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Stener-Victorin E, Teede H, Norman RJ, Legro R, Goodarzi MO, Dokras A, Laven J, Hoeger K, Piltonen TT. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:27. [PMID: 38637590 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite affecting ~11-13% of women globally, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a substantially understudied condition. PCOS, possibly extending to men's health, imposes a considerable health and economic burden worldwide. Diagnosis in adults follows the International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, requiring two out of three criteria - clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and/or specific ovarian morphological characteristics or elevated anti-Müllerian hormone. However, diagnosing adolescents omits ovarian morphology and anti-Müllerian hormone considerations. PCOS, marked by insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, strongly contributes to early-onset type 2 diabetes, with increased odds for cardiovascular diseases. Reproduction-related implications include irregular menstrual cycles, anovulatory infertility, heightened risks of pregnancy complications and endometrial cancer. Beyond physiological manifestations, PCOS is associated with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, psychosexual dysfunction and negative body image, collectively contributing to diminished health-related quality of life in patients. Despite its high prevalence persisting into menopause, diagnosing PCOS often involves extended timelines and multiple health-care visits. Treatment remains ad hoc owing to limited understanding of underlying mechanisms, highlighting the need for research delineating the aetiology and pathophysiology of the syndrome. Identifying factors contributing to PCOS will pave the way for personalized medicine approaches. Additionally, exploring novel biomarkers, refining diagnostic criteria and advancing treatment modalities will be crucial in enhancing the precision and efficacy of interventions that will positively impact the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Norman
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Public Health Science, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anuja Dokras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joop Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Hoeger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Terhi T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Abbasi K, Zarezadeh R, Valizadeh A, Mehdizadeh A, Hamishehkar H, Nouri M, Darabi M. White-brown adipose tissue interplay in polycystic ovary syndrome: Therapeutic avenues. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:116012. [PMID: 38159686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.116012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study highlights the therapeutic potential of activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) for managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine disorder associated with metabolic and reproductive abnormalities. BAT plays a crucial role in regulating energy expenditure and systemic insulin sensitivity, making it an attractive target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. Recent research suggests that impaired BAT function and mass may contribute to the link between metabolic disturbances and reproductive issues in PCOS. Additionally, abnormal white adipose tissue (WAT) can exacerbate these conditions by releasing adipokines and nonesterified fatty acids. In this review, we explored the impact of WAT changes on BAT function in PCOS and discussed the potential of BAT activation as a therapeutic strategy to improve PCOS symptoms. We propose that BAT activation holds promise for managing PCOS; however, further research is needed to confirm its efficacy and to develop clinically feasible methods for BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Abbasi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Valizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany.
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Ma H, Sun J, Wu X, Mao J, Han Q. Percent body fat was negatively correlated with Testosterone levels in male. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294567. [PMID: 38170701 PMCID: PMC10763932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower testosterone levels in men have been consistently associated with metabolic abnormalities, particularly obesity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between testosterone and obesity by analyzing the correlation between testosterone levels and body fat percentage using data from the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) database. METHODS The study included a total of 5959 participants from the NHANES 2011-2016. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the association between testosterone levels and body composition parameters, including total percent fat (TPF), android percent fat (APF), gynoid percent fat (GPF), android to gynoid ratio (A/G), and lean mass percent (LMP). Subgroup analyses stratified by sex were conducted using multivariable linear regression. To account for potential non-linear relationships, fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were utilized. A separate analysis of participants with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 was conducted to validate the conclusions. RESULT Among males, testosterone levels showed a significant negative correlation with TPF (β = -11.97, P <0.0001), APF (β = -9.36, P<0.0001), GPF (β = -10.29, P <0.0001), and A/G (β = -320.93, P<0.0001), while a positive correlation was observed between LMP and testosterone levels (β = 12.62, P<0.0001). In females, a contrasting pattern emerged in the relationship between testosterone and body fat, but no significant correlation was found between testosterone and body composition in obese women. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study support a negative association between body fat and testosterone levels in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bril F, Ezeh U, Amiri M, Hatoum S, Pace L, Chen YH, Bertrand F, Gower B, Azziz R. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:10-24. [PMID: 37329216 PMCID: PMC10735305 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex genetic trait and the most common endocrine disorder of women, clinically evident in 5% to 15% of reproductive-aged women globally, with associated cardiometabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction appears to play an important role in the pathophysiology of PCOS even in patients who do not have excess adiposity. METHODS We undertook a systematic review concerning AT dysfunction in PCOS, and prioritized studies that assessed AT function directly. We also explored therapies that targeted AT dysfunction for the treatment of PCOS. RESULTS Various mechanisms of AT dysfunction in PCOS were identified including dysregulation in storage capacity, hypoxia, and hyperplasia; impaired adipogenesis; impaired insulin signaling and glucose transport; dysregulated lipolysis and nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) kinetics; adipokine and cytokine dysregulation and subacute inflammation; epigenetic dysregulation; and mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Decreased glucose transporter-4 expression and content in adipocytes, leading to decreased insulin-mediated glucose transport in AT, was a consistent abnormality despite no alterations in insulin binding or in IRS/PI3K/Akt signaling. Adiponectin secretion in response to cytokines/chemokines is affected in PCOS compared to controls. Interestingly, epigenetic modulation via DNA methylation and microRNA regulation appears to be important mechanisms underlying AT dysfunction in PCOS. CONCLUSION AT dysfunction, more than AT distribution and excess adiposity, contributes to the metabolic and inflammation abnormalities of PCOS. Nonetheless, many studies provided contradictory, unclear, or limited data, highlighting the urgent need for additional research in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bril
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Uche Ezeh
- California IVF Fertility Center, Sacramento, CA 95833, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Heersink School of Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Mina Amiri
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1516745811, Iran
| | - Sana Hatoum
- Foundation for Research and Education Excellence, Vestavia, AL 35243, USA
| | - Lauren Pace
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Heersink School of Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Yen-Hao Chen
- Department of Research, Biomere-West, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - Fred Bertrand
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Barbara Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ricardo Azziz
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Heersink School of Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Healthcare Organization and Policy, School of Public Health, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Rizk J, Sahu R, Duteil D. An overview on androgen-mediated actions in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Steroids 2023; 199:109306. [PMID: 37634653 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are a class of steroid hormones primarily associated with male sexual development and physiology, but exert pleiotropic effects in either sex. They have a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the regulation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue homeostasis. The effects of androgens are mainly mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor expressed in both tissues. In skeletal muscle, androgens via AR exert a multitude of effects, ranging from increased muscle mass and strength, to the regulation of muscle fiber type composition, contraction and metabolic functions. In adipose tissue, androgens influence several processes including proliferation, fat distribution, and metabolism but they display depot-specific and organism-specific effects which differ in certain context. This review further explores the potential mechanisms underlying androgen-AR signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Understanding the roles of androgens and their receptor in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is essential for elucidating their contributions to physiological processes, disease conditions, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rizk
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Rajesh Sahu
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Delphine Duteil
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France.
