-10 KO mice with DHA treatment, i.g., 35.5mg/kg/d), containing 8 mice in each group. The severity of colitis, pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations, the expression/distribution of protein GPR120 and TAK1/IKK-α/IkB-α/p65 pathway in the proximal colons were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Administration of DHA showed promising results in the experimental chronic colitis (demonstrated by reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells, lowered inflammation scores, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines) and body weight loss improvement. Moreover, in the DHA-treated mice, enhanced expression and improved distribution integrity of protein GPR120 were observed, which was probably associated with the regulation of TAK1/IKK-α/IkB-α/p65 pathway. Our results indicated that triggering GPR120 via the inhibition of TAK1/IKK-α/IkB-α/p65 pathway might be an important target for Crohn's colitis.
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Flynn KR, Sutti A, Martin LL, Leigh Ackland M, Torriero AAJ. Critical effects of polar fluorescent probes on the interaction of DHA with POPC supported lipid bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1135-1142. [PMID: 29338975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of lipid bilayer structure and function has been advanced by the application of molecular fluorophores. However, the effects of these probe molecules on the physicochemical properties of membranes being studied are poorly understood. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring instrument was used in this work to investigate the impact of two commonly used fluorescent probes, 1‑palmitoyl‑2‑{12‑[(7‑nitro‑2‑1,3‑benzoxadiazol‑4‑yl)amino]dodecanoyl}‑sn‑glycero‑3‑phosphocholine (NBD-PC) and 1,2‑dipalmitoyl‑sn‑glycero‑3‑phosphoethanolamine‑n‑(lissamine rhodamine‑B‑sulfonyl) (Lis-Rhod PE), on the formation and physicochemical properties of a 1‑palmitoyl‑2‑oleoyl‑sn‑glycero‑3‑phosphocholine supported lipid bilayer (POPC-SLB). The interaction of the POPC-SLB and fluorophore-modified POPC-SLB with docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, was evaluated. The incorporation of DHA into the POPC-SLB was observed to significantly decrease in the presence of the Lis-Rhod PE probe compared with the POPC-SLB. In addition, it was observed that the small concentration of DHA incorporated into the POPC:NBD-PC SLB can produce rearrangement processes followed by the lost not only of DHA but also of POPC or NBD-PC molecules or both during the washing step. This work has significant implications for the interpretation of data employing fluorescent reporter molecules within SLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera R Flynn
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Alessandra Sutti
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - M Leigh Ackland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Angel A J Torriero
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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38
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Zhao Y, Zhang H, Yan A, Zhu J, Liu K, Chen D, Xie R, Xu X, Su X. Grifolic acid induces mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cell death of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3281-3287. [PMID: 29257254 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Grifolic acid is a phenolic compound that was first extracted from the mushroom Albatrellus confluens; it acts as an agonist of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR4). FFAR4 is expressed in macrophages and mediates the anti‑inflammatory effects of n‑3 unsaturated free fatty acids. In the present study, the effects of grifolic acid on macrophages were observed in mouse RAW264.7 cells. It was demonstrated that grifolic acid (2.5‑20 µmol/l) treatment reduced RAW264.7 cell viability in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner. The number of apoptotic cells significantly increased following grifolic acid treatment compared with the untreated control cells. Grifolic acid treatment resulted in a significant decrease in cellular adenosine 5'‑triphosphate (ATP) content in RAW264.7 cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as measured by JC‑1 staining, was significantly diminished by grifolic acid treatment in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner. Treatment with cyclosporine A, a protector of MMP, attenuated grifolic acid‑induced reduction of MMP and viability in RAW264.7 cells. FFAR4 knockdown did not significantly influence grifolic acid‑induced reduction of cell viability, ATP levels or MMP. In conclusion, grifolic acid may induce macrophage cell death by reducing MMP and by inhibiting ATP production probably in an FFAR4‑independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Aili Yan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Juanxia Zhu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xingli Su
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
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39
