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Yu H, Fan J, Shehla N, Qiu Y, Lin Y, Wang Z, Cao L, Li B, Daniyal M, Qin Y, Peng C, Cai X, Liu B, Wang W. Biomimetic Hybrid Membrane-Coated Xuetongsu Assisted with Laser Irradiation for Efficient Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:502-521. [PMID: 34965104 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease underlying a cascade of chronic inflammatory processes. Over the past decades, the response rate of effective RA treatments has remained scarce despite numerous advancements in the current therapeutic interventions, owing largely to the associated off-target adverse events and poor accumulation in the inflamed joints. Recently, there is a high interest in the development of targeted drug delivery system by using nanotechnology, as it can provide a handle to improve the therapy efficacy of RA. Here, multifunctional HA@RFM@PB@SE nanoparticles (HRPS NPs) are developed by loading schisanlactone E (SE, also called with xuetongsu), an anti-RA compound isolated from Tujia ethnomedicine xuetong, into Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) and further camouflage of RBC-RAFLS hybrid membrane with HA modification onto PB@SE NPs (PS NPs). We demonstrated that the modification of RFM makes PB NPs ideal decoys for targeting inflammatory mediators of arthritis due to the homing effects of the parental cells. Moreover, the encapsulation of RFM on the PB@SE NPs extended the blood circulation time and improved its targeting ability, which accordingly achieved optimal accumulation of SE in arthritic rat paws. In vitro and in vivo assay demonstrated the outstanding performance of HRPS NPs for synergistic chemo-/photothermal therapy of RA without side effects to healthy tissues. Molecular mechanism exploration indicated that the ultrastrong inhibition of synovial hyperplasia and bone destruction was partly via suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. In summary, the nanodrug delivery system showed controllable release behavior, targeted accumulation at arthritic sites and systemic regulation of immunity, hence improved therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of the disease without attenuating safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jialong Fan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Nuzhat Shehla
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ye Lin
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liang Cao
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Yan Qin
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xiong Cai
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Pockley AG, Henderson B. Extracellular cell stress (heat shock) proteins-immune responses and disease: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0522. [PMID: 29203707 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cell stress proteins are highly conserved phylogenetically and have been shown to act as powerful signalling agonists and receptors for selected ligands in several different settings. They also act as immunostimulatory 'danger signals' for the innate and adaptive immune systems. Other studies have shown that cell stress proteins and the induction of immune reactivity to self-cell stress proteins can attenuate disease processes. Some proteins (e.g. Hsp60, Hsp70, gp96) exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the context in which they encounter responding immune cells. The burgeoning literature reporting the presence of stress proteins in a range of biological fluids in healthy individuals/non-diseased settings, the association of extracellular stress protein levels with a plethora of clinical and pathological conditions and the selective expression of a membrane form of Hsp70 on cancer cells now supports the concept that extracellular cell stress proteins are involved in maintaining/regulating organismal homeostasis and in disease processes and phenotype. Cell stress proteins, therefore, form a biologically complex extracellular cell stress protein network having diverse biological, homeostatic and immunomodulatory properties, the understanding of which offers exciting opportunities for delivering novel approaches to predict, identify, diagnose, manage and treat disease.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Brian Henderson
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Leishmania donovani chaperonin 10 regulates parasite internalization and intracellular survival in human macrophages. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:235-257. [PMID: 28283754 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protozoa of the genus Leishmania infect macrophages in their mammalian hosts causing a spectrum of diseases known as the leishmaniases. The search for leishmania effectors that support macrophage infection is a focus of significant interest. One such candidate is leishmania chaperonin 10 (CPN10) which is secreted in exosomes and may have immunosuppressive properties. Here, we report for the first time that leishmania CPN10 localizes to the cytosol of infected macrophages. Next, we generated two genetically modified strains of Leishmania donovani (Ld): one strain overexpressing CPN10 (CPN10+++) and the second, a CPN10 single allele knockdown (CPN10+/-), as the null mutant was lethal. When compared with the wild-type (WT) parental strain, CPN10+/- Ld showed higher infection rates and parasite loads in human macrophages after 24 h of infection. Conversely, CPN10+++ Ld was associated with lower initial infection rates. This unexpected apparent gain-of-function for the knockdown could have been explained either by enhanced parasite internalization or by enhanced intracellular survival. Paradoxically, we found that CPN10+/- leishmania were more readily internalized than WT Ld, but also displayed significantly impaired intracellular survival. This suggests that leishmania CPN10 negatively regulates the rate of parasite uptake by macrophages while being required for intracellular survival. Finally, quantitative proteomics identified an array of leishmania proteins whose expression was positively regulated by CPN10. In contrast, many macrophage proteins involved in innate immunity were negatively regulated by CPN10. Taken together, these findings identify leishmania CPN10 as a novel effector with broad based effects on macrophage cell regulation and parasite survival.
