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Thammasonthijarern N, Boonnak K, Reamtong O, Krasae T, Thankansakul J, Phongphaew W, Ampawong S, Adisakwattana P. Amelioration of ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model by Trichinella spiralis novel cystatin. Vet World 2023; 16:2366-2373. [PMID: 38152266 PMCID: PMC10750734 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2366-2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Asthma, a chronic disease affecting humans and animals, has recently become increasingly prevalent and steadily widespread. The alternative treatment of asthma using helminth infections or helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules (IMs) has been evaluated and demonstrated significant amelioration of disease severity index in vitro and in vivo. Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic nematode and its IMs, elicits a potential to relieve asthma and other immune-related disorders. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory function of recombinant T. spiralis novel cystatin (rTsCstN) in ameliorating acute inflammatory asthma disorders in a murine model. Materials and Methods Female BALB/c mice were sensitized using intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA)/alum and subsequently challenged with intranasal administration of OVA alone or OVA + rTsCstN for 3 consecutive days, producing OVA-induced allergic asthma models. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of rTsCstN, the inflammatory cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels in serum were assessed. Histological alterations in the lung tissues were determined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and eventually scored for the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration. Results The asthmatic mouse models challenged with OVA + rTsCstN demonstrated a significant reduction of eosinophils (p < 0.01), macrophages (p < 0.05), and cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (p < 0.05) and interferon (IFN)-γ (p < 0.05) in BALF when compared with the mice challenged with OVA alone. However, the levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 remained unchanged. Histological examination revealed that mice administered OVA + rTsCstN were less likely to have inflammatory cell infiltration in their perivascular and peribronchial lung tissues than those administered OVA alone. Conclusion Recombinant T. spiralis novel cystatin demonstrated immunomodulatory effects to reduce severe pathogenic alterations in asthma mouse models, encouraging a viable alternative treatment for asthma and other immunoregulatory disorders in humans and animals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa Thammasonthijarern
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaluk Krasae
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janyaporn Thankansakul
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wallaya Phongphaew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Jermakow N, Skarżyńska W, Lewandowska K, Kiernozek E, Goździk K, Mietelska-Porowska A, Drela N, Wojda U, Doligalska M. Modulation of LPS-Induced Neurodegeneration by Intestinal Helminth Infection in Ageing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13994. [PMID: 37762297 PMCID: PMC10530578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths induce a transient, short-term inflammation at the beginning of infection, but in persistent infection may suppress the systemic immune response by enhancing the activity of regulatory M2 macrophages. The aim of the study was to determine how nematode infection affects age-related neuroinflammation, especially macrophages in the nervous tissue. Here, intraperitoneal LPS-induced systemic inflammation resulting in brain neurodegeneration was enhanced by prolonged Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection in C57BL/6 mice. The changes in the brain coincided with the increase in M1 macrophages, reduced survivin level, enhanced APP and GFAP expression, chitin-like chains deposition in the brain and deterioration behaviour manifestations. These changes were also observed in transgenic C57BL/6 mice predisposed to develop neurodegeneration typical for Alzheimer's disease in response to pathogenic stimuli. Interestingly, in mice infected with the nematode only, the greater M2 macrophage population resulted in better results in the forced swim test. Given the growing burden of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding such interactive associations can have significant implications for ageing health strategies and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jermakow
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Weronika Skarżyńska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Lewandowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Kiernozek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Goździk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Anna Mietelska-Porowska
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (U.W.)
| | - Nadzieja Drela
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (U.W.)
| | - Maria Doligalska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland; (N.J.); (W.S.); (E.K.); (K.G.); (N.D.)
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Joshi P, Mishra PKK. Functional Diversity of the Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Nematode Parasites. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:619-627. [PMID: 35113339 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parasites release a wide array of protein as excretory and secretory products (ESPs). Irrespective of their mode of propagation, ESPs are found to be secreted or excreted by both naturally occurring and laboratory-cultivated parasites. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have been extensively used to identify and characterize the ESP constituents. ESPs are involved in various cellular activities such as immune modulation, proteolysis, inhibition of proteases and protection of cells against oxidants. Specifically, their role in host immune evasion by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines attracts scientific attention. A thorough investigation of functional diversity of ESPs may be helpful in planning control strategies against many parasites. METHODS This review focuses on diversity of ES proteins, various approaches to identify them and discusses about the biochemical and functional aspects of such proteins. RESULTS The diverse array of proteins secreted or excreted (a, GST-1, acetylcholinesterase, GAPDH) by the parasites are also described emphasizing their role in cellular physiology. CONCLUSION Finally, it concludes by citing some of these proteins as potential therapeutic agents against helminth challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Joshi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Panchvati, Bijroli, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar K Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, U.P., India.
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4
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Corbet M, Pineda MA, Yang K, Tarafdar A, McGrath S, Nakagawa R, Lumb FE, Suckling CJ, Harnett W, Harnett MM. Epigenetic drug development for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010069. [PMID: 34748611 PMCID: PMC8601611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ES-62 is the major secreted protein of the parasitic filarial nematode, Acanthocheilonema viteae. The molecule exists as a large tetramer (MW, ~240kD), which possesses immunomodulatory properties by virtue of multiple phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties attached to N-type glycans. By suppressing inflammatory immune responses, ES-62 can prevent disease development in certain mouse models of allergic and autoimmune conditions, including joint pathology in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Such protection is associated with functional suppression of "pathogenic" hyper-responsive synovial fibroblasts (SFs), which exhibit an aggressive inflammatory and bone-damaging phenotype induced by their epigenetic rewiring in response to the inflammatory microenvironment of the arthritic joint. Critically, exposure to ES-62 in vivo induces a stably-imprinted CIA-SF phenotype that exhibits functional responses more typical of healthy, Naïve-SFs. Consistent with this, ES-62 "rewiring" of SFs away from the hyper-responsive phenotype is associated with suppression of ERK activation, STAT3 activation and miR-155 upregulation, signals widely associated with SF pathogenesis. Surprisingly however, DNA methylome analysis of Naïve-, CIA- and ES-62-CIA-SF cohorts reveals that rather than simply preventing pathogenic rewiring of SFs, ES-62 induces further changes in DNA methylation under the inflammatory conditions pertaining in the inflamed joint, including targeting genes associated with ciliogenesis, to programme a novel "resolving" CIA-SF phenotype. In addition to introducing a previously unsuspected aspect of ES-62's mechanism of action, such unique behaviour signposts the potential for developing DNA methylation signatures predictive of pathogenesis and its resolution and hence, candidate mechanisms by which novel therapeutic interventions could prevent SFs from perpetuating joint inflammation and destruction in RA. Pertinent to these translational aspects of ES-62-behavior, small molecule analogues (SMAs) based on ES-62's active PC-moieties mimic the rewiring of SFs as well as the protection against joint disease in CIA afforded by the parasitic worm product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Corbet
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E. Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Suckling
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MMH); (WH)
| | - Margaret M. Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MMH); (WH)
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Lee YJ, Kim MJ, Jo S, Jin SH, Park PR, Park K, Song HC, Kim J, Kim JY, Shim SC, Kim TH, Hong SJ, Kang H, Kim TJ, Won EJ. Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615369. [PMID: 33717104 PMCID: PMC7947613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections and their components have been shown to have the potential to modulate and attenuate immune responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of Clonorchis sinensis-derived protein (CSp) on ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Cytotoxicity of CSp at different doses was assessed by MTS and flow cytometry before performing experiments. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) were obtained from AS patients. Inflammatory cytokine-producing cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. The levels of INF- γ , IL-17A, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SKG mice were treated with CSp or vehicles. Inflammation and new bone formation were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, positron emission tomography (PET), and micro-computed tomography (CT). Treatment with CSp resulted in no reduced cell viability of PBMCs or SFMCs until 24 h. In experiments culturing PBMCs and SFMCs, the frequencies of IFN- γ and IL-17A producing cells were significantly reduced after CSp treatment. In the SKG mouse model, CSp treatment significantly suppressed arthritis, enthesitis, and enteritis. Micro-CT analysis of hind paw revealed reduced new bone formation in CSp-treated mice than in vehicle-treated mice. We provide the first evidence demonstrating that CSp can ameliorate clinical signs and cytokine derangements in AS. In addition, such CSp treatment could reduce the new bone formation of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jeong Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Moon-Ju Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sungsin Jo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Hee Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Pu-Reum Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kijeong Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ho-Chun Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jahae Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Daejeon Rheumatoid & Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Daejeon Rheumatoid & Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyundeok Kang
