Analysis of the association between polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP20, TIMP1, and TIMP2 genes with white spot lesions and early childhood caries

The Effects of MMP3 (rs679620) and VDR (rs731236) Gene Polymorphisms on Dental Caries: A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVE

 Caries formation is a process affected by various factors. Studies have shown that genetic factors also play a role in caries formation. The aim of our study is to examine the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 (rs679620) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) (rs731236) gene polymorphisms on caries formation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 Following routine oral examinations in individuals aged between 20 and 44 years, the diagnosis was made according to the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, and experimental group was defined as "high caries risk" (DMFT ≥ 14, n = 28), and the control group as "no caries" (DMFT = 0, n = 28). Plaque index and bleeding on probing were measured from participants with a detailed anamnesis. Periodontally healthy individuals with less than 10% bleeding on probing were included in the study (n = 56). After DNA isolation from blood samples taken from the participants, the genotyping of MMP3 (rs679620) and VDR (rs731236) gene polymorphisms were determined using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS V23.0. Data distribution was evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare categorical data according to groups. The results were evaluated using a significance level of p < 0.05.

RESULTS

 Regarding MMP3 and VDR gene polymorphisms, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MMP3 (rs679620) (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the VDR (rs731236) genotype distributions of the groups (p = 0.659).

CONCLUSION

 Within the limits of this study, MMP3 rs679620 gene polymorphism may have an effect on caries formation.

Polymorphisms in SOD2 and SOD3 Genes are Associated with Dental Caries in Primary Dentition of Brazilian Children

To investigate the association of polymorphisms in the SOD2 (rs5746136, rs10370, and rs4880) and SOD3 (rs2855262, and rs13306703) genes and dental caries in primary dentition. This cross-sectional study included 753 children aged from 2 to 6 years in primary dentition from 33 public preschools in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Covariates such as gender and body mass index were collected. Dental caries experience was evaluated using WHO (2013) criteria. Phenotypes were classified as absence (dmft = 0), presence (dmft ≥ 1) or high caries experience (dmft ≥ 5). Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by TaqMan real-time PCR using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells. Allele and genotype frequencies in recessive, co-dominant and dominant models were compared between phenotype groups. Covariates did not influence on caries experience in any phenotype analyzed. The allele C in rs2855262 (SOD3) presented association with high dental caries experience (dmft ≥ 5) (p = 0.04). The polymorphisms rs5746136 (SOD2) and rs2855262 (SOD3) presented association with caries experience (respectively, dmft ≥ 1 and dmft ≥ 5) in recessive models (p = 0.02). The findings suggest that polymorphisms in SOD2 (rs5746136) and SOD3 (rs2855262) genes are associated with dental caries experience in children with primary dentition. The cross-sectional study design presents known limitations, such as the inability to establish causal relationships. Therefore, the findings of this study should be interpreted with caution, and further is needed to confirm the results and investigate the function of these genes function and their involvement in dental caries and other oral conditions. Altered salivary oxidative stress biomarkers, influenced by genetic variations, play a significant role in the development of dental caries. It emphasizes the importance of genetic screening in oral health assessments. Understanding the SOD2 and SOD3 polymorphisms, could pave the way for personalized preventive strategies and targeted therapeutic interventions in pediatric dentistry.

Effect of sprayable, highly adhesive hydrophobized gelatin microparticles on esophageal stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection: an experimental study in a swine model

BACKGROUND

Esophageal mucosal resection for superficial esophageal cancer can lead to postoperative esophageal stricture, with current preventive measures being insufficient. Sprayable wound dressings containing hydrophobized microparticles exhibit strong adhesion. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of hydrophobized microparticles on esophageal stenosis following endoscopic submucosal dissection.

METHODS

Circumferential esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed on miniature swine (n = 6). Swine were categorized into two groups: those sprayed with hydrophobized microparticles (sprayed group) and those not sprayed (non-sprayed group). Hydrophobized microparticles were sprayed onto the sprayed group on Days 0, 3, and 7 of endoscopic submucosal dissection. The non-sprayed group underwent endoscopy on the same days. Esophageal stricture rate, submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration, submucosal fibrosis, and thickening of the muscular layer were compared between the groups on Day 14 of endoscopic submucosal dissection.

RESULTS

Spraying of hydrophobized microparticles was easily performed using an existing endoscopic spraying device. The esophageal stricture rate was significantly lower in the sprayed group than in the non-sprayed group (76.1% versus 90.6%, p < 0.05). The sprayed group showed suppression of inflammatory cell infiltration in the submucosal layer (p < 0.01) and thickening of the muscular layer (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Sprayable tissue-adhesive hydrophobized microparticles reduce the stricture rate after esophageal ESD by inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration, submucosal fibrosis, and thickening of the muscular layer. The use of hydrophobized microparticles for preventing post-endoscopic submucosal dissection esophageal stenosis offers a promising avenue for clinical applications in endoscopic procedures, potentially improving patient outcomes.

Investigation of the association between COX-2 polymorphisms and external apical root resorption in orthodontically treated patients

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and external apical root resorption (EARR) after orthodontic treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study analyzed the orthodontic records of patients from Regensburg University Hospital and two collaborating private practices. EARR was analyzed in the maxillary central incisors and first mandibular molars using pre- and post-treatment cephalometric and panoramic radiographs, respectively. Genomic DNA was obtained from salivary oral cells. Two SNPs in COX-2, rs5275 (3 prime untranslated region variant) and rs689466 (upstream transcript variant, downstream transcript variant), were genotyped using real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The linear regression models were fitted to assess the effects of the evaluated SNPs at a significance level of 5%.