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Guillot A, Boulay M, Chambellon É, Gitton C, Monnet V, Juillard V. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Extracellular Peptidome of Lactococcus lactis: Lines of Evidence for the Coexistence of Extracellular Protein Hydrolysis and Intracellular Peptide Excretion. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3214-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Guillot
- UMR Micalis,
INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mylène Boulay
- UMR Micalis,
INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Émilie Chambellon
- UMR Micalis,
INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Gitton
- UMR Micalis,
INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Véronique Monnet
- UMR Micalis,
INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Juillard
- UMR Micalis,
INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Zhou J, Wang LP, Feng X, Fan DD, Zang WJ, Wang B. Synthetic peptides from heat-shock protein 65 inhibit proinflammatory cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:67-72. [PMID: 24111596 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. Proinflammatory cytokines plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of synthetic peptides (HP-R1, HP-R2 and HP-R3), derived from the sequence of 65 kDa mycobacterial heat shock protein (HSP), on the proliferation of and cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from RA patients. 2. The PBMC were obtained from RA patients and collected by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with one of the three synthetic peptides for 4 h, after which time proliferation and cytokine production were determined. The effects of the three peptides on the proliferation of PBMC were analysed by the colorimetric cell proliferation (CCK-8) assay. Cytokine production was measured in culture supernatants using specific ELISAs. 3. None of the three peptides had any significant effect on the proliferation of PBMC from healthy controls. However, the proliferation of PBMC from RA patients was inhibited by all three peptides. The production of tumour necrosis factor-α from RA patients was significantly inhibited by all three peptides. The secretion of interferon-γ was significantly suppressed by HP-R1 and HP-R2. Unlike the other two peptides, HP-R2 increased the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4. None of the peptides had any significant effect on the production of IL-10. 4. The results of the present study suggest that the synthetic peptides derived from HSP65 exhibit antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity, and support the potential use of synthetic peptides as therapeutic drugs in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Heat shock protein 10 of Chlamydophila pneumoniae induces proinflammatory cytokines through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in human monocytes THP-1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:541-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Henderson B, Martin A. Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins and Bacterial Virulence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 358:155-213. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Henderson B, Pockley AG. Molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts as intercellular signaling regulators in immunity and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:445-62. [PMID: 20445014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review critically examines the hypothesis that molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts from prokaryotes and eukaryotes can be secreted by cells and function as intercellular signals, principally but not exclusively, for leukocytes. A growing number of molecular chaperones have been reported to function as ligands for selected receptors and/or receptors for specific ligands. Molecular chaperones initially appeared to act primarily as stimulatory signals for leukocytes and thus, were seen as proinflammatory mediators. However, evidence is now emerging that molecular chaperones can have anti-inflammatory actions or, depending on the protein and concentration, anti- and proinflammatory functions. Recasting the original hypothesis, we propose that molecular chaperones and protein-folding catalysts are "moonlighting" proteins that function as homeostatic immune regulators but may also under certain circumstances, contribute to tissue pathology. One of the key issues in the field of molecular chaperone biology relates to the role of microbial contaminants in their signaling activity; this too will be evaluated critically. The most fascinating aspect of molecular chaperones probably relates to evidence for their therapeutic potential in human disease, and ongoing studies are evaluating this potential in a range of clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Rd., London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
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Multiple moonlighting functions of mycobacterial molecular chaperones. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:119-24. [PMID: 20338810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and protein folding catalysts are normally thought of as intracellular proteins involved in protein folding quality control. However, in the mycobacteria there is increasing evidence to support the hypothesis that molecular chaperones are also secreted intercellular signalling molecules or can control actions at the cell wall or indeed control the composition of the cell wall. The most recent evidence for protein moonlighting in the mycobacteria is the report that chaperonin 60.2 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important in the key event in tuberculosis - the entry of the bacterium into the macrophage. This brief overview highlights the potential importance of the moonlighting functions of molecular chaperones in the biology and pathobiology of the mycobacteria.
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The involvement of heat-shock proteins in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis: a critical appraisal. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009; 40:164-75. [PMID: 19969325 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the literature on the role of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis in animal models and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The published literature in Medline (PubMed), including our published work on the cell-mediated as well as humoral immune response to various HSPs, was reviewed. Studies in the preclinical animal models of arthritis as well as RA were examined critically and the data are presented. RESULTS In experimental arthritis, disease induction by different arthritogenic stimuli, including an adjuvant, led to immune response to mycobacterial HSP65 (BHSP65). However, attempts to induce arthritis by a purified HSP have not met with success. There are several reports of a significant immune response to HSP65 in RA patients. However, the issue of cause and effect is difficult to address. Nevertheless, several studies in animal models and a couple of clinical trials in RA patients have shown the beneficial effect of HSPs against autoimmune arthritis. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear association between immune response to HSPs, particularly HSP65, and the initiation and propagation of autoimmune arthritis in experimental models. The correlation is relatively less convincing in RA patients. In both cases, the ability of HSPs to modulate arthritis offers support, albeit an indirect one, for the involvement of these antigens in the disease process.
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Durai M, Huang MN, Moudgil KD. Self heat-shock protein 65-mediated regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Autoimmun 2009; 33:208-13. [PMID: 19800761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) have been invoked in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases. The mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65) has been studied extensively as one of the antigenic triggers of autoimmunity in experimental models of, as well as patients with, rheumatoid arthritis. As Hsps are highly conserved and immunogenic, it is generally anticipated that self Hsps might serve as the endogenous targets of the immune response initiated by the homologous foreign Hsps. Contrary to this expectation, studies in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model have revealed that priming of the self (rat) hsp65 (Rhsp65)-directed T cells in the Lewis rat leads to protection against AA instead of disease induction or aggravation. The arthritis-protective attribute of the self hsp65 is also evident following spontaneous priming of the anti-Rhsp65 T cells during the natural course of AA. Furthermore, immunization of rats with human hsp60, or with Bhsp65 peptides that are crossreactive with the corresponding self hsp65 peptides, leads to protection against AA. Importantly, high levels of T cell reactivity against self hsp60 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis positively correlate with a favorable outcome of the disease. Thus, immune response against self hsp65 in autoimmune arthritis is protective rather than being pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malarvizhi Durai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Howard Hall Room 323 C, 660 West Redwood St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Vercoulen Y, van Teijlingen NH, de Kleer IM, Kamphuis S, Albani S, Prakken BJ. Heat shock protein 60 reactive T cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: what is new? Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:231. [PMID: 19519922 PMCID: PMC2714101 DOI: 10.1186/ar2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation, caused by a deregulated immune response. In patients with JIA, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly expressed in the synovial lining tissues of inflamed joints. HSPs are endogenous proteins that are expressed upon cellular stress and are able to modulate immune responses. In this review, we concentrate on the role of HSPs, especially HSP60, in modulating immune responses in both experimental and human arthritis, with a focus on JIA. We will mainly discuss the tolerogenic immune responses induced by HSPs, which could have a beneficial effect in JIA. Overall, we will discuss the immune modulatory capacity of HSPs, and the underlying mechanisms of HSP60-mediated immune regulation in JIA, and how this can be translated into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vercoulen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's hospital, UMCU, Lundlaan 6 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Satpute SR, Rajaiah R, Polumuri SK, Moudgil KD. Tolerization with Hsp65 induces protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis by modulating the antigen-directed interferon-gamma, interleukin-17, and antibody responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:103-13. [PMID: 19116924 DOI: 10.1002/art.24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pretreatment of Lewis rats with soluble mycobacterial Hsp65 affords protection against subsequent adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). This study was aimed at unraveling the mechanisms underlying mycobacterial Hsp65-induced protection against arthritis, using contemporary parameters of immunity. METHODS Lewis rats were given 3 intraperitoneal injections of mycobacterial Hsp65 in solution prior to the initiation of AIA with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thereafter, mycobacterial Hsp65-specific T cell proliferative, cytokine, and antibody responses were tested in tolerized rats. The roles of anergy and the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)-tryptophan pathway in tolerance induction were assessed, and the frequency and suppressive function of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells were monitored. Also tested was the effect of mycobacterial Hsp65 tolerization on T cell responses to AIA-related mycobacterial Hsp70, mycobacterial Hsp10, and rat Hsp65. RESULTS The AIA-protective effect of mycobacterial Hsp65-induced tolerance was associated with a significantly reduced T cell proliferative response to mycobacterial Hsp65, which was reversed by interleukin-2 (IL-2), indicating anergy induction. The production of interferon-gamma (but not IL-4/IL-10) was increased, with concurrent down-regulation of IL-17 expression by mycobacterial Hsp65-primed T cells. Neither the frequency nor the suppressive activity of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells changed following tolerization, but the serum level of anti-mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies was increased. However, no evidence was observed for a role of IDO or cross-tolerance to mycobacterial Hsp70, mycobacterial Hsp10, or rat Hsp65. CONCLUSION Tolerization with soluble mycobacterial Hsp65 leads to suppression of IL-17, anergy induction, and enhanced production of anti-mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies, which play a role in protection against AIA. These results are relevant to the development of effective immunotherapeutic approaches for autoimmune arthritis.
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Immunoproteomic analysis of Bordetella pertussis and identification of new immunogenic proteins. Vaccine 2009; 27:542-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sheikhi A, Nazarian M, Khadem-al-melleh A, Nasab NM, Esmaeilzadeh A, Yahaghi N, Sheikhi R. In-vitro effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-lysate and its derived heat shock proteins on cytokines secretion by blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients in comparison with healthy controls. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:887-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coelho V, Broere F, Binder RJ, Shoenfeld Y, Moudgil KD. Heat-shock proteins: inflammatory versus regulatory attributes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:119-25. [PMID: 18758999 PMCID: PMC2673889 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Coelho
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, and Institute for Investigation in Immunology-Millennium Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Binder
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine ‘B’ and Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), Israelheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Van Eden W, Wick G, Albani S, Cohen I. Stress, Heat Shock Proteins, and Autoimmunity: How Immune Responses to Heat Shock Proteins Are to Be Used for the Control of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1113:217-37. [PMID: 17584980 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1391.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Especially since the (re-)discovery of T cell subpopulations with specialized regulatory activities, mechanisms of anti-inflammatory T cell regulation are studied very actively and are expected to lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches, especially in chronic inflammatory diseases. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are possible targets for regulatory T cells due to their enhanced expression in inflamed (stressed) tissues and the evidence that Hsp induce anti-inflammatory immunoregulatory T cell responses. Initial evidence for an immunoregulatory role of Hsp in chronic inflammation was obtained through analysis of T cell responses in the rat model of adjuvant arthritis and the findings that Hsp immunizations protected against the induction of various forms of autoimmune arthritis in rat and mouse models. Since then, immune reactivity to Hsp was found to result from inflammation in various disease models and human inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Now, also in the light of a growing interest in T cell regulation, it is of interest to further explore the mechanisms through which Hsp can be utilized to trigger immunoregulatory pathways, capable of suppressing such a wide and diversified spectrum of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Eden WV. Immunoregulatory T-Cell Response to Heat Shock Proteins and Suppression of Experimental Autoimmunity. Transfus Med Hemother 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000089129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Qamra R, Mande SC, Coates ARM, Henderson B. The unusual chaperonins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 85:385-94. [PMID: 16253564 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps), also known as molecular chaperones, are a diverse set of proteins that mediate the correct folding, assembly, transport and degradation of other proteins. In addition, Hsps have been shown to play a variety of important roles in immunity, thereby representing prominent antigens in the humoral and cellular immune response. Chaperonins form a sub-group of molecular chaperones that are found in all domains of life. Chaperonins in all bacteria are encoded by the essential groEL and groES genes, also called cpn60 and cpn10 arranged on the bicistronic groESL operon. Interestingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains two copies of the cpn60 genes. The existence of a duplicate set of cpn60 genes in M. tuberculosis, however, has been perplexing. Cpn10 and Cpn60s of M. tuberculosis have been shown to be highly antigenic in nature, eliciting strong B- and T-cell immune responses. Recent work has shown intriguing structural, biochemical and signaling properties of the M. tuberculosis chaperonins. This review details the recent developments in the study of the M. tuberculosis chaperonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Qamra
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
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van Eden W, van der Zee R, Prakken B. Heat-shock proteins induce T-cell regulation of chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:318-30. [PMID: 15803151 DOI: 10.1038/nri1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs) develop in almost all inflammatory diseases; however, the significance of such responses is only now becoming clear. In experimental disease models, HSPs can prevent or arrest inflammatory damage, and in initial clinical trials in patients with chronic inflammatory disease, HSP-derived peptides have been shown to promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that HSPs have immunoregulatory potential. In this Review, we discuss the unique characteristics of HSPs that endow them with these immunoregulatory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Quintana FJ, Carmi P, Mor F, Cohen IR. Inhibition of adjuvant-induced arthritis by DNA vaccination with the 70-kd or the 90-kd human heat-shock protein: immune cross-regulation with the 60-kd heat-shock protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3712-20. [PMID: 15529360 DOI: 10.1002/art.20635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adjuvant arthritis can be induced in Lewis rats by immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt). The mycobacterial 65-kd heat-shock protein (Hsp65) is targeted by arthritogenic T cells. However, Hsp65 and the mycobacterial 71-kd heat-shock protein are also recognized by T cells that can down-regulate adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). We have recently demonstrated that vaccination with human Hsp60 DNA inhibits AIA. The present study was undertaken to analyze the role of the T cell responses to self HSP molecules other than Hsp60 in the control of AIA. METHODS Lewis rats were immunized with DNA vaccines coding for human Hsp70 or Hsp90 (Hsp70 plasmid [pHsp70] or pHsp90), and AIA was induced. The T cell response to Mt, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90 (proliferation and cytokine release) was studied, and the T cell response to Hsp60 was mapped with overlapping peptides. RESULTS The Hsp70 or Hsp90 DNA vaccines shifted the arthritogenic T cell response from a Th1 to a Th2/3 phenotype and inhibited AIA. We detected immune crosstalk between Hsp70/90 and Hsp60: both the Hsp70 and Hsp90 DNA vaccines induced Hsp60-specific T cell responses. Similarly, DNA vaccination with Hsp60 induced Hsp70-specific T cell immunity. Epitope mapping studies revealed that Hsp60-specific T cells induced by pHsp70 vaccination reacted with known regulatory Hsp60 epitopes. CONCLUSION T cell immunity to Hsp70 and to Hsp90, like Hsp60-specific immunity, can modulate the arthritogenic response in AIA. In addition, our results suggest that the regulatory mechanisms induced by Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90 are reinforced by an immune network that connects their reactivities.