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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6
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Murthy PK. Strategies to Control Human Lymphatic Filarial Infection: Tweaking Host’s Immune System. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1226-1240. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190618110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human lymphatic filariasis (LF), a parasitic infection caused by the nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, and transmitted by mosquito, results in a debilitating disease commonly identified as ‘elephantiasis’. LF affects millions of people in India and several other tropical and sub-tropical countries imposing a huge economic burden on governments due to disability associated loss of man-hours and for disease management. Efforts to control the infection by WHO’s mass drug administration (MDA) strategy using three antifilarials diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin are only partly successful and therefore, there is an immediate need for alternative strategies. Some of the alternative strategies being explored in laboratories are: enhancing the immune competence of host by immunomodulation, combining immunomodulation with antifilarials, identifying immunoprophylactic parasite molecules (vaccine candidates) and identifying parasite molecules that can be potential drug targets. This review focuses on the advances made in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puvvada Kalpana Murthy
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, University Road, Lucknow 226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Shemer A, Kivity S, Shovman O, Bashi T, Perry O, Watad A, Ben-Ami Shor D, Volkov A, Barshack I, Bragazzi NL, Krule A, Fridkin M, Amital H, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) equally effective to methylprednisolone in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a mice model. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 193:160-166. [PMID: 29698559 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of helminth treatment in autoimmune diseases is growing constantly. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease with challenging treatment options. Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC) is a novel helminth-based compound that modulates the host immune network. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential value of TPC in ameliorating lupus nephritis in a murine model and specifically to compare the efficacy of TPC to the existing first-line therapy for SLE: corticosteroids (methylprednisolone). Lupus-prone NZBxW/F1 mice were treated with TPC (5 µg/mouse), methylprednisolone (MP; 5 mg/body weight) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control) three times per week once glomerulonephritis, defined as proteinuria of grade > 100 mg/dl, was established. Levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), splenic cytokines were measured in vitro and the kidney microscopy was analysed following staining. TPC and MP treatments improved lupus nephritis significantly and prolonged survival in NZBxW/F1 mice. TPC-treated mice showed a significantly decreased level of proteinuria (P < 0·001) and anti-dsDNA antibodies (P < 0·001) compared to PBS-treated mice. Moreover, TPC and MP inhibited the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interferon IFN-γ, interleukin IL-1β and IL-6 (P < 0·001) and enhanced expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P < 0·001). Finally, microscopy analysis of the kidneys demonstrated that TPC-treated mice maintained normal structure equally to MP-treated mice. These data indicate that the small molecule named TPC hinders lupus development in genetically lupus-prone mice equally to methylprednisolone in most of the cases. Hence, TCP may be employed as a therapeutic potential for lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shemer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - S Kivity
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - O Shovman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - T Bashi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - O Perry
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Watad
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - D Ben-Ami Shor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Volkov
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - I Barshack
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - N L Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Krule
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - M Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - H Amital
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - M Blank
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Y Shoenfeld
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Rowan-Nash AD, Korry BJ, Mylonakis E, Belenky P. Cross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:e00044-18. [PMID: 30626617 PMCID: PMC6383444 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome to human health is increasingly recognized and has become a major focus of recent research. However, much of the work has focused on a few aspects, particularly the bacterial component of the microbiome, most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. Yet humans and other animals can be colonized by a wide array of organisms spanning all domains of life, including bacteria and archaea, unicellular eukaryotes such as fungi, multicellular eukaryotes such as helminths, and viruses. As they share the same host niches, they can compete with, synergize with, and antagonize each other, with potential impacts on their host. Here, we discuss these major groups making up the human microbiome, with a focus on how they interact with each other and their multicellular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Rowan-Nash
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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9
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The Untapped Pharmacopeic Potential of Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:828-842. [PMID: 29954660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic rise in immunological disorders that occurs with socioeconomic development is associated with alterations in microbial colonization and reduced exposure to helminths. Excretory-secretory (E/S) helminth products contain a mixture of proteins and low-molecular-weight molecules representing the primary interface between parasite and host. Research has shown great pharmacopeic potential for helminth-derived products in animal disease models and even in clinical trials. Although in its infancy, the translation of worm-derived products into therapeutics is highly promising. Here, we focus on important key aspects in the development of immunomodulatory drugs, also highlighting novel approaches that hold great promise for future development of innovative research strategies.
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10
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Zhang X, Bu Y, Zhu B, Zhao Q, Lv Z, Li B, Liu J. Global transcriptome analysis to identify critical genes involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018; 7:298-307. [PMID: 29922448 PMCID: PMC5987685 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.bjr-2017-0245.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to identify key pathological genes in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We searched and downloaded mRNA expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of joint synovial tissues from OA and normal individuals. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were used to assess the function of identified DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and transcriptional factors (TFs) regulatory network were used to further explore the function of identified DEGs. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to validate the result of bioinformatics analysis. Electronic validation was performed to verify the expression of selected DEGs. The diagnosis value of identified DEGs was accessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results A total of 1085 DEGs were identified. KEGG pathway analysis displayed that Wnt was a significantly enriched signalling pathway. Some hub genes with high interactions such as USP46, CPVL, FKBP5, FOSL2, GADD45B, PTGS1, and ZNF423 were identified in the PPI and TFs network. The results of qRT-PCR showed that GADD45B, ADAMTS1, and TFAM were down-regulated in joint synovial tissues of OA, which was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. The expression levels of USP46, CPVL, FOSL2, and PTGS1 in electronic validation were compatible with the bio-informatics result. CPVL and TFAM had a potential diagnostic value for OA based on the ROC analysis. Conclusion The deregulated genes including USP46, CPVL, FKBP5, FOSL2, GADD45B, PTGS1, ZNF423, ADAMTS1, and TFAM might be involved in the pathology of OA. Cite this article: X. Zhang, Y. Bu, B. Zhu, Q. Zhao, Z. Lv, B. Li, J. Liu. Global transcriptome analysis to identify critical genes involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:298–307. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2017-0245.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Bu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - B Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Q Zhao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Z Lv
- College of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
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11