RESULTS

A total of 143 biologically unrelated patients (mean age: 13.5 ± 4.5 years) were included in the study. The F-test showed that only the regression for EARR in the mandibular molars in the dominant model for rs5275 G allele had a good fit (F = 3.50, P = 0.034). The model showed that individuals carrying at least one G allele for rs5275 had a 17% increase in EARR in the molars compared to common AA homozygotes (exp(B) = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.32; P = 0.010). Although an effect of the G allele (rs5275) was detected, this effect did not explain much of the variability in EARR (adjusted R2 = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that patients carrying the polymorphic form of the rs5275 were more likely to have EARR in the mandibular molars; therefore, COX-2 could have an effect on EARR.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The knowledge of the genetic background concerning EARR after orthodontic treatment would aid in clinical practice to screen for associated genetic factors and potentially aid its prevention and management, considering that patients' genetic profiles would soon be available.

Genetics Affecting the Prognosis of Dental Treatments

Genetics plays a significant role in determining an individual's susceptibility to dental diseases, the response to dental treatments, and the overall prognosis of dental interventions. Here, the authors explore the various genetic factors affecting the prognosis of dental treatments focusing on dental caries, orthodontic treatment, oral cancer, prosthodontic treatment, periodontal disease, developmental disorders, pharmacogenetics, and genetic predisposition to faster wound healing. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of dental health can help personalize treatment plans, predict outcomes, and improve the overall quality of dental care.

Estimation and Correlation of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzymatic Activity in Saliva with and without Early Childhood Caries in South Indian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major common problem seen in children and is the most prevalent chronic disease that leads to discomfort, pain, and poor quality of life, affecting the health of children. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a nonspecific phosphomonoesterase that functions through a phosphoery 1 intermediate to produce free inorganic phosphate. It has different isoenzymes produced by different cell types such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, osteoblasts, macrophages, and fibroblasts within alveolar bone and/or salivary glands. Various studies show that higher ALP activity is related to periodontal disease and dental caries.

Aim

This study aims to estimate and correlate salivary Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme activity in the saliva of children with and without ECC.

Materials and methods

A total of 50 children were included in the study, divided into two groups-caries-active and caries-free, each consisting of 25 participants. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and subjected to a spectrophotometer for analysis. ALP enzyme activity levels were estimated and correlated between caries-active and caries-free children.

Results

The correlation between caries score and ALP activity was statistically significant, with a moderate correlation. The comparison of mean ALP activity between caries-active and caries-free groups was statistically significant. However, the comparison of ALP based on different age-groups and gender was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant correlation between caries scores and the caries-active group.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there is a substantial correlation between ALP enzyme levels and the severity of dental caries. An increase in ALP enzyme level is linked to a considerable rise in caries severity. Therefore, prevention may be possible with early detection.

How to cite this article

Thimmegowda U, Kuri PN. Estimation and Correlation of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzymatic Activity in Saliva with and without Early Childhood Caries in South Indian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):528-531.

Application of omics technologies in cariology research: A critical review with bibliometric analysis

OBJECTIVES

To review the application of omics technologies in the field of cariology research and provide critical insights into the emerging opportunities and challenges.

DATA & SOURCES

Publications on the application of omics technologies in cariology research up to December 2022 were sourced from online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Two independent reviewers assessed the relevance of the publications to the objective of this review.

STUDY SELECTION

Studies that employed omics technologies to investigate dental caries were selected from the initial pool of identified publications. A total of 922 publications with one or more omics technologies adopted were included for comprehensive bibliographic analysis. (Meta)genomics (676/922, 73 %) is the predominant omics technology applied for cariology research in the included studies. Other applied omics technologies are metabolomics (108/922, 12 %), proteomics (105/922, 11 %), and transcriptomics (76/922, 8 %).

CONCLUSION

This study identified an emerging trend in the application of multiple omics technologies in cariology research. Omics technologies possess significant potential in developing strategies for the detection, staging evaluation, risk assessment, prevention, and management of dental caries. Despite the numerous challenges that lie ahead, the integration of multi-omics data obtained from individual biological samples, in conjunction with artificial intelligence technology, may offer potential avenues for further exploration in caries research.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This review presented a comprehensive overview of the application of omics technologies in cariology research and discussed the advantages and challenges of using these methods to detect, assess, predict, prevent, and treat dental caries. It contributes to steering research for improved understanding of dental caries and advancing clinical translation of cariology research outcomes.

Impact of tooth mineral tissues genes on dental caries: a birth-cohort study

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate whether Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms present in the genes of tooth mineral tissues influence dental caries trajectory across the life course, and if there is an epistatic (gene-gene) interaction between these SNPs.

METHODS

A representative sample of all 5,914 births from the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study was prospectively investigated. Dental caries trajectory across the life course was assessed at 15(n=888), 24(n=720), and 31 years old(n=539). Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify distinct subgroups of individuals whose caries measurements followed a similar pattern over time. Genetic material was collected, and individuals were genotyped [rs4970957(TUFT1), rs1711437(MMP20), rs1784418(MMP20), rs2252070(MMP13), rs243847(MMP2), rs2303466(DLX3), rs11656951(DLX3), rs7501477(TIMP2), rs388286(BMP7), and rs5997096(TFIP11)]. Analyzes were performed for allele and genotype using logistic regression and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction for epistatic interactions.

RESULTS

The analyses included 678 individuals, those with allele C (OR=0.74, CI95%[0.59-0.92]), genotype CC in the additive effect (OR=0.52, CI95%[0.31-0.89]), and the genotype TC/CC in dominant effect (OR=0.72, CI95%[0.53-0.98]) on the rs243847(MMP2) were associated with low caries trajectory. Individuals with the allele T (OR=0.79, CI95%[0.64-0.98]) and the genotype TC/CC in dominant effect (OR=0.66, CI95%[0.47-0.95]) on the rs5997096(TFIP11) were associated with low caries trajectory. Positive epistatic interactions were observed involving two (MMP2 and BMP7; p=0.006) and three (TUFT1, MMP2, and TFIP11; p<0.001) loci and high caries trajectory.

CONCLUSIONS

Some SNPs present in the genes of tooth mineral tissues were associated with caries trajectory and epistatic interactions increasing the network of SNPs involved in individual caries experience.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the pathway of tooth mineral tissues genes may contribute significantly to the individual caries experience across the life course.