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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Spina D, Page C, Tormay P, Singh M, Henderson B, Coates A. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonins on bronchial eosinophilia and hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:712-9. [PMID: 15144461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests that infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis protects children against asthma. Several laboratories have shown that, in mouse models of allergic inflammation, administration of the whole live tuberculosis vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), prevents ovalbumin (OVA)-induced pulmonary eosinophilia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize specific M. tuberculosis molecules that are known to modulate immune responses to see if they affected pulmonary eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were sensitized to OVA on days 0 and 7 and subsequently challenged with OVA on day 14 over a 3-day period. Pulmonary eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness were measured 24 h following the last antigen challenge. In some groups, mice were pre-treated with M. tuberculosis or M. tuberculosis chaperonins (Cpns)60.1, 60.2 and 10, and the effect of this treatment on the allergic inflammatory response to aerosolized OVA was established. RESULTS We show that M. tuberculosis Cpns inhibit allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in the mouse. Of the three Cpns produced by M. tuberculosis, Cpn60.1, Cpn10 and Cpn60.2, the first two are effective in preventing eosinophilia when administered by the intra-tracheal route. Furthermore, the increase in airways sensitivity to inhaled methacholine following OVA challenge of immunized mice was suppressed following treatment with Cpn60.1. The allergic inflammatory response was also characterized by an increase in Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which was also suppressed following treatment with Cpn60.1. CONCLUSION These data show that bacterial Cpns can suppress eosinophil recruitment and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, GKT School of Biomedical Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Katti MK, Achar MT. Immunodiagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: detection of antibody reactivity to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae in cerebrospinal fluid tuberculous meningitis patients by ELISA. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2004; 22:401-6. [PMID: 11816806 DOI: 10.1081/ias-100107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized and evaluated for detection of antibody response in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae. Sonicated extracts of heat killed M. tuberculosis H37Rv and C. cellulosae were prepared and used in ELISA to detect respective antibody response in CSFs for a definitive diagnosis as to tuberculous meningitis (TBM)/neurocysticercosis (NCC). ELISA was performed in a total of 201 CSF samples, which include Group I: chronic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) with possible diagnosis of TBM, tuberculoma, or NCC (n = 70), and Group II: control group of patients with infectious neurological (n = 19), non-infectious neurological (n = 82), and non-infectious non-neurological conditions, i.e., spinal anaesthesia CSFs (n = 30). Specificity in this study was 99.9% and no true cross-reactivity between antimycobacterial antibodies and C. cellulosae antigens and vice-versa was observed. However, in 17.14% of CSFs (12/70), both antimycobacterial and anticysticercal antibodies were detected, 50% of these cases were diagnosed as TBM. But none of the proven NCC cases showed presence of antimycobacterial antibodies. Results of this study would indicate that it would be beneficial if both antibody and antigen responses are detected in CSFs to infectious aetiologies such as M. tuberculosis, C. cellulosae, and C. neoformans in order to enhance the diagnostic accuracy and proper management, as these diseases are highly endemic in underdeveloped and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Katti
- Department of Microbiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
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24
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Athanasas-Platsis S, Zhang B, Hillyard NC, Cavanagh AC, Csurhes PA, Morton H, McCombe PA. Early pregnancy factor suppresses the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages in the spinal cord of rats during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but has no effect on apoptosis. J Neurol Sci 2003; 214:27-36. [PMID: 12972385 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a secreted protein with immunosuppressive and growth factor properties that has been shown to suppress acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with myelin basic protein (MBP) in Lewis rats. EAE is associated with infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) with inflammatory cells. Spontaneous recovery involves the loss of T lymphocytes from the CNS and the selective apoptosis of Vbeta8.2+ cells. In the present study, T cell, macrophage (CD11b/c+) and B cell (CD45RA+) populations in spinal cord and popliteal lymph nodes (LN) of Lewis rats with EAE were quantitated and apoptosis was studied. Rats were treated with EPF or vehicle. Following treatment on day 14 after inoculation with MBP, neither 1 x 100 microg nor 2 x 100 microg doses of EPF affected the total number of cells infiltrating the spinal cord on day 15, although the higher dose caused a decrease in the number of CD5+ and CD11b/c+ cells. Treatment with 2 x 100 microg/day from days 10 to 14 decreased the total number of infiltrating cells, and the numbers of CD5+, CD11b/c+ and CD45RA+ cells. Apoptosis was unaffected. No alteration on the number or type of inflammatory cells in the popliteal LN was observed after treatment on days 10-14. However, treatment with EPF from days 0 to 11 increased the total number of T and B cells and CD5+ T cells found on day 12 in the LN. Similarly, there was an increase in the frequency of MBP-reactive cells in the LN as determined by limiting dilution analysis. These results suggest that EPF treatment reduces the numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages in the CNS, possibly through an effect on cell trafficking.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Chaperonin 10