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Santiago HDC, Nutman TB. Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:1-11. [PMID: 27480900 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016016545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Implied under the rubric of the hygiene hypothesis is that helminth infection can protect against allergic disease. It is well known that helminths induce processes associated with type 2 immune responses, but they also induce important regulatory responses that can modulate these type 2-associated responses-modulation that influences responses to bystander antigens including allergens. Indeed, most epidemiological studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of helminth infection on atopy, but there are also convincing data to demonstrate that helminth infection can precipitate or worsen allergic inflammation/disease. Reasons for these disparate findings are much debated, but there is a school of thought that suggests that helminth-triggered type 2-associated responses, including IgE to cross-reactive aeroallergens, can offset the regulatory effects imposed by the same organisms. The cross-reactivity among helminths and allergenic tropomyosins dominated the antigen/allergen cross-reactivity field, but recent data suggest that cross-reactivity is much more common than previously appreciated. It has been demonstrated that a high degree of molecular similarity exists between allergens and helminth proteins. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response induced by helminth infection and their impact on the induction of allergic disease in the host are critical for designing therapies using iatrogenic infections or parasite products to treat inflammatory diseases and for developing vaccines against helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton da Costa Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Wang M, Wu L, Weng R, Zheng W, Wu Z, Lv Z. Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2065-2074. [PMID: 28664463 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Helminths have accompanied human throughout history by releasing immune-evasion molecules that could counteract an aberrant immune response within the host. In the past decades, helminth infections are becoming less prevalent possibly due to the developed sanitation. Meanwhile, the incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing, which cannot be exclusively explained by the changes of susceptibility genes. While the hygiene hypothesis casts light on the problem. The infections of helminths are believed to interact with and regulate human immunity with the byproduct of suppressing the autoimmune diseases. Thus, helminths are potential to treat or cure the autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic progresses and possible immune suppression mechanisms are illustrated in the review. The helminths that are studied most intensively include Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Hymenolepis diminuta, Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, and Trichuris suis. Special attentions are paid on the booming animal models and clinical trials that are to detect the efficiency of immune-modulating helminth-derived molecules on autoimmune diseases. These trials provide us with a prosperous clinical perspective, but the precise mechanism of the down-regulatory immune response remains to be clarified. More efforts are needed to be dedicated until these parasite-derived immune modulators could be used in clinic to treat or cure the autoimmune diseases under a standard management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Linxiang Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rennan Weng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weihong Zheng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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13
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Harnett MM, Pineda MA, Latré de Laté P, Eason RJ, Besteiro S, Harnett W, Langsley G. From Christian de Duve to Yoshinori Ohsumi: More to autophagy than just dining at home. Biomed J 2017; 40:9-22. [PMID: 28411887 PMCID: PMC6138802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Christian de Duve first coined the expression “autophagy” during his seminal work on the discovery of lysosomes, which led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. The term was adopted to distinguish degradation of intracellular components from the uptake and degradation of extracellular substances that he called “heterophagy”. Studies until the 1990s were largely observational/morphological-based until in 1993 Yoshinori Oshumi described a genetic screen in yeast undergoing nitrogen deprivation that led to the isolation of autophagy-defective mutants now better known as ATG (AuTophaGy-related) genes. The screen identified mutants that fell into 15 complementation groups implying that at least 15 genes were involved in the regulation of autophagy in yeast undergoing nutrient deprivation, but today, 41 yeast ATG genes have been described and many (though not all) have orthologues in humans. Attempts to identify the genetic basis of autophagy led to an explosion in its research and it's not surprising that in 2016 Yoshinori Oshumi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Our aim here is not to exhaustively review the ever-expanding autophagy literature (>60 papers per week), but to celebrate Yoshinori Oshumi's Nobel Prize by highlighting just a few aspects that are not normally extensively covered. In an accompanying mini-review we address the role of autophagy in early-diverging eukaryote parasites that like yeast, lack lysosomes and so use a digestive vacuole to degrade autophagosome cargo and also discuss how parasitized host cells react to infection by subverting regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France
| | - Russell J Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sébastien Besteiro
- DIMNP, UMR CNRS 5235, Montpellier University, Place Eugène Bataillon, Building 24, CC Montpellier, France
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France.
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14
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Godkin A, Smith KA. Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good. Immunology 2017; 150:389-396. [PMID: 28009488 PMCID: PMC5343343 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic forms of life have been continually invaded by microbes and larger multicellular parasites, such as helminths. Over a billion years ago bacterial endosymbionts permanently colonized eukaryotic cells leading to recognized organelles with a distinct genetic lineage, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Colonization of our skin and mucosal surfaces with bacterial commensals is now known to be important for host health. However, the contribution of chronic virus and parasitic infections to immune homeostasis is being increasingly questioned. Persistent infection does not necessarily equate to exhibiting a chronic illness: healthy hosts (e.g. humans) have chronic viral and parasitic infections with no evidence of disease. Indeed, there are now examples of complex interactions between these microbes and hosts that seem to confer an advantage to the host at a particular time, suggesting that the relationship has progressed along an axis from parasitic to commensal to one of a mutualistic symbiosis. This concept is explored using examples from viruses and parasites, considering how the relationships may be not only detrimental but also beneficial to the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Glamorgan, UK
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15
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Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:481-6. [PMID: 27172808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The profile of global health today presents a striking reciprocal distribution between parasitic diseases in many of the world's lower-income countries, and ever-increasing levels of inflammatory disorders such as allergy, autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases in the more affluent societies. Attention is particularly focused on helminth worm parasites, which are associated with protection from allergy and inflammation in both epidemiologic and laboratory settings. One mechanistic explanation of this is that helminths drive the regulatory arm of the immune system, abrogating the ability of the host to expel the parasites, while also dampening reactivity to many bystander specificities. Interest has therefore heightened into whether helminth parasites, or their products, hold therapeutic potential for immunologic disorders of the developed world. In this narrative review, progress across a range of trials is discussed, together with prospects for isolating individual molecular mediators from helminths that may offer defined new therapies for inflammatory conditions.
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16
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Ahmed UK, Maller NC, Iqbal AJ, Al-Riyami L, Harnett W, Raynes JG. The Carbohydrate-linked Phosphorylcholine of the Parasitic Nematode Product ES-62 Modulates Complement Activation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11939-53. [PMID: 27044740 PMCID: PMC4882459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes manufacture various carbohydrate-linked phosphorylcholine (PCh)-containing molecules, including ES-62, a protein with an N-linked glycan terminally substituted with PCh. The PCh component is biologically important because it is required for immunomodulatory effects. We showed that most ES-62 was bound to a single protein, C-reactive protein (CRP), in normal human serum, displaying a calcium-dependent, high-avidity interaction and ability to form large complexes. Unexpectedly, CRP binding to ES-62 failed to efficiently activate complement as far as the C3 convertase stage in comparison with PCh-BSA and PCh-containing Streptococcus pneumoniae cell wall polysaccharide. C1q capture assays demonstrated an ES-62-CRP-C1q interaction in serum. The three ligands all activated C1 and generated C4b to similar extents. However, a C2a active site was not generated following ES-62 binding to CRP, demonstrating that C2 cleavage was far less efficient for ES-62-containing complexes. We proposed that failure of C2 cleavage was due to the flexible nature of carbohydrate-bound PCh and that reduced proximity of the C1 complex was the reason that C2 was poorly cleaved. This was confirmed using synthetic analogues that were similar to ES-62 only in respect of having a flexible PCh. Furthermore, ES-62 was shown to deplete early complement components, such as the rate-limiting C4, following CRP interaction and thereby inhibit classical pathway activation. Thus, flexible PCh-glycan represents a novel mechanism for subversion of complement activation. These data illustrate the importance of the rate-limiting C4/C2 stage of complement activation and reveal a new addition to the repertoire of ES-62 immunomodulatory mechanisms with possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umul Kulthum Ahmed
- From the Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT and
| | - N Claire Maller
- From the Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT and
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- From the Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT and
| | - Lamyaa Al-Riyami
- the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - John G Raynes
- From the Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT and
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17
