1
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Osman HM, El Basha NR, Mansour AF, Hanna MOF. Serum IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP10/CXCL10): association with asthma exacerbations and severity in children. J Asthma 2021; 59:2135-2142. [PMID: 34752186 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1999465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways, in which chemokines coordinate airway inflammation and determine its severity. We aimed to study the chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 kDa (IP10/CXCL10), a member of the CXC receptor 3 (CXCR3) ligand family, at the protein level in the serum of children, to evaluate the association between CXCL10 and exacerbations of childhood asthma.Methods: Patients experiencing an asthma exacerbation (42 patients) and stable patients (43 patients) were investigated for serum CXCL10 levels.Results: Patients with an asthma exacerbation expressed significantly higher CXCL10 levels in the serum than stable patients (P = <0.001). Additionally, CXCL10 values were elevated in severe asthma compared with moderate and mild disease (P = <0.001). In patients experiencing asthma exacerbations, higher values of CXCL10 were observed in atopic patients compared with non-atopic patients (P = 0.027) and in uncontrolled and partly controlled patients compared with controlled patients (P = 0.046).Conclusions: CXCL10 is proposed as an inflammatory serum marker for asthma exacerbations and worsening asthma symptoms. The levels of CXCL10 are representative of the clinical severity of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M Osman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noussa R El Basha
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mariam Onsy F Hanna
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Spyridaki I, Taka S, Skevaki C, Trochoutsou A, Papadopoulos NG. In Vitro Effects of 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Inhibition on Rhinovirus-Associated Bronchial Epithelial Inflammation. Pulm Ther 2021; 7:237-249. [PMID: 33847974 PMCID: PMC8137792 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-021-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The leukotriene pathway may be implicated in the induction of virus-induced inflammation. Respiratory epithelial cells may express low levels of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and release leukotrienes (LTs) C4, D4, and E4, upon exposure to viruses or other stimuli. Enhanced expression of 5-LO pathway proteins after rhinovirus (RV) infection has previously been described. We hypothesized that anti-leukotriene treatment of epithelial cells, with or without exposure to RV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-conditioned media, may inhibit RV-induced up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Methods PBMCs from a healthy donor were exposed to RV1B and supernatants were harvested at 48 h post infection. BEAS-2B cells were infected with RV, with or without conditioning with the PBMC supernatant. Treatment with anti-LT agents was performed either on both PBMCs and BEAS-2B or at the bronchial epithelial level only, with varying concentrations of montelukast (CysLT receptor antagonist) or MK-886 [FLAP(5-lipoxygenase-activating-protein) inhibitor]. Evaluation of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8, RANTES, IL-11, IL-6, and IP-10 was performed using ELISA. Results Our results show that anti-LT treatment of RV-infected bronchial epithelial cells suppresses epithelial RV-mediated cytokine production, independent of conditioning. Conclusions This observation may represent an indirect mode of action of the anti-leukotrienes in virus-induced asthma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41030-021-00152-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Spyridaki
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani Taka
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Trochoutsou
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Infection, Inflammation and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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3
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Huang S, He Q, Zhou L. T cell responses in respiratory viral infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1522-1534. [PMID: 33655898 PMCID: PMC8280062 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Respiratory viruses are major human pathogens that cause approximately 200 million pneumonia cases annually and induce various comorbidities with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), resulting in significant health concerns and economic burdens. Clinical manifestations in respiratory viral infections and inflammations vary from asymptomatic, mild, to severe, depending on host immune cell responses to pathogens and interactions with airway epithelia. We critically review the activation, effector, and regulation of T cells in respiratory virus infections and chronic inflammations associated with COPD. Crosstalk among T cells, innate immune cells, and airway epithelial cells is discussed as essential parts of pathogenesis and protection in viral infections and COPD. We emphasize the specificity of peptide antigens and the functional heterogeneity of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to shed some light on potential cellular and molecular candidates for the future development of therapeutics and intervention against respiratory viral infections and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45249, USA
| | - Quan He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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4
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Thomas G, Frederick E, Hausburg M, Goldberg L, Hoke M, Roshon M, Mains C, Bar-Or D. The novel immunomodulatory biologic LMWF5A for pharmacological attenuation of the "cytokine storm" in COVID-19 patients: a hypothesis. Patient Saf Surg 2020; 14:21. [PMID: 32431755 PMCID: PMC7220573 DOI: 10.1186/s13037-020-00248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common complication of viral pulmonary infections, such as in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is a phenomenon described as a "cytokine storm". While poorly defined, this hyperinflammatory response results in diffuse alveolar damage. The low molecular weight fraction of commercial human serum albumin (LMWF5A), a novel biologic in development for osteoarthritis, demonstrates beneficial in vitro immunomodulatory effects complimentary to addressing inflammation, thus, we hypothesize that LMWF5A could improve the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 by attenuating hyperinflammation and the potential development of a cytokine storm. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS A variety of human in vitro immune models indicate that LMWF5A reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in cytokine storm associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, evidence suggests LMWF5A also promotes the production of mediators required for resolving inflammation and enhances the barrier function of endothelial cultures. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS A randomized controlled trial, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nebulized LMWF5A in adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 infection, was developed and is currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration. IMPLICATIONS OF HYPOTHESIS If successful, this therapy may attenuate the cytokine storm observed in these patients and potentially reduce mortality, increase ventilation free days, improve oxygenation parameters and consequently lessen the burden on patients and the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in vitro findings suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of LMWF5A make it a viable candidate for treating cytokine storm and restoring homeostasis to the immune response in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thomas
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Elizabeth Frederick
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Melissa Hausburg
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2316 E Meyer Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64132 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214 USA
| | - Laura Goldberg
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Marshall Hoke
- Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 373 Inverness Pkwy #200, Englewood, CO 80112 USA
| | - Michael Roshon
- Emergency Department, Penrose Hospital, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA
| | | | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden, Englewood, CO 80113 USA
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, 11600 W 2nd Pl, Lakewood, CO 80228 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Medical City Plano, 3901 W 15th St, Plano, TX 75075 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Penrose Hospital, 2222 N Nevada Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Research Medical Center, 2316 E Meyer Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64132 USA
- Trauma Research Department, Wesley Medical Center, 550 N Hillside St, Wichita, KS 67214 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S Chambers Rd, Parker, CO 80134 USA
- Swedish Medical Center, 501 E. Hampden Ave. Rm 4-454, Englewood, CO 80013 USA
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5
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Allard B, Levardon H, Esteves P, Celle A, Maurat E, Thumerel M, Girodet PO, Trian T, Berger P. Asthmatic Bronchial Smooth Muscle Increases CCL5-Dependent Monocyte Migration in Response to Rhinovirus-Infected Epithelium. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2998. [PMID: 31969885 PMCID: PMC6956660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations, a major concern in therapeutic strategies, are most commonly triggered by viral respiratory infections, particularly with human rhinovirus (HRV). Infection of bronchial epithelial (BE) cells by HRV triggers inflammation, notably monocyte recruitment. The increase of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) mass in asthma, a hallmark of bronchial remodeling, is associated with the annual rate of exacerbations. The aim of the present study was to assess whether or not BSM could increase monocyte migration induced by HRV-infected BE. We used an advanced in vitro model of co-culture of human BE cells in air-liquid interface with human BSM cells from control and asthmatic patients. Inflammation triggered by HRV infection (HRV-16, MOI 0.1, 1 h) was assessed at 24 h with transcriptomic analysis and multiplex ELISA. In vitro CD14+ monocyte migration was evaluated with modified Boyden chamber. Results showed that HRV-induced monocyte migration was substantially increased in the co-culture model with asthmatic BSM, compared with control BSM. Furthermore, the well-known monocyte migration chemokine, CCL2, was not involved in this increased migration. However, we demonstrated that CCL5 was further increased in the asthmatic BSM co-culture and that anti-CCL5 blocking antibody significantly decreased monocyte migration induced by HRV-infected BE. Taken together, our findings highlight a new role of BSM cells in HRV-induced inflammation and provide new insights in mucosal immunology which may open new opportunities for prevention and/or treatment of asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Allard