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Myelin Basic Protein
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy Proteins
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Reaction Time/immunology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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25
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Fossati G, Izzo G, Rizzi E, Gancia E, Modena D, Moras ML, Niccolai N, Giannozzi E, Spiga O, Bono L, Marone P, Leone E, Mangili F, Harding S, Errington N, Walters C, Henderson B, Roberts MM, Coates ARM, Casetta B, Mascagni P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonin 10 is secreted in the macrophage phagosome: is secretion due to dissociation and adoption of a partially helical structure at the membrane? J Bacteriol 2003; 185:4256-67. [PMID: 12837802 PMCID: PMC164881 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.14.4256-4267.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2003] [Accepted: 04/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To confirm that Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonin 10 (Cpn10) is secreted outside the live bacillus, infected macrophages were examined by electron microscopy. This revealed that the mycobacterial protein accumulates both in the wall of the bacterium and in the matrix of the phagosomes in which ingested mycobacteria survive within infected macrophages. To understand the structural implications underlying this secretion, a structural study of M. tuberculosis Cpn10 was performed under conditions that are generally believed to mimic the membrane environment. It was found that in buffer-organic solvent mixtures, the mycobacterial protein forms two main species, namely, a partially helical monomer that prevails in dilute solutions at room temperature and a dimer that folds into a beta-sheet-dominated structure and prevails in either concentrated protein solutions at room temperature or in dilute solutions at low temperature. A partially helical monomer was also found and was completely associated with negatively charged detergents in a micelle-bound state. Remarkably, zwitterionic lipids had no effect on the protein structure. By using N- and C-truncated forms of the protein, the C- and N-terminal sequences were identified as possessing an amphiphilic helical character and as selectively associating with acidic detergent micelles. When the study was extended to other chaperonins, it was found that human Cpn10 is also monomeric and partially helical in dilute organic solvent-buffer mixtures. In contrast, Escherichia coli Cpn10 is mostly dimeric and predominately beta-sheet in both dilute and concentrated solutions. Interestingly, human Cpn10 also crosses biological membranes, whereas the E. coli homologue is strictly cytosolic. These results suggest that dissociation to partially helical monomers and interaction with acidic lipids may be two important steps in the mechanism of secretion of M. tuberculosis Cpn10 to the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fossati
- Italfarmaco Research Centre, Cinisello Balsamo 20092, Milan, Italy
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26
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Ritelli M, Amadori M, Tagliabue S, Pacciarini ML. Use of a macrophage cell line for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis in diagnostic samples. Vet Microbiol 2003; 94:105-20. [PMID: 12781479 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis isolation on bacteriological media from suspected cases of bovine tuberculosis (TB) demands laborious and time-consuming procedures. Even polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and radiometric analyses are secondary procedures and not alternatives to bacteriological procedures. Therefore, there is a need to develop new techniques aimed at rapid M. bovis detection in diagnostic samples. The human macrophage cell line THP-1 was thus investigated in experiments of M. bovis propagation and isolation from reference lymph node suspensions. THP-1 cells were shown to support a high-titered propagation within 48h of minute amounts of both M. bovis BCG and fully pathogenic M. bovis strain 503. A semi-nested PCR for TB-complex-specific insertion sequence IS6110 revealed M. bovis infection in THP-1 cells. The same was true of a flow cytometry (FC) assay for expression of M. bovis chaperonin 10 in infected cells. The reduced time for isolation and identification of M. bovis (48-72h) and the consistency of the test results make the use of macrophage cell cultures attractive and cost-effective for veterinary laboratories involved in TB surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ritelli
- Department of Immunoprophylaxis and Animal Welfare, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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27
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Amaigrissement façon vietnamienne. Rev Med Interne 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(03)80641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Prakken B, Kuis W, van Eden W, Albani S. Heat shock proteins in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: keys for understanding remitting arthritis and candidate antigens for immune therapy. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4:466-73. [PMID: 12427360 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-002-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is in a majority of the cases of self-limiting, and sometimes even a self-remitting, disease. A growing amount of data suggests that active T cell regulation determines, at least partly, the clinical outcome of JIA. In experimental models of arthritis, a group of highly conserved microbial proteins, heat shock proteins (hsps), can be used to effectively prevent and treat arthritis. This protection is mediated through the induction of cross-reactive T cell responses to self-hsps. In JIA, naturally occurring T cell immune responses to hsps are associated with disease remission in restricted oligoarticular JIA. Moreover, those responses are associated with the induction of T cells with a regulatory phenotype. Taken together, these data imply that immune modulation with hsps can be an effective way to restore natural occurring T cell responses, and, thus, treat JIA and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berent Prakken
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Hospital for Children and Youth, PO Box 85090, Utrecht 3508 AB, The Netherlands.