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Im DS. FFA4 (GPR120) as a fatty acid sensor involved in appetite control, insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 64:92-108. [PMID: 28887275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been suggested to be beneficial in the context of cardiovascular disorders based in epidemiologic studies conducted in Greenland and Mediterranean. DHA and EPA are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are plentiful in fish oil, and oleic acid is an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid, rich in olive oil. Dietary intake of these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been associated with insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which contrasts with the impairment of insulin sensitivity and weight gain associated with high intakes of saturated long-chain fatty acids. The recent discovery that free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) acts as a sensor for unsaturated long-chain fatty acids started to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial functions played by these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in various physiological processes, which include the secretions of gastrointestinal peptide hormones and glucose homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and therapeutic significance of FFA4 in appetite control, insulin sensitization, and inflammation reduction are discussed in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes from pharmacological viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Mildenberger J, Johansson I, Sergin I, Kjøbli E, Damås JK, Razani B, Flo TH, Bjørkøy G. N-3 PUFAs induce inflammatory tolerance by formation of KEAP1-containing SQSTM1/p62-bodies and activation of NFE2L2. Autophagy 2017; 13:1664-1678. [PMID: 28820283 PMCID: PMC5640206 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1345411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial in the defense against infections but must be tightly controlled to limit detrimental hyperactivation. Our diet influences inflammatory processes and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have known anti-inflammatory effects. The balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes is coordinated by macrophages and macroautophagy/autophagy has recently emerged as a cellular process that dampens inflammation. Here we report that the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transiently induces cytosolic speckles of the autophagic receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) (described as SQSTM1/p62-bodies) in macrophages. We suggest that the formation of SQSTM1/p62-bodies represents a fast mechanism of NFE2L2/Nrf2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) activation by recruitment of KEAP1 (kelch like ECH associated protein 1). Further, the autophagy receptor TAX1BP1 (Tax1 binding protein 1) and ubiquitin-editing enzyme TNFAIP3/A20 (TNF α induced protein 3) could be identified in DHA-induced SQSTM1/p62-bodies. Simultaneously, DHA strongly dampened the induction of pro-inflammatory genes including CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10) and we suggest that formation of SQSTM1/p62-bodies and activation of NFE2L2 leads to tolerance towards selective inflammatory stimuli. Finally, reduced CXCL10 levels were related to the improved clinical outcome in n-3 PUFA-supplemented heart-transplant patients and we propose CXCL10 as a robust marker for the clinical benefits mobilized by n-3 PUFA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mildenberger
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ida Johansson
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ismail Sergin
- d Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Eli Kjøbli
- b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,c Department of Infectious Diseases , St Olav University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Babak Razani
- d Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,e Department of Pathology & Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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Song T, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Wei H, Peng J. GPR120: a critical role in adipogenesis, inflammation, and energy metabolism in adipose tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2723-2733. [PMID: 28285320 PMCID: PMC11107682 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adipose tissue has a critical role in the development of obesity and metabolic diseases and that adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. Accumulating in the adipose tissue, fatty acids serve as a primary source of essential nutrients and act on intracellular and cell surface receptors to regulate biological events. G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) represents a promising target for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic disorders for its involvement in the regulation of adipogenesis, inflammation, glucose uptake, and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize recent studies and advances regarding the systemic role of GPR120 in adipose tissue, including both white and brown adipocytes. We offer a new perspective by comparing the different roles in a variety of homeostatic processes from adipogenic development to adipocyte metabolism, and we also discuss the effects of natural and synthetic agonists that may be potential agents for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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42
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Fatty acid and mineral receptors as drug targets for gastrointestinal disorders. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:315-334. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing receptors, including fatty acid receptors (FFA1–FFA4), Ca2+-sensing receptors and Zn2+-sensing receptors, are involved in several biological processes. These receptors are abundantly expressed in the GI tract, where they have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating GI function. This review provides an overview of the GI functions of fatty acid and mineral receptors, including the regulation of gastric and enteroendocrine functions, GI motility, ion transport and cell growth. Recently, several lines of evidence have implicated these receptors as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of GI disorders, for example, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome and diarrheal diseases. A future perspective on drug discovery research targeting these receptors is discussed.