Determination and correlation of matrix metalloproteases profile and total antioxidant capacity in severe early childhood caries children - A randomized clinical trial

Background and Objective

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a multigene family that belongs to the metalloproteinase class of endopeptides, responsible for the remodeling and degeneration of extracellular matrix molecules. MMPs are collectively called Matrixins are known to participate in tooth development and dentin-caries progression. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is the measure of the amount of free radicals scavenged by a test solution, being used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of biological samples. Oxidative stress can affect the initiation and progression of many inflammatory and infectious diseases such as dental caries. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health problem that adversely affects children's physical and mental health.

Aim

The study aims to investigate and correlate the presence of MMPs and TAC in saliva of children with ECC.

Materials and Methods

The present study was done on 50 children aged 3-6 years with severe ECC. Unstimulated, whole saliva samples were collected and stored and all 50 samples were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine MMPs and were subjected to spectrometry to assess the TAC of saliva. The samples with the presence of MMPs and increased TAC values were subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to check the correlation of MMPs and TAC in ECC.

Results

TAC was 0.81 ± 0.14 mmol/l in the caries-active group and 0.15 ± 0.05 mmol/l in the caries-free group and was statistically significant at P < 0.001. MMP level in the caries-active group was 715.75 ± 102.42 μg/ml, whereas, in the caries-free group, it was 250.89 ± 86.51 μg/ml and was statistically significant at P < 0.001. The salivary MMP and TAC levels showed a significant positive moderate correlation with caries scores in the caries-active group and the finding was statistically significant at P < 0.001.

Conclusion

From our results, it can be concluded that the both MMPs and TAC levels were high in caries active group than in the caries-free group. The salivary MMPs showed a moderate positive correlation with TAC in the ECC group. In age-wise comparison, the mean MMP levels in the caries active group were higher in children between 3 and 4 years than in 5-6 years. In the caries-free group, the mean MMP level was similar in both the age groups.

Cinnamic acid derivatives as potential matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitors: molecular docking and dynamics simulations

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a zinc and calcium-dependent proteolytic enzyme involved in extracellular matrix degradation. Overexpression of MMP-9 has been confirmed in several disorders, including cancers, Alzheimer′s disease, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and dental caries. Therefore, MMP-9 inhibition is recommended as a therapeutic strategy for combating various diseases. Cinnamic acid derivatives have shown therapeutic effects in different cancers, Alzheimer′s disease, cardiovascular diseases, and dental caries. A computational drug discovery approach was performed to evaluate the binding affinity of selected cinnamic acid derivatives to the MMP-9 active site. The stability of docked poses for top-ranked compounds was also examined. Twelve herbal cinnamic acid derivatives were tested for possible MMP-9 inhibition using the AutoDock 4.0 tool. The stability of the docked poses for the most potent MMP-9 inhibitors was assessed by molecular dynamics (MD) in 10 nanosecond simulations. Interactions between the best MMP-9 inhibitors in this study and residues incorporated in the MMP-9 active site were studied before and after MD simulations. Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid revealed a considerable binding affinity to the MMP-9 catalytic domain (ΔGbinding < -10 kcal/mol). The inhibition constant value for cynarin and chlorogenic acid were calculated at the picomolar scale and assigned as the most potent MMP-9 inhibitor from the cinnamic acid derivatives. The root-mean-square deviations for cynarin and chlorogenic acid were below 2 Å in the 10 ns simulation. Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid might be considered drug candidates for MMP-9 inhibition.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of enamel formation genes and early childhood caries - systematic review, gene-based, gene cluster and meta-analysis

Introduction

Genetic polymorphisms of genes regulating amelogenesis can alter susceptibility to Early Childhood Caries (ECC). This systematic review aims to analyze associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of enamel formation genes and ECC.

Methods

Search was conducted across PUBMED, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, Genome-Wide Association Studies databases from January 2003 to September 2022. This was supplemented by hand search. Totally 7124 articles were identified and 21 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria proceeded to data extraction. Quality assessment was done using the Q-Genie tool.

Results

Quantitative synthesis revealed that homozygous genotype AA of rs12640848 was significantly higher in children with ECC with an odds ratio of 2.36. Gene-based analysis revealed significant association between six variants of AMBN, four variants of KLK4, two variants of MMP20, and a single variant of each of MMP9 and MMP13 genes and ECC. The Bonferroni corrected-log10 P value of amelogenesis gene Cluster was 2.25 (0.05/88 = 5.6 × 10^-4). Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Proteins plot constructed to comprehend the protein-protein interaction revealed the presence of four functional clusters. Gene function prediction using Multiple Association Network Integration Algorithm revealed that physical interaction between these genes was 69.3%.

Conclusion

Polymorphisms of genes regulating amelogenesis can influence the susceptibility to ECC. AA genotype of rs12640848 may increase the susceptibility to ECC. Gene-based analysis revealed a significant association between multiple polymorphisms of genes regulating amelogenesis and ECC.

Genetic polymorphisms in TNF-α as a potential biomarker for oral health-related quality of life in children

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess if genetic polymorphisms in TNF- α are associated with a negative impact on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in children with dental caries. A total of 307 pairs of parents/caregivers and children aged two to five years were selected. The children were clinically evaluated and classified according to caries experience and severity of active caries. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used to assess OHRQoL. Genotyping analysis of genetic polymorphisms in TNF- α (rs1799724, rs1799964, and rs1800629) was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the recessive model, children with the CC genotype of TNF-α (rs1799964) had a significantly high chance of poor OHRQoL in the symptom domain (pain), in both the caries experience (p = 0.045) and the high-severity active caries phenotypes (p = 0.033) (Mann-Whitney U test). It was concluded that genetic polymorphisms in TNF-α are associated with OHRQoL related to the symptom domain (pain), suggesting that TNF-α could be used as a potential biomarker for OHRQoL. Understanding the genetic aspects associated with OHRQoL will allow the early identification of patients with OHRQoL disparities and provide personalized healthcare.