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Ostinelli G, Laforest S, Denham SG, Gauthier MF, Drolet-Labelle V, Scott E, Hould FS, Marceau S, Homer NZM, Bégin C, Andrew R, Tchernof A. Increased Adipose Tissue Indices of Androgen Catabolism and Aromatization in Women With Metabolic Dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3330-e3342. [PMID: 35511873 PMCID: PMC9282357 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Body fat distribution is a risk factor for obesity-associated comorbidities, and adipose tissue dysfunction plays a role in this association. In humans, there is a sex difference in body fat distribution, and steroid hormones are known to regulate several cellular processes within adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate if intra-adipose steroid concentration and expression or activity of steroidogenic enzymes were associated with features of adipose tissue dysfunction in individuals with severe obesity. METHODS Samples from 40 bariatric candidates (31 women, 9 men) were included in the study. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were collected during surgery. Adipose tissue morphology was measured by a combination of histological staining and semi-automated quantification. Following extraction, intra-adipose and plasma steroid concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Aromatase activity was estimated using product over substrate ratio, while AKR1C2 activity was measured directly by fluorogenic probe. Gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR. RESULTS VAT aromatase activity was positively associated with VAT adipocyte hypertrophy (P valueadj < 0.01) and negatively with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (P valueadj < 0.01), while SAT aromatase activity predicted dyslipidemia in women even after adjustment for waist circumference, age, and hormonal contraceptive use. We additionally compared women with high and low visceral adiposity index (VAI) and found that VAT excess is characterized by adipose tissue dysfunction, increased androgen catabolism mirrored by increased AKR1C2 activity, and higher aromatase expression and activity indices. CONCLUSION In women, increased androgen catabolism or aromatization is associated with visceral adiposity and adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Ostinelli
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sofia Laforest
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University/BHF, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Scott G Denham
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University/BHF, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marie-Frederique Gauthier
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | | | - Emma Scott
- Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simon Marceau
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University/BHF, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Catherine Bégin
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University/BHF, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- BHF/CVS, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - André Tchernof
- Correspondence: Andre Tchernof, PhD, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, School of Nutrition, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy (Y-4212), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
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O'Bryan SM, Connor KR, Drummer DJ, Lavin KM, Bamman MM. Considerations for Sex-Cognizant Research in Exercise Biology and Medicine. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:903992. [PMID: 35721874 PMCID: PMC9204149 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.903992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. O'Bryan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kathleen R. Connor
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Devin J. Drummer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kaleen M. Lavin
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcas M. Bamman
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Ottarsdottir K, Tivesten Å, Li Y, Lindblad U, Hellgren M, Ohlsson C, Daka B. Cardiometabolic risk factors and endogenous sex hormones in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac050. [PMID: 35480632 PMCID: PMC9037133 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context It is uncertain which cardiovascular risk factors are associated with sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. Objective This work aimed to investigate the association between cardiometabolic risk factors and sex hormones in a cross-sectional, observational population study. Methods In this Swedish population study, participants were physically examined from 2002 to 2004, and endogenous sex hormones were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Women aged 55 years or older with estradiol levels below 20 pg/mL and not using any hormonal therapy were eligible for inclusion in the study (N = 146). Variable selection and bootstrap stability analyses were performed and linear regression models presented, with each of the 8 hormones as outcome variables. Results Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with estradiol (β = 0.054, P < .001), but negatively associated with 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (β = –0.023, P = .028). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was negatively associated with dihydrotestosterone (β = –2.195, P = .002) and testosterone (β = –1.541, P = .004). The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was positively associated with androstenedione (β = 0.071, P = .032), estradiol (β = 0.091, P = .009), estrone (β = 0.075, P = 0.009), and 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (β = 0.157, P = .001). Age was positively associated with testosterone (β = 0.017, P = .042). C-reactive protein showed an inverse association with progesterone (β = –0.028, P = .037). Lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with higher estradiol levels (β = –0.093, P = .049), whereas lower triglycerides were associated with higher concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (β = –0.208, P = .016). Conclusion In postmenopausal women, WHR was strongly inversely associated with androgens, while BMI was positively associated with estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Ottarsdottir
- General practice - Family medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Local Research and Development Council Södra Älvsborg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Tivesten
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Li
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lindblad
- General practice - Family medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hellgren
- General practice - Family medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bledar Daka
- General practice - Family medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lustig RH, Collier D, Kassotis C, Roepke TA, Ji Kim M, Blanc E, Barouki R, Bansal A, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Choudhury M, Gilbertson M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Howard S, Lind L, Tomlinson CR, Vondracek J, Heindel JJ. Obesity I: Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115012. [PMID: 35393120 PMCID: PMC9050949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is now greater than those underweight. Obesity is a multifactorial condition, and as such, many components contribute to its development and pathogenesis. This is the first of three companion reviews that consider obesity. This review focuses on the genetics, viruses, insulin resistance, inflammation, gut microbiome, and circadian rhythms that promote obesity, along with hormones, growth factors, and organs and tissues that control its development. It shows that the regulation of energy balance (intake vs. expenditure) relies on the interplay of a variety of hormones from adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. It details how integrating central neurotransmitters and peripheral metabolic signals (e.g., leptin, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY3-36) is essential for controlling energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. It describes the distinct types of adipocytes and how fat cell development is controlled by hormones and growth factors acting via a variety of receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, retinoid X, insulin, estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, liver X, constitutive androstane, pregnane X, farnesoid, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Finally, it demonstrates that obesity likely has origins in utero. Understanding these biochemical drivers of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction throughout the life cycle lends plausibility and credence to the "obesogen hypothesis" (i.e., the importance of environmental chemicals that disrupt these receptors to promote adiposity or alter metabolism), elucidated more fully in the two companion reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Christopher Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Paris, INSERM U1224 (T3S), 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States.
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10
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Khodamoradi K, Khosravizadeh Z, Seetharam D, Mallepalli S, Farber N, Arora H. The role of leptin and low testosterone in obesity. Int J Impot Res. [DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Van-Ba H, Dong-Heon S, Kuk-Hwan S, Sun-Moon K, Hyun-Wook K, Soo-Hyun C. Half-castration as a newly effective method for increasing meat yield and tenderness of male cattle. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1258-1269. [PMID: 35073658 PMCID: PMC9262720 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective For improving meat quality especially tenderness, male cattle are usually castrated to removes both the testicles. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect castration method (half- and complete-castration) on meat yield and quality characteristics of Hanwoo male cattle. Methods Thirty-two similar age (5.9 months) Hanwoo male calves were divided into: half-castration (HC) and complete-castration (CC) groups (n = 16 per group). At 7 months of age, all the animals were castrated in which the HC calves had only one testicle surgically removed while, the CC calves had both testicles surgically removed. The castrated animals were reared under identical conditions until 25 months of age. After slaughter, the carcasses were evaluated for carcass traits and meat yield of primal cuts. For examination of the castration effect on meat quality, L. lumborum and semimembranosus muscles were used. The meat samples were analyzed for chemical composition, color, pH, shear force and water holding capacity, fatty acids, metabolites and volatile aroma compounds. Results The HC group showed higher meat yields of all primal cuts (p<0.05). As a result, the total meat yield was higher by approximately 44 kg in the HC group (303.32 kg, corresponding to 67.88%) compared to the CC group (259.30 kg, corresponding to 62.11%) (p< 0.05). In terms of meat quality, the HC resulted in two times greater fat content in both muscles examined compared to intact males. More importantly, the shear force values did not differ between HC and CC groups for L. lumborum muscles (p>0.05). The meat from HC animals exhibited higher amount of free amino acids associated with sweetness (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the castration method only exhibited a negligible effect on metabolites and volatile aroma compounds in the cooked meat. Conclusion Half-castration emerged as an alternative practice to be used for increasing the yield and tenderness of male cattle meat.