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hannah Levardon
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Esteves
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Celle
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elise Maurat
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthieu Thumerel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, CIC 1401, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Girodet
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, CIC 1401, Pessac, France
| | - Thomas Trian
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, CIC 1401, Pessac, France
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6
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Miura TA. Respiratory epithelial cells as master communicators during viral infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:10-17. [PMID: 31592409 PMCID: PMC6779166 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Communication by epithelial cells during respiratory viral infections is critical in orchestrating effective anti-viral responses but also can lead to excessive inflammation. This review will evaluate studies that investigate how respiratory epithelial cells influence the behavior of immune cells and how epithelial cell/immune cell interactions contribute to antiviral responses and immunopathology outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Previous studies have characterized cytokine responses of virus-infected epithelial cells. More recent studies have carefully demonstrated the effects of these cytokines on cellular behaviors within the infected lung. Infected epithelial cells release exosomes that specifically regulate responses of monocytes and neighboring epithelial cells without promoting spread of virus. In contrast, rhinovirus-infected cells induce monocytes to upregulate expression of the viral receptor, promoting spread of the virus to alternate cell types. The precise alteration of PDL expression on infected epithelial cells has been shown to switch between inhibition and activation of antiviral responses. SUMMARY These studies have more precisely defined the interactions between epithelial and immune cells during viral infections. This level of understanding is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies that promote effective antiviral responses or epithelial repair, or inhibit damaging inflammatory responses during severe respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA,
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7
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DUSP10 Negatively Regulates the Inflammatory Response to Rhinovirus through Interleukin-1β Signaling. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01659-18. [PMID: 30333178 PMCID: PMC6321923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are one of the causes of the common cold. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, including those with rhinovirus, are the commonest cause of exacerbations. Novel therapeutics to limit viral inflammation are clearly required. The work presented here identifies DUSP10 as an important protein involved in limiting the inflammatory response in the airway without affecting immune control of the virus. Rhinoviral infection is a common trigger of the excessive inflammation observed during exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rhinovirus (RV) recognition by pattern recognition receptors activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are common inducers of inflammatory gene production. A family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) can regulate MAPK function, but their roles in rhinoviral infection are not known. We hypothesized that DUSPs would negatively regulate the inflammatory response to RV infection. Our results revealed that the p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs play key roles in the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to RV infection. Three DUSPs previously shown to have roles in innate immunity (DUSPs 1, 4, and 10) were expressed in primary bronchial epithelial cells, and one of them, DUSP10, was downregulated by RV infection. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of DUSP10 identified a role for the protein in negatively regulating inflammatory cytokine production in response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), alone and in combination with RV, without any effect on RV replication. This study identifies DUSP10 as an important regulator of airway inflammation in respiratory viral infection. IMPORTANCE Rhinoviruses are one of the causes of the common cold. In patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, including those with rhinovirus, are the commonest cause of exacerbations. Novel therapeutics to limit viral inflammation are clearly required. The work presented here identifies DUSP10 as an important protein involved in limiting the inflammatory response in the airway without affecting immune control of the virus.
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8
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Jubrail J, Africano-Gomez K, Herit F, Baturcam E, Mayer G, Cunoosamy DM, Kurian N, Niedergang F. HRV16 Impairs Macrophages Cytokine Response to a Secondary Bacterial Trigger. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2908. [PMID: 30619272 PMCID: PMC6305396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus is frequently seen as an upper respiratory tract infection but growing evidence proves the virus can cause lower respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic inflammatory lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition to airway epithelial cells, macrophages are crucial for regulating inflammatory responses to viral infections. However, the response of macrophages to HRV has not been analyzed in detail. We used in vitro monocyte-derived human macrophages to study the cytokine secretion of macrophages in response to the virus. Our results showed that macrophages were competent at responding to HRV, as a robust cytokine response was detected. However, after subsequent exposure to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) or to LPS, HRV-treated macrophages secreted reduced levels of pro-inflammatory or regulatory cytokines. This “paralyzed” phenotype was not mimicked if the macrophages were pre-treated with LPS or CpG instead of the virus. These results begin to deepen our understanding into why patients with COPD show HRV-induced exacerbations and why they mount a defective response toward NTHi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kshanti Africano-Gomez
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Herit
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Engin Baturcam
- IMED Biotech Unit, Target and Translational Science, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gaell Mayer
- Clinical Development, Respiratory Inhalation & Oral Development, GMD, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danen Mootoosamy Cunoosamy
- IMED Biotech Unit, Target and Translational Science, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nisha Kurian
- Precision Medicine & Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florence Niedergang
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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9
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Waghmare A, Xie H, Kuypers J, Sorror ML, Jerome KR, Englund JA, Boeckh M, Leisenring WM. Human Rhinovirus Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: Risk Score for Progression to Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 25:1011-1021. [PMID: 30537551 PMCID: PMC6511300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for rhinovirus lower respiratory tract infection are not well characterized. Several risk factors in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients were identified. A risk score for progression to lower respiratory tract infection was developed.
Human rhinovirus lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is associated with mortality after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT); however, risk factors for LRTI are not well characterized. We sought to develop a risk score for progression to LRTI from upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in HCT recipients. Risk factors for LRTI within 90 days were analyzed using Cox regression among HCT recipients with rhinovirus URTI between January 2009 and March 2016. The final multivariable model included factors with a meaningful effect on the bootstrapped optimism corrected concordance statistic. Weighted score contributions based on hazard ratios were determined. Cumulative incidence curves estimated the probability of LRTI at various score cut-offs. Of 588 rhinovirus URTI events, 100 (17%) progressed to LRTI. In a final multivariable model allogeneic grafts, prior rhinovirus URTI, low lymphocyte count, low albumin, positive cytomegalovirus serostatus, recipient statin use, and steroid use ≥2 mg/kg/day were associated with progression to LRTI. A weighted risk score cut-off with the highest sensitivity and specificity was determined. Risk scores above this cut-off were associated with progression to LRTI (cumulative incidence 28% versus 11% below cut-off; P < .001). The weighted risk score for progression to rhinovirus LRTI can help identify and stratify patients for clinical management and for future clinical trials of therapeutics in HCT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Waghmare
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA.