Genetic Aspects of Dental Erosive Wear and Dental Caries

Objectives

The present review aims to give an overview of the literature focusing on novel genetic aspects of dental erosion and dental caries. Once the tooth erupts into the oral cavity, the regenerative capability of enamel is fundamentally limited due to the loss of dental epithelium during eruption. The susceptibility or resistance to dental erosion and caries is presumably a result of environmental, phenotypic, and/or genetic influence. Even though it is evident that individuals frequently exposing their teeth to acid and sugar are at high risk of developing dental erosion and caries, the findings exclusively based on these factors are elusive. Data resources and study selection. The present review was based on data collected from the National Library of Medicine database with different combinations of the following terms: "tooth," "dental," "dentin," "enamel," "erosion," "erosive wear," "caries," "decay," "gene," and "genetic." A total of forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by another.

Conclusion

The high prevalence of erosion and caries among certain groups, and observations that not all individuals appearing to be at risk develop these lesions, has sparked research on identifying genetic effects to these conditions. A connection of genome-wide and candidate gene studies has increased considerably in the literature. This review reveals largely varying success among studies, demonstrating the difficulties of developing the study with adequate sample sizes and durable phenotype definitions that permit enough statistical power to identify genetic contributors.

Association of polymorphisms in genes involved in enamel formation, taste preference and immune response with early childhood caries in Saudi pre-school children

Dental caries is primarily elicited by modifiable factors such as inadequate oral hygiene, poor dietary practices and deficient fluoride exposure. However, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting the profound influence of genetic factors in dental caries susceptibility. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ENAM (rs12640848), MMP20 (rs1784418), TAS2R38 (rs713598), and LTF (rs4547741) genes and early childhood caries (ECC) in Saudi preschool children. This case-control study enrolled 360 Saudi preschool children (262 with ECC and 98 caries-free). Data on environmental factors were collected through a questionnaire. However, caries experience and oral hygiene data were obtained during clinical examination. Buccal swab samples were collected for DNA extraction and SNPs were genotyped using PCR and DNA sequencing. Children with ECC were compared to caries free children (control), then they were categorized into two categories based on ECC severity as follows; non-severe ECC (NS-ECC), and severe-ECC (S-ECC). Association between the SNPs, ECC, NS-ECC, and S-ECC was reported as an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The majority of the children (72.8%) exhibited ECC (31.7% NS-ECC and 41.1% S-ECC) with mean dmft of 4.20 ± 4.05. Multivariate analyses of environmental factors showed that nocturnal feeding was a risk factor for ECC (P = 0.008). Poor oral hygiene was also a risk factor for both NS-ECC and S-ECC (ECC: P < 0.0001, NS-ECC: P = 0.032 and S-ECC: P < 0.0001). Univariate analysis showed that the AG genotype of rs1784418 of MMP20 gene was protective against ECC (OR = 0.532; 95% CI = 0.316-0.897, P = 0.018) and against NS-ECC (OR = 0.436; 95% CI = 0.238-0.798, P = 0.007). When environmental risk factors for ECC were included as covariates during multivariate analysis, AG variant in rs1784418 of MMP20 gene remained less frequent in NS-ECC cases compared to controls with borderline significance (OR = 0.542; 95% CI = 0.285-1.033, P = 0.063). Our findings concluded that MMP20 rs1784418 SNP might be associated with protection against ECC in Saudi preschool children.

Prediction of Early Childhood Caries Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Neural Networks

Background: Several genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with early childhood caries. However, they are highly age- and population-dependent and the majority of existing caries prediction models are based on environmental and behavioral factors only and are scarce in infants. Methods: We examined 6 novel and previously analyzed 22 SNPs in the cohort of 95 Polish children (48 caries, 47 caries-free) aged 2–3 years. All polymorphisms were genotyped from DNA extracted from oral epithelium samples. We used Fisher’s exact test, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and uni-/multi-variable logistic regression to test the association of SNPs with the disease, followed by the neural network (NN) analysis. Results: The logistic regression (LogReg) model showed 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity, overall accuracy of 93% (p < 0.0001), and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.970 (95% CI: 0.912–0.994; p < 0.0001). We found 90.9–98.4% and 73.6–87.2% prediction accuracy in the test and validation predictions, respectively. The strongest predictors were: AMELX_rs17878486 and TUFT1_rs2337360 (in both LogReg and NN), MMP16_rs1042937 (in NN) and ENAM_rs12640848 (in LogReg). Conclusions: Neural network prediction model might be a substantial tool for screening/early preventive treatment of patients at high risk of caries development in the early childhood. The knowledge of potential risk status could allow early targeted training in oral hygiene and modifications of eating habits.

Association of genetic variants in enamel-formation genes with dental caries: A meta- and gene-cluster analysis

Previous studies have reported the association between multiple genetic variants in the enamel-formation genes and the risk of dental caries with inconsistent results. We performed a systematic literature search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, HuGE and Google Scholar databases for studies published before March 21, 2020 and conducted meta-, gene-based and gene-cluster analysis on the association between genetic variants in the enamel-formation genes and the risk of dental caries. We identified 21 relevant publications including a total of 24 studies for analysis. The genetic variant rs17878486 in AMELX was significantly associated with dental caries risk (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02–1.93, P = 0.037). We found no significant association between the risk of dental caries with rs12640848 in ENAM (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.88–1.52, P = 0.310), rs1784418 in MMP20 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.76–1.49, P = 0.702) and rs3796704 in ENAM (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.96–1.17, P = 0.228). Gene-based analysis indicated that multiple genetic variants in AMELX showed joint association with the risk of dental caries (6 variants; P < 10⁻⁵), so did genetic variants in MMP13 (3 variants; P = 0.004), MMP2 (3 variants; P < 10⁻⁵), MMP20 (2 variants; P < 10⁻⁵) and MMP3 (2 variants; P < 10⁻⁵). The gene-cluster analysis indicated a significant association between the genetic variants in this enamel-formation gene cluster and the risk of dental caries (P < 10⁻⁵). The present meta-analysis revealed that genetic variant rs17878486 in AMELX was associated with dental caries, and multiple genetic variants in the enamel-formation genes jointly contributed to the risk of dental caries, supporting the role of genetic variants in the enamel-formation genes in the etiology of dental caries.