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12
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Krentowska A, Kowalska I. Metabolic syndrome and its components in different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3464. [PMID: 33988288 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-age women. Important factors in its pathogenesis are hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, which lead to higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications. With the implementation of the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria in 2003, the group of PCOS patients became highly heterogeneous, with varying metabolic risk reported for different phenotypes of the syndrome. The aim of the present review is to assess the prevalence and severity of MetS and its components in patients with the four phenotypes of PCOS. A comprehensive search of Pubmed database was performed to identify studies comparing metabolic characteristics between PCOS patients with different phenotypes of the syndrome. The results of 60 studies published between 2004 and 2020 were retrieved and analysed. More adverse metabolic profile was observed in PCOS patients with hyperandrogenic phenotypes in comparison to normoandrogenic patients, as well as in classic phenotypes, defined by National Institutes of Health criteria, in comparison to newer phenotypes introduced by the Rotterdam criteria. In the majority of observations, normoandrogenic PCOS patients did not differ significantly from controls in terms of metabolic characteristics, although some East Asian studies reported more adverse metabolic profile in normoandrogenic phenotype in comparison to healthy women. In conclusion, metabolic abnormalities in PCOS seem to be associated with joint effects of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and visceral obesity. The differences observed between the four phenotypes of PCOS underline the need for individualised diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krentowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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13
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MacGregor KA, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Di Virgilio TG, Barwell ND, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN. Changes in adipose tissue microRNA expression across the menstrual cycle in regularly menstruating females: a pilot study. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:1-10. [PMID: 34796732 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00088.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclical changes in hormone profiles across the menstrual cycle are associated with alterations in metabolic control. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to regulating metabolic control, including adipose tissue metabolism. How fluctuations in hormonal profiles across the menstrual cycle affect adipose tissue miRNA expression remains unknown. Eleven healthy, regularly menstruating females underwent four sampling visits across their menstrual cycle. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and venous blood samples were collected at each sampling visit. Luteinizing hormone (LH) tests, calendar counting, and serum hormone concentrations were used to determine menstrual cycle phases: early-follicular (EF), late-follicular (LF), postovulatory (PO), and midluteal (ML). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone were determined using multiplex magnetic bead panels and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Global adipose tissue miRNA expression levels were determined via microarray in a subset of participants (n = 8) and 17 candidate miRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR in the whole cohort (n = 11). Global analysis of adipose tissue miRNA expression identified 33 miRNAs significantly altered across the menstrual cycle; however, no significant differences remained after correcting for multiple testing (P > 0.05). RT-qPCR analysis of candidate miRNAs revealed miR-497-5p expression was significantly altered across the menstrual cycle ([Formula: see text] = 0.18, P = 0.03); however, post hoc tests did not reveal any significant differences between menstrual cycle phases (P > 0.05). miR-30c-5p was associated with testosterone concentration (R2 = 0.13, P = 0.033). These pilot data indicate differences in adipose tissue miRNAs in healthy women across the menstrual cycle and a weak association with ovarian hormones. Further research in larger sample sizes is required to confirm regulation of miRNA expression across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A MacGregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D Barwell
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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14
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Kim NR, David K, Corbeels K, Khalil R, Antonio L, Schollaert D, Deboel L, Ohlsson C, Gustafsson JÅ, Vangoitsenhoven R, Van der Schueren B, Decallonne B, Claessens F, Vanderschueren D, Dubois V. Testosterone Reduces Body Fat in Male Mice by Stimulation of Physical Activity Via Extrahypothalamic ERα Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab045. [PMID: 33674833 PMCID: PMC8140602 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) reduces male fat mass, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, limiting its clinical relevance in hypogonadism-associated obesity. Here, we subjected chemically castrated high-fat diet-induced adult obese male mice to supplementation with T or the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 20 weeks. Both hormones increased lean mass, thereby indirectly increasing oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. In addition, T but not DHT decreased fat mass and increased ambulatory activity, indicating a role for aromatization into estrogens. Investigation of the pattern of aromatase expression in various murine tissues revealed the absence of Cyp19a1 expression in adipose tissue while high levels were observed in brain and gonads. In obese hypogonadal male mice with extrahypothalamic neuronal estrogen receptor alpha deletion (N-ERαKO), T still increased lean mass but was unable to decrease fat mass. The stimulatory effect of T on ambulatory activity was also abolished in N-ERαKO males. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the fat-burning action of T is dependent on aromatization into estrogens and is at least partially mediated by the stimulation of physical activity via extrahypothalamic ERα signaling. In contrast, the increase in lean mass upon T supplementation is mediated through the androgen receptor and indirectly leads to an increase in energy expenditure, which might also contribute to the fat-burning effects of T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ri Kim
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Karel David
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien Corbeels
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rougin Khalil
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Leen Antonio
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dieter Schollaert
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ludo Deboel
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Decallonne
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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15
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Wang C, Yuen F, Swerdloff R. Extrahypothalamic ER Alpha Are Required for Testosterone Effects on Physical Activity and Fat Mass in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6220414. [PMID: 33842977 PMCID: PMC9633325 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wang
- Correspondence: Christina Wang, MD, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, California 90502, USA. E-mail:
| | - Fiona Yuen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Ronald Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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16
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Bourgneuf C, Bailbé D, Lamazière A, Dupont C, Moldes M, Farabos D, Roblot N, Gauthier C, Mathieu d'Argent E, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Monniaux D, Fève B, Movassat J, di Clemente N, Racine C. The Goto-Kakizaki rat is a spontaneous prototypical rodent model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1064. [PMID: 33594056 PMCID: PMC7886868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by an oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology combined with major metabolic disturbances. However, despite the high prevalence and the human and economic consequences of this syndrome, its etiology remains unknown. In this study, we show that female Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a type 2 diabetes mellitus model, encapsulate naturally all the reproductive and metabolic hallmarks of lean women with PCOS at puberty and in adulthood. The analysis of their gestation and of their fetuses demonstrates that this PCOS-like phenotype is developmentally programmed. GK rats also develop features of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Lastly, a comparison between GK rats and a cohort of women with PCOS reveals a similar reproductive signature. Thus, this spontaneous rodent model of PCOS represents an original tool for the identification of the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis and for the development of novel strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bourgneuf
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Bailbé
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Dupont
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de biologie de la reproduction-CECOS, Paris, France
| | - Marthe Moldes
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Farabos
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Roblot
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Camille Gauthier
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mathieu d'Argent
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de biologie de la reproduction-CECOS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Bruno Fève
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service Endocrinologie, CRMR PRISIS, Paris, France
| | - Jamileh Movassat
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie di Clemente
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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17
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Siemienowicz KJ, Coukan F, Franks S, Rae MT, Duncan WC. Aberrant subcutaneous adipogenesis precedes adult metabolic dysfunction in an ovine model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111042. [PMID: 33010309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects over 10% of women. Insulin resistance, elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) and increased adiposity are key factors contributing to metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. We hypothesised that aberrant adipogenesis during adolescence, and downstream metabolic perturbations, contributes to the metabolic phenotype of adult PCOS. We used prenatally androgenised (PA) sheep as a clinically realistic model of PCOS. During adolescence, but not during fetal or early life of PA sheep, adipogenesis was decreased in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) accompanied by decreased leptin, adiponectin, and increased FFAs. In adulthood, PA sheep developed adipocyte hypertrophy in SAT paralleled by increased expression of inflammatory markers, elevated FFAs and increased expression of genes linked to fat accumulation in visceral adipose tissue. This study provides better understanding into the pathophysiology of PCOS from puberty to adulthood and identifies opportunity for early clinical intervention to normalise adipogenesis and ameliorate the metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna J Siemienowicz
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
| | - Flavien Coukan
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Stephen Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mick T Rae
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - W Colin Duncan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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18
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Lerner A, Kewada D, Ahmed A, Hardy K, Christian M, Franks S. Androgen Reduces Mitochondrial Respiration in Mouse Brown Adipocytes: A Model for Disordered Energy Balance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E243. [PMID: 33383677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy that is associated with an adverse metabolic profile including reduced postprandial thermogenesis. Although abnormalities in adipose tissue function have been widely reported in women with PCOS, less is known about direct effects of androgen on white and, particularly, brown adipocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on (1) lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic markers in immortalized mouse brown adipose cell lines (IMBATs), (2) mitochondrial respiration in IMBATs, (3) mitochondrial DNA content and gene expression, (4) expression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) markers and thermogenic activation. In addition, we profiled the relative levels of 38 adipokines secreted from BAT explants and looked at androgen effects on adipokine gene expression in both IMBATs and immortalized mouse white adipose (IMWATs) cell lines. Androgen treatment inhibited IMBAT differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, reduced markers of adipogenesis, and attenuated the β-adrenoceptor-stimulated increase in uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression. In explants of mouse interscapular BAT, androgen reduced expression of UCP1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PCG-1) and Cidea. Significantly, as well as affecting genes involved in thermogenesis in BAT, androgen treatment reduced mitochondrial respiration in IMBATs, as measured by the Seahorse XF method. The results of this study suggest a role for excess androgen in inhibiting brown adipogenesis, attenuating the activation of thermogenesis and reducing mitochondrial respiration in BAT. Together, these data provide a plausible molecular mechanism that may contribute to reduced postprandial thermogenesis and the tendency to obesity in women with PCOS.
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19
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Liu F, He J, Wang H, Zhu D, Bi Y. Adipose Morphology: a Critical Factor in Regulation of Human Metabolic Diseases and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Obes Surg 2020; 30:5086-5100. [PMID: 33021706 PMCID: PMC7719100 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights that dysfunction of adipose tissue contributes to impaired insulin sensitivity and systemic metabolic deterioration in obese state. Of note, adipocyte hypertrophy serves as a critical event which associates closely with adipose dysfunction. An increase in cell size exacerbates hypoxia and inflammation as well as excessive collagen deposition, finally leading to metabolic dysregulation. Specific mechanisms of adipocyte hypertrophy include dysregulated differentiation and maturation of preadipocytes, enlargement of lipid droplets, and abnormal adipocyte osmolarity sensors. Also, weight loss therapies exert profound influence on adipocyte size. Here, we summarize the critical role of adipocyte hypertrophy in the development of metabolic disturbances. Future studies are required to establish a standard criterion of size measurement to better clarify the impact of adipocyte hypertrophy on changes in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jielei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Anderson WD, Soh JY, Innis SE, Dimanche A, Ma L, Langefeld CD, Comeau ME, Das SK, Schadt EE, Björkegren JLM, Civelek M. Sex differences in human adipose tissue gene expression and genetic regulation involve adipogenesis. Genome Res 2020; 30:1379-92. [PMID: 32967914 DOI: 10.1101/gr.264614.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in adipose tissue distribution and function are associated with sex differences in cardiometabolic disease. While many studies have revealed sex differences in adipocyte cell signaling and physiology, there is a relative dearth of information regarding sex differences in transcript abundance and regulation. We investigated sex differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue transcriptional regulation using omic-scale data from ∼3000 geographically and ethnically diverse human samples. We identified 162 genes with robust sex differences in expression. Differentially expressed genes were implicated in oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis. We further determined that sex differences in gene expression levels could be related to sex differences in the genetics of gene expression regulation. Our analyses revealed sex-specific genetic associations, and this finding was replicated in a study of 98 inbred mouse strains. The genes under genetic regulation in human and mouse were enriched for oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis. Enrichment analysis showed that the associated genetic loci resided within binding motifs for adipogenic transcription factors (e.g., PPARG and EGR1). We demonstrated that sex differences in gene expression could be influenced by sex differences in genetic regulation for six genes (e.g., FADS1 and MAP1B). These genes exhibited dynamic expression patterns during adipogenesis and robust expression in mature human adipocytes. Our results support a role for adipogenesis-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue sex differences in the genetic and environmental regulation of gene expression.