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43
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Pan CY, Liu YH, Gong HY, Chen JY. Transcriptome analysis of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against Vibrio vulnificus infection in Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:153-163. [PMID: 28108339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus infection causes severe economic losses in Oreochromis niloticus aquaculture by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, that lead to inflammation and mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been reported for their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial abilities in murine and zebrafish models. However, the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions of DHA and EPA in commercial aquaculture organisms such as Oreochromis niloticus remain unknown. The present study demonstrates antibacterial function and transcriptional modulation of inflammation-associated genes by DHA and EPA in Vibrio vulnificus infection in Oreochromis niloticus fish models. The administration of EPA or DHA improved the Oreochromis niloticus survival rate against Vibrio vulnificus infection. The induction of proinflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 by Vibrio vulnificus was suppressed in fish that were administered DHA. Bacterial membrane disruption and the killing of Vibrio vulnificus by EPA and DHA was observed using SEM, TEM, and cytoplasm leakage studies. In silico analysis of the transcription profile in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software showed that DHA may enhance anti-Vibrio vulnificus activity in Oreochromis niloticus via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) to inhibit nuclear factor kappa B and suppress hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α). In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that DHA and EPA reduce the severity of Vibrio vulnificus infection and increase the survival rate of Oreochromis niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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44
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Houthuijzen JM, Oosterom I, Hudson BD, Hirasawa A, Daenen LGM, McLean CM, Hansen SVF, van Jaarsveld MTM, Peeper DS, Jafari Sadatmand S, Roodhart JML, van de Lest CHA, Ulven T, Ishihara K, Milligan G, Voest EE. Fatty acid 16:4(n-3) stimulates a GPR120-induced signaling cascade in splenic macrophages to promote chemotherapy resistance. FASEB J 2017; 31:2195-2209. [PMID: 28183801 PMCID: PMC5388545 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601248r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy is designed to eradicate tumor cells, it also has significant effects on normal tissues. The platinum-induced fatty acid 16:4(n-3) (hexadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraenoic acid) induces systemic resistance to a broad range of DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics. We show that 16:4(n-3) exerts its effect by activating splenic F4/80+/CD11blow macrophages, which results in production of chemoprotective lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). Pharmacologic studies, together with analysis of expression patterns, identified GPR120 on F4/80+/CD11blow macrophages as the relevant receptor for 16:4(n-3). Studies that used splenocytes from GPR120-deficient mice have confirmed this conclusion. Activation of the 16:4(n-3)-GPR120 axis led to enhanced cPLA2 activity in these splenic macrophages and secretion of the resistance-inducing lipid mediator, lysophosphatidylcholine(24:1). These studies identify a novel and unexpected function for GPR120 and suggest that antagonists of this receptor might be effective agents to limit development of chemotherapy resistance.—Houthuijzen, J. M., Oosterom, I., Hudson, B. D., Hirasawa, A., Daenen, L. G. M., McLean, C. M., Hansen, S. V. F., van Jaarsveld, M. T. M., Peeper, D. S., Jafari Sadatmand, S., Roodhart, J. M. L., van de Lest, C. H. A., Ulven, T., Ishihara, K., Milligan, G., Voest, E. E. Fatty acid 16:4(n-3) stimulates a GPR120-induced signaling cascade in splenic macrophages to promote chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Houthuijzen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Oosterom
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Laura G M Daenen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chelsea M McLean
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen V F Hansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Daniel S Peeper
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar Jafari Sadatmand
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenji Ishihara
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Kanazawaku, Japan
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emile E Voest
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Hansen SVF, Ulven T. Pharmacological Tool Compounds for the Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120). Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 236:33-56. [PMID: 27807695 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4), also known as GPR120, is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by long-chain fatty acids and that has been associated with regulation of appetite, release of insulin controlling hormones, insulin sensitization, anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-obesity activity, and is progressively appearing as an attractive potential target for the treatment of metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammatory disorders. Ongoing investigations of the pharmacological functions of FFA4 and validation of its potential as a therapeutic target depend critically on the appropriateness and quality of the available pharmacological probes or tool compounds. After a brief summary of the pharmacological functions of FFA4 and some general considerations on desirable properties for these pharmacological tool compounds, the individual compounds that have been or are currently being used as tools for probing the function of FFA4 in various in vitro and in vivo settings will be discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen V F Hansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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46
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Flynn KR, Martin LL, Ackland ML, Torriero AAJ. Real-Time Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring of Free Docosahexaenoic Acid Interactions with Supported Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11717-11727. [PMID: 27728769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid found in mammalian neuronal cell membranes. Although DHA is known to be important for neuronal cell survival, little is know about how DHA interacts with phospholipid bilayers. This study presents a detailed quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) analysis of free DHA interactions with individual and mixed phospholipid supported lipid bilayers (SLB). DHA incorporation and subsequent changes to the SLBs viscoelastic properties were observed to be concentration-dependent, influenced by the phospholipid species, the headgroup charge, and the presence or absence of calcium ions. It was observed that 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) SLBs incorporated the greatest amount of DHA concentration, whereas the presence of phospholipids, phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) in a POPC SLB significantly reduced DHA incorporation and changed the SLBs physicochemical properties. These observations are hypothesized to be due to a substitution event occurring between DHA and phospholipid species. PS domain formation in POPC/PS 8:2 SLBs was observed in the presence of calcium ions, which favored DHA incorporation to a similar level as for a POPC only SLB. The changes in SLB thickness observed with different DHA concentrations are also presented. This work contributes to an understanding of the physical changes induced in a lipid bilayer as a consequence of its exposure to different DHA concentrations (from 50 to 200 μM). The capacity of DHA to influence the physical properties of SLBs indicates the potential for dietary DHA supplementation to cause changes in cellular membranes in vivo, with subsequent physiological consequences for cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera R Flynn