The association between genetic polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinases and caries experience

OBJECTIVES

The variation in the caries susceptibility while environmental factors are similar indicates that the effect of individual factors such as genetics on caries process and tooth development should be revealed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms in MMP13 (rs2252070) and MMP20 (rs1784418) with caries experience.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 subjects aged 6 to 14 years. Demographic data, data on oral health habits were obtained through the statements of guardian of the individuals, caries data was collected by clinical examination. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected to extract the genomic DNA. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by real-time PCR. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between different subgroups considering caries experience. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Allele distribution of MMP13 was different between caries-affected and caries-free subjects. MMP13 A allele increased the caries risk (p=0.005, OR=1.84, 95% CI 1.20-2.82). Allele and genotype distribution of the polymorphism in MMP20 were not associated with caries experience (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that the genetic variation in MMP13 was associated with the caries experience in selected subjects in Turkey.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The knowledge regarding association between the MMP genes and caries experience, might benefit the clinical practice, improving caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic approaches.

Biomarkers for Lifetime Caries-Free Status

The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that extreme outcomes of dental caries, such as edentulism or prematurely losing permanent teeth are associated with genetic variation in enamel-formation genes. After scanning 6206 individuals, samples of 330 were selected for this study. Tested phenotypes included patients who were edentulous by age 30, patients with missing first molars by age 30, patients with missing second molars by age 30, and caries-free patients. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan chemistry. The analyses of each phenotype were performed using the software PLINK with an alpha of 0.05. Nominal associations were found between rs12640848 in enamelin (p = 0.05), rs1784418 in matrix metallopeptidase 20 (p = 0.02), and rs5997096 in the tuftelin interacting protein 11 and being caries-free at the age of 60. When combining patients that were missing both first mandibular molars and missing both second mandibular molars, no associations were found. Matrix metallopeptidase 20, and tuftelin interacting protein 11 also showed trends for association with being caries-free. Genetic variation in TFIP11, MMP20, and ENAM may have a protective effect increasing the chances of individuals preserving their teeth caries-free over a lifetime.

Genes in the pathway of tooth mineral tissues and dental caries risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To perform a systematic review of the literature, investigating the influence of tooth mineral tissues genes on dental caries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Five databases were searched. Only human studies with cross-sectional, longitudinal, and case-control design were included. Meta-analysis was performed for each polymorphism, providing allele and genotype estimates. A meta-analysis was performed, pooling several polymorphisms for each gene. A Funnel Plot and Egger's test were also performed.

RESULTS

A total of 1124 records were found. Of these, 25 papers were included in the systematic review and 18 in the meta-analysis. Most of the studies (52%) were of medium quality. With regard to the allele analysis, the T allele of rs134136 (TFIP11) (OR 1.51; 95%CI 1.02-2.22) showed an association with high experience of caries and the summarization of polymorphisms investigated in the TFIP11 gene, after exclusion of SNP linkage disequilibrium, showed an association with caries experience (OR 1.64; 95%CI 1.08-2.50). An analysis of the homozygous genotype did not show any significant association. The pooled SNPs of AMBN showed associations with caries (OR 0.45; 95%CI 0.29-0.72). The pooled polymorphisms of AMELX were associated with caries experience (OR 1.78; 95%CI 1.23-2.56). In the analysis of the homozygous genotype, no SNP showed a significant association. Egger's test showed no significant publication bias for all models (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The present findings showed that the genes TFIP11, AMBN, and AMELX play an important role in dental caries.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms related to the genes in the formation of tooth mineral are linked to the occurrence of dental caries, and these genes have proved to be important for an explanation of differences in the risk of dental caries.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Adjusting the Balance of MMPs/TIMPs Ratio

Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine, which plays an active role in the treatment of many diseases such as promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, reducing inflammatory reaction, and improving acute lung injury (ALI). Previous studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are involved in the pathophysiological process of ALI. However, the relationship between SMI and MMPs/TIMPs remains unclear. In this study, Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (NC), Salvia miltiorrhiza group (SM), lipopolysaccharide group (LPS), and Salvia miltiorrhiza treatment group (Tsm). The four groups were subdivided into four time points (2, 6, 12, and 24 hours), and specimens were collected after animal sacrifice at each time point. Serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were detected by ELISA. The degree of lung injury was determined by lung tissue hematoxylin-eosin staining, lung wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, and lung permeability index. The changes in lung MMPs/TIMPs protein and mRNA were detected by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that rats injected with LPS experience acute lung injury, and the ratio of MMPs/TIMPs in lung tissues increased gradually with time. In the Tsm group, the ratio of MMPs/TIMPs decreased gradually, and likewise, the balance was gradually restored, while indicators related to lung injury were gradually declined. These data suggest that SMI alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury; this protective effect may be related to regulation of the balance of MMPs/TIMPs ratio.

The possible influence of genetic aetiological factors on molar-incisor hypomineralisation

OBJECTIVE

The present study searched for evidence of possible associations between some genetic factors that could affect the development of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH).

METHODS

In 113 patients who were surgically treated at an Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery Clinic (ORL) during early childhood, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 and DQ8 haplotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of eight amelogenesis-related genes were searched in genomic DNA. Genotypes were determined by high resolution melting (HRM), TaqMan genotyping assays, and Sanger sequencing. Association between MIH and the HLA DQ2 and DQ8 alleles was tested using a univariate logistic regression. The significance of genetic variants was analysed using the Cochran-Armitage tests for trend and the Fisher exact tests.

RESULTS

We identified MIH in 22 (19.5 %) of the 113 children. Among the evaluated genetic variants, SNP rs2245803 in the MMP20 gene in a homozygous form in a recessive model was associated with MIH development (OR, 2.796; 95 %CI, 1.075 - 4.783; p = 0.0496) with the genotype distribution of TT(3), TG(6) or GG(13) in children with MIH and distribution of TT(18), TG(42) or GG(31) in children without MIH.

