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Morgan SA, Berryman DE, List EO, Lavery GG, Stewart PM, Kopchick JJ. Regulation of 11β-HSD1 by GH/IGF-1 in key metabolic tissues may contribute to metabolic disease in GH deficient patients. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 62:101440. [PMID: 34814007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) have many clinical features in common with Cushing's syndrome (glucocorticoid excess) - notably visceral obesity, insulin resistance, muscle myopathy and increased vascular mortality. Within key metabolic tissues, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts cortisone to the active glucocorticoid, cortisol (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone in rodents respectively), and thus amplifies local glucocorticoid action. We hypothesize that 11β-HSD1 expression is negatively regulated by growth hormone (GH), and that GHD patients have elevated 11β-HSD1 within key metabolic tissues (leading to increased intracellular cortisol generation) which contributes to the clinical features of this disease. To identify the impact of GH excess/resistance on 11β-HSD1 in vivo, we measured mRNA expression in key metabolic tissues of giant mice expressing the bovine GH (bGH) gene, dwarf mice with a disrupted GH receptor (GHRKO) gene and mice expressing a gene encoding a GH receptor antagonist (GHA). Additionally, we assessed urine steroid markers of 11β-HSD1 activity in both GHRKO and bGH animals. 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased in gastrocnemius muscle (0.43-fold, p < 0.05), subcutaneous adipose (0.53-fold, p < 0.05) and epididymal adipose tissue (0.40-fold, p < 0.05), but not liver, in bGH mice compared to WT controls. This was paralleled by an increased percentage of 11-DHC (inactive glucocorticoid) present in the urine of bGH mice compared to WT controls (2.5-fold, p < 0.01) - consistent with decreased systemic 11β-HSD1 activity. By contrast, expression of 11β-HSD1 was increased in the liver of GHRKO (2.7-fold, p < 0.05) and GHA mice (2.0-fold, p < 0.05) compared to WT controls, but not gastrocnemius muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue or epididymal adipose tissue. In summary, we have demonstrated a negative relationship between GH action and 11β-HSD1 expression which appears to be tissue specific. These data provide evidence that increased intracellular cortisol production within key tissues may contribute to metabolic disease in GHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University/The Ridges, 1 Water Tower Drive, Building #25, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University/The Ridges, 1 Water Tower Drive, Building #25, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University/The Ridges, 1 Water Tower Drive, Building #25, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Shukla R, Basu AK, Mandal B, Mukhopadhyay P, Maity A, Chakraborty S, Devrabhai PK. 11β Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - 1 activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comparative study. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:15. [PMID: 30678666 PMCID: PMC6345010 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comparative study of 11 β HSD 1 activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with respect to fasting blood glucose and other metabolic parameters was conducted. METHODS A case control experimental study was performed enrolling thirty type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and thirty age, gender and BMI matched controls using cortisone acetate test. RESULTS The rise of serum cortisol after oral 25 mg cortisone acetate from baseline (dexamethasone suppressed level) is higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes and is associated with exercise, BMI, SGOT but not daily calorie intake, lipid parameters and thyroid status. Fasting blood glucose after overnight 1 mg oral dexamethasone is a strong predictor of 11HSD1 activity, irrespective of presence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION 11β HSD 1 activity is higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects, especially those who are lean. Future 11 β HSD 1 inhibitors targeting metabolic syndrome, will be most useful in those with increased fasting blood glucose. The role of DHEAS and vitamin D status needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, AIIMS, Jodhpur, 342005 India
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Seidel T, Schuetz DA, Garon A, Langer T. The Pharmacophore Concept and Its Applications in Computer-Aided Drug Design. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 110:99-141. [PMID: 31621012 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14632-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacophore-based techniques currently are an integral part of many computer-aided drug design workflows and have been successfully and extensively applied for tasks such as virtual screening, de novo design, and lead optimization. Pharmacophore models can be derived both in a receptor-based and in a ligand-based manner, and provide an abstract description of essential non-bonded interactions that typically occur between small-molecule ligands and macromolecular targets. Due to their simplistic and abstract nature, pharmacophores are both perfectly suited for efficient computer processing and easy to comprehend by life and physical scientists. As a consequence, they have also proven to be a valuable tool for communicating between computational and medicinal chemists.This chapter aims to provide a short overview of the pharmacophore concept and its applications in modern computer-aided drug design. The chapter is divided into three distinct parts. The first section contains a brief introduction to the pharmacophore concept. The second section provides a description of the most common nonbonded interaction types and their representation as pharmacophoric features. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the various methods for pharmacophore generation and important pharmacophore-based techniques in drug design. This part concludes with examples for recent pharmacophore concept-related research and development. The last section is dedicated to a review of research in the field of natural product chemistry as carried out by employing pharmacophore-based drug design methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Doris A Schuetz
- InteLigand GmbH, IRIC-Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arthur Garon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gaster M. The diabetic phenotype is preserved in myotubes established from type 2 diabetic subjects: a critical appraisal. APMIS 2018; 127:3-26. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gaster
- Laboratory for Molecular Physiology Department of Pathology and Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
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Han S, Jeong AL, Lee S, Park JS, Buyanravjikh S, Kang W, Choi S, Park C, Han J, Son WC, Yoo KH, Cheong JH, Oh GT, Lee WY, Kim J, Suh SH, Lee SH, Lim JS, Lee MS, Yang Y. C1q/TNF-α–Related Protein 1 (CTRP1) Maintains Blood Pressure Under Dehydration Conditions. Circ Res 2018; 123:e5-e19. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sora Han
- From the Research Institute of Women’s Health (S.H.)