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Saumyaa, Pujanauski L, Colino J, Flora M, Torres RM, Tuomanen E, Snapper CM. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Plays a Major Role in Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3677-85. [PMID: 27029587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intact, inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae [including the unencapsulated S. pneumoniae, serotype 2 strain (R36A)] markedly inhibits the humoral immune response to coimmunized heterologous proteins, a property not observed with several other intact Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we determined the nature of this immunosuppressive property. Because phosphorylcholine (PC), a major haptenic component of teichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae cell wall, and lipoteichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae membrane were previously reported to be immunosuppressive when derived from filarial parasites, we determined whether R36A lacking PC (R36A(pc-)) was inhibitory. Indeed, although R36A(pc-) exhibited a markedly reduced level of inhibition of the IgG response to coimmunized chicken OVA (cOVA), no inhibition was observed when using several other distinct PC-expressing bacteria or a soluble, protein-PC conjugate. Further, treatment of R36A with periodate, which selectively destroys PC residues, had no effect on R36A-mediated inhibition. Because R36A(pc-) also lacks choline-binding proteins (CBPs) that require PC for cell wall attachment, and because treatment of R36A with trypsin eliminated its inhibitory activity, we incubated R36A in choline chloride, which selectively strips CBPs from its surface. R36A lacking CBPs lost most of its inhibitory property, whereas the supernatant of choline chloride-treated R36A, containing CBPs, was markedly inhibitory. Coimmunization studies using cOVA and various S. pneumoniae mutants, each genetically deficient in one of the CBPs, demonstrated that only S. pneumoniae lacking the CBP pneumococcal surface protein A lost its ability to inhibit the IgG anti-cOVA response. These results strongly suggest that PspA plays a major role in mediating the immunosuppressive property of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyaa
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Lindsey Pujanauski
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jesus Colino
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Michael Flora
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Raul M Torres
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Elaine Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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18
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Wang X, Wang J, Liang Y, Ni H, Shi L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Su Y, Mou X, Chen D, Mao C. Schistosoma japonicum HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 suppresses delayed-type hypersensitivity in a murine model. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:147. [PMID: 26971312 PMCID: PMC4789290 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasite-derived molecules with immunomodulatory properties, which have been optimised during host-parasite co-evolution, exhibit potential applications as novel immunotherapeutics. We have previously demonstrated that Schistosoma japonicum HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 induces CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and that adoptively transferred SJMHE1-induced CD4+CD25+ Tregs inhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. However, multiple concerns regarding this method render this treatment unsuitable. To gain further insights into the potential effects of SJMHE1, we used ovalbumin (OVA)-induced DTH and evaluated the effect of SJMHE1 on DTH mice. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitised with OVA alone or combined with SJMHE1 and then challenged with OVA to induce DTH. We first analysed the potential effects of SJMHE1 by measuring DTH responses, T-cell responses, cytokine secretion, and Treg proportions. We then evaluated the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in CD4+CD25+ T-cells during DTH and Treg generation to identify the mechanism by which SJMHE1 suppresses DTH. Results SJMHE1 modulated the effector response against OVA-induced DTH and stimulated the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 in immunised mice through a mechanism involving CD4+CD25+ Tregs. SJMHE1-induced CD4+CD25+ Tregs expressed high levels of CTLA-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1, which substantially contributed to the suppressive activity during DTH. The administration of SJMHE1 to DTH in mice led to the expansion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs from CD4+CD25− T-cells in the periphery, which inhibited DTH responses. Conclusions Our study proves that the parasite-driven peptide suppresses DTH in mice, which may confer a new option for inflammation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Hongchang Ni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Yuting Su
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
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19
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Pineda MA, Eason RJ, Harnett MM, Harnett W. From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus 2015; 24:400-11. [PMID: 25801883 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314560004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from human studies suggests that parasitic worm infection can protect humans against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and this idea is strengthened by data generated in model systems. Although therapeutic use of parasitic worms is currently being explored, there are obvious benefits in pursuing drug development through identification and isolation of the 'active ingredients'. ES-62 is a secreted glycoprotein of the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, which we have found to protect against the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. ES-62 activity is dependent on the inflammatory phenotype of the local environment and protection arises via inhibition of Th17- and γδT cell-dependent IL-17 production. At the same time, NK and NK T cell IL-17 production is left intact, and such selectivity suggests that ES-62 might make a particularly attractive therapeutic for RA. However, as a potentially immunogenic protein, ES-62 is unsuitable for development as a drug. Nevertheless, ES-62 activity is dependent on covalently attached phosphorylcholine (PC) residues and we have therefore produced a library of PC-based drug-like ES-62 small-molecule analogues (SMAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy. Screening this library, we have found an ES-62 SMA that mirrors ES-62 in protecting against CIA and by the same IL-17-dependent mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R J Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Abstract
Helminth-derived products, either released into the circulation during the course of the infection or isolated after in vitro cultivation of the parasite and applied by the injection, are able to suppress the host immune response to autoantigens and allergens, but mechanisms could differ. Prophylactic application of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory muscle larvae (ES L1) products ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with the same success as infection did. However, a shift to the Th2-type response in the periphery and in the central nervous system, accompanied by activation of regulatory mechanisms, had a striking, new feature of increased proportion of unconventional CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(+) regulatory cells both in the periphery and in the central nervous system of animals treated with ES L1 before the induction of EAE.
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21
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Matisz CE, Leung G, Reyes JL, Wang A, Sharkey KA, McKay DM. Adoptive transfer of helminth antigen-pulsed dendritic cells protects against the development of experimental colitis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3126-39. [PMID: 26332354 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with helminth parasites and treatment with worm extracts can suppress inflammatory disease, including colitis. Postulating that dendritic cells (DCs) participated in the suppression of inflammation and seeking to move beyond the use of helminths per se, we tested the ability of Hymenolepis diminuta antigen-pulsed DCs to suppress colitis as a novel cell-based immunotherapy. Bone marrow derived DCs pulsed with H. diminuta antigen (HD-DCs), or PBS-, BSA-, or LPS-DCs as controls, were transferred into wild-type (WT), interleukin-10 (IL-10) knock-out (KO), and RAG-1 KO mice, and the impact on dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis and splenic cytokine production assessed 72 h later. Mice receiving HD-DCs were significantly protected from DNBS-induced colitis and of the experimental groups only these mice displayed increased Th2 cytokines and IL-10 production. Adoptive transfer of HD-DCs protected neither RAG-1 nor IL-10 KO mice from DNBS-colitis. Furthermore, the transfer of CD4(+) splenocytes from recipients of HD-DCs protected naïve mice against DNBS-colitis, in an IL-10 dependent manner. Thus, HD-DCs are a novel anti-colitic immunotherapy that can educate anti-colitic CD4(+) T cells: mechanistically, the anti-colitic effect of HD-DCs requires that the host has an adaptive immune response and the ability to mobilize IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Matisz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriella Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jose Luis Reyes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Yadav RSP, Khatri V, Amdare N, Goswami K, Shivkumar VB, Gangane N, Reddy MVR. Immuno-Modulatory Effect and Therapeutic Potential of Brugia malayi Cystatin in Experimentally Induced Arthritis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 31:203-8. [PMID: 27069328 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are known to modulate host's immune system and understanding this modulation can help in identification of novel therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. In this study, we have assessed the immune-modulatory activity and the therapeutic effect of Brugia malayi recombinant cystatin (rBmCys) in methylated BSA (mBSA) induced arthritis using rodent model. Administration of rBmCys has suppressed the severity of mBSA-arthritis in mastomys by reducing paw swelling and other clinical disease parameters as evident from significantly decreased arthritic index. The anti-arthritic effect of rBmCys was also confirmed by decreased histopathological score for synovitis, bone erosion and fibrosis in the tissue sections of paws. Further, this therapeutic effect of cystatin was found to be associated with significantly decreased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α and increased release of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. These results implied that rBmCys treatment has alleviated mBSA-induced arthritis and thus can be a promising alternative agent for the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Prasad Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Vishal Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Nitin Amdare
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - V B Shivkumar
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
| | - Maryada Venkata Rami Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra 442 102 India
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23