CONCLUSIONS

While the aetiology of MIH remains unclear, our findings suggest that variants of genes associated with amelogenesis may play important roles in susceptibility to MIH.

Matrix metalloproteinases gene variants and dental caries in Czech children

Background

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tooth formation and the mineralization of dental tissue. The aim of the study was to analyse Czech children with primary/permanent dentition polymorphisms in those genes encoding MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, MMP13, MMP16, and MMP20, which had been previously associated with dental caries in other populations.

Methods

In total, 782 Czech children were included in this case-control study. DNA samples were taken from 474 subjects with dental caries (with decayed/missing/filled teeth, DMFT ≥ 1) and 155 caries free children (DMFT = 0) aged 13–15 years, as well as 101 preschool children with early childhood caries (ECC, dmft ≥ 1) and 52 caries free children (dmft = 0), were analyzed for nine MMPs single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using real time polymerase chain reaction TaqMan assays.

Results

There were no significant differences in the allele and/or genotype frequencies of all the studied MMPs SNPs among children with dental caries in primary/permanent dentition and the healthy controls (P > 0.05). In addition, similar allele or genotype frequencies of the studied MMPs SNPs were found in children with severe dental caries in their permanent teeth (children with DMFT ≥ 6) and the healthy controls (DMFT = 0, P > 0.05).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the lack of association between the selected SNPs in candidate genes of MMPs and the susceptibility to or severity of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentitions in Czech children.

Interactions with the aquaporin 5 gene increase the susceptibility to molar-incisor hypomineralization

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether individual genetic factors involved in amelogenesis, the immune response and water channel proteins may increase the susceptibility to Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Chinese children.

DESIGN

DNA samples were collected from 86 cases with MIH cases and 344 controls. Sixteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess association between SNPs and the risk of MIH.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the risk of MIH in the rs13115627-AA genotype carriers and the rs1784418-TT genotype carriers were significantly higher than that among those with the rs13115627-GG genotype (OR (95 % CI)) = 4.942 (0.658-37.131) and the rs1784418-CT genotype (OR (95 % CI)) = 2.023 (1.63-3.521). The population with the rs1800972-CC genotype and the rs1800972-C allele had a higher risk to develop MIH, OR (95 % CI) = 2.284 (1.267-4.115), OR (95 % CI) = 2.427 (1.493-3.953) respectively. In the Aquaporin 5(AQP5) gene, we individually analyzed two SNPs, rs1996315 and rs923911. We found no significant associations between them and MIH. However, in the analysis of the gene-gene interactions, we discovered a significant two-locus model (P = 0.023) involving rs1996315 and rs923911. Participants with the rs1996315-AG and rs923911-AC genotypes had the highest MIH risk, compared to participants with the rs1996315-GG and rs923911-CC genotypes, OR (95 % CI) = 3.603 (1.147-11.318).

CONCLUSION

This study showed that genetic variants in the AMBN, MMP20 and DEFB1 genes may contribute to MIH in the permanent dentition of children. Moreover, interactions among AQP5 gene may also increase the MIH susceptibility.

Investigation of Interaction between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Environmental Factors in Early Childhood Caries in Chinese Children

Background

Early childhood caries is a multifactorial disease involving interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and gene-environment interactions on the etiology of, and susceptibility to, caries in Chinese children aged 3-5 years.

Methods

Children (n = 549) were divided into three groups according to caries risk: high (decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) index > 4; n = 148), moderate (dmft = 1-4; n = 156), and caries-free (n = 245). A questionnaire was designed to collect demographic information, dietary habits, and oral hygiene practices, and dental plaque samples were collected to test acidogenic activity of bacteria. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buccal mucosa, and the VDR polymorphisms rs7975232, rs1544410, rs11568820, rs10735810, and rs731236 were genotyped using TaqMan assays.

Results

There were no differences among the caries risk groups in frequencies of the rs7975232, rs731236, rs1544410, or rs11568820 polymorphisms (χ ² test, P > 0.05); however, the frequency of the rs10735810 CC genotype was clearly higher in the high caries risk group than in the control and moderate caries risk groups (39.2%, 25.6%, and 30.6%, respectively; χ ² test, P=0.028). In multivariate analysis of genotypes and behavioral factors, rs7975232, rs731236, rs1544410, rs11568820, and rs10735810 were not associated with deciduous tooth decay (χ ² test, P > 0.05).

Conclusion

We conclude that these VDR polymorphisms cannot be used as markers for identification of Chinese children at increased risk of dental caries, when combined with environmental factors. Future studies are needed to replicate these initial findings and better assess the risk of caries in deciduous teeth.

Dental caries: Genetic and protein interactions

OBJECTIVE

To present a genetic and protein interaction analysis associated with dental caries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The first step was to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) through an electronic database search. Case-controls that reported associations between genes and dental caries were the main type of study design used as inclusion criteria, retrieved from the PubMed and the Virtual Health Library databases, comprising the chronological range from 1982 to 2017. The SLR was guided by PRISMA protocol and the methodological quality of the studies was established through Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). In the second step, the String Protein Interaction (SPI) approach was used to analyze protein interaction (by esyN software) and also the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to check biological pathways associated with dental caries genes.

RESULTS

A total of 51 articles were included to perform this SLR, describing a number of 27 genes associated with dental caries development. At the genetic level, 23 genes have at least one other gene with which they interact. The genes TUFT1, VDR, TFIP11, LTF, HLA-DRB1, MMP2, MMP3 and MUC5B were shown to be connected in interactive networks by at least 10 other genes.

CONCLUSION

It is essential to apprehend the multifactorial pattern of inheritance in human disease. This study presents pathways which may be directly correlated with several dental caries phenotype and this contributes to a better understanding of this disease, opening up a wider range of biotechnology options for its effective control in the future.