| | - Hu Xie
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mohamed L Sorror
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wendy M Leisenring
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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10
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Lo D, Kennedy JL, Kurten RC, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White CJ. Modulation of airway hyperresponsiveness by rhinovirus exposure. Respir Res 2018; 19:208. [PMID: 30373568 PMCID: PMC6206673 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) exposure has been implicated in childhood development of wheeze evoking asthma and exacerbations of underlying airways disease. Studies such as the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) and Childhood Origins of ASThma (COAST) have identified RV as a pathogen inducing severe respiratory disease. RVs also modulate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a key characteristic of such diseases. Although potential factors underlying mechanisms by which RV induces AHR have been postulated, the precise mechanisms of AHR following RV exposure remain elusive. A challenge to RV-related research stems from inadequate models for study. While human models raise ethical concerns and are relatively difficult in terms of subject recruitment, murine models are limited by susceptibility of infection to the relatively uncommon minor group (RV-B) serotypes, strains that are generally associated with infrequent clinical respiratory virus infections. Although a transgenic mouse strain that has been developed has enhanced susceptibility for infection with the common major group (RV-A) serotypes, few studies have focused on RV in the context of allergic airways disease rather than understanding RV-induced AHR. Recently, the receptor for the virulent RV-C CDHR3, was identified, but a dearth of studies have examined RV-C-induced effects in humans. Currently, the mechanisms by which RV infections modulate airway smooth muscle (ASM) shortening or excitation-contraction coupling remain elusive. Further, only one study has investigated the effects of RV on bronchodilatory mechanisms, with only speculation as to mechanisms underlying RV-mediated modulation of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lo
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard C Kurten
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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11
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To KKW, Lu L, Fong CHY, Wu AKL, Mok KY, Yip CCY, Ke YH, Sze KH, Lau SKP, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Rhinovirus respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients is associated with T H2 response irrespective of asthma. J Infect 2018; 76:465-474. [PMID: 29454786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the immunological response of hospitalized adult patients with rhinovirus infection, including critically-ill patients. METHODS The differential white blood cell (WBC) count and the levels of 29 plasma cytokines/chemokines were compared between 50 adult hospitalized patients with rhinovirus infection and 100 age-matched controls with influenza virus infection. RESULTS The demographics and comorbidities were similar between rhinovirus and influenza patients, but severe disease was more common for the rhinovirus cohort. Rhinovirus patients had significantly higher WBC counts than influenza patients, especially for eosinophil (P = 3.1 × 10-8). The level of the TH2 cytokine IL-5 was significantly higher among rhinovirus patients, while the levels of 9 other cytokines/chemokines were significantly lower among rhinovirus patients. The levels of CXCL-10 (IP-10), CCL-2 (MCP-1), IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-15 remained significantly lower among rhinovirus patients after correction for multiple comparisons. Notably, CXCL-10 had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in differentiating rhinovirus from influenza patients (AUC, 0.918). In the patient subgroup without asthma, the difference in the WBC count and cytokine/chemokine levels between rhinovirus and influenza patients remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Rhinovirus infection was characterized by a prominent TH2 response, even in patients without asthma. CXCL-10 (IP-10) is a potential biomarker in differentiating rhinovirus from influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol H Y Fong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan K L Wu
- Department of Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Yi Mok
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kong-Hung Sze
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan F N Hung
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Liu YP, Rajamanikham V, Baron M, Patel S, Mathur SK, Schwantes EA, Ober C, Jackson DJ, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Smith JA. Association of ORMDL3 with rhinovirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and type I Interferon responses in human leucocytes. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:371-382. [PMID: 28192616 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with risk alleles at the 17q21 genetic locus who wheeze during rhinovirus illnesses have a greatly increased likelihood of developing childhood asthma. In mice, overexpression of the 17q21 gene ORMDL3 leads to airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. However, the mechanisms by which ORMDL3 predisposes to asthma are unclear. Previous studies have suggested that ORMDL3 induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and production of the type I interferon (IFN)-regulated chemokine CXCL10. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ORMDL3 and rhinovirus-induced ER stress and type I IFN in human leucocytes. METHODS ER stress was monitored by measuring HSPA5, CHOP and spliced XBP1 gene expression, and type I IFN by measuring IFNB1 (IFN-β) and CXCL10 expression in human cell lines and primary leucocytes following treatment with rhinovirus. Requirements for cell contact and specific cell type in ORMDL3 induction were examined by transwell assay and depletion experiments, respectively. Finally, the effects of 17q21 genotype on the expression of ORMDL3, IFNB1 and ER stress genes were assessed. RESULTS THP-1 monocytes overexpressing ORMDL3 responded to rhinovirus with increased IFNB1 and HSPA5. Rhinovirus-induced ORMDL3 expression in primary leucocytes required cell-cell contact, and induction was suppressed by plasmacytoid dendritic cell depletion. The degree of rhinovirus-induced ORMDL3, HSPA5 and IFNB1 expression varied by leucocyte type and 17q21 genotype, with the highest expression of these genes in the asthma-associated genotype. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Multiple lines of evidence support an association between higher ORMDL3 and increased rhinovirus-induced HSPA5 and type I IFN gene expression. These associations with ORMDL3 are cell type specific, with the most significant 17q21 genotype effects on ORMDL3 expression and HSPA5 induction evident in B cells. Together, these findings have implications for how the interaction of increased ORMDL3 and rhinovirus may predispose to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Liu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - V Rajamanikham
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Baron
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Patel
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S K Mathur
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E A Schwantes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D J Jackson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J E Gern
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R F Lemanske
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J A Smith
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Rupani H, Martinez-Nunez RT, Dennison P, Lau LCK, Jayasekera N, Havelock T, Francisco-Garcia AS, Grainge C, Howarth PH, Sanchez-Elsner T. Toll-like Receptor 7 Is Reduced in Severe Asthma and Linked to an Altered MicroRNA Profile. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:26-37. [PMID: 26815632 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0280oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, and individuals with severe asthma experience recurrent exacerbations. Exacerbations are predominantly viral associated and have been linked to defective airway IFN responses. Ascertaining the molecular mechanisms underlying this deficiency is a major research goal to identify new therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVES We investigated the hypothesis that reduced Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-derived signaling drove the impaired IFN responses to rhinovirus by asthmatic alveolar macrophages (AMs); the molecular mechanisms underlying this deficiency were explored. METHODS AMs were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy subjects and patients with severe asthma. Expression of pattern-recognition receptors and microRNAs was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. A TLR7-luciferase reporter construct was created to evaluate binding of microRNAs to the 3' untranslated region of TLR7. IFN production was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The expression of TLR7 was significantly reduced in severe asthma AMs and was associated with reduced rhinovirus and imiquimod-induced IFN responses by these cells compared with healthy AMs. Severe asthma AMs also expressed increased levels of three microRNAs, which we showed were able to directly reduce TLR7 expression. Ex vivo knockdown of these microRNAs restored TLR7 expression with concomitant augmentation of virus-induced IFN production. CONCLUSIONS In severe asthma, TLR7 deficiency drives impaired innate immune responses to virus by AMs. Blocking a group of microRNAs that are up-regulated in these cells can restore antiviral innate responses, providing a novel approach for therapy in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitasha Rupani
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio T Martinez-Nunez
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Dennison
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie C K Lau
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nivenka Jayasekera
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Havelock
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ana S Francisco-Garcia
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Grainge
- 2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Peter H Howarth
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,3 NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Gauthier M, Chakraborty K, Oriss TB, Raundhal M, Das S, Chen J, Huff R, Sinha A, Fajt M, Ray P, Wenzel SE, Ray A. Severe asthma in humans and mouse model suggests a CXCL10 signature underlies corticosteroid-resistant Th1 bias. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94580. [PMID: 28679952 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Th1/type 1 inflammation marked by increased IFN-γ levels in the airways can be appreciated in 50% of patients with severe asthma, despite high dose corticosteroid (CS) treatment. We hypothesized that a downstream target of IFN-γ, CXCL10, which recruits Th1 cells via the cognate receptor CXCR3, is an important contributor to Th1high asthma and CS unresponsiveness. We show high levels of CXCL10 mRNA closely associated with IFNG levels in the BAL cells of 50% of severe asthmatics and also in the airways of mice subjected to a severe asthma model, both in the context of high-dose CS treatment. The inability of CS to dampen IFNG or CXCL10 expression was not because of impaired nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or its transactivational functions. Rather, in the presence of CS and IFN-γ, STAT1 and GR were recruited on critical regulatory elements in the endogenous CXCL10 promoter in monocytes, albeit without any abatement of CXCL10 gene expression. High CXCL10 gene expression was also associated with a mast cell signature in both humans and mice, CXCR3 being also expressed by mast cells. These findings suggest that the IFN-γ-CXCL10 axis plays a central role in persistent type 1 inflammation that may be facilitated by CS therapy through GR-STAT1 cooperation converging on the CXCL10 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gauthier
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Timothy B Oriss
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Mahesh Raundhal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Sudipta Das
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Rachael Huff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ayan Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Merritt Fajt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and
| | - Prabir Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Gras D, Martinez-Anton A, Bourdin A, Garulli C, de Senneville L, Vachier I, Vitte J, Chanez P. Human bronchial epithelium orchestrates dendritic cell activation in severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/3/1602399. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02399-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is impaired in asthma, with increased epithelial release of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)8, interleukin (IL)-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). We hypothesised that dendritic cells might modulate the hyperresponsive epithelium in severe asthma.For this purpose, we investigated epithelial–dendritic crosstalk in normal and diseased conditions, and because ultrafine particulate matter may affect asthmatic airways, we investigated its impact on this crosstalk. Air–liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) of control subjects (cHBEC) or severe asthma patients (saHBEC) were co-cultured with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC).Increased release of CXCL8, TSLP and IL-33 from saHBEC contrasted with cHBEC producing CXCL10 and CCL2. Regarding moDC activation, saHBEC co-cultures induced only upregulation of CD86 expression, while cHBEC yielded full moDC maturation with HLA-DR, CD80, CD86 and CD40 upregulation. Particulate matter stimulation of HBEC had no effect on cHBEC but stimulated CXCL8 and IL-33 release in saHBEC. Particulate matter impaired epithelium signalling (TSLP, IL-33 and CXCL8) in saHBEC co-cultures despite C-C chemokine ligand 2 induction.Crosstalk between HBEC and moDC can be establishedin vitro, driving a T1-type response with cHBEC and a T2-type response with saHBEC. Normal or asthmatic status of HBEC differentially shapes the epithelial–dendritic responses. We conclude that control moDC cannot rescue the hyperresponsive airway epithelium of severe asthmatics.