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21
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Abstract
Regional adipose tissue distribution differs between men and women. Differences in the accumulation of adipose tissue as well as the regulation of secretion of a number of products from adipose tissue are under the control of sex steroids, which act through a wide variety of mechanisms, both direct and indirect, to tailor metabolism to the unique needs of each sex. A fuller understanding of sex-based differences in adipose tissue function may help with tailored strategies for disease prevention and treatment and provide insights into fundamental differences in the processes that regulate nutrient homeostasis and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12348 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Jabbour R, Ott J, Eppel W, Frigo P. Carotid intima-media thickness in polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with hormone and lipid profiles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232299. [PMID: 32330202 PMCID: PMC7182264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular disease. Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CIMT) represents a valid surrogate marker of early systemic atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate if CIMT is increased in PCOS patients compared to healthy controls and if there is an association with hormone and metabolic profiles. Methods In this prospective cross-sectional study, past medical history, anthropometrical measurements and hormonal, lipidemic and glycemic parameters were obtained in 41 PCOS patients and 43 age-matched healthy controls of similar body mass index (BMI) and frequency of smokers. B-mode ultrasound enabled CIMT measurement at the far wall of the left and right common carotid artery. Results Patients with PCOS showed significantly increased CIMT values compared to healthy controls (0.49±0.04mm vs. 0.37±0.04mm respectively, P<0.001). They featured a generally increased cardiovascular risk profile. Correlation analysis showed a positive association between CIMT and the adverse metabolic risk profile. The diagnosis of PCOS was the strongest predictor of CIMT, even after multiple adjustments for BMI, age and smoking status (β = 0.797, P<0.001, R2 = 0.73). A model among oligomenorrhoic patients revealed a relationship between CIMT and the suspected duration of disease (β = 0.373, P = 0.021, R2 = 0.14). Conclusions PCOS patients are likely to feature signs of premature systemic atherosclerosis at a young age. Early exposure to adverse cardiovascular risk factors may possibly have long-term consequences on the vascular system. An early vessel screening might thus already be beneficial in these patients at a younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Jabbour
- Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Ott
- Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Frigo
- Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Corona-meraz F, Robles-de Anda J, Madrigal-ruiz P, Díaz-rubio G, Castro-albarrán J, Navarro-hernández R. Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease. In: Çakmur H, editor. Obesity. IntechOpen; 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Sanchez-Garrido MA, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: Pathogenic role of androgen excess and potential therapeutic strategies. Mol Metab. 2020;35:100937. [PMID: 32244180 PMCID: PMC7115104 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among reproductive age women. Although its cardinal manifestations include hyperandrogenism, oligo/anovulation, and/or polycystic ovarian morphology, PCOS women often display also notable metabolic comorbidities. An array of pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in the etiology of this heterogeneous endocrine disorder; hyperandrogenism at various developmental periods is proposed as a major driver of the metabolic and reproductive perturbations associated with PCOS. However, the current understanding of the pathophysiology of PCOS-associated metabolic disease is incomplete, and therapeutic strategies used to manage this syndrome's metabolic complications remain limited. Scope of review This study is a systematic review of the potential etiopathogenic mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction frequently associated with PCOS, with special emphasis on the metabolic impact of androgen excess on different metabolic tissues and the brain. We also briefly summarize the therapeutic approaches currently available to manage metabolic perturbations linked to PCOS, highlighting current weaknesses and future directions. Major conclusions Androgen excess plays a prominent role in the development of metabolic disturbances associated with PCOS, with a discernible impact on key peripheral metabolic tissues, including the adipose, liver, pancreas, and muscle, and very prominently the brain, contributing to the constellation of metabolic complications of PCOS, from obesity to insulin resistance. However, the current understanding of the pathogenic roles of hyperandrogenism in metabolic dysfunction of PCOS and the underlying mechanisms remain largely incomplete. In addition, the development of more efficient, even personalized therapeutic strategies for the metabolic management of PCOS patients persists as an unmet need that will certainly benefit from a better comprehension of the molecular basis of this heterogeneous syndrome.
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25
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Kempegowda P, Melson E, Manolopoulos KN, Arlt W, O’Reilly MW. Implicating androgen excess in propagating metabolic disease in polycystic ovary syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820934319. [PMID: 32637065 PMCID: PMC7315669 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820934319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been traditionally perceived as a reproductive disorder due to its most common presentation with menstrual dysfunction and infertility. However, it is now clear that women with PCOS are at increased risk of metabolic dysfunction, from impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. PCOS is characterised by androgen excess, with cross-sectional data showing that hyperandrogenism is directly complicit in the development of metabolic complications. Recent studies have also shown that C11-oxy C19 androgens are emerging to be clinically and biochemically significant in PCOS, thus emphasising the importance of understanding the impact of both classic and C11-oxy C19 androgens on women's health. Here we discuss androgen metabolism in the context of PCOS, and dissect the role played by androgens in the development of metabolic disease through their effects on metabolic target tissues in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punith Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eka Melson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Konstantinos N. Manolopoulos
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Jansen J, Greither T, Behre HM. Androgen-Regulated microRNAs (AndroMiRs) as Novel Players in Adipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5767. [PMID: 31744106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development, homeostasis, or increase of the adipose tissue is driven by the induction of the adipogenic differentiation (adipogenesis) of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Adipogenesis can be inhibited by androgen stimulation of these MSCs resulting in the transcription initiation or repression of androgen receptor (AR) regulated genes. AR not only regulates the transcription of protein-coding genes but also the transcription of several non-coding microRNAs involved in the posttranscriptional gene regulation (herein designated as AndroMiRs). As microRNAs are largely involved in differentiation processes such as adipogenesis, the involvement of AndroMiRs in the androgen-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis is likely, however, not yet intensively studied. In this review, existing knowledge about adipogenesis-related microRNAs and AndroMiRs is summarized, and putative cross-links are drawn, which are still prone to experimental validation.
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Kassotis CD, Stapleton HM. Endocrine-Mediated Mechanisms of Metabolic Disruption and New Approaches to Examine the Public Health Threat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30792693 PMCID: PMC6374316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders are of great societal concern and generate substantial human health care costs globally. Interventions have resulted in only minimal impacts on disrupting this worsening health trend, increasing attention on putative environmental contributors. Exposure to numerous environmental contaminants have, over decades, been demonstrated to result in increased metabolic dysfunction and/or weight gain in cell and animal models, and in some cases, even in humans. There are numerous mechanisms through which environmental contaminants may contribute to metabolic dysfunction, though certain mechanisms, such as activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma or the retinoid x receptor, have received considerably more attention than less-studied mechanisms such as antagonism of the thyroid receptor, androgen receptor, or mitochondrial toxicity. As such, research on putative metabolic disruptors is growing rapidly, as is our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Concurrent with these advances, new research has evaluated current models of adipogenesis, and new models have been proposed. Only in the last several years have studies really begun to address complex mixtures of contaminants and how these mixtures may disrupt metabolic health in environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Several studies have begun to assess environmental mixtures from various environments and study the mechanisms underlying their putative metabolic dysfunction; these studies hold real promise in highlighting crucial mechanisms driving observed organismal effects. In addition, high-throughput toxicity databases (ToxCast, etc.) may provide future benefits in prioritizing chemicals for in vivo testing, particularly once the causative molecular mechanisms promoting dysfunction are better understood and expert critiques are used to hone the databases. In this review, we will review the available literature linking metabolic disruption to endocrine-mediated molecular mechanisms, discuss the novel application of environmental mixtures and implications for in vivo metabolic health, and discuss the putative utility of applying high-throughput toxicity databases to answering complex organismal health outcome questions.