MMP20 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Correlate with Susceptibility to Alcohol-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Chinese Males

Background

Alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic variations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) system are associated with ONFH development and progression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationships between MMP20 gene polymorphisms and the risk of alcohol-induced ONFH in Chinese Han males.

Material/Methods

In this case-control study, genotypes of 14 selected SNPs in the MMP20 gene were assayed using MassARRAY in 299 male cases with alcohol-induced ONFH and in 197 healthy males. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the influence of gene polymorphism on occurrence of alcohol-induced ONFH by allelic model analysis, genotype model analysis and haplotype analysis.

Results

After allelic model analysis, the minimum alleles of rs10895322, rs1784424, rs3781788, and rs1573954 correlated with an increased risk of alcohol-induced ONFH (P<0.05). Genetic model analysis revealed significant associations of 9 SNPs with alcohol-induced ONFH occurrence even after adjustment for age (P<0.05): 2 protective SNPs (rs1711423 and rs1784418) and 7 high-risk SNPs (rs10895322, rs1784424, rs3781788, rs7126560, rs1573954, rs1711399, and rs2292730). Moreover, 8 SNPs showed a statistically significant association with different clinical phenotypes (P<0.05). Beyond that, haplotype “CGGTTCCA” in MMP20 was discovered to correlate with a 1.63-fold increased risk of alcohol-induced ONFH (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.15–2.30, P=0.0058).

Conclusions

Our data sheds new light on the associations of MMP20 gene polymorphisms with alcohol-induced ONFH predisposition in Chinese Han males.

Association of ENAM, TUFT1, MMP13, IL1B, IL10 and IL1RN gene polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility in Chinese children

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six candidate genes (enamelin [ ENAM]; tuftelin 1 [ TUFT1]; matrix metallopeptidase 13 [ MMP13]; interleukin 1 beta [ IL1B]; interleukin 10 [ IL10]; interleukin 1 receptor antagonist [ IL1RN]) and dental caries in children from northwest China.

METHODS

This case-control study enrolled children (12-15 years) who underwent routine dental examinations. The children were divided into two groups based on the presence of dental caries. A saliva sample was collected and seven SNPs (rs3806804A/G in ENAM, rs3811411T/G in TUFT1, rs2252070A/G and rs597315A/T in MMP13, rs1143627C/T in IL1B, rs1800872A/C in IL10 and rs956730G/A in IL1RN) were genotyped.

RESULTS

A total of 357 children were enrolled in the study: 161 with dental caries and 196 without dental caries. No significant difference was found in the alleles and genotypes of five genes ( ENAM, TUFT1, MMP13, IL10 and IL1RN) between those with and without dental caries. A significant relationship was found between the IL1B rs1143627C/T polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility with those carrying the rs1143627CT genotype having a lower risk of dental caries compared with those carrying the CC genotype (odds ratio 0.557; 95% confidence interval 0.326, 0.952).

CONCLUSION

The IL1B rs1143627C/T polymorphism may be associated with dental caries susceptibility in children from northwest China.

MMP13 Contributes to Dental Caries Associated with Developmental Defects of Enamel

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in MMP8, MMP13, and MMP20 with caries experience and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in children from the Amazon region of Brazil. Den tal caries and DDE data were collected through clinical examination from 216 children. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva, and genotyping of selected polymorphisms in MMP8 (rs17099443 and rs3765620), MMP13 (rs478927 and rs2252070), and MMP20 (rs1784418) was performed using TaqMan chemistry and endpoint analysis. χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare allele and genotype distributions between children with caries experience and caries-free children and between DDE-affected and -unaffected children with an established alpha of 5%. The polymorphism rs478927 in MMP13 was associated with caries experience and DDE (p < 0.05). The analysis performed comparing children with both conditions (caries experience plus DDE) and children with neither of the conditions (caries-free chil dren without DDE) demonstrated that children carrying the MMP13 rs478927 TT genotype were more likely to have concomitant occurrence of these two conditions (OR = 5.8, 95% CI 2.1-15.8; p = 0.0003). In conclusion, the genetic polymorphism rs478927 in MMP13 was associated with caries experience and DDE.

Evaluation of genetic polymorphisms in MMP2, MMP9 and MMP20 in Brazilian children with dental fluorosis

Recent studies suggested that genetics contribute to differences in dental fluorosis (DF) susceptibility among individuals having the same environmental exposure. This study evaluated if MMP2, MMP9 and MMP20 are expressed during enamel development and assessed the association between polymorphisms in these genes with DF. Mice susceptible and resistant to DF were used to evaluate if MMPs were candidate genes for DF. The animals received fluoride and their enamels were used for immunohistochemistry. Additionally, 481 subjects from a city with fluoridation of public water supplies were recruited. Genotyping was performed using real time PCR. Allele/genotype frequencies were compared between groups. MMP2, MMP9 and MMP20 immunostaining was detected in both animal groups. DF was observed in 22.4% of the subjects. A borderline association was observed in MMP2 (rs243865), MMP9 (rs17576) and in MMP20 (rs1784418) (p = 0.06, p = 0.08 and p = 0.06 respectively). Briefly, MMPs were expressed during enamel maturation and genetic polymorphisms were not associated with DF.

Association between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) genetic polymorphisms and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)

BACKGROUND

Until now, an association between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) polymorphisms and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) has not been identified. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the TIMP polymorphisms TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724), which regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), confer a risk for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in Korean women (further studies would be required to evaluate the associations between TIMP polymorphisms and POI in other populations).

METHODS

We genotyped 137 POI patients and 236 controls for the single nucleotide polymorphism sites using PCR-RFLP analysis. Differences in the frequencies of the TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724) genotypes between patients and controls were compared, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined to measure of the strength of the association between the genotypes and POI.

RESULTS

The TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724) genotypes, but especially the TIMP2 genotypes, were found more frequently in POI patients than in control subjects. Among the four TIMP loci, the TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724) haplotypes were identified more frequently in POI patients than in control subjects and conferred susceptibility to POI (P <0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The TIMP2G > C (rs8179090) and G > A (rs2277698) alleles were strongly associated with POI. Our data suggest that the minor TIMP2 alleles may increase POI risk in Korean women.