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16
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Abstract
Chronic airway diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and their prevalence is predicted to increase in the future. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of acute pulmonary infection, and there is clear evidence of their role in acute exacerbations of inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have reported impaired host responses to virus infection in these diseases, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of these abnormal immune responses has the potential to lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets for virus-induced exacerbations. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the role of viruses and immune modulation in acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases and to discuss exciting areas for future research and novel treatments.
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17
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Sundaram K, Mitra S, Gavrilin MA, Wewers MD. House Dust Mite Allergens and the Induction of Monocyte Interleukin 1β Production That Triggers an IκBζ-Dependent Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Release from Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:400-11. [PMID: 25629767 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0370oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation centered upon bronchial epithelium. House dust mite is one of the most common respiratory allergens that trigger exacerbations of asthma. IκBζ (gene NFKBIZ) is a recently recognized member of the NF-κB family that can be induced in mononuclear phagocytes and lung epithelial cells and has been shown to play a prominent role in epithelial cell function. We therefore analyzed the role of IκBζ in regulating lung epithelial cell cytokine responses to house dust mite mix (HDM). We found that human bronchial epithelial cells express IκBζ and release IL-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) when cocultured with human monocytes and HDM. This response is blocked in the presence of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), indicating that it is IL-1 mediated. Neither HDM-stimulated macrophages nor dendritic cells release IL-1β and subsequently induce cytokine release from the bronchial epithelial cells. Rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS (RS-LPS), a TLR4 antagonist, blocks the ability of HDM to induce IκBζ and release GMCSF from epithelial cells cocultured with monocytes. Additionally, human bronchial epithelial cells show no induction of IκBζ or cytokine responses to direct HDM stimulation. Finally, NFKBIZ small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in the bronchial epithelial cells suppresses the release of IL-1-induced IL-6 and GMCSF. Our findings indicate a possible role for monocyte recruitment and lung epithelial cell IκBζ in mediating asthma associated inflammation. Thus, IκBζ, IL-1Ra, and RS-LPS deserve future study as potential modulators of house dust mite-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Sundaram
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Srabani Mitra
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Hielpos MS, Ferrero MC, Fernández AG, Bonetto J, Giambartolomei GH, Fossati CA, Baldi PC. CCL20 and Beta-Defensin 2 Production by Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Macrophages in Response to Brucella abortus Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140408. [PMID: 26448160 PMCID: PMC4598116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Both CCL20 and human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) interact with the same membrane receptor and display chemotactic and antimicrobial activities. They are produced by airway epithelia in response to infectious agents and proinflammatory cytokines. Whereas Brucella spp. can infect humans through inhalation, their ability to induce CCL20 and hBD2 in lung cells is unknown. Here we show that B. abortus induces CCL20 expression in human alveolar (A549) or bronchial (Calu-6) epithelial cell lines, primary alveolar epithelial cells, primary human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages and the monocytic cell line THP-1. CCL20 expression was mainly mediated by JNK1/2 and NF-kB in both Calu-6 and THP-1 cells. CCL20 secretion was markedly induced in A549, Calu-6 and THP-1 cells by heat-killed B. abortus or a model Brucella lipoprotein (L-Omp19) but not by the B. abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Accordingly, CCL20 production by B. abortus-infected cells was strongly TLR2-dependent. Whereas hBD2 expression was not induced by B. abortus infection, it was significantly induced in A549 cells by conditioned media from B. abortus-infected THP-1 monocytes (CMB). A similar inducing effect was observed on CCL20 secretion. Experiments using blocking agents revealed that IL-1β, but not TNF-α, was involved in the induction of hBD2 and CCL20 secretion by CMB. In the in vitro antimicrobial assay, the lethal dose (LD) 50 of CCL20 for B. abortus (>50 μg/ml) was markedly higher than that against E. coli (1.5 μg/ml) or a B. abortus mutant lacking the O polysaccharide in its LPS (8.7 ug/ml). hBD2 did not kill any of the B. abortus strains at the tested concentrations. These results show that human lung epithelial cells secrete CCL20 and hBD2 in response to B. abortus and/or to cytokines produced by infected monocytes. Whereas these molecules do not seem to exert antimicrobial activity against this pathogen, they could recruit immune cells to the infection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad Hielpos
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Ferrero
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea G Fernández
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Bonetto
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM, CONICET-UBA), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Fossati
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP, CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo C Baldi
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Noguchi T, Nakagome K, Kobayashi T, Ueda Y, Soma T, Nakamoto H, Nagata M. Effect of beta2-adrenergic agonists on eosinophil adhesion, superoxide anion generation, and degranulation. Allergol Int 2015; 64 Suppl:S46-53. [PMID: 26344080 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils play important roles in the development of asthma exacerbation. Viral infection is a major cause of asthma exacerbation, and the expression of IFN-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) is up-regulated in virus-induced asthma. As β2-adrenergic agonists, such as formoterol or salbutamol, are used to treat asthma exacerbation, we examined whether formoterol or salbutamol could modify eosinophil functions such as adhesiveness, particularly those activated by cysLTs or IP-10. METHODS Eosinophils were isolated from the blood of healthy subjects and were pre-incubated with either formoterol or salbutamol, and subsequently stimulated with IL-5, LTD4, or IP-10. Adhesion of eosinophils to intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. The generation of eosinophil superoxide anion (O2(-)) was examined based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release was evaluated by ELISA as a marker of degranulation. RESULTS Neither formoterol nor salbutamol suppressed the spontaneous adhesion of eosinophils to ICAM-1. However, when eosinophils were activated by IL-5, LTD4, or IP-10, formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppressed the adhesion to ICAM-1. Formoterol also suppressed IL-5, LTD4, or IP-10 induced eosinophil O2(-) generation or EDN release. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that formoterol, but not salbutamol, suppresses eosinophil functions enhanced by IL-5, LTD4, or IP-10. As these factors are involved in the development of asthma exacerbation, our results strongly support the hypothesis that administration of formoterol is a novel strategy for treating asthma exacerbation.
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20
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Hittinger M, Juntke J, Kletting S, Schneider-Daum N, de Souza Carvalho C, Lehr CM. Preclinical safety and efficacy models for pulmonary drug delivery of antimicrobials with focus on in vitro models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 85:44-56. [PMID: 25453270 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New pharmaceutical formulations must be proven as safe and effective before entering clinical trials. Also in the context of pulmonary drug delivery, preclinical models allow testing of novel antimicrobials, reducing risks and costs during their development. Such models allow reducing the complexity of the human lung, but still need to reflect relevant (patho-) physiological features. This review focuses on preclinical pulmonary models, mainly in vitro models, to assess drug safety and efficacy of antimicrobials. Furthermore, approaches to investigate common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, are emphasized. Pneumonia, tuberculosis and infections occurring due to cystic fibrosis are in focus of this review. We conclude that especially in vitro models offer the chance of an efficient and detailed analysis of new antimicrobials, but also draw attention to the advantages and limitations of such currently available models and critically discuss the necessary steps for their future development.