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Traditional sex-related biases in research are now obsolete, and it is important to identify the sex of humans, animals, and even cells in research protocols, due to the role of sex as a fundamental facet of biology, predisposition to disease, and response to therapy. Genetic sex, epigenetics and hormonal regulations, generate sex-dimorphisms. Recent investigations acknowledge sex differences in metabolic and immune health as well as chronic diseases. Prohibitin, an evolutionarily conserved molecule, has pleotropic functions in mitochondrial housekeeping, plasma membrane signaling, and nuclear genetic transcription. Studies in adipocytes, macrophages, and transgenic mice indicate that prohibitin interacts with sex steroids and plays a role in mediating sex differences in adipose tissues and immune cell types. Prohibitin may, depending on context, modulate predisposition to chronic metabolic diseases and malignancy and, because of these attributes, could be a target for sex-based therapies of metabolic and immune-related diseases as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Mishra
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba R3A1R9, Canada.,2 Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba R3E0J9, Canada
| | - Bl Grégoire Nyomba
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba R3A1R9, Canada
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29
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Labrecque J, Michaud A, Gauthier MF, Pelletier M, Julien F, Bouvet-Bouchard L, Tchernof A. Interleukin-1β and prostaglandin-synthesizing enzymes as modulators of human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 141:9-16. [PMID: 30661603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
IL-1β stimulates expression of prostaglandin (PG)-synthesizing enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1B1 in human preadipocytes. We aimed to examine the impact of IL-1β, COX-2 and AKR1B1 on markers of human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue function, and to assess whether PG synthesis by these enzymes mediates IL-1β effects. Omental and subcutaneous fat samples were obtained from bariatric surgery patients. PG release and expression of inflammatory and adipogenic markers were assessed in explants treated with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 or AKR1B1 inhibitor Statil, with or without IL-1β. Preadipocyte differentiation experiments were also performed. IL-1β decreased expression of PPARγ in both fat depots compared to control and increased expression of NF-κB1, IL-6, CCL-5, ICAM-1 and VEGFA, especially in visceral fat for IL-6, CCL-5 and VEGFA. Adding Statil or NS-398 to IL-1β blunted PGF2α and PGE2 release, but did not alter IL-1β effects on adipose tissue function markers. IL-1β down-regulated adipocyte differentiation whereas NS-398 alone increased this process. However, NS-398 did not prevent IL-1β inhibition of adipogenesis. We conclude that IL-1β induces a pro-inflammatory response in human adipose tissues, particularly in visceral fat, and acts independently of concomitant PG release. IL-1β and COX-2 appear to be critical determinants of adipose tissue pathophysiologic remodeling in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Labrecque
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; École de nutrition - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Andréanne Michaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute - McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Frédérique Gauthier
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Julien
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Léonie Bouvet-Bouchard
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; École de nutrition - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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30
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Ignatiuk VM, Izvolskaya MS, Sharova VS, Voronova SN, Zakharova LA. Disruptions in the reproductive system of female rats after prenatal lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological stress: role of sex steroids. Stress 2019; 22:133-141. [PMID: 30369279 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1508440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress signals during fetal or early postnatal periods may disorganize reproductive axis development at different levels. This study was aimed to test the hypothesis that prenatal immunological stress induced by bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has impact on structure and function of the reproductive system in female offspring. Adult female Wistar rats were divided into two groups, a control group (n = 5) and a LPS group (n = 12). Rats were injected with LPS 50 μg/kg body or 0.9% saline intraperitoneally on the 12th day of pregnancy. After birth the female pups (n = 20 in each group) were divided into four groups: (group 1) 0.9% saline prenatally, sesame oil (vehicle) postnatally; (group 2) LPS prenatally, sesame oil postnatally; (group 3) LPS prenatally, fulvestrant postnatally; (group 4) LPS prenatally, flutamide postnatally. Pups were injected subcutaneously into the neck with fulvestrant (estrogen receptor antagonist), 1.5 mg/kg in sesame oil, from postnatal day (PND) 5 to PND14; or flutamide (androgen receptor antagonist), 20 mg/kg in sesame oil, from PND14 to PND30. Rats of the control group were injected with sesame oil during the same time period. Parameters were evaluated by ELISA (serum estradiol and testosterone) and ovarian histology. The main findings were: (1) prenatal stress during the critical period resulted in delayed vaginal opening, decreased body weight and serum concentrations of sex steroids, and significant disorders in ovarian development; (2) postnatal estradiol and testosterone antagonist treatments decreased follicular atresia through increasing the number of healthy follicles and restored endogenous steroid production. Lay summaryImmunological stress, caused by simulating infection through exposure to a bacterial toxin (LPS), during a critical period of fetal development in laboratory rats results in delayed reproductive maturity, decreased body weight and decreased secretion of sex steroids in female offspring, and abnormalities in the ovaries like those in polycystic ovarian syndrome. These prenatally toxin-induced sexual disorders in females could be corrected by estradiol/testosterone antagonists during the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Ignatiuk
- a Moscow State University GSP-1 , Moscow , Russia
| | - M S Izvolskaya
- b Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - V S Sharova
- b Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - S N Voronova
- b Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - L A Zakharova
- b Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the most invaliding and preventable diseases in the United States. Growing evidence suggests that there are sex differences in obesity in human and experimental animals. However, the specific mechanisms of this disease are unknown. Consequently, there is any particular treatment according to the sex/gender at this time. During the last decade, we observe a rise in the study of adipocyte and the possible mechanisms involved in the different roles of the fat. Furthermore, the effect of sex steroids on the adipocyte is one of the fields that need elucidation. Supporting evidence suggests that sex steroids play an essential role not only in the fat distribution, but also, in its metabolism, proliferation, and function. Thus, using in vitro and in vivo studies will contribute to our fight against this critical health public problem encompassing both sexes. In the present review, we discuss some of the recent advances in the adipocytes and the effect of the sex steroids on the adipose tissue. Also, we propose a new alternative to study the role of sex steroids on adipocyte biology through human adipose-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jayne Fitzgerald
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Amol Vijay Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Allison Barnes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Rodrigo Oscar Maranon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Cardio Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,The Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Abstract
Low plasma testosterone (T) levels correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and increased mortality risk. T exerts a significant effect on the regulation of adipose tissue accumulation, and in the glucose and lipids metabolism. Adipocytes are the primary source of the most important adipokines responsible for inflammation and chronic diseases. This review aims to analyze the possible effect of T on the regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines secretion. A systematic literature search on MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane using the combination of the following keywords: “testosterone” with “inflammation,” “cytokines,” “adiponectin, CRP, IL-1B, IL-6, TNFα, leptin” was conducted. Sixteen articles related to the effect of low T level and 18 to the effect of T therapy on proinflammatory cytokine were found. T exerts a significant inhibitory effect on adipose tissue formation and the expression of various adipocytokines, such as leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and is positively correlated with adiponectin level, whereas a low T level is correlated with increased expression of markers of inflammation. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of T, integrated with weight loss and physical activity, on its action on the mechanisms of production and regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Tchernof A, Brochu D, Maltais‐Payette I, Mansour MF, Marchand GB, Carreau A, Kapeluto J. Androgens and the Regulation of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution in Humans. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1253-1290. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Globally, the obesity pandemic is profoundly affecting quality of life and economic productivity, but efforts to address this, especially on a pharmacological level, have generally proven unsuccessful to date, serving as a stark demonstration that our understanding of adipocyte biology and pathophysiology is incomplete. To deliver better insight into adipocyte function and obesity, we need improved adipocyte models with a high degree of fidelity in representing the in vivo state and with a diverse range of experimental applications. Adipocyte cell lines, especially 3T3-L1 cells, have been used extensively over many years, but these are limited in terms of relevance and versatility. In this review, I propose that primary adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) present a superior model with which to study adipocyte biology ex vivo. In particular, ASCs afford us the opportunity to study adipocytes from different, functionally distinct, adipose depots and to investigate, by means of in vivo/ex vivo studies, the effects of many different physiological and pathophysiological factors, such as age, body weight, hormonal status, diet and nutraceuticals, as well as disease and pharmacological treatments, on the biology of adipocytes and their precursors. This study will give an overview of the characteristics of ASCs and published studies utilizing ASCs, to highlight the areas where our knowledge is lacking. More comprehensive studies in primary ASCs will contribute to an improved understanding of adipose tissue, in healthy and dysfunctional states, which will enhance our efforts to more successfully manage and treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanél Sadie-Van Gijsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, South Africa
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35
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Cui X, Cui H, Liu L, Zhao G, Liu R, Li Q, Zheng M, Wen J. Decreased testosterone levels after caponization leads to abdominal fat deposition in chickens. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:344. [PMID: 29743036 PMCID: PMC5944178 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caponization results in reduced androgen levels, which leads to abdominal fat accumulation in capons. In this study, we sought to understand the molecular mechanisms behind this fat accumulation. RESULTS Abdominal fat (AF) content increased significantly (P < 0.05) and serum and AF testosterone levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) after caponization. In AF tissue, 90 differentially expressed genes related to lipid metabolism were screened by gene expression profiling in caponized and sham-treated chickens. Among these, six representative genes were significantly up-regulated (APOA1, SCD, FABP7, RXRG, and FADS2) or down-regulated (FABP3) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and were strongly associated with the PPAR pathway. In addition, cell junction pathways were also enriched. In vitro, Fat content was significantly lower in cells treated with testosterone compared with control cells (P < 0.01), and mRNA levels of RXRG, FABP7, and FABP3 changed accordingly, confirming the effect of testosterone on fat deposition. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that testosterone reduction likely regulates gene expression through PPAR and cell junction pathways resulting in increased fat accumulation. These results provide increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms by which caponization induces greater fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Huanxian Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qinghe Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China.