| | - Ae Lee Jeong
- Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea; New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Korea (A.L.J.)
| | - Sunyi Lee
- Research and Development Center, CJ HealthCare, Icheon, Korea (S.L.)
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute (J.S.P.)
| | | | - Wonku Kang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea (W.K., S.C., C.P.)
| | - Seungmok Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea (W.K., S.C., C.P.)
| | - Changmin Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea (W.K., S.C., C.P.)
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Physiology, National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea (J.H.)
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Pathology Department, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (W.-C.S.)
| | - Kyung Hyun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.H.Y., S.B., J.-S.L., M.-S.L., Y.Y.)
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea (J.H.C.)
| | | | - Won-Young Lee
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Endocrinology (W.-Y.L.)
- Department of Metabolism (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University School of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea (J.K.)
| | - Suk Hyo Suh
- Department of Physiology, Medical School (S.H.S.)
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital (S.-H.L.)
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.H.Y., S.B., J.-S.L., M.-S.L., Y.Y.)
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.H.Y., S.B., J.-S.L., M.-S.L., Y.Y.)
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.H.Y., S.B., J.-S.L., M.-S.L., Y.Y.)
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Murphy MO, Herald JB, Leachman J, Villasante Tezanos A, Cohn DM, Loria AS. A model of neglect during postnatal life heightens obesity-induced hypertension and is linked to a greater metabolic compromise in female mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1354-1365. [PMID: 29535450 PMCID: PMC6054818 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
.: Exposure to early life stress (ELS) is associated with behavioral-related alterations, increases in body mass index and higher systolic blood pressure in humans. Postnatal maternal separation and early weaning (MSEW) is a mouse model of neglect characterized by a long-term dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system. OBJECTIVES Given the contribution of adrenal-derived hormones to the development of obesity, we hypothesized that exposure to MSEW could contribute to the worsening of cardiometabolic function in response to chronic high-fat diet (HF) feeding by promoting adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance. SUBJECTS MSEW was performed in C57BL/6 mice from postnatal days 2-16 and weaned at postnatal day 17. Undisturbed litters weaned at postnatal day 21 served as the control (C) group. At the weaning day, mice were placed on a low-fat diet (LF) or HF for 16 weeks. RESULTS When fed a LF, male and female mice exposed to MSEW display similar body weight but increased fat mass compared to controls. However, when fed a HF, only female MSEW mice display increased body weight, fat mass, and adipocyte hypertrophy compared with controls. Also, female MSEW mice display evidence of an early onset of cardiometabolic risk factors, including hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and hypercholesterolemia. Yet, both male and female MSEW mice fed a HF show increased blood pressure compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that MSEW promotes a sex-specific dysregulation of the adipose tissue expansion and glucose homeostasis that precedes the development of obesity-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joseph B Herald
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jacqueline Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Dianne M Cohn
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Loerz C, Maser E. The cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in skeletal muscle in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:65-71. [PMID: 28765040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) contributes to intracellular glucocorticoid action by converting inactive cortisone to its receptor-active form cortisol (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone in mice and rats). The potential role of 11β-HSD1 in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome has emerged over the past three decades. However, the precise impact of 11β-HSD1 in obesity-related diseases remains uncertain. Many studies from animal experiments to clinical studies have investigated liver and adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 in relation to obesity and its metabolic disorders including insulin resistance. But the relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle has been less extensively studied. On the other hand, skeletal muscle is assumed to be the main site of peripheral insulin resistance, but the biological relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle is unclear. This mini-review will focus on 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle and its postulated link to obesity and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loerz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Loerz C, Staab-Weijnitz C, Huebbe P, Giller K, Metges C, Rimbach G, Maser E. Regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 following caloric restriction and re-feeding is species dependent. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 276:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Morgan SA, Hassan-Smith ZK, Doig CL, Sherlock M, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. Glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1 are major regulators of intramyocellular protein metabolism. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:277-86. [PMID: 27048233 PMCID: PMC5064767 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The adverse metabolic effects of prescribed and endogenous glucocorticoid excess, 'Cushing's syndrome', create a significant health burden. While skeletal muscle atrophy and resultant myopathy is a clinical feature, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes are not fully defined. We have characterized the impact of glucocorticoids upon key metabolic pathways and processes regulating muscle size and mass including: protein synthesis, protein degradation, and myoblast proliferation in both murine C2C12 and human primary myotube cultures. Furthermore, we have investigated the role of pre-receptor modulation of glucocorticoid availability by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in these processes. Corticosterone (CORT) decreased myotube area, decreased protein synthesis, and increased protein degradation in murine myotubes. This was supported by decreased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), decreased activating phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), decreased phosphorylation of 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and increased mRNA expression of key atrophy markers including: atrogin-1, forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), myostatin (MSTN), and muscle-ring finger protein-1 (MuRF1). These findings were endorsed in human primary myotubes, where cortisol also decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation. The effects of 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11DHC) (in murine myotubes) and cortisone (in human myotubes) on protein metabolism were indistinguishable from that of CORT/cortisol treatments. Selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition blocked the decrease in protein synthesis, increase in protein degradation, and reduction in myotube area induced by 11DHC/cortisone. Furthermore, CORT/cortisol, but not 11DHC/cortisone, decreased murine and human myoblast proliferative capacity. Glucocorticoids are potent regulators of skeletal muscle protein homeostasis and myoblast proliferation. Our data underscores the potential use of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to ameliorate muscle-wasting effects associated with glucocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zaki K Hassan-Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK School of MedicineWorsley Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchInstitute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Chen G, Wang R, Chen H, Wu L, Ge RS, Wang Y. Gossypol ameliorates liver fibrosis in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozocin. Life Sci 2016; 149:58-64. [PMID: 26883980 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors have been shown to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). Since gossypol is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, the objective of the present study was to treat T2D and T2D-related liver fibrosis in rat model using low-dose gossypol. T2D was induced by feeding with high fat diet plus injection of streptozocin (30mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with either vehicle control or racemic gossypol with a dose of 15mg/kg/day for 4weeks followed by 15mg/kg/week for additional 8weeks. Blood glucose, cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides were measured. Messenger mRNA levels of glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc), collagen I (Col1a1), collagen III (Col3a1), fibronectin (Fn1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (Timp1), and 2 (Timp2) were measured. T2D rats had higher serum glucose, cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels compared to control. Liver Nr3c1, Col1a1, Col3a1, Fn1, Timp1, and Timp2 were increased in T2D rats. T2D liver showed significant fibrosis with the increases of α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. After gossypol treatment, serum glucose level was lowered by 64%. Liver fibrosis was significantly ameliorated. Nr3c1, Col1a1, Col3a1, Fn1, Timp1, Timp2, Pck1 as well as G6pc levels were significantly reduced. In conclusion, low dose gossypol is effective for the treatment of T2D and T2D-related fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Chen
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, PR China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, PR China.
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Woods C, Tomlinson JW. The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Stomby A, Andrew R, Walker BR, Olsson T. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol regeneration by 11βHSD1 in obesity: has it promised too much? Diabetologia 2014; 57:1100-10. [PMID: 24710966 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome, caused by increased production of cortisol, leads to metabolic dysfunction including visceral adiposity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. The similarities with the metabolic syndrome are striking and major efforts have been made to find obesity-associated changes in the regulation of glucocorticoid action and synthesis, both at a systemic level and tissue level. Obesity is associated with tissue-specific alterations in glucocorticoid metabolism, with increased activity of the glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in subcutaneous adipose tissue and decreased conversion of cortisone to cortisol, interpreted as decreased 11βHSD1 activity, in the liver. In addition, genetic manipulation of 11βHSD1 activity in rodents can either induce (by overexpression of Hsd11b1, the gene encoding 11βHSD1) or prevent (by knocking out Hsd11b1) obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Taken together with earlier evidence that non-selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 enhance insulin sensitivity, these results led to the hypothesis that inhibition of 11βHSD1 might be a promising target for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Several selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors have now been developed and shown to improve metabolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the small magnitude of the glucose-lowering effect has precluded their further commercial development.This review focuses on the role of 11βHSD1 as a tissue-specific regulator of cortisol exposure in obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. We consider the potential of inhibition of 11βHSD1 as a therapeutic strategy that might address multiple complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, and provide our thoughts on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stomby
- Department for Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Majumdar SK, Inzucchi SE. Investigational anti-hyperglycemic agents: the future of type 2 diabetes therapy? Endocrine 2013; 44:47-58. [PMID: 23354728 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the pandemic of type 2 diabetes spreads globally, clinicians face many challenges in treating an increasingly diverse patient population varying in age, comorbidities, and socioeconomic status. Current therapies for type 2 diabetes are often unable to alter the natural course of the disease and provide durable glycemic control, and side effects in the context of individual patient characteristics often limit treatment choices. This often results in the progression to insulin use and complex regimens that are difficult to maintain. Therefore, a number of agents are being developed to better address the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and to overcome limitations of current therapies. The hope is to provide more options for glucose lowering and complication reduction with less risk for hypoglycemia and other adverse effects. These agents include newer incretin-based therapies and PPAR agonists, as well as new therapeutic classes such as sodium-coupled glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, free fatty acid receptor agonists, 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors, glucokinase activators, and several others that may enter clinical use over the next decade. Herein we review these agents that are advancing through clinical trials and describe the rationale behind their use, mechanisms of action, and potential for glucose lowering, as well as what is known of their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Majumdar
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Yale New Haven Health, 267 Grant Street, Bridgeport, CT 06610-0120, USA.