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Rajan D, McCracken CE, Kopleman HB, Kyu SY, Lee FEH, Lu X, Anderson LJ. Human rhinovirus induced cytokine/chemokine responses in human airway epithelial and immune cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114322. [PMID: 25500821 PMCID: PMC4264758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with human rhinovirus (HRV) are commonly associated with acute upper and lower respiratory tract disease and asthma exacerbations. The role that HRVs play in these diseases suggests it is important to understand host-specific or virus-specific factors that contribute to pathogenesis. Since species A HRVs are often associated with more serious HRV disease than species B HRVs, differences in immune responses they induce should inform disease pathogenesis. To identify species differences in induced responses, we evaluated 3 species A viruses, HRV 25, 31 and 36 and 3 species B viruses, HRV 4, 35 and 48 by exposing human PBMCs to HRV infected Calu-3 cells. To evaluate the potential effect of memory induced by previous HRV infection on study responses, we tested cord blood mononuclear cells that should be HRV naïve. There were HRV-associated increases (significant increase compared to mock-infected cells) for one or more HRVs for IP-10 and IL-15 that was unaffected by addition of PBMCs, for MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IFN-α, and HGF only with addition of PBMCs, and for ENA-78 only without addition of PBMCs. All three species B HRVs induced higher levels, compared to A HRVs, of MIP-1α and MIP-1β with PBMCs and ENA-78 without PBMCs. In contrast, addition of CBMCs had less effect and did not induce MIP-1α, MIP-1β, or IFN-α nor block ENA-78 production. Addition of CBMCs did, however, increase IP-10 levels for HRV 35 and HRV 36 infection. The presence of an effect with PBMCs and no effect with CBMCs for some responses suggest differences between the two types of cells possibly because of the presence of HRV memory responses in PBMCs and not CBMCs or limited response capacity for the immature CBMCs relative to PBMCs. Thus, our results indicate that different HRV strains can induce different patterns of cytokines and chemokines; some of these differences may be due to differences in memory responses induced by past HRV infections, and other differences related to virus factors that can inform disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Courtney E. McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah B. Kopleman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shuya Y. Kyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Karta MR, Gavala ML, Curran CS, Wickert LE, Keely PJ, Gern JE, Bertics PJ. LPS modulates rhinovirus-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:125-34. [PMID: 24498897 PMCID: PMC4091859 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that both bacteria and rhinoviruses (RVs) contribute to asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that bacteria might alter antiviral responses early in the course of infection by modifying monocyte-lineage chemokine responses to RV infection. To test this hypothesis, human blood monocytes or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages were treated with RV types A016, B014, A001, and/or A002 in the presence or absence of LPS, and secretion of chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8) and IFN-α was measured by ELISA. Treatment with RV alone induced blood monocytes and BAL macrophages to secrete CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8. Pretreatment with LPS significantly attenuated RV-induced CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL8 secretion by 68-99.9% on average (P < 0.0001, P < 0.004, and P < 0.002, respectively), but did not inhibit RV-induced CCL2 from blood monocytes. Similarly, LPS inhibited RV-induced CXCL10 and CXCL11 secretion by over 88% on average from BAL macrophages (P < 0.002 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, LPS inhibited RV-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), as determined by immunoblotting, yet augmented RV-induced IFN-α secretion (P < 0.05), and did not diminish expression of RV target receptors, as measured by flow cytometry. In summary, major and minor group RVs strongly induce chemokine expression and IFN-α from monocytic cells. The bacterial product, LPS, specifically inhibits monocyte and macrophage secretion of RV-induced CXCL10 and CXCL11, but not other highly induced chemokines or IFN-α. These effects suggest that airway bacteria could modulate the pattern of virus-induced cell recruitment and inflammation in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R. Karta
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry
| | | | | | | | - Patricia J. Keely
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
- Cellular and Regenerative Biology, and
| | - James E. Gern
- Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Schuler BA, Schreiber MT, Li L, Mokry M, Kingdon ML, Raugi DN, Smith C, Hameister C, Racaniello VR, Hall DJ. Major and minor group rhinoviruses elicit differential signaling and cytokine responses as a function of receptor-mediated signal transduction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93897. [PMID: 24736642 PMCID: PMC3988043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major- and minor-group human rhinoviruses (HRV) enter their host by binding to the cell surface molecules ICAM-1 and LDL-R, respectively, which are present on both macrophages and epithelial cells. Although epithelial cells are the primary site of productive HRV infection, previous studies have implicated macrophages in establishing the cytokine dysregulation that occurs during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. Analysis of the transcriptome of primary human macrophages exposed to major- and minor-group HRV demonstrated differential gene expression. Alterations in gene expression were traced to differential mitochondrial activity and signaling pathway activation between two rhinovirus serotypes, HRV16 (major-group) and HRV1A (minor-group), upon initial HRV binding. Variances in phosphorylation of kinases (p38, JNK, ERK5) and transcription factors (ATF-2, CREB, CEBP-alpha) were observed between the major- and minor-group HRV treatments. Differential activation of signaling pathways led to changes in the production of the asthma-relevant cytokines CCL20, CCL2, and IL-10. This is the first report of genetically similar viruses eliciting dissimilar cytokine release, transcription factor phosphorylation, and MAPK activation from macrophages, suggesting that receptor use is a mechanism for establishing the inflammatory microenvironment in the human airway upon exposure to rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Schuler
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - LuYuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michal Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Megan L. Kingdon
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dana N. Raugi
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cosonya Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Hameister
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vincent R. Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Rhinovirus-16 induced release of IP-10 and IL-8 is augmented by Th2 cytokines in a pediatric bronchial epithelial cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94010. [PMID: 24705919 PMCID: PMC3976391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In response to viral infection, bronchial epithelial cells increase inflammatory cytokine release to activate the immune response and curtail viral replication. In atopic asthma, enhanced expression of Th2 cytokines is observed and we postulated that Th2 cytokines may augment the effects of rhinovirus-induced inflammation. Methods Primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from pediatric subjects were treated with Th2 cytokines for 24 h before infection with RV16. Release of IL-8, IP-10 and GM-CSF was measured by ELISA. Infection was quantified using RTqPCR and TCID50. Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors and dexamethasone were used to investigate differences in signaling pathways. Results The presence of Th2 cytokines did not affect RV replication or viral titre, yet there was a synergistic increase in IP-10 release from virally infected cells in the presence of Th2 cytokines. Release of IL-8 and GM-CSF was also augmented. IP-10 release was blocked by a PI3K inhibitor and IL-8 by dexamethasone. Conclusion Th2 cytokines increase release of inflammatory cytokines in the presence of rhinovirus infection. This increase is independent of effects of virus replication. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway inhibits IP-10 expression.