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36
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Echiburú B, Pérez-Bravo F, Galgani JE, Sandoval D, Saldías C, Crisosto N, Maliqueo M, Sir-Petermann T. Enlarged adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue associated to hyperandrogenism and visceral adipose tissue volume in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2018; 130:15-21. [PMID: 29273198 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an androgen excess disorder associated with obesity and adipose tissue disturbances. Our aim was to evaluate gene expression of adipocytokines and adipocyte characteristics in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of PCOS women. DESIGN Twelve PCOS (PCOSw) and 12 control (Cw) premenopausal women (BMI 20-35 kg/m2) were included, with measurements of whole-body composition assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, by magnetic resonance imaging. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed with measurements of glucose and insulin, and sex steroids, lipid profile and serum adipocytokines were determined in the fasting sample. Adipocytokine gene expression, mean adipocyte area and macrophage infiltration were evaluated in SAT biopsies. RESULTS Both groups were comparable in age and BMI. Trunk fat mass amount (p = .043), serum and SAT leptin/adiponectin ratio (p = .034 and p = .028, respectively) and adipocyte area (p = .015) were higher in PCOSw compared to Cw. Interestingly, trunk fat mass was positively correlated with adipocyte area in PCOSw (r = 0.821, p = .023), while the inverse correlation was found in Cw (r = -0.786, p = .021). Only in PCOSw, adipocyte area was positively correlated with serum testosterone (r = 0.857, p = .014) and visceral adipose tissue volume (r = 0.857, p = .014). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PCOS women present adipose tissue dysfunction in the subcutaneous compartment, characterized by an alteration in adipocyte size and leptin/adiponectin expression and secretion, probably associated with higher androgen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Echiburú
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Francisco Pérez-Bravo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José E Galgani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism and UDA-Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Sandoval
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Carolina Saldías
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion, Chillán, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Sir-Petermann
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Rubinow KB, Chao JH, Hagman D, Kratz M, Van Yserloo B, Gaikwad NW, Amory JK, Page ST. Circulating sex steroids coregulate adipose tissue immune cell populations in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E528-E539. [PMID: 28698282 PMCID: PMC5792144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00075.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Male hypogonadism results in changes in body composition characterized by increases in fat mass. Resident immune cells influence energy metabolism in adipose tissue and could promote increased adiposity through paracrine effects. We hypothesized that manipulation of circulating sex steroid levels in healthy men would alter adipose tissue immune cell populations. Subjects (n = 44 men, 19-55 yr of age) received 4 wk of treatment with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist acyline with daily administration of 1) placebo gel, 2) 1.25 g testosterone gel (1.62%), 3) 5 g testosterone gel, or 4) 5 g testosterone gel with an aromatase inhibitor. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were performed at baseline and end-of-treatment, and adipose tissue immune cells, gene expression, and intra-adipose estrogen levels were quantified. Change in serum total testosterone level correlated inversely with change in the number of CD3+ (β = -0.36, P = 0.04), CD4+ (β = -0.34, P = 0.04), and CD8+ (β = -0.33, P = 0.05) T cells within adipose tissue. Change in serum 17β-estradiol level correlated inversely with change in the number of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) (β = -0.34, P = 0.05). A negative association also was found between change in serum testosterone and change in CD11c+ ATMs (β = -0.41, P = 0.01). Overall, sex steroid deprivation was associated with increases in adipose tissue T cells and ATMs. No associations were found between changes in serum sex steroid levels and changes in adipose tissue gene expression. Circulating sex steroid levels may regulate adipose tissue immune cell populations. These exploratory findings highlight a possible novel mechanism that could contribute to increased metabolic risk in hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington;
- Diabetes Institute, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jing H Chao
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Derek Hagman
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Mario Kratz
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Brian Van Yserloo
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nilesh W Gaikwad
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - John K Amory
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie T Page
- Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Diabetes Institute, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Frank AP, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Do estrogens enhance activation of brown and beiging of adipose tissues? Physiol Behav 2017; 187:24-31. [PMID: 28988965 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated co-morbidities are worldwide public health concerns. Obesity is characterized by excessive adipose tissue accumulation; however, it is important to recognize that human and rodent adipose tissues are made up of several distinct adipose tissue sub-types. White adipose tissue (WAT) is considered the prototypical fat cell, due to its capacity and capability to store large amounts of lipid. In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) oxidizes substrates to generate heat. BAT contains more mitochondria than WAT and express uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), which mediates BAT thermogenesis. A third sub-type of adipose tissue, Brown-in-white (BRITE)/beige adipocytes arise from WAT upon adrenergic stimulation and resembles BAT functionally. The energy burning feature of BAT/beige cells, combined with evidence of an inverse-correlation between BAT/beige adipose tissue and obesity have given rise to the hypothesis that obesity may be linked to BAT/beige 'malfunction'. Females have more BAT and perhaps an enhanced capacity to beige their adipose tissue when compared to males. Multiple signal pathways are capable of activating BAT thermogenesis and beiging of WAT; here, we discuss the potential role of estrogens in enhancing and mediating these factors to enhance adipose tissue thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Frank
- Biomedical Research Division, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Research Division, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clinical literature on the effects of ovarian hormones on the physiology of adipose tissue (AT) and the regulation of AT mass by energy intake and EE. SEARCH METHODS Articles in English indexed in PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight regulation and (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging research foci with clinical translational potential rather than to provide a comprehensive review. OUTCOMES We find that estrogens play a leading role in the causes and consequences of female obesity. With respect to adiposity, estrogens synergize with AT genes to increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous AT mass and decrease central AT mass in reproductive-age women, which leads to protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss of estrogens after menopause, independent of aging, increases total AT mass and decreases lean body mass, so that there is little net effect on body weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's protective AT distribution. These effects can be counteracted by estrogen treatment. With respect to eating, increasing estrogen levels progressively decrease eating during the follicular and peri-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Progestin levels are associated with eating during the luteal phase, but there does not appear to be a causal relationship. Progestins may increase binge eating and eating stimulated by negative emotional states during the luteal phase. Pre-clinical research indicates that one mechanism for the pre-ovulatory decrease in eating is a central action of estrogens to increase the satiating potency of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another mechanism involves a decrease in the preference for sweet foods during the follicular phase. Genetic defects in brain α-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead to a syndrome of overeating and obesity that is particularly pronounced in women and in female animals. The syndrome appears around puberty in mice with genetic deletions of MC4R, suggesting a role of ovarian hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data indicates that fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect eating by influencing striatal dopaminergic processing of flavor hedonics and lateral prefrontal cortex processing of cognitive inhibitory controls of eating. There is a dearth of research on the neuroendocrine control of eating after menopause. There is also comparatively little research on the effects of ovarian hormones on EE, although changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do affect resting EE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The markedly greater obesity burden in women makes understanding the diverse effects of ovarian hormones on eating, EE and body adiposity urgent research challenges. A variety of research modalities can be used to investigate these effects in women, and most of the mechanisms reviewed are accessible in animal models. Therefore, human and translational research on the roles of ovarian hormones in women's obesity and its causes should be intensified to gain further mechanistic insights that may ultimately be translated into novel anti-obesity therapies and thereby improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lori Asarian
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Schiffer L, Kempegowda P, Arlt W, O’Reilly MW. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The sexually dimorphic role of androgens in human metabolic disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R125-R143. [PMID: 28566439 PMCID: PMC5510573 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Female androgen excess and male androgen deficiency manifest with an overlapping adverse metabolic phenotype, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the impact of androgens on metabolic target tissues in an attempt to unravel the complex mechanistic links with metabolic dysfunction; we also evaluate clinical studies examining the associations between metabolic disease and disorders of androgen metabolism in men and women. We conceptualise that an equilibrium between androgen effects on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle underpins the metabolic phenotype observed in female androgen excess and male androgen deficiency. Androgens induce adipose tissue dysfunction, with effects on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and fat mass expansion, while anabolic effects on skeletal muscle may confer metabolic benefits. We hypothesise that serum androgen concentrations observed in female androgen excess and male hypogonadism are metabolically disadvantageous, promoting adipose and liver lipid accumulation, central fat mass expansion and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Punith Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael W O’Reilly
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to M W O’Reilly;
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Piontek U, Wallaschofski H, Kastenmüller G, Suhre K, Völzke H, Do KT, Artati A, Nauck M, Adamski J, Friedrich N, Pietzner M. Sex-specific metabolic profiles of androgens and its main binding protein SHBG in a middle aged population without diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2235. [PMID: 28533544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of androgens in metabolism with respect to sex-specific disease associations is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to provide molecular signatures in plasma and urine of androgen action in a sex-specific manner using state-of-the-art metabolomics techniques. Our study population consisted of 430 men and 343 women, aged 20-80 years, who were recruited for the cross-sectional population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND), Germany. We used linear regression models to identify associations between testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) as well as sex hormone-binding globulin and plasma or urine metabolites measured by mass spectrometry. The analyses revealed major sex-specific differences in androgen-associated metabolites, particularly for levels of urate, lipids and metabolic surrogates of lifestyle factors, like cotinine or piperine. In women, in particular in the postmenopausal state, androgens showed a greater impact on the metabolome than in men (especially DHEAS and lipids were highly related in women). We observed a novel association of androstenedione on the metabolism of biogenic amines and only a small sex-overlap of associations within steroid metabolism. The present study yields new insights in the interaction between androgens and metabolism, especially about their implication in female metabolism.