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29
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Katti MK. Assessment of antibody responses to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic meningitis patients for definitive diagnosis as TBM/NCC by passive hemagglutination and immunoblot assays. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 33:57-61. [PMID: 11985970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tanned sheep erythrocytes stabilized with pyruvic aldehyde and glutaraldehyde, called double-aldehyde-stabilized cells, were used to standardize passive hemagglutination assay (PHA) for detection of antibody responses to sonicate extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cysticercus cellulosae soluble antigens. PHA was performed in the following groups of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples: group I - chronic infections of the central nervous system with the possible diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), tuberculoma and neurocysticercosis (NCC) (n=88), and group II - controls which included (a) non-infectious non-neurological conditions (n=30), (b) infectious neurological conditions (n=21) and (c) non-infectious neurological conditions (n=133). PHA could detect anti-mycobacterial antibodies at the sensitivity level of 80.76% with a specificity of 92.4% and anti-cysticercal antibodies with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92.94%. However, in 6.33% (i.e. 14/221) of group I and group II (c) CSFs both anti-mycobacterial and anti-cysticercal antibodies were detected. Immunoblot analysis of CSFs derived from TBM patients reacted predominantly to 120-kDa, 96-kDa, 65-kDa, 38-kDa, 26-kDa, 23-kDa, 19-kDa and 12-14-kDa and 4-6-kDa antigens of M. tuberculosis sonicate extract (MTSE), whilst CSFs of proven NCC reacted to >110-kDa, 96-kDa, 80-kDa, 66-68-kDa, 52-kDa and 26-28-kDa antigens of porcine whole cyst sonicate extract (PCSE). On immunoblot analysis, some of the CSFs of TBM patients were PHA positive for both MTSE and PCSE showed antibody reactivity to 70-kDa and 10-kDa antigens of C. cellulosae. Similarly CSF antibody of some Guillain Barre syndrome and myeloradiculopathy patients reacted with cysticercal antigens. But per se no cross-reactivity between MTSE and anti-cysticercal antibodies and vice-versa were observed. However, findings of this study should alert laboratory personnel especially in endemic areas to be extra careful in interpretation of antibody detection results.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Helminth/cerebrospinal fluid
- Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Cross Reactions
- Cysticercosis/parasitology
- Cysticercosis/veterinary
- Cysticercus/immunology
- Cysticercus/isolation & purification
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Hemagglutination Tests
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Meningitis/diagnosis
- Molecular Weight
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Neurocysticercosis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Neurocysticercosis/diagnosis
- Neurocysticercosis/immunology
- Neurocysticercosis/microbiology
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sheep
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/cerebrospinal fluid
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar K Katti
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvanathapuram 695 011, India.
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30
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Agnello D, Scanziani E, Di GM, Leoni F, Modena D, Mascagni P, Introna M, Ghezzi P, Villa P. Preventive administration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 10-kDa heat shock protein (hsp10) suppresses adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:463-74. [PMID: 11962726 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant arthritis (AA) can be induced in Lewis rats by immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) in oil. We have investigated the modulation of AA by mycobacterial 10-kDa heat shock protein (hsp10), administered according to several protocols known to induce immune tolerance and immune deviation. Subcutaneous immunization with hsp10 in aqueous solution did not induce a cellular immune response, evaluated as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, although anti-hsp10 antibodies, mainly of the IgG2a isotype, were detected in serum of treated animals. When rats were pretreated with hsp10 in aqueous solution before AA induction, no effects were seen on arthritis-induced joint swelling, although osteolysis and lymphocyte infiltration were slightly decreased. When other routes of administration were attempted, the strongest suppression was seen in the group of animals which received four intranasal (i.n.) administrations of protein and a subsequent challenge of hsp10 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). We also found that the extent of disease suppression among the different groups of animals correlated with serum anti-hsp10 antibody levels. These antibodies mostly belonged to the IgG2a subtype, suggesting that immune deviation may play a role in the mechanism of disease suppression by hsp10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Agnello
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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31
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Chua-Intra B, Wilkinson RJ, Ivanyi J. Selective T-cell recognition of the N-terminal peptide of GroES in tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1645-7. [PMID: 11854259 PMCID: PMC127756 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1645-1647.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides derived from the whole sequence of mycobacterial GroES heat shock proteins were tested for the ability to induce the proliferation of blood mononuclear cells from tuberculosis patients and sensitized healthy subjects. The response to the N-terminal peptide (residues 1 to 16) was found to be more frequent and stronger in tuberculosis patients. This finding is exceptional, considering that recognition of all other GroES peptides by patients was either diminished or not different from that of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boosbun Chua-Intra
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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32
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van Eden W, Wendling U, Paul L, Prakken B, van Kooten P, van der Zee R. Arthritis protective regulatory potential of self-heat shock protein cross-reactive T cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2001. [PMID: 11189451 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0452:aprpos>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with heat shock proteins has protective effects in models of induced arthritis. Analysis has shown a reduced synovial inflammation in such protected animals. Adoptive transfer and immunization with selected T cell epitopes (synthetic peptides) have indicated the protection to be mediated by T cells directed to conserved hsp epitopes. This was shown first for mycobacterial hsp60 and later for mycobacterial hsp70. Fine specificity analysis showed that such T cells were cross-reactive with the homologous self hsp. Therefore protection by microbial hsp reactive T cells can be by cross-recognition of self hsp overexpressed in the inflamed tissue. Preimmunization with hsp leads to a relative expansion of such self hsp cross-responsive T cells. The regulatory nature of such T cells may originate from mucosal tolerance maintained by commensal flora derived hsp or from partial activation through recognition of self hsp as a partial agonist (Altered Peptide Ligand) or in the absence of proper costimulation. Recently, we reported the selective upregulation of B7.2 on microbial hsp600 specific T cells in response to self hsp60. Through a preferred interaction with CTLA-4 on proinflammatory T cells this may constitute an effector mechanism of regulation. Also, regulatory T cells produced IL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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33