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26
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Karta MR, Wickert LE, Curran CS, Gavala ML, Denlinger LC, Gern JE, Bertics PJ. Allergen challenge in vivo alters rhinovirus-induced chemokine secretion from human airway macrophages. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1227-1230.e4. [PMID: 24529411 PMCID: PMC3973023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Karta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Lisa E Wickert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Colleen S Curran
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Monica L Gavala
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Loren C Denlinger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Paul J Bertics
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
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Wickert LE, Karta MR, Audhya A, Gern JE, Bertics PJ. Simvastatin attenuates rhinovirus-induced interferon and CXCL10 secretion from monocytic cells in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:951-9. [PMID: 24532643 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RV infections frequently trigger exacerbations of respiratory diseases, such as asthma, yet treatment and intervention options remain limited. Statin drugs are the treatment of choice for dyslipidemia and can also modulate immune cell function. To determine whether statin drugs modify antiviral responses of human monocytic cells, we obtained blood monocytes from donors with allergies and/or asthma and treated the cells with sim prior to challenge with RV. RV-induced secretion of CXCL10 was attenuated significantly, irrespective of RV type (RV-16, -14, or -1A), which corresponded with decreases in IFN-α secretion and pSTAT1. Sim pretreatment also reduced RV-induced CXCL10 secretion from human alveolar macrophages. The addition of mev and GGPP-two intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway-was able to rescue CXCL10 release fully, demonstrating that effects of sim were related to inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and not to an off-target effect. In addition, sim pretreatment attenuated IFN-α-induced pSTAT1 and CXCL10 secretion, providing evidence that sim additionally can affect type I IFNR signaling. SOCS1 and 3 mRNA are both induced with RV stimulation, but sim did not elevate SOCS1 or SOCS3 mRNA expression basally or in the presence of RV. Our findings suggest that sim inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway leads to decreased RV-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages. These findings suggest that statin drugs have the potential to curb the inflammatory response to RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Wickert
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry, Nutritional Sciences, and
| | | | | | - James E Gern
- Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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28
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Blanco JCG, Core S, Pletneva LM, March TH, Boukhvalova MS, Kajon AE. PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY TREATMENT AND INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION REDUCE INFECTIOUS HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 16 LOAD IN THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHALLENGED COTTON RATS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:52-60. [PMID: 25328560 PMCID: PMC4199241 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) represent the single most important etiological agents of the common cold and are the most frequent cause of acute respiratory infections in humans. Currently the performance of available animal models for immunization studies using HRV challenge is very limited. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a well-recognized model for the study of human respiratory viral infections. In this work we show that, without requiring any genetic modification of either the host or the virus, intranasal infection of cotton rats with HRV16 resulted in measurable isolation of infective virus, lower respiratory tract pathology, mucus production, and expression of interferon-activated genes. Intramuscular immunization with live HRV16 generated robust protective immunity that correlated with high serum levels of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, cotton rats treated prophylactically with hyperimmune anti-HRV16 serum were protected against HRV16 intranasal challenge. Finally, protection by immunization was efficiently transferred from mothers to newborn animals resulting in a substantial reduction of infectious virus loads in the lung following intranasal challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that the cotton rat provides valuable additional model development options for testing vaccines and prophylactic therapies against rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Core
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
| | | | | | | | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
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29
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Becker TM, Durrani SR, Bochkov YA, Devries MK, Rajamanickam V, Jackson DJ. Effect of exogenous interferons on rhinovirus replication and airway inflammatory responses. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111:397-401. [PMID: 24125148 PMCID: PMC3845219 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of asthma exacerbations. In airway epithelial cells, the primary site of HRV infection, decreased production of interferons (IFNs) may result in greater susceptibility to HRV and worsened symptoms. Thus, exogenous IFN could supplement the innate immune response and provide a treatment for virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, the effects of exogenous IFN could be type specific in part because of the cellular distribution of type 1 and type 2 IFN receptors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of exogenous IFNs on HRV replication in bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS Frozen stocks of primary human bronchial epithelial cells from healthy donors were cultured in monolayers; pretreated (24 hours) with 0.1-ng/mL, 1-ng/mL, or 10-ng/mL doses of IFN-α, -β, -λ1, or -λ2; and infected with HRV-1A. Viral replication was quantified using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and cytokine and chemokine secretion 24 hours after infection was measured by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with untreated samples, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and IFN-λ2 (0.1 ng/mL) significantly reduced HRV replication after high- (P < .02) and low-dose inoculation (P < .05). Similar effects were seen in 1-ng/mL and 10-ng/mL doses of IFN, where HRV replication was significantly decreased in both high- (P < .001) and low-dose inoculation (P < .001). Treatment with IFNs also enhanced HRV-induced IFN-γ-induced protein 10 secretion (P < .001). Finally, treatment with either IFN-λ1 or IFN-λ2 significantly increased HRV-induced secretion of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-expressed, and presumably secreted) (P < .05) but not IL-1β or vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that exogenous IFNs, IFN-λ1 in particular, warrant further study as a potential therapy for virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess M Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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30
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Bochkov YA, Busse WW, Brockman-Schneider RA, Evans MD, Jarjour NN, McCrae C, Miller-Larsson A, Gern JE. Budesonide and formoterol effects on rhinovirus replication and epithelial cell cytokine responses. Respir Res 2013; 14:98. [PMID: 24219422 PMCID: PMC3851834 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combination therapy with budesonide and formoterol reduces exacerbations of asthma, which are closely associated with human rhinovirus (RV) infections in both children and adults. These data suggest that budesonide and formoterol inhibit virus-induced inflammatory responses of airway epithelial cells. Methods To test this hypothesis, bronchial epithelial (BE) cells were obtained from airway brushings of 8 subjects with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma and 9 with neither asthma nor respiratory allergies. Cultured BE cells were incubated for 24 hours with budesonide (1.77 μM), formoterol (0.1 μM), both, or neither, and then inoculated with RV-16 (5×106 plaque forming units [PFU]/mL). After 24 hours, viral replication (RV RNA), cytokine secretion (CXCL8, CXCL10, TNFα, IFN-β, IL-28) and mRNA expression (CXCL8, CXCL10, TNF, IFNB1, IL28A&B) were analyzed. Results RV infection induced CXCL10 protein secretion and IFNB1 and IL28 mRNA expression. Drug treatments significantly inhibited secretion of CXCL10 in mock-infected, but not RV-infected, BE cells, and inhibited secretion of TNFα under both conditions. Neither budesonide nor formoterol, alone or in combination, significantly affected viral replication, nor did they inhibit RV-induced upregulation of IFNB1 and IL28 mRNA. Overall, RV replication was positively related to CXCL10 secretion and induction of IFNB1 and IL28 mRNA, but the positive relationship between RV RNA and CXCL10 secretion was stronger in normal subjects than in subjects with asthma. Conclusions Budesonide and formoterol can inhibit BE cell inflammatory responses in vitro without interfering with viral replication or production of interferons. These effects could potentially contribute to beneficial effects of budesonide/formoterol combination therapy in preventing RV-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Response to rhinovirus infection by human airway epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an in vitro two-chamber tissue culture system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66600. [PMID: 23799120 PMCID: PMC3684571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are associated with the common cold, occasionally with more serious lower respiratory tract illnesses, and frequently with asthma exacerbations. The clinical features of HRV infection and its association with asthma exacerbation suggest that some HRV disease results from virus-induced host immune responses to infection. To study the HRV-infection-induced host responses and the contribution of these responses to disease, we have developed an in vitro model of HRV infection of human airway epithelial cells (Calu-3 cells) and subsequent exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to these infected cells in a two-chamber trans-well tissue culture system. Using this model, we studied HRV 14 (species B) and HRV 16 (species A) induced cytokine and chemokine responses with PBMCs from four healthy adults. Infection of Calu-3 cells with either virus induced HRV-associated increases in FGF-Basic, IL-15, IL-6, IL-28A, ENA-78 and IP-10. The addition of PBMCs to HRV 14-infected cells gave significant increases in MIP-1β, IL-28A, MCP-2, and IFN-α as compared with mock-infected cells. Interestingly, ENA-78 levels were reduced in HRV 14 infected cells that were exposed to PBMCs. Addition of PBMCs to HRV 16-infected cells did not induce MIP-1β, IL-28A and IFN-α efficiently nor did it decrease ENA-78 levels. Our results demonstrate a clear difference between HRV 14 and HRV 16 and the source of PBMCs, in up or down regulation of several cytokines including those that are linked to airway inflammation. Such differences might be one of the reasons for variation in disease associated with different HRV species including variation in their link to asthma exacerbations as suggested by other studies. Further study of immune responses associated with different HRVs and PBMCs from different patient groups, and the mechanisms leading to these differences, should help characterize pathogenesis of HRV disease and generate novel approaches to its treatment.