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisandra L Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Leigh Ackland
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angel A J Torriero
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University , Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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47
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Vieira WA, Sadie-Van Gijsen H, Ferris WF. Free fatty acid G-protein coupled receptor signaling in M1 skewed white adipose tissue macrophages. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3665-76. [PMID: 27173059 PMCID: PMC11108433 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the establishment and maintenance of a low grade, chronically inflamed state in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of the body. The WAT macrophage population is a major cellular participant in this inflammatory process that significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of the disease, with the adipose depots of obese individuals, relative to lean counterparts, having an elevated number of macrophages that are skewed towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Alterations in the WAT lipid micro-environment, and specifically the availability of free fatty acids, are believed to contribute towards the obesity-related quantitative and functional changes observed in these cells. This review specifically addresses the involvement of the five G-protein coupled free fatty acid receptors which bind exogenous FFAs and signal in macrophages. Particular focus is placed on the involvement of these receptors in macrophage migration and cytokine production, two important aspects that modulate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Antonio Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Hanél Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - William Frank Ferris
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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48
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Houthuijzen JM. For Better or Worse: FFAR1 and FFAR4 Signaling in Cancer and Diabetes. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:738-743. [PMID: 27582526 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased energy intake can lead to obesity, which increases the risk for the development of diabetes and cancer. Free fatty acids regulate numerous cellular processes, like insulin secretion, inflammation, proliferation, and cell migration. Dysregulation of these cellular functions by increased lipid intake plays a significant role in the development of diseases like diabetes and cancer. Free fatty acid receptors 1 and 4 (FFAR1 and FFAR4) are two free fatty acid receptors under increasing investigation for their roles in diabetes and more recently also cancer. Both receptors bind medium- to long-chain, saturated and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. Increasing evidence shows that enhanced FFAR1 and FFAR4 signaling reduces diabetes symptoms but enhances tumor growth and migration of various cancer types like melanoma and prostate cancer. This review gives an overview of the role of FFAR1 and FFAR4 in diabetes and cancer and discusses their potential to function as targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Houthuijzen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Yum HW, Na HK, Surh YJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of docosahexaenoic acid: Implications for its cancer chemopreventive potential. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:141-159. [PMID: 27546289 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The implication of inflammatory tissue damage in pathophysiology of human cancer as well as some metabolic disorders has been under intense investigation. Numerous studies have identified a series of critical signaling molecules involved in cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. These include nuclear factor κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. The proper regulation of these transcription factors mediating pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling hence provides an important strategy for the chemoprevention of inflammation-associated cancer. There is compelling evidence supporting that dietary supplementation with fish oil-derived ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ameliorates symptomatic inflammation associated with cancer as well as other divergent human disorders. Acute or physiologic inflammation is an essential body's first line of defence to microbial infection and tissue injuries, but it must be properly completed by a process termed 'resolution'. Failure of resolution mechanisms can result in persistence of inflammation, leading to chronic inflammatory conditions and related malignancies. The phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils and clearance of their potentially histotoxic contents by macrophages, called efferocytosis is an essential component in resolving inflammation. Of note, DHA is a precursor of endogenous proresolving lipid mediators which regulate the leukocyte trafficking and recruitment and thereby facilitate efferocytosis. Therefore, DHA and its metabolites may have a preventive potential in the management of human cancer which arises as a consequence of impaired resolution of inflammation as well as chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Yum
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133, South Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
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50
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Milligan G, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Hudson BD. Complex Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:67-110. [PMID: 27299848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are historically the most successful family of drug targets. In recent times it has become clear that the pharmacology of these receptors is far more complex than previously imagined. Understanding of the pharmacological regulation of GPCRs now extends beyond simple competitive agonism or antagonism by ligands interacting with the orthosteric binding site of the receptor to incorporate concepts of allosteric agonism, allosteric modulation, signaling bias, constitutive activity, and inverse agonism. Herein, we consider how evolving concepts of GPCR pharmacology have shaped understanding of the complex pharmacology of receptors that recognize and are activated by nonesterified or "free" fatty acids (FFAs). The FFA family of receptors is a recently deorphanized set of GPCRs, the members of which are now receiving substantial interest as novel targets for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Further understanding of the complex pharmacology of these receptors will be critical to unlocking their ultimate therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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