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Ponichtera HE, Stadecker MJ. Dendritic cell expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a: A novel innate parasite-sensing mechanism inducing Th17 cells that drive severe immunopathology in murine schistosome infection. Exp Parasitol 2015; 158:42-7. [PMID: 25913088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following infection with the trematode helminth Schistosoma mansoni, CBA mice develop severe parasite egg-induced hepatic granulomatous inflammation as well as prominent CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. By comparison, C57BL/6 mice develop mild hepatic immunopathology, egg stimulation of DCs does not result in IL-1β and IL-23 production, and Th17 cells fail to develop. To investigate the reasons for strain-specific differences in antigen presenting cell (APC) reactivity to eggs, we performed a comparative gene profiling analysis of normal bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and found that CBA DCs display markedly elevated expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). In particular, expression of CD209a, a murine homologue of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), was strikingly higher in CBA than BL/6 DCs. High CD209a surface expression was observed in various CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations; however, only DCs, and not macrophages, B cells or neutrophils, were able to induce Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Lentiviral gene silencing in CBA DCs, and over-expression in BL/6 DCs, demonstrated CD209a to be critical for egg-induced DC IL-1β and IL-23 production necessary for Th17 cell differentiation and expansion. These findings reveal a novel innate parasite-sensing mechanism promoting CD4(+) Th17 cells that mediate severe immunopathology in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Ponichtera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Miguel J Stadecker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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24
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Ben-Ami Shor D, Bashi T, Lachnish J, Fridkin M, Bizzaro G, Barshak I, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Phosphorylcholine-tuftsin compound prevents development of dextransulfate-sodium-salt induced murine colitis: implications for the treatment of human inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun 2014; 56:111-7. [PMID: 25479760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improved clinical findings of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) upon treatment with helminthes and their ova were proven in animal models of IBD and in human clinical studies. The immunomodulatory properties of several helminthes were attributed to the phosphorylcholine (PC) molecule. We assessed the therapeutic potential of tuftsin-PC conjugate (TPC) to attenuate murine colitis. Colitis was induced by Dextransulfate-Sodium-Salt (DSS) in drinking water. TPC was given by daily oral ingestion (50 μg/0.1 ml/mouse or PBS) starting at day -2. Disease activity index (DAI) score was followed daily and histology of the colon was performed by H&E staining. Analysis of the cytokines profile in distal colon lysates was performed by immunoblot. Treatment of DSS induced colitis with TPC prevented the severity of colitis, including a reduction in the DAI score, less shortening of the colon and less inflammatory activity in histology. The immunoblot showed that the colitis preventive activity of TPC was associated with downregulation of colon pro-inflammatory IL-1β, TNFα and IL-17 cytokines expression, and enhancement of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine expression. In the current study, we demonstrated that TPC treatment can prevent significantly experimental colitis induction in naïve mice. We propose the TPC as a novel potential small synthetic molecule to treat colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ben-Ami Shor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Tomer Bashi
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Jordan Lachnish
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Giorgia Bizzaro
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Iris Barshak
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Miri Blank
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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25
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Finlay CM, Walsh KP, Mills KHG. Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:206-30. [PMID: 24712468 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites are highly successful pathogens, chronically infecting a quarter of the world's population, causing significant morbidity but rarely causing death. Protective immunity and expulsion of helminths is mediated by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, type 2 (M2) macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils. Failure to mount these type 2 immune responses can result in immunopathology mediated by Th1 or Th17 cells. Helminths have evolved a wide variety of approaches for immune suppression, especially the generation of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. This is a very effective strategy for subverting protective immune responses to prolong their survival in the host but has the bystander effect of modulating immune responses to unrelated antigens. Epidemiological studies in humans have shown that infection with helminth parasites is associated with a low incidence of allergy/asthma and autoimmunity in developing countries. Experimental studies in mice have demonstrated that regulatory immune responses induced by helminth can suppress Th2 and Th1/Th17 responses that mediate allergy and autoimmunity, respectively. This has provided a rational explanation of the 'hygiene hypothesis' and has also led to the exploitation of helminths or their immunomodulatory products in the development of new immunosuppressive therapies for inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Finlay
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Rook GAW, Raison CL, Lowry CA. Microbiota, immunoregulatory old friends and psychiatric disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:319-56. [PMID: 24997041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the immune system is an important function of the gut microbiota. Increasing evidence suggests that modern living conditions cause the gut microbiota to deviate from the form it took during human evolution. Contributing factors include loss of helminth infections, encountering less microbial biodiversity, and modulation of the microbiota composition by diet and antibiotic use. Thus the gut microbiota is a major mediator of the hygiene hypothesis (or as we prefer, "Old Friends" mechanism), which describes the role of organisms with which we co-evolved, and that needed to be tolerated, as crucial inducers of immunoregulation. At least partly as a consequence of reduced exposure to immunoregulatory Old Friends, many but not all of which resided in the gut, high-income countries are undergoing large increases in a wide range of chronic inflammatory disorders including allergies, autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases. Depression, anxiety and reduced stress resilience are comorbid with these conditions, or can occur in individuals with persistently raised circulating levels of biomarkers of inflammation in the absence of clinically apparent peripheral inflammatory disease. Moreover poorly regulated inflammation during pregnancy might contribute to brain developmental abnormalities that underlie some cases of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. In this chapter we explain how the gut microbiota drives immunoregulation, how faulty immunoregulation and inflammation predispose to psychiatric disease, and how psychological stress drives further inflammation via pathways that involve the gut and microbiota. We also outline how this two-way relationship between the brain and inflammation implicates the microbiota, Old Friends and immunoregulation in the control of stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A W Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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27
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Panda AK, Das BK. Absence of filarial infection in patients of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in filarial endemic area: a possible protective role. Lupus 2014; 23:1553-4. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314546019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Panda
- Center for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B K Das
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Department of Medicine, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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28
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Rook GAW, Raison CL, Lowry CA. Microbial 'old friends', immunoregulation and socioeconomic status. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:1-12. [PMID: 24401109 PMCID: PMC4089149 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system evolved to require input from at least three sources that we collectively term the ‘old friends’: (i) the commensal microbiotas transmitted by mothers and other family members; (ii) organisms from the natural environment that modulate and diversify the commensal microbiotas; and (iii) the ‘old’ infections that could persist in small isolated hunter-gatherer groups as relatively harmless subclinical infections or carrier states. These categories of organism had to be tolerated and co-evolved roles in the development and regulation of the immune system. By contrast, the ‘crowd infections’ (such as childhood virus infections) evolved later, when urbanization led to large communities. They did not evolve immunoregulatory roles because they either killed the host or induced solid immunity, and could not persist in hunter-gatherer groups. Because the western lifestyle and medical practice deplete the ‘old’ infections (for example helminths), immunoregulatory disorders have increased, and the immune system has become more dependent upon microbiotas and the natural environment. However, urbanization maintains exposure to the crowd infections that lack immunoregulatory roles, while accelerating loss of exposure to the natural environment. This effect is most pronounced in individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES) who lack rural second homes and rural holidays. Interestingly, large epidemiological studies indicate that the health benefits of living close to green spaces are most pronounced for individuals of low SES. Here we discuss the immunoregulatory role of the natural environment, and how this may interact with, and modulate, the proinflammatory effects of psychosocial stressors in low SES individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A W Rook
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infection, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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29