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The role of interleukin-1 and interleukin-18 in pro-inflammatory and anti-viral responses to rhinovirus in primary bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63365. [PMID: 23723976 PMCID: PMC3665753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is associated with acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease. In healthy individuals, innate viral recognition pathways trigger release of molecules with direct anti-viral activities and pro-inflammatory mediators which recruit immune cells to support viral clearance. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) have critical roles in the establishment of neutrophilic inflammation, which is commonly seen in airways viral infection and thought to be detrimental in respiratory disease. We therefore investigated the roles of these molecules in HRV infection of primary human epithelial cells. We found that all three cytokines were released from infected epithelia. Release of these cytokines was not dependent on cell death, and only IL-1β and IL-18 release was dependent on caspase-1 catalytic activity. Blockade of IL-1 but not IL-18 signaling inhibited up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and neutrophil chemoattractants but had no effect on virus induced production of interferons and interferon-inducible genes, measured at both mRNA and protein level. Similar level of virus mRNA was detected with and without IL-1RI blockade. Hence IL-1 signaling, potentially involving both IL-1β and IL-1α, downstream of viral recognition plays a key role in induction of pro-inflammatory signals and potentially in recruitment and activation of immune cells in response to viral infection instigated by the epithelial cells, whilst not participating in direct anti-viral responses.
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Schreiber MT, Schuler B, Li L, Hall DJ. Activation of the small G-protein Rac by human rhinovirus attenuates the TLR3/IFN-α axis while promoting CCL2 release in human monocyte-lineage cells. Innate Immun 2012; 19:278-89. [PMID: 23060458 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912460709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rhinoviral infections, a major cause of asthma exacerbations, occur predominantly in upper airway bronchial epithelial cells, monocytic-lineage cells are implicated in establishing the inflammatory microenvironment observed during the disease. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is unique in that nearly genetically identical viruses bind either the ICAM-1 or low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R). Within minutes of binding, HRV is capable of eliciting a signaling response in both epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. It is unclear whether this signaling response is important to the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators, particularly in cells not capable of supporting viral replication. We show here that the small molecular mass G-protein Rac is activated following exposure of macrophages to HRV serotypes known to be ICAM-1- and LDL-R-tropic. We demonstrate that inhibiting Rac resulted in the upregulation of TLR3 in macrophages exposed to major- and minor-group HRV, and resulted in increased release of IFN-α. Furthermore, inhibiting Rac in HRV-exposed macrophages attenuated activation of the stress kinase p38 and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL2, but inhibiting Rac did not affect release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL5. These findings suggest that Rac is an important regulator in establishing the inflammatory microenvironment that is initiated in the human airway upon exposure to rhinovirus.
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Skevaki CL, Psarras S, Volonaki E, Pratsinis H, Spyridaki IS, Gaga M, Georgiou V, Vittorakis S, Telcian AG, Maggina P, Kletsas D, Gourgiotis D, Johnston SL, Papadopoulos NG. Rhinovirus-induced basic fibroblast growth factor release mediates airway remodeling features. Clin Transl Allergy 2012; 2:14. [PMID: 22908984 PMCID: PMC3492082 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses, major precipitants of asthma exacerbations, induce lower airway inflammation and mediate angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility that rhinoviruses may also contribute to the fibrotic component of airway remodeling. METHODS Levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA and protein were measured following rhinovirus infection of bronchial epithelial cells. The profibrotic effect of epithelial products was assessed by DNA synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity assays. Moreover, epithelial cells were exposed to supernatants from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained from healthy donors or atopic asthmatic subjects and subsequently infected by rhinovirus and bFGF release was estimated. bFGF was also measured in respiratory secretions from atopic asthmatic patients before and during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. RESULTS Rhinovirus epithelial infection stimulated mRNA expression and release of bFGF, the latter being positively correlated with cell death under conditions promoting rhinovirus-induced cytotoxicity. Supernatants from infected cultures induced lung fibroblast proliferation, which was inhibited by anti-bFGF antibody, and demonstrated increased matrix metalloproteinase activity. Rhinovirus-mediated bFGF release was significantly higher in an in vitro simulation of atopic asthmatic environment and, importantly, during rhinovirus-associated asthma exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS Rhinovirus infection induces bFGF release by airway epithelium, and stimulates stroma cell proliferation contributing to airway remodeling in asthma. Repeated rhinovirus infections may promote asthma persistence, particularly in the context of atopy; prevention of such infections may influence the natural history of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi L Skevaki
- UPC Research Laboratories, Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 41 Fidipidou str, Athens, 115 27, Greece.
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Katelaris CH, Linneberg A, Magnan A, Thomas WR, Wardlaw AJ, Wark P. Developments in the field of allergy in 2010 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 41:1690-710. [PMID: 22107142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2010 over 200 articles were published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy including editorials, reviews, opinion articles, letters, book reviews and of course at the heart of the journal, papers containing original data which have moved the field of allergy forward on a number of fronts. For the third year running the editors felt it would be of value to summarize the key messages contained in these papers as a snapshot of where the cutting edge of research into allergic disease is leading. We have broadly followed the sections of the journal, although this year the mechanistic articles are grouped together and the studies involving experimental models of disease are discussed throughout the paper. In the field of asthma and rhinitis phenotypes and biomarkers continue to a major pre-occupation of our authors. There is continued interest in mechanisms of inflammation and disordered lung function with the mouse model of asthma continuing to offer new insights. There is also a steady flow of papers investigating new therapies, including those derived from plants and herbs, although many are mechanistic with too few high quality clinical trials. The mechanisms involved in allergic disease are well covered with many strong papers using clinical material to ask relevant questions. Pro-pre and snybiotics continue to be of major interest to our authors and this remains a controversial and complicated field. The discipline of epidemiology has retained its interest in risk factors for the development of allergic disease with a view to refining and debating the reasons for the allergy epidemic. There is continued interest in the relationship between helminthic disease and allergy with a new twist in 2010 involving studies using infection with helminths as a potential treatment. The genetics of allergic disease continues to be very productive, although the field has moved on from only investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes to Genome Wide Association Studies and an increasing and welcome emphasis on gene-environment interactions. In the field of clinical allergy there is steady flow of papers describing patterns of drug allergy with renewed interest in reactions to contrast media, but food allergy is the major area of interest in this section of the journal. Lastly in the field of allergens there is a growing interest in the role of component resolved diagnosis in improving the diagnosis and management of allergic disease. Another excellent year, full of fascinating and high quality work, which the journal has been proud to bring to the allergy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Katelaris
- University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rosenthal LA, Szakaly RJ, Amineva SP, Xing Y, Hill MR, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE, Sorkness RL. Lower respiratory tract infection induced by a genetically modified picornavirus in its natural murine host. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32061. [PMID: 22355409 PMCID: PMC3280220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the picornavirus, human rhinovirus (HRV), are a major cause of wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations. In developing a murine model of picornaviral airway infection, we noted the absence of murine rhinoviruses and that mice are not natural hosts for HRV. The picornavirus, mengovirus, induces lethal systemic infections in its natural murine hosts, but small genetic differences can profoundly affect picornaviral tropism and virulence. We demonstrate that inhalation of a genetically attenuated mengovirus, vMC0, induces lower respiratory tract infections in mice. After intranasal vMC0 inoculation, lung viral titers increased, peaking at 24 h postinoculation with viral shedding persisting for 5 days, whereas HRV-A01a lung viral titers decreased and were undetectable 24 h after intranasal inoculation. Inhalation of vMC0, but not vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, induced an acute respiratory illness, with body weight loss and lower airway inflammation, characterized by increased numbers of airway neutrophils and lymphocytes and elevated pulmonary expression of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCR2 ligands (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5) and interleukin-17A. Mice inoculated with vMC0, compared with those inoculated with vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, exhibited increased pulmonary expression of interferon (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ), viral RNA sensors [toll-like receptor (TLR)3, TLR7, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)], and chemokines associated with HRV infection in humans (CXCL10, CCL2). Inhalation of vMC0, but not vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, was accompanied by increased airway fluid myeloperoxidase levels, an indicator of neutrophil activation, increased MUC5B gene expression, and lung edema, a sign of infection-related lung injury. Consistent with experimental HRV inoculations of nonallergic, nonasthmatic human subjects, there were no effects on airway hyperresponsiveness after inhalation of vMC0 by healthy mice. This novel murine model of picornaviral airway infection and inflammation should be useful for defining mechanisms of HRV pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The increase in incidence and prevalence of allergic disease remains a mystery and cannot be explained solely by genetic factors. The hygiene hypothesis provides the strongest epidemiological explanation for the rise in allergic disease. This review evaluates the recent epidemiological and mechanistic research in the role of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of or protection from allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature has extended the epidemiological findings of the protective effect of being born and reared in a farm environment and associates an increased diversity of organisms in house-dust samples with protection from allergic disease. Furthermore, human and animal studies provide increasing evidence for the role of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, including regulatory cells, as mediators of this protective effect. SUMMARY There is evidence that exposure to some infectious organisms can protect from atopy, whereas other infections appear to promote allergic diseases. The timing of exposure to infection and the properties of the infectious agent, in addition to the genetic susceptibility of the host, play an important role in the future development of allergic disease.