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Crisosto N, Flores C, Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Vásquez J, Maluenda F, Sir-Petermann T. Testosterone increases CCL-2 expression in visceral adipose tissue from obese women of reproductive age. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 444:59-66. [PMID: 28161330 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperandrogenic states and obesity in women are associated with insulin-resistance. Androgens reduce glucose uptake in adipose cells and increase TNFα production in peripheral monocytes. Inflammatory cytokines have a known detrimental effect on insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of testosterone in local cytokine production in visceral adipose tissue from women of reproductive age. DESIGN Twenty-four women 18-40 years old, undergoing elective abdominal surgery for benign and non-inflammatory conditions, were recruited for the study. Women with clinical hyperandrogenism, diabetes, hepatic or renal dysfunction, hypothyroidism, BMI> 40 or drugs known to interfere with hormonal levels or fat metabolism were excluded. Women were classified into two groups according to BMI, non-obese (NO; BMI < 30) and obese (O; BMI 30-40). A basal blood sample was drawn at the time of surgery for the measurement of glucose, insulin, total testosterone, lipid profile and circulating CCL-2, IL-6 and total adiponectin. Omental fat tissue (10 g) was obtained in all women. Samples of 300 mg of minced adipose tissue were incubated with vehicle (CTL) or testosterone (T) 10-9 M to 10-6 M for 24, 48 or 72 h. CCL-2, IL-6, TNFα, androgen Receptor (AR) mRNA levels were measured by Real Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and normalized to GAPDH expression. Secretion of CCL-2 and IL-6 was measured in conditioned media by ELISA. RESULTS Expression of CCL-2 and IL-6 at 24 h in CTLs was significantly higher in the obese group compared to the non-obese group (2.81 ± 0.43 fold for CCL-2; p = 0.005 and 3.26 ± 0.73 fold for IL-6; p = 0.03). At 48 and 72 h there were no differences between both groups in any of the markers. In the total group without T stimulation (CTL) there were significant correlations between: TNFα expression at 24 h and BMI (r = 0.708; p = 0.005), TGC levels (r = 0.904; p = 0.004), total Cholesterol (r = 0.904; p = 0.0046) and IL-6 expression at 24 h (r = 0.642; p = 0.015). CCL-2 expression at 24 h was correlated with BMI (r = 0.637; p = 0.007) and TGC levels (r = 0.700; p = 0.02). Stimulation with T 10-6 M for 72 h produced an increase in CCL-2 expression, which was significantly larger in the obese group compared to the non-obese group (2.04 ± 0.44 in obese vs 0.82 ± 0.11 in non-obese; p = 0.015). Moreover, in the whole group there was a positive correlation between CCL-2 expression in T-treated tissues (10-6 M 72 h) and BMI (r = 0.514; p = 0.017). Cytokine determinations followed the same pattern as mRNA but without significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone increases CCL-2 expression in visceral adipose tissue from obese women of reproductive age. This response is associated to BMI. These results show new possible mechanisms connecting androgens to insulin resistance and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Crisosto
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Endocrinology Unit, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. /
| | - Cristián Flores
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Vásquez
- Surgery Unit, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Teresa Sir-Petermann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kassotis CD, Masse L, Kim S, Schlezinger JJ, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Characterization of Adipogenic Chemicals in Three Different Cell Culture Systems: Implications for Reproducibility Based on Cell Source and Handling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42104. [PMID: 28176856 PMCID: PMC5296734 DOI: 10.1038/srep42104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for chemical exposures to exacerbate the development and/or prevalence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, is currently of great societal concern. Various in vitro assays are available to assess adipocyte differentiation, though little work has been done to standardize protocols and compare models effectively. This study compares several adipogenic cell culture systems under a variety of conditions to assess variability in responses. Two sources of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as OP9 preadipocytes were assessed for cell proliferation and triglyceride accumulation following different induction periods and using various tissue culture plates. Both cell line and cell source had a significant impact on potencies and efficacies of adipogenic chemicals. Gene expression analyses suggested that differential expression of nuclear receptors involved in adipogenesis underlie the differences between OP9 and 3T3-L1 cells; however, there were also differences based on 3T3-L1 cell source. Induction period modulated potency and efficacy of response depending on cell line and test chemical, and large variations were observed in triglyceride accumulation and cell proliferation between brands of tissue culture plates. Our results suggest that the selection of a cell system and differentiation protocol significantly impacts the detection of adipogenic chemicals, and therefore, influences reproducibility of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Masse
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Flück M, Ruoss S, Möhl CB, Valdivieso P, Benn MC, von Rechenberg B, Laczko E, Hu J, Wieser K, Meyer DC, Gerber C. Genomic and lipidomic actions of nandrolone on detached rotator cuff muscle in sheep. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:382-395. [PMID: 27523963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of fatty infiltration of pennate rotator cuff muscle after tendon release is hitherto impossible. The administration of nandrolone starting at the time of tendon release prevents the increase in fat content, but does not revert established fatty infiltration. We hypothesised that tendon release and myotendinous retraction cause alterations in lipid related gene expression leading to fatty muscle infiltration, which can be suppressed by nandrolone through its genomic actions if applied immediately after tendon release. The effects of infraspinatus tendon release and subsequent tendon repair at 16 weeks were studied in six Swiss Alpine sheep. In the interventional groups, 150mg nandrolone was administered weekly after tendon release until sacrifice (N22W, n=6) or starting at the time of repair (N6W, n=6). Infraspinatus volume, composition, expressed transcripts, lipids, and selected proteins were analyzed at baseline, 16 and 22 weeks. Tendon release reduced infraspinatus volume by 22% and increased fat content from 11% to 38%. These changes were not affected by repair. Fatty infiltration was associated with up-regulation of 227 lipid species, and increased levels of the adipocyte differentiation marker PPARG2 (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2). Nandrolone abrogated lipid accumulation, halved the loss in fiber area percentage, and up-regulated androgen receptor levels and transcript expression in the N22W but not the N6W group. The results document that nandrolone mitigates muscle-to-fat transformation after tendon release via a general down-regulation of lipid accumulation concomitantly with up-regulated expression of its nuclear receptor and downstream transcripts in skeletal muscle. Reduced responsiveness of retracted muscle to nandrolone as observed in the N6W group is reflected by a down-regulated transcript response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Severin Ruoss
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph B Möhl
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario C Benn
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Junmin Hu
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Wieser
- Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik C Meyer
- Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerber
- Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cameron JL, Jain R, Rais M, White AE, Beer TM, Kievit P, Winters-Stone K, Messaoudi I, Varlamov O. Perpetuating effects of androgen deficiency on insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1856-1863. [PMID: 27534842 PMCID: PMC5140744 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used for treatment of
prostate cancer, but is associated with side effects such as sarcopenia and
insulin resistance. The role of lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise
on insulin sensitivity and body composition in testosterone-deficient males
is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the
relationships between androgen status, diet, and insulin sensitivity. Subjects/Methods Middle-aged (11–12-yo) intact and orchidectomized male rhesus
macaques were maintained for two months on a standard chow diet, and then
exposed for six months to a Western-style, high-fat/calorie-dense diet (WSD)
followed by four months of caloric restriction (CR). Body composition,
insulin sensitivity, physical activity, serum cytokine levels, and adipose
biopsies were evaluated before and after each dietary intervention. Results Both intact and orchidectomized animals gained similar proportions of
body fat, developed visceral and subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy, and
became insulin resistant in response to the WSD. CR reduced body fat in both
groups, but reversed insulin resistance only in intact animals.