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Chhabra S, Chang SC, Nguyen HM, Huq R, Tanner MR, Londono LM, Estrada R, Dhawan V, Chauhan S, Upadhyay SK, Gindin M, Hotez PJ, Valenzuela JG, Mohanty B, Swarbrick JD, Wulff H, Iadonato SP, Gutman GA, Beeton C, Pennington MW, Norton RS, Chandy KG. Kv1.3 channel-blocking immunomodulatory peptides from parasitic worms: implications for autoimmune diseases. FASEB J 2014; 28:3952-64. [PMID: 24891519 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) 1.3 channel is widely regarded as a therapeutic target for immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases. ShK-186, a selective inhibitor of Kv1.3 channels, ameliorates autoimmune diseases in rodent models, and human phase 1 trials of this agent in healthy volunteers have been completed. In this study, we identified and characterized a large family of Stichodactyla helianthus toxin (ShK)-related peptides in parasitic worms. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 2 worm peptides were selected for study: AcK1, a 51-residue peptide expressed in the anterior secretory glands of the dog-infecting hookworm Ancylostoma caninum and the human-infecting hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and BmK1, the C-terminal domain of a metalloprotease from the filarial worm Brugia malayi. These peptides in solution adopt helical structures closely resembling that of ShK. At doses in the nanomolar-micromolar range, they block native Kv1.3 in human T cells and cloned Kv1.3 stably expressed in L929 mouse fibroblasts. They preferentially suppress the proliferation of rat CCR7(-) effector memory T cells without affecting naive and central memory subsets and inhibit the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response caused by skin-homing effector memory T cells in rats. Further, they suppress IFNγ production by human T lymphocytes. ShK-related peptides in parasitic worms may contribute to the potential beneficial effects of probiotic parasitic worm therapy in human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chhabra
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shih Chieh Chang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Redwan Huq
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Program in Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and
| | - Mark R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Vikas Dhawan
- Peptides International, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Sanjeev K Upadhyay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mariel Gindin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA; and Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Mohanty
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James D Swarbrick
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - George A Gutman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
| | - K George Chandy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA;
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30
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Ponichtera HE, Shainheit MG, Liu BC, Raychowdhury R, Larkin BM, Russo JM, Salantes DB, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Yun TJ, Cheong C, Bunnell SC, Hacohen N, Stadecker MJ. CD209a expression on dendritic cells is critical for the development of pathogenic Th17 cell responses in murine schistosomiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4655-65. [PMID: 24729611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In murine schistosomiasis, immunopathology and cytokine production in response to parasite eggs are uneven and strain dependent. CBA/J (CBA) mice develop severe hepatic granulomatous inflammation associated with prominent Th17 cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. Such Th17 cells fail to develop in low-pathology C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice, and the reasons for these strain-specific differences in APC reactivity to eggs remain unclear. We show by gene profiling that CBA DCs display an 18-fold higher expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a, a murine homolog of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin, compared with BL/6 DCs. Higher CD209a expression was observed in CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations, but only DCs induced Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Gene silencing in CBA DCs and overexpression in BL/6 DCs demonstrated that CD209a is essential for egg-elicited IL-1β and IL-23 production and subsequent Th17 cell development, which is associated with SRC, RAF-1, and ERK1/2 activation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism controlling the development of Th17 cell-mediated severe immunopathology in helminthic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Ponichtera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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31
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microRNAs of parasitic helminths - Identification, characterization and potential as drug targets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2014; 4:85-94. [PMID: 25057458 PMCID: PMC4095049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance of microRNAs in helminth post-transcriptional gene regulation is reviewed. Increasing helminth miRNA data are available from deep sequencing. Some miRNAs are helminth-specific, many are novel to each species. miRNAs may regulate parasite and host gene expression. Uptake of miRNA inhibitors and mimics is feasible for functional analysis.
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. They were first identified in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where the miRNAs lin-4 and let-7 were shown to be essential for regulating correct developmental progression. The sequence of let-7 was subsequently found to be conserved in higher organisms and changes in expression of let-7, as well as other miRNAs, are associated with certain cancers, indicating important regulatory roles. Some miRNAs have been shown to have essential functions, but the roles of many are currently unknown. With the increasing availability of genome sequence data, miRNAs have now been identified from a number of parasitic helminths, by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries and bioinformatic approaches. While some miRNAs are widely conserved in a range of organisms, others are helminth-specific and many are novel to each species. Here we review the potential roles of miRNAs in regulating helminth development, in interacting with the host environment and in development of drug resistance. Use of fluorescently-labeled small RNAs demonstrates uptake by parasites, at least in vitro. Therefore delivery of miRNA inhibitors or mimics has potential to alter miRNA activity, providing a useful tool for probing the roles of miRNAs and suggesting novel routes to therapeutics for parasite control.
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Mathew G, Thambi M, Unnikrishnan MK. A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:159-62. [PMID: 24355423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The conflict between our 'primitive' genes and 'modern' lifestyle probably lies at the root of several disorders that afflict modern man. Atherosclerosis, which is relatively unknown among contemporary hunter-gatherer populations, has reached pandemic proportions in recent times. Being an evolutionary problem with several inter-related pathologies, current therapeutic strategy for treating atherosclerosis has inherent limitations. Reviewing evolution-linked risk factors suggests that there are four aspects to the etiology of atherosclerosis namely, decreased intestinal parasitism, oversensitivity of evolutionarily redundant mast cells, chronic underactivation of AMPK (cellular energy sensor) and a deficiency of vitamin D. A combination of these four causes appear to have precipitated the atherosclerosis pandemic in modern times. Man and worms co-existed symbiotically in the past. Massive de-worming campaigns could have disrupted this symbiosis, increasing nutritional availability to man (pro-obesity) at the cost of decreased immunotolerance (pro-atherogenicity). A reduction in helminth-induced chronic TH2 activation could also have enhanced TH1 polarization, eventually disrupting the reciprocal regulation of TH1/TH2 balance and resulting in atherosclerosis. The riddance of helminth infestations may have rendered mast cells immunologically redundant, making them oversensitive to inflammatory stimuli, thereby playing a pro-atherogenic role. AMPK activation exerts pleiotropic anti-atherogenic effects, such as suppression of fatty acid, cholesterol, protein synthesis, reduction of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, etc. As energy deficit is the chief stimulus for AMPK activation, the over-nourished modern man appears to be suffering from chronic underactivation of AMPK, legitimising the unrivalled supremacy of metformin, the oldest prescribed antidiabetic drug. The fact that humans evolved in the sunny tropics suggests that humans are selected for high vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency is now linked to several conditions including increased risk of CV disorders, diabetes, etc. The manifold decrease in vitamin D levels in modern man justifies a need for supplementation. We therefore hypothesize that a judicious combination of mast cell stabilization, AMPK activation, vitamin D supplementation, and moderation in hygiene practices could be an evolution-based multimodal strategy for both preventing and mitigating the pandemic of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Magith Thambi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - M K Unnikrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
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Kramer A, Bekeschus S, Bröker BM, Schleibinger H, Razavi B, Assadian O. Maintaining health by balancing microbial exposure and prevention of infection: the hygiene hypothesis versus the hypothesis of early immune challenge. J Hosp Infect 2013; 83 Suppl 1:S29-34. [PMID: 23453173 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system is inseparably bonded to an individual's personal micro-biome from birth to death. Since the beginning of life, commensal relationships have ensured the survival of micro- and macro-organisms within complex relationships. However, technological advances and altered lifestyle imposed new rules for this interaction during recent decades. It has been observed that reduced exposure to micro-organisms and parasites results in decreased morbidity and mortality, but is also associated with a rising prevalence of atopic disorders and autoimmune diseases, mostly in industrialized countries. This inverse relationship is described by the 'hygiene hypothesis', put forward in 1989, yet this term only imperfectly describes these observations, as excessive hygiene or hygienic measures may not directly be the central cause. The lack of appropriate immune stimulation during early childhood with the consequence of disturbed alignment in the sequence of encountering self- or non-self-antigens might account in the rise of atopy and autoimmune disease. For this reason we propose the term 'early immune challenge hypothesis'. This concept highlights the importance of immune priming in early life in the context of genetic, social, geographic, cultural, and economic background. Moreover, it emphasizes the central role of 'training' of regulatory T-cells through sufficient microbial exposure, leading to a robust, healthy balance between inflammation and anti-inflammation or immune tolerance. Insufficient exposure might result in abnormal immune regulatory development. Finally, it incorporates the idea of encountering 'old friends' - organisms that shaped our immune system during human phylogeny. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the relationship between microbial exposure, and the incidence of asthma and hay fever is outlined. Although the outcomes of these studies originally were interpreted in the framework of the hygiene hypothesis, they may suit the concept of the hypothesis of early immune challenge even better. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that TH or TReg imbalances in disease may be partially corrected by the administration of helminthic or bacterial extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
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34