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Takaku Y, Nakagome K, Kobayashi T, Hagiwara K, Kanazawa M, Nagata M. IFN-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa upregulates the effector functions of eosinophils through β2 integrin and CXCR3. Respir Res 2011; 12:138. [PMID: 22004287 PMCID: PMC3215664 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and its exacerbation. Recent reports suggest the involvement of IFN-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) in virus-induced asthma exacerbation. The objective of this study was to examine whether CXCR3 ligands including IP-10 modify the effector functions of eosinophils. METHODS Eosinophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors were stimulated with CXCR3 ligands and their adhesion to rh-ICAM-1 was then measured using eosinophil peroxidase assays. The generation of eosinophil superoxide anion (O2-) was examined based on the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome C. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) release was evaluated to determine whether CXCR3 ligands induced eosinophil degranulation. Cytokine and chemokine production by eosinophils was examined using a Bio-plex assay. RESULTS Eosinophil adhesion to ICAM-1 was significantly enhanced by IP-10, which also significantly induced eosinophil O2- generation in the presence of ICAM-1. Both the enhanced adhesion and O2- generation were inhibited by an anti-β2 integrin mAb or an anti-CXCR3 mAb. Other CXCR3 ligands, such as monokine induced by IFN-γ (Mig) and IFN-inducible T cell α chemoattractant (I-TAC), also induced eosinophil adhesion and O2- generation in the presence of ICAM-1. IP-10, but not Mig or I-TAC, increased the release of EDN. IP-10 increased the production of a number of cytokines and chemokines by eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CXCR3 ligands such as IP-10 can directly upregulate the effector functions of eosinophils. These effects might be involved in the activation and infiltration of eosinophils in the airway of asthma, especially in virus-induced asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Takaku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
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Jornot L, Cordey S, Caruso A, Gerber C, Vukicevic M, Tapparel C, Kaiser L, Burger D, Roosnek E, Lacroix JS, Rochat T. T lymphocytes promote the antiviral and inflammatory responses of airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26293. [PMID: 22022590 PMCID: PMC3194808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS T cells modulate the antiviral and inflammatory responses of airway epithelial cells to human rhinoviruses (HRV). METHODS Differentiated primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) grown on collagen-coated filters were exposed apically to HRV14 for 6 h, washed thoroughly and co-cultured with anti-CD3/CD28 activated T cells added in the basolateral compartment for 40 h. RESULTS HRV14 did not induce IFNγ, NOS2, CXCL8 and IL-6 in HNEC, but enhanced expression of the T cell attractant CXCL10. On the other hand, HNEC co-cultured with activated T cells produced CXCL10 at a level several orders of magnitude higher than that induced by HRV14. Albeit to a much lower degree, activated T cells also induced CXCL8, IL-6 and NOS2. Anti-IFNγ antibodies and TNF soluble receptor completely blocked CXCL10 upregulation. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between epithelial CXCL10 mRNA expression and the amounts of IFNγ and TNF secreted by T cells. Likewise, increasing numbers of T cells to a constant number of HNEC in co-cultures resulted in increasing epithelial CXCL10 production, attaining a plateau at high IFNγ and TNF levels. Hence, HNEC activation by T cells is induced mainly by IFNγ and/or TNF. Activated T cells also markedly inhibited viral replication in HNEC, partially through activation of the nitric oxide pathway. CONCLUSION Cross-talk between T cells and HNEC results in activation of the latter and increases their contribution to airway inflammation and virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jornot
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Viral infections affect wheezing and asthma in children and adults of all ages. In infancy, wheezing illnesses are usually viral in origin, and children with more severe wheezing episodes are more likely to develop recurrent episodes of asthma and to develop asthma later in childhood. Children who develop allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (allergic sensitization) and those who wheeze with human rhinoviruses (HRV) are at especially high risk for asthma. In older children and adults, HRV infections generally cause relatively mild respiratory illnesses and yet contribute to acute and potentially severe exacerbations in patients with asthma. These findings underline the importance of understanding the synergistic nature of allergic sensitization and infections with HRV in infants relative to the onset of asthma and in children and adults with respect to exacerbations of asthma. This review discusses clinical and experimental evidence of virus-allergen interactions and evaluates theories which relate immunologic responses to respiratory viruses and allergens to the pathogenesis and disease activity of asthma. Greater understanding of the relationship between viral respiratory infections, allergic inflammation, and asthma is likely to suggest new strategies for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Gavala
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul J. Bertics
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin‐Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
Rhinoviral infection is an important trigger of acute inflammatory exacerbations in patients with underlying airway disease. We have previously established that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is central in the communication between epithelial cells and monocytes during the initiation of inflammation. In this study we explored the roles of IL-1β and its signaling pathways in the responses of airway cells to rhinovirus-1B (RV-1B) and further determined how responses to RV-1B were modified in a model of bacterial coinfection. Our results revealed that IL-1β dramatically potentiated RV-1B-induced proinflammatory responses, and while monocytes did not directly amplify responses to RV-1B alone, they played an important role in the responses observed with our coinfection model. MyD88 is the essential signaling adapter for IL-1β and most Toll-like receptors. To examine the role of MyD88 in more detail, we created stable MyD88 knockdown epithelial cells using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to MyD88. We determined that IL-1β/MyD88 plays a role in regulating RV-1B replication and the inflammatory response to viral infection of airway cells. These results identify central roles for IL-1β and its signaling pathways in the production of CXCL8, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, in viral infection. Thus, IL-1β is a viable target for controlling the neutrophilia that is often found in inflammatory airway disease and is exacerbated by viral infection of the airways.
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Chu HW, Lloyd CM, Karmaus W, Maestrelli P, Mason P, Salcedo G, Thaikoottathil J, Wardlaw AJ. Developments in the field of allergy in 2009 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 40:1611-31. [PMID: 21039970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2009 the journal published in the region of 200 papers including reviews, editorials, opinion pieces and original papers that ran the full gamut of allergic disease. It is instructive to take stock of this output to determine patterns of interest and where the cutting edge lies. We have surveyed the field of allergic disease as seen through the pages of Clinical and Experimental Allergy (CEA) highlighting trends, emphasizing notable observations and placing discoveries in the context of other key papers published during the year. The review is divided into similar sections as the journal. In the field of Asthma and Rhinitis CEA has contributed significantly to the debate about asthma phenotypes and expressed opinions about the cause of intrinsic asthma. It has also added its halfpennyworth to the hunt for meaningful biomarkers. In Mechanisms the considerable interest in T cell subsets including Th17 and T regulatory cells continues apace and the discipline of Epidemiology continues to invoke a steady stream of papers on risk factors for asthma with investigators still trying to explain the post-second world war epidemic of allergic disease. Experimental Models continue to make important contributions to our understanding of pathogenesis of allergic disease and in the Clinical Allergy section various angles on immunotherapy are explored. New allergens continue to be described in the allergens section to make those allergen chips even more complicated. A rich and vibrant year helpfully summarized by some of our associate editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Strickland DH, Upham JW, Holt PG. Epithelial–dendritic cell interactions in allergic disorders. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:789-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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