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Kempsell KE, Cox CJ, McColm AA, Bagshaw JA, Reece R, Veale DJ, Emery P, Isaacs JD, Gaston JS, Crowe JS. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis group organisms in human and mouse joint tissue by reverse transcriptase PCR: prevalence in diseased synovial tissue suggests lack of specific association with rheumatoid arthritis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1821-31. [PMID: 11179360 PMCID: PMC98089 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.3.1821-1831.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2000] [Accepted: 12/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has long been implicated in the etiopathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on the basis of clinical and pathological similarities between tuberculosis and RA. Despite evidence of immune responses to mycobacterial antigens in RA patient synovial fluid, cross-reactivity between these and host joint antigens, and the presence of M. tuberculosis protein antigen in RA synovial fluid, a definite causal association with RA has not been shown. Previous studies from our laboratory using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of bacterial rRNAs have shown RA synovium to be colonized by a diverse range of bacteria, most of commensal origin. However, M. tuberculosis group organism (MTG) RNA sequences were found in one RA patient tissue. Since this was considered of sufficient interest to warrant further investigation, we devised a M. tuberculosis-specific nested RT-PCR test which could be used for detection of MTG in a mixed pool of bacterial crDNAs. This test was used to investigate the distribution of MTG in RA synovial tissue and also non-RA arthritis and healthy control tissues and was also used to examine the tissue distribution of MTG in an acute and chronic model of M. tuberculosis infection in the BALB/c mouse. MTG sequences were found in a high proportion of RA patient synovial tissues but also in non-RA arthritis control tissues at lower frequency. This likely reflects trafficking of persistent M. bovis BCG to inflamed joint tissue, irrespective of cause. MTG were not found in healthy synovial tissue or the tissue of patients with undifferentiated arthritis. In both the acute and chronic models of infection in BALB/c mice, M. tuberculosis was also found to have trafficked to joint tissues, however, no signs of inflammation, arthritis, or pathology associated with M. tuberculosis infection was seen. These combined results would argue against a specific causal role of MTG in RA-like arthritis; however, their role as adjuvant in immune dysfunction in an innately susceptible host cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kempsell
- Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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34
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Zhang B, Harness J, Somodevilla-Torres MJ, Hillyard NC, Mould AW, Alewood D, Love SG, Alewood PF, Greer JM, Cavanagh AC, McCombe PA, Morton H. Early pregnancy factor suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced in Lewis rats with myelin basic protein and in SJL/J mice with myelin proteolipid protein peptide 139-151. J Neurol Sci 2000; 182:5-15. [PMID: 11102634 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a secreted protein with immunosuppressive and growth factor properties. During pregnancy, it appears in maternal serum within 6-24 h of fertilization, is present for at least the first two-thirds of pregnancy in all species studied and is essential for embryonic survival. It is a homologue of chaperonin 10, a heat shock protein, but, unlike other members of this family, EPF has an extracellular role. As it has the ability to modulate CD4+ T cell-dependent immune responses, its role in treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was investigated. EAE is a CD4+ T cell-mediated disease, the best available animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Two models of EAE were investigated, acute EAE induced in Lewis rats by inoculation with myelin basic protein (MBP-EAE) and chronic relapsing EAE induced in SJL/J mice by inoculation with myelin proteolipid protein peptide (residues 139-151) (PLP-EAE). EPF, delivered intraperitoneally or orally to rats or intraperitoneally to mice, suppressed clinical signs of disease. Mice with PLP-EAE were also treated with interferon-beta, with and without EPF. Both EPF and IFN-beta suppressed clinical signs of EAE and, when administered together, gave greater suppression than when given separately. These findings suggest that EPF may be a potential candidate for use in treatment of MS and may be of use in combined therapy with IFN-beta.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Chaperonin 10
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Interferon-beta/pharmacology
- Interferon-beta/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Myelin Basic Protein
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Proteins
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, 4029, Queensland, Australia
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van Eden W, Wendling U, Paul L, Prakken B, van Kooten P, van der Zee R. Arthritis protective regulatory potential of self-heat shock protein cross-reactive T cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2000; 5:452-7. [PMID: 11189451 PMCID: PMC312876 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0452:aprpos>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with heat shock proteins has protective effects in models of induced arthritis. Analysis has shown a reduced synovial inflammation in such protected animals. Adoptive transfer and immunization with selected T cell epitopes (synthetic peptides) have indicated the protection to be mediated by T cells directed to conserved hsp epitopes. This was shown first for mycobacterial hsp60 and later for mycobacterial hsp70. Fine specificity analysis showed that such T cells were cross-reactive with the homologous self hsp. Therefore protection by microbial hsp reactive T cells can be by cross-recognition of self hsp overexpressed in the inflamed tissue. Preimmunization with hsp leads to a relative expansion of such self hsp cross-responsive T cells. The regulatory nature of such T cells may originate from mucosal tolerance maintained by commensal flora derived hsp or from partial activation through recognition of self hsp as a partial agonist (Altered Peptide Ligand) or in the absence of proper costimulation. Recently, we reported the selective upregulation of B7.2 on microbial hsp600 specific T cells in response to self hsp60. Through a preferred interaction with CTLA-4 on proinflammatory T cells this may constitute an effector mechanism of regulation. Also, regulatory T cells produced IL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Coates
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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37
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Abstract
Microbial heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and highly immunogenic. In healthy humans, B- and T-cells with specificity for self-HSP can be easily detected. In patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, raised levels of antibodies and T-cells with reactivity to self-HSP have been observed. Based on this and other evidence, this raised immune reactivity might be the result of stress-induced upregulation of self-HSP during inflammation and is possibly caused by tissue destruction. More importantly, immunization with conserved sequences of microbial-HSP increases resistance to the induction of autoimmune disease. Together, it appears that immune reactivity directed towards self-HSP can be part of a regulatory immune effector mechanism that contributes to maintenance of self-tolerance and has anti-inflammatory activity. Boosting of such anti-inflammatory effector mechanisms by artificial immunization offers attractive immunotherapeutic possibilities.