Dental genetics in Brazil: Where we are

Dentistry constitutes the basic nucleus of professionals of higher level of health in Brazil with one of the largest concentrations of dentists per capita in the world. However, the genetic in dentistry in Brazil is explored, basically, in research field. Future actions need to be performed in order to deep the whole knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of diseases with genetic basis in dentistry, in Brazil.

SNP Analysis of Caries and Initial Caries in Finnish Adolescents

Background

Dental caries is the most common infection in the world and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors are largely known, but the role of genetic factors is quite unknown. The aim was to investigate the genetic background of caries in Finnish adolescents.

Materials and Methods

This study was carried out at the Kotka Health Center in Eastern Finland. 94 participants aged 15–17 years gave approval for the saliva and DNA analyses. However, one was excluded in DNA analysis; thus, the overall number of participants in analysis was 93. Caries status was recorded clinically and from bite-wing X-rays to all 94 participants. Genomic DNA was extracted by genomic QIAamp® DNA Blood Mini Kit and genotyped for polymorphisms. The results were analyzed using additive and logistic regression models.

Results

No significant associations between caries and the genes studied were found. However, SNPs in DDX39B and MPO showed association tendencies but were not statistically significant after false discovery rate (FDR) analysis. SNPs in VDR, LTA, and MMP3 were not statistically significant with initial caries lesions after FDR analysis.

Conclusion

The present study could not demonstrate statistically significant associations between caries and the genes studied. Further studies with larger populations are needed.

The relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children

Background

In the present study, we explored the link between vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI, TaqI, ApaI and FokI gene polymorphisms with deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children.

Methods

Our study included 380 Chinese children aged 4–7 years, whose DNA sample was collected from the buccal mucosa. VDR gene polymorphisms was determined by PCR-RFLP.

Results

The adjusted logistic regression analysis demonstrated that BsmI containing the Bb genotype was linked with the increased risk of deciduous tooth decay (OR = 1.856, 95% CI = [1.184, 2.908], p = 0.007). However, VDR polymorphisms ApaI, TaqI and FokI were not associated with deciduous tooth decay (ApaI: OR = 0.839, 95% CI = [0.614, 1.145], p = 0.268; TaqI: OR = 1.150, 95% CI = [0.495, 2.672], p = 0.744; FokI: OR = 0.856, 95% CI = [0.616, 1.191], p = 0.356).

Conclusions

Our results showed that VDR BsmI polymorphism was associated with the risk of deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children aged 4–7 years. However, the specific mechanism remains to further verify through experiment.

Genetic Polymorphisms in DEFB1 and miRNA202 Are Involved in Salivary Human β-Defensin 1 Levels and Caries Experience in Children

The antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins (hBDs) are encoded by β-defensin genes (DEFBs) and are possibly involved in caries susceptibility. In this study we aimed (1) to investigate the relationship between salivary hBDs and caries and (2) to evaluate the association of genetic polymorphisms in DEFB1 and microRNA202 (miRNA202) with salivary levels of hBDs and caries experience. Two data sets were available for this study, totalizing 678 Brazilian children. Dental examination and saliva collection were performed in all included children. The salivary level for hDB1, hBD2, and hBD4 was assessed by ELISA sandwich technique in 168 children. The DNA was extracted from saliva, and polymorphisms in DEFB1 and miRNA202 were analyzed by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the associations between caries experience, hBD salivary level, genotype, and allele distribution, with an alpha of 0.05. The hBD1 level was significantly higher in caries-free children (p < 0.0001). The miRNA202 was associated with a lower level of salivary hBD1 (p < 0.05). Also, the polymorphic distribution of miRNA202 was associated with caries (p = 0.006). The polymorphisms in DEFB1 were not associated with hBD salivary level and caries experience (p > 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic polymorphism in miRNA202 is involved in hBD1 salivary level as well as caries experience in children.

MMP20 rs1784418 Protects Certain Populations against Caries

This work aimed to further evaluate the association of MMP20 rs1784418 C>T and dental caries experience with the hypothesis that MMP20 rs1784418 C>T is a risk factor for dental caries. 184 children 4-7 years of age had their caries experience determined and buccal cheek swabs collected for DNA extraction to test for association with the MMP20 rs1784418 C>T using standard statistical approaches. A meta-analytic approach was also implemented to compile previous discrepant reports of the same association. We found an association between MMP20 rs1784418 C>T and dental caries experience in primary dentition (p = 0.01). The meta-analysis showed that this association appears to favor individuals born in Brazil and not Turkey. MMP20 rs1784418 C>T appears to protect against dental caries, but its effects are likely to be more marked in certain populations.

Evaluation of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and their suppressor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction

OBJECTIVE

Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG) is a lethal malignancy featured with early metastasis, poor prognosis, and few treatment options. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and metalloproteinase suppressor (TIMP) have been considered to be associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. In our study, we evaluated expressions of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in AEG and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and the overall survival rate.

METHODS

Expressions of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in specimens from 120 AEGs were detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between expressions of these four proteins and clinicopathological characters were analyzed by chi-square test. Moreover, the prognostic value of these four biomarkers was evaluated by univariate analysis with Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analysis with Cox regression model.

RESULTS

The positive expression rate of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 was 65%, 53%, 70%, and 49%, respectively, in the detected 120 AEG samples. MMP-9 was significantly associated with poorly histological differentiation (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.007), and UICC stage (P=0.008). TIMP-1 showed significantly reversed correlations with histological differentiation (P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (P=0.007), and Union for International Cancer Control stage (P=0.008). Univariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis (P=0.002), depth of invasion (P=0.050), and MMP-9+/TIMP-1 phonotype (P<0.001) were significantly associated with the overall survival rate. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that MMP-9+/TIMP-1-phenotype was an independent prognostic factor in AEGs.

CONCLUSION

Detection of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression allows stratification of AEG patients into different survival categories and can be useful for precise individual evaluation and survival prediction.