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Zheng Y. Strategies of Echinococcus species responses to immune attacks: implications for therapeutic tool development. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus species have been studied as a model to investigate parasite-host interactions. Echinococcus spp. can actively communicate dynamically with a host to facilitate infection, growth and proliferation partially via secretion of molecules, especially in terms of harmonization of host immune attacks. This review systematically outlines our current knowledge of how the Echinococcus species have evolved to adapt to their host's microenvironment. This understanding of parasite-host interplay has implications in profound appreciation of parasite plasticity and is informative in designing novel and effective tools including vaccines and drugs for the treatment of echinococcosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Gaunitz S, Jin C, Nilsson A, Liu J, Karlsson NG, Holgersson J. Mucin-type proteins produced in the Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell lines carry novel O-glycans with phosphocholine and sulfate substitutions. Glycobiology 2013; 23:778-96. [PMID: 23463814 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-glycans of a recombinant mucin-type protein expressed in insect cell lines derived from Trichoplusia ni (Hi-5) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) were characterized. The P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1/mouse IgG2b (PSGL-1/mIgG2b) fusion protein carrying 106 potential O-glycosylation sites and 6 potential N-glycosylation sites was expressed and purified from the Hi-5 and Sf9 cell culture medium using affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of O-glycans released from PSGL-1/mIgG2b revealed a large repertoire of structurally diverse glycans, which is in contrast to previous reports of only simple glycans. O-Glycans containing hexuronic acid (HexA, here glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) were found to be prevalent. Also sulfate (Hi-5 and Sf9) and phosphocholine (PC; Sf9) O-glycan substitutions were detected. Western blotting confirmed the presence of O-linked PC on PSGL-1/mIG2b produced in Sf9 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first structural characterization of PC-substituted O-glycans in any species. The MS analyses revealed that Sf9 oligosaccharides consisted of short oligosaccharides (<6 residues) low in hexose (Hex) and with terminating N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) units, whereas Hi-5 produced a family of large O-glycans with (HexNAc-HexA-Hex) repeats and sulfate substitution on terminal residues. In both cell lines, the core N-acetylgalactosamine was preferentially non-branched, but small amounts of O-glycan cores with single fucose or hexose branches were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaunitz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Ben-Ami Shor D, Harel M, Eliakim R, Shoenfeld Y. The Hygiene Theory Harnessing Helminths and Their Ova to Treat Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 45:211-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tilp C, Kapur V, Loging W, Erb KJ. Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:319-25. [PMID: 23291462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, immunologists, epidemiologists and parasitologists have made many new exciting discoveries in the field of helminth-mediated immune regulation. In addition, many animal experiments have shown that certain helminths or products derived from helminths can protect mice from developing allergic or autoimmune disease. Some clinical trials utilising Trichuris suis or Necator americanus for the treatment of allergic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease have been conducted. The outcomes of these trials suggest that they may be used to treat these disorders. However, to date no helminth therapy is routinely being applied to patients and no helminth-derived product therapy has been developed. In order to bring new drugs to the market and shoulder the enormous costs involved in developing such therapies, pharmaceutical companies need to be involved. However, currently the resources from the pharmaceutical industry devoted to this concept are relatively small and there are good reasons why the industry may have been reluctant to invest in developing these types of therapies. In this review article, the hurdles that must be overcome before the pharmaceutical industry might invest in these novel therapies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tilp
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
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38
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Khan AR, Fallon PG. Helminth therapies: translating the unknown unknowns to known knowns. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:293-9. [PMID: 23291459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of live helminth infections is currently in clinical trials as a novel approach for the treatment of a range of allergic and autoimmune diseases. This rapid progression from observational studies some 20 years ago to helminth clinical trials can be attributed to huge advances in not just pre-clinical and clinical evidence, pertaining to the efficacy of these parasites in unrelated diseases, but also a greater understanding of the complex immunological mechanisms that underpin these effects. Helminths have exerted significant evolutionary selective pressures on the host immune genome or "immunome". Studies on helminths were pivotal in a paradigm shift in immunology with recent discoveries of a number of novel immune cell populations. Critically, these new discoveries highlight the need to further understand the underlying mechanism behind the desirable therapeutic effects that helminths offer. With these unknown unknowns there is the distinct possibility that a true, fundamental modus operandi for helminth therapy will arrive long after it has been established in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan R Khan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Ireland
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39
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Peakman M. Broadening the translational immunology landscape. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:249-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryIt is just over 5 years sinceClinical and Experimental Immunology came under the direction of a new team of Editors and made a concerted effort to refresh its approach to promoting clinical and applied immunology through its pages. There were two major objectives: to foster papers in a field which, at the time, we loosely termed ‘translational immunology’; and to create a forum for the presentation and discussion of immunology that is relevant to clinicians operating in this space. So, how are we doing with these endeavours? This brief paper aims to summarize some of the key learning points and successes and highlight areas in which translational gaps remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is something about living in an industrialized country that dramatically increases the risk of acquiring inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Loss of routine exposure to parasitic worms (helminths), due to modern highly hygienic life styles, likely contributes to this risk. This article reviews current understanding on how helminths influence intestinal inflammation and mucosal immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS IBD emerges in populations as regions develop socioeconomically and lose exposure to previously ubiquitous helminthic infections. Helminthic infections provided strong selective pressure for the dissemination of gene variants, many of which predispose to development of IBD. In animal models of IBD, helminth colonization suppresses intestinal inflammation through multiple mechanisms including induction of innate and adaptive regulatory circuits. Trials using helminths like hookworm (Necator americanus) or porcine whipworm (Trichuris suis) show that they are safe and may be effective therapies for the control of the aberrant intestinal inflammation seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. SUMMARY Evidence is accumulating that highly hygienic living conditions create risk for developing immune-mediated disease such as IBD. To live in their host, helminths have developed the ability to activate cells of innate and adaptive immunity that suppress inflammation. Therapeutic trials using helminths are in progress.
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Rujeni N, Taylor DW, Mutapi F. Human schistosome infection and allergic sensitisation. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:154743. [PMID: 22970345 PMCID: PMC3434398 DOI: 10.1155/2012/154743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several field studies have reported an inverse relationship between the prevalence of helminth infections and that of allergic sensitisation/atopy. Recent studies show that immune responses induced by helminth parasites are, to an extent, comparable to allergic sensitisation. However, helminth products induce regulatory responses capable of inhibiting not only antiparasite immune responses, but also allergic sensitisation. The relative effects of this immunomodulation on the development of protective schistosome-specific responses in humans has yet to be demonstrated at population level, and the clinical significance of immunomodulation of allergic disease is still controversial. Nonetheless, similarities in immune responses against helminths and allergens pose interesting mechanistic and evolutionary questions. This paper examines the epidemiology, biology and immunology of allergic sensitisation/atopy, and schistosome infection in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Rujeni
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - David W. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Aravindhan V, Mohan V, Surendar J, Rao MM, Anuradha R, Deepa M, Babu S. Effect of filarial infection on serum inflammatory and atherogenic biomarkers in coronary artery disease (CURES-121). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:828-33. [PMID: 22556082 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections can potentially confer protection against metabolic disorders, possibly through immunomodulation. In this study, the baseline prevalence of lymphatic filariasis (LF) among subjects without (N = 236) and with (N = 217) coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined as part of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). The prevalence of LF was not significantly different between CAD(-) and CAD(+) subjects. The LF antigen load and antibody levels indicated comparable levels of infection and exposure between the groups. Within the CAD group, LF(+) and LF(-) subjects had no significant difference in the intimal medial thickness and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein values. However, LF infection was associated with augmented levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 among CAD(+) subjects. The LF infection had no effect on serum adipocytokine profile. In conclusion, unlike type-2 diabetes, there is no association between the prevalence of LF and CAD and also no evidence of protective immunomodulation of LF infection on CAD in the Asian Indian population.