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Abstract
The GroES antigen provokes a strong immune response in human beings with tuberculosis or leprosy. We cloned and sequenced the Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis GroES genes. M. avium and M. paratuberculosis have identical GroES sequences which differ from other mycobacterial species. This supports the current formal designation of M. paratuberculosis as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Immunodominant epitopes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis GroES are conserved in M. avium, but some Mycobacterium leprae epitopes are distinct. GroES is unlikely to be specific as a serologic or skin test reagent, but may be an appropriate component of a broad mycobacterial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cobb
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Zügel U, Kaufmann SH. Role of heat shock proteins in protection from and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12:19-39. [PMID: 9880473 PMCID: PMC88905 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsp) occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells when they are exposed to stress. By increasing their hsp content, cells protect themselves from lethal assaults, primarily because hsp interfere with the uncontrolled protein unfolding that occurs under stress. However, hsp are not produced only by stressed cells; some hsp are synthesized constitutively and perform important housekeeping functions. Accordingly, hsp are involved in the assembly of molecules which play important roles in the immune system. It is not surprising that due to their wide distribution and their homology among different species, hsp represent target antigens of the immune response. Frequent confrontation of the immune system with conserved regions of hsp which are shared by various microbial pathogens can potentiate antimicrobial immunity. However, long-term confrontation of the immune system with hsp antigens which are similar in the host and invaders may convert the immune response against these host antigens and promote autoimmune disease. This review provides an overview of the role of hsp in immunity with a focus on infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zügel
- Department of Immunology, University Clinics Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Early pregnancy factor (EPF) has been identified as a homologue of chaperonin 10 (cpn10) with immunosuppressive and growth factor properties. As a homologue of cpn10, it belongs to the heat shock family of proteins (hsp) but, unlike other members of this family, EPF is detected extracellularly. Early pregnancy factor was first discovered in pregnancy serum by the rosette inhibition test, and the novelty of its discovery was that its presence could diagnose pregnancy within 6-24 h of a fertile mating. As well as being a monitor of the presence of a viable embryo, it is necessary for embryonic survival. In this capacity it acts as both an immunosuppressant and growth factor. Early pregnancy factor is also a product of proliferating primary and neoplastic cells and functions as an autocrine growth factor both in vivo and in vitro. It has a modifying effect on the outcome of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Early pregnancy factor is considered to be one of the major factors involved in the modification of multiple sclerosis observed during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morton
- University of Queensland, Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Moudgil KD. Diversification of response to hsp65 during the course of autoimmune arthritis is regulatory rather than pathogenic. Immunol Rev 1998; 164:175-84. [PMID: 9795775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Determinant spreading has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases in animal models. We have observed that during the course of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the Lewis rat, there is 'diversification' of response to the bacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (Bhsp65) towards its carboxy-terminal determinants (BCTD). Strikingly, pretreatment of naive Lewis rats with BCTD affords significant protection from AA. Our preliminary studies indicate that the diversification of response to BCTD in the Lewis rat is probably triggered in vivo by the induction and enhanced processing of self(rat) hsp65. Thus, the self hsp65-directed T-cell responses appear to be involved in mediating natural remission from acute inflammatory arthritis induced by a foreign antigen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This the first report describing that the new T-cell specificities arising during the course of an autoimmune disease are regulatory/protective rather than pathogenic. Moreover, our results suggest that a final common mechanism involving BCTD might be recruited by other rat strains which either are resistant to AA (WKY rats) or whose susceptibility to AA is modulated significantly by microbial flora (Fisher rats). The results of this study would contribute significantly to understanding of the pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis, and in devising new therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Moudgil
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92121, USA.
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van Eden W, van der Zee R, Paul AG, Prakken BJ, Wendling U, Anderton SM, Wauben MH. Do heat shock proteins control the balance of T-cell regulation in inflammatory diseases? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:303-7. [PMID: 9666602 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W van Eden
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ryan MT, Naylor DJ, Høj PB, Clark MS, Hoogenraad NJ. The role of molecular chaperones in mitochondrial protein import and folding. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 174:127-93. [PMID: 9161007 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones play a critical role in many cellular processes. This review concentrates on their role in targeting of proteins to the mitochondria and the subsequent folding of the imported protein. It also reviews the role of molecular chaperons in protein degradation, a process that not only regulates the turnover of proteins but also eliminates proteins that have folded incorrectly or have aggregated as a result of cell stress. Finally, the role of molecular chaperones, in particular to mitochondrial chaperonins, in disease is reviewed. In support of the endosymbiont theory on the origin of mitochondria, the chaperones of the mitochondrial compartment show a high degree of similarity to bacterial molecular chaperones. Thus, studies of protein folding in bacteria such as Escherichia coli have proved to be instructive in understanding the process in the eukaryotic cell. As in bacteria, the molecular chaperone genes of eukaryotes are activated by a variety of stresses. The regulation of stress genes involved in mitochondrial chaperone function is reviewed and major unsolved questions regarding the regulation, function, and involvement in disease of the molecular chaperones are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ryan
- School of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Brás A, Aguas AP. Diabetes-prone NOD mice are resistant to Mycobacterium avium and the infection prevents autoimmune disease. Immunology 1996; 89:20-5. [PMID: 8911135 PMCID: PMC1456667 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently proposed that the diabetes genes of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are linked to the Bcg gene that is associated with resistance to infection by mycobacteria; however, it has not been established whether NOD mice are resistant or susceptible to the infection, although there are previous investigations on response of NOD mice to other intracellular parasites (e.g. Kaye et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 357-364). We have investigated here this question, as well as the consequences of mycobacterial infection on the natural history of murine diabetes. Female NOD mice were intraperitoneally infected with 10(8) viable bacilli of Mycobacterium avium at 2 months of age, i.e. before the mice show diabetes; they were studied up to the sixth month of age (when more than half of untreated female NOD mice show glycosuria). To determine whether NOD mice were susceptible or resistant to M. avium infection, we have compared the kinetics of bacterial growths in liver and spleen of the mice with those determined in M. avium-susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C3H) strains of mice. NOD mice were able to control the M. avium infection, following a pattern similar to that observed in infected C3H mice. The mycobacterial infection prevented the expression of diabetes in all of the infected NOD mice and it also decreased the incidence of proteinuria in the treated mice. The infected NOD mice showed a marked enhancement in antibodies against the 65,000 mycobacteria antigen (heat-shock protein (hsp) 65) up to the second month of infection and these elevated titres slowly decreased in the following months; anti-hsp 65 antibodies were not detected in age-matched controls. This is the first demonstration that NOD mice are naturally resistant to mycobacterial infection, and we reinforce evidence on the role of immune response triggered by mycobacteria and its hsp 65 antigen in prevention of diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brás
- Center for Experimental Cytology, University of Porto, Portugal
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