Orchidectomized animals displayed progressive sarcopenia, which persisted
after the switch to CR. Androgen deficiency was associated with increased
levels of interleukin-6 and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22), both of
which were elevated during CR. Physical activity levels showed a negative
correlation with body fat and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion Androgen deficiency exacerbated the negative metabolic side effects
of the WSD, such that CR alone was not sufficient to improve altered insulin
sensitivity, suggesting that ADT patients will require additional
interventions to reverse insulin resistance and sarcopenia.
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Shimabukuro M, Sato H, Izaki H, Fukuda D, Uematsu E, Hirata Y, Yagi S, Soeki T, Sakaue H, Kanayama HO, Masuzaki H, Sata M. Depot- and gender-specific expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and toll-like receptors in adipose tissue of cancer patients. Biofactors 2016; 42:397-406. [PMID: 27086574 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gender difference in obesity-associated cardiovascular complication could be derived from divergent chronic inflammation. We evaluated depot- and gender-specific regulation of the innate immune system in human adipose tissues. Pair samples were obtained from subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) during elective surgery (Male: 35; Female: 27). Expressions of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines were evaluated by semi-quantitative qPCR. Adipose cell-size distribution was obtained from tissue samples fixed in osmium tetroxide and analyzed by Beckman Coulter Multisizer. Levels of adiponectin were higher in SAT and VAT of female than those of male (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). NLRP3, IL1β-IL18, TLR2 were comparable in SAT and VAT between genders. However, TLR4 and TLR9 were increased in female SAT and VAT and HMGB1 in female VAT. Levels of adiponectin were not correlated with mean diameter of adipocyte (φ, μm) in SAT and VAT of male, but negatively well correlated in those of female (r = -0.392 and r = -0.616). Such negative correlations were also observed between levels of TLR2, TLR4, and HMGB1 and φ in female. Levels of NLRP3 and IL1β were positively correlated with φ in male, but not in female. In conclusion, Innate signals were differentially expressed in male and female adipose tissues, suggesting that the depot- and gender-specific signals could be related to gender difference in chronic inflammation. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):397-406, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Shimabukuro
- Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Izaki
- Department of Urology, Tokushima Prefectural Central Hospital
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Etsuko Uematsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiro-Omi Kanayama
- Department of Urology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masuzaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Fouad Mansour M, Pelletier M, Tchernof A. Characterization of 5α-reductase activity and isoenzymes in human abdominal adipose tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:45-53. [PMID: 26855069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The substrate for the generation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is either androstenedione (4-dione) which is first converted to androstanedione and then to DHT through 17-oxoreductase activity, or testosterone, which is directly converted to DHT. Three 5α-reductase isoenzymes have been characterized and designated as types 1, 2 and 3 (SRD5A1, 2 and 3). OBJECTIVE To define the predominant source of local DHT production in human adipose tissues, identify 5α-reductase isoenzymes and test their impact on preadipocyte differentiation. METHODS Cultures of omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) preadipocytes were treated for 0, 6 or 24h with 30nM (14)C-4-dione or (14)C-testosterone, with and without 500nM 5α-reductase inhibitors 17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-androstan-3-one (4-MA) or finasteride. Protein level and mRNA abundance of 5α-reductase isoenzymes/transcripts were examined in whole SC and OM adipose tissue. HEK-293 cells stably transfected with 5α-reductase type 1, 2 or 3 were used to test 5α-reductase inhibitors. We also assessed the impact of 5α-reductase inhibitors on preadipocyte differentiation. RESULTS Over 24h, DHT formation from 4-dione increased gradually (p<0.05) and was significantly higher compared to that generated from testosterone (p<0.001). DHT formation from both 4-dione and testosterone was blocked by both 5α-reductase inhibitors. In whole adipose tissue from both fat compartments, SRD5A3 was the most highly expressed isoenzyme followed by SRD5A1 (p<0.001). SRD5A2 was not expressed. In HEK-293 cells, 4-MA and finasteride inhibited activity of 5α-reductases types 2 and 3 but not type 1. In preadipocyte cultures where differentiation was inhibited by 4-dione (p<0.05, n=7) or testosterone (p<0.05, n=5), the inhibitors 4-MA and finasteride abolished these effects. CONCLUSION Although 4-dione is the main source of DHT in human preadipocytes, production of this steroid by 5α-reductase isoenzymes mediates the inhibitory effect of both 4-dione and testosterone on preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is increasingly appreciated as a special fat depot. The adipocytes in this depot exert a variety of unique effects on their surrounding cells and can undergo massive phenotypic changes. Significant modulation of dWAT content can be observed both in intrinsically and extrinsically aged skin. Specifically, skin that has been chronically photo-damaged displays a reduction of the dWAT volume, caused by the replacement of adipocytes by fibrotic structures. This is likely to be caused by the recently uncovered process described as "adipocyte-myofibroblast transition" (AMT). In addition, contributions of dermal adipocytes to the skin aging processes are also indirectly supported by spatial correlations between the prevalence of hypertrophic scarring and the appearance of signs of skin aging in different ethnic groups. These observations could elevate dermal adipocytes to prime targets in strategies aimed at counteracting skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Abstract
CONTEXT Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and T hormones are advertised as antiaging, antiobesity products. However, the evidence that these hormones have beneficial effects on adipose tissue metabolism is limited. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effect of DHEA and T supplementation on systemic lipolysis during a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) and an iv glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). DESIGN This was a 2-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING The study was conducted at a general clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS Sixty elderly women with low DHEA concentrations and 92 elderly men with low DHEA and bioavailable T concentrations participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS Elderly women received 50 mg DHEA (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30). Elderly men received 75 mg DHEA (n = 30), 5 mg T (n = 30), or placebo (n = 32). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In vivo measures of systemic lipolysis (palmitate rate of appearance) during a MMTT or IVGTT. RESULTS At baseline there was no difference in insulin suppression of lipolysis measured during MMTT and IVGTT between the treatment groups and placebo. For both sexes, a univariate analysis showed no difference in changes in systemic lipolysis during the MMTT or IVGTT in the DHEA group and T group when compared with placebo. There was no change in the results after adjusting for the resting energy expenditure, except for a small, but significant (P = .03) lowering of MMTT nadir palmitate rate of appearance in women who received DHEA. CONCLUSION In elderly individuals with concentrations of DHEA (men and women) or T (men) below the normal range for young adults, supplementation of these hormones has no effect on insulin suppression of systemic lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Rizza
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) has received little appreciation in the past as a distinct entity from the better recognized subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). However, recent work has established dWAT as an important contributor to a multitude of processes, including immune response, wound healing and scarring, hair follicle (HF) growth, and thermoregulation. Unique metabolic contributions have also been attributed to dWAT, at least in part due to its thermic insulation properties and response to cold exposure. Dermal adipocytes can also undergo an adipocyte-myofibroblast transition (AMT), a process that is suspected to have an important role in several pathophysiological processes within the skin. Here, we discuss emerging concepts regarding dWAT physiology and its significance to a variety of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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