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Arjunaraja S, Paoletti LC, Snapper CM. Structurally identical capsular polysaccharide expressed by intact group B streptococcus versus Streptococcus pneumoniae elicits distinct murine polysaccharide-specific IgG responses in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5238-46. [PMID: 22523389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported distinct differences in the murine in vivo Ig polysaccharide (PS)-specific responses to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae compared with responses to Neisseria meningitidis and that in each case, the bacterial subcapsular domain markedly influences the Ig response to the associated PS. In light of potentially unique contributions of biochemically distinct capsular PS and/or their characteristic attachments to the underlying bacterium, it remains unresolved whether different bacterial subcapsular domains can exert differential effects on PS-specific Ig responses to distinct bacterial pathogens. In this report, we used a mutant strain of group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) type III (GBS-III) that expresses desialylated capsular polysaccharide of GBS-III, biochemically identical to capsular pneumococcal polysaccharide type 14 (PPS14) of Streptococcus pneumoniae (intact inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae, capsular type 14, Pn14), directly to compare the in vivo PPS14-specific IgG responses to two distinct gram-positive bacteria. Although both GBS-III and Pn14 elicited relatively rapid primary PPS14-specific IgG responses dependent on CD4(+) T cells, B7-dependent costimulation, and CD40-CD40L interactions, only GBS-III induced a highly boosted ICOS-dependent PPS14-specific IgG response after secondary immunization. Of note, priming with Pn14 and boosting with GBS-III, although not isolated PPS14, elicited a similar boosted PPS14-specific IgG response that was dependent on CD4(+) T cells during secondary immunization, indicating that Pn14 primes for memory but, unlike GBS-III, fails to elicit it. The inability of Pn14 to elicit a boosted PPS14-specific IgG response was overcome by coimmunization with unencapsulated GBS-III. Collectively, these data establish that structurally identical capsular PS expressed by two distinct gram-positive extracellular bacteria can indeed elicit distinct PS-specific IgG responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhinya Arjunaraja
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Snapper CM. Mechanisms underlying in vivo polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin responses to intact extracellular bacteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:92-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elliott DE, Weinstock JV. Helminth-host immunological interactions: prevention and control of immune-mediated diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1247:83-96. [PMID: 22239614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to commensal and pathogenic organisms strongly influences our immune system. Exposure to helminths was frequent before humans constructed their current highly hygienic environment. Today, in highly industrialized countries, contact between humans and helminths is rare. Congruent with the decline in helminth infections is an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. It is possible that exclusion of helminths from the environment has permitted the emergence of immune-mediated disease. We review the protective effects of helminths on expression of inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and animal models of these and other inflammatory diseases. We also review the immune pathways altered by helminths that may afford protection from these illnesses. Helminth exposure tends to inhibit IFN-γ and IL-17 production, promote IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β release, induce CD4(+) T cell Foxp3 expression, and generate regulatory macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Helminths enable protective pathways that may vary by specific species and disease model. Helminths or their products likely have therapeutic potential to control or prevent immune-mediated illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Modulation of specific and allergy-related immune responses by helminths. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:821578. [PMID: 22219659 PMCID: PMC3248237 DOI: 10.1155/2011/821578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are master regulators of host immune responses utilising complex mechanisms to dampen host protective Th2-type responses and favour long-term persistence. Such evasion mechanisms ensure mutual survival of both the parasite and the host. In this paper, we present recent findings on the cells that are targeted by helminths and the molecules and mechanisms that are induced during infection. We discuss the impact of these factors on the host response as well as their effect in preventing the development of aberrant allergic inflammation. We also examine recent findings on helminth-derived molecules that can be used as tools to pinpoint the underlying mechanisms of immune regulation or to determine new anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Molecular and immunological characterization of Fasciola antigens recognized by the MM3 monoclonal antibody. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 179:80-90. [PMID: 21723885 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a re-emerging parasitosis produced by liver flukes of the genus Fasciola. In this study we used protein fingerprinting (PMF) and MS/MS analysis to investigate the Fasciola secretory antigens that are recognized by mAb MM3. The results showed that mAb MM3 binds to several Fasciola cathepsins L1 and L2, but also co-purifies a Kunitz-type protein previously described in F. hepatica, which appears to bind to Fasciola cathepsins L. After identifying the target antigens for mAb MM3, we cloned and expressed a cathepsin L1 isoform in E. coli (gb|FR848428), which after refolding exhibited the MM3-recognized epitope and displayed cysteine protease activity. Using native, folded-recombinant and denatured-recombinant Fasciola cathepsins L as targets, we demonstrated that during F. hepatica infections in sheep, antibody responses to linear and conformational epitopes present on cathepsins L are promoted. However, the antibody response to linear epitopes was only detected in significant amounts in animals suffering from repeated infections. A different antibody response to linear and conformational epitopes also appears to occur in rabbits immunized with native or recombinant unfolded cathepsins, as sera from animals immunized with the latter did not react with native cathepsins and vice versa. In addition, the ELISA inhibitions showed that the MM3 epitope is not recognized by rabbits, which explains the usefulness of these species for producing capture antibodies for use in MM3-ELISA assays.
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Hall SW, Cooke A. Autoimmunity and inflammation: murine models and translational studies. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:377-89. [PMID: 21688192 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, constitute an important and growing public health burden. However, in many cases our understanding of disease biology is limited and available therapies vary greatly in their efficacy and safety. Animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have provided valuable tools to researchers investigating their aetiology, pathology, and novel therapeutic strategies. Although such models vary in the degree to which they reflect human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and caution is required in the extrapolation of animal data to the clinical setting, therapeutic approaches first evaluated in established animal models, including collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the nonobese diabetic mouse, have successfully progressed to clinical investigation and practice. Similarly, these models have proven useful in providing support for basic hypotheses regarding the underlying causes and pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review selected murine models of autoimmunity and inflammation and efforts to translate findings from these models into both basic insights into disease biology and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Hall
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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50
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Helminth parasites and the modulation of joint inflammation. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2011:942616. [PMID: 21584243 PMCID: PMC3092582 DOI: 10.1155/2011/942616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop better therapeutics for autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, of which musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis are particularly prevalent and debilitating. Helminth parasites are accomplished masters at modifying their hosts' immune activity, and so attention has focused on rodent-helminth model systems to uncover the workings of the mammalian immune response to metazoan parasites, with the hope of revealing molecules and/or mechanisms that can be translated into better treatments for human autoimmune and idiopathic disorders. Substantial proof-of-principal data supporting the concept that infection with helminth parasites can reduce the severity of concomitant disease has been amassed from models of mucosal inflammation. Indeed, infection with helminth parasites has been tried as a therapy in inflammatory bowel disease, and there are case reports relating to other conditions (e.g., autism); however, the impact of infection with parasitic helminths on musculoskeletal diseases has not been extensively studied. Here, we present the view that such a strategy should be applied to the amelioration of joint inflammation and review the literature that supports this contention.
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