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15
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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16
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Pereira CD, Azevedo I, Monteiro R, Martins MJ. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: relevance of its modulation in the pathophysiology of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:869-81. [PMID: 22321826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence strongly argues for a pathogenic role of glucocorticoids and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that includes insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidaemia, hypertension and visceral obesity. This has been partially prompted not only by the striking clinical resemblances between the metabolic syndrome and Cushing's syndrome (a state characterized by hypercortisolism that associates with metabolic syndrome components) but also from monogenic rodent models for the metabolic syndrome (e.g. the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse or the leptin-resistant Zucker rat) that display overall increased secretion of glucocorticoids. However, systemic circulating glucocorticoids are not elevated in obese patients and/or patients with metabolic syndrome. The study of the role of 11β-HSD system shed light on this conundrum, showing that local glucocorticoids are finely regulated in a tissue-specific manner at the pre-receptor level. The system comprises two microsomal enzymes that either activate cortisone to cortisol (11β-HSD1) or inactivate cortisol to cortisone (11β-HSD2). Transgenic rodent models, knockout (KO) for HSD11B1 or with HSD11B1 or HSD11B2 overexpression, specifically targeted to the liver or adipose tissue, have been developed and helped unravel the currently undisputable role of the enzymes in metabolic syndrome pathophysiology, in each of its isolated components and in their prevention. In the transgenic HSD11B1 overexpressing models, different features of the metabolic syndrome and obesity are replicated. HSD11B1 gene deficiency or HSD11B2 gene overexpression associates with improvements in the metabolic profile. In face of these demonstrations, research efforts are now being turned both into the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 as a possible pharmacological target and into the role of dietary habits on the establishment or the prevention of the metabolic syndrome, obesity and T2DM through 11β-HSD1 modulation. We intend to review and discuss 11β-HSD1 and obesity, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM and to highlight the potential of its inhibition for therapeutic or prophylactic approaches in those metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry (U38/FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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17
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Hughes KA, Manolopoulos KN, Iqbal J, Cruden NL, Stimson RH, Reynolds RM, Newby DE, Andrew R, Karpe F, Walker BR. Recycling between cortisol and cortisone in human splanchnic, subcutaneous adipose, and skeletal muscle tissues in vivo. Diabetes 2012; 61:1357-64. [PMID: 22511204 PMCID: PMC3357308 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is a therapeutic target in metabolic syndrome because it catalyses reductase regeneration of cortisol from cortisone in adipose and liver. 11βHSD1 can also catalyze the reverse dehydrogenase reaction in vitro (e.g., if cofactor is limited). We used stable isotope tracers to test the hypothesis that both 11βHSD1-reductase and -dehydrogenase activities occur in human metabolic tissues in vivo. 1,2-[(2)H](2)-Cortisone (d2-cortisone) was validated as a tracer for 11β-dehydrogenase activity and its inhibition by licorice. d2-Cortisone and 9,11,12,12-[(2)H](4)-cortisol (d4-cortisol) (to measure 11β-reductase activity) were coinfused and venous samples obtained from skeletal muscle, subcutaneous adipose (n = 6), and liver (n = 4). Steroids were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and arteriovenous differences adjusted for blood flow. Data are means ± SEM. 11β-Reductase and -dehydrogenase activities were detected in muscle (cortisol release 19.7 ± 4.1 pmol/100 mL/min, d3-cortisol 5.9 ± 1.8 pmol/100 mL/min, and cortisone 15.2 ± 5.8 pmol/100 mL/min) and splanchnic (cortisol 64.0 ± 11.4 nmol/min, d3-cortisol 12.9 ± 2.1 nmol/min, and cortisone 19.5 ± 2.8 nmol/min) circulations. In adipose, dehydrogenase was more readily detected than reductase (cortisone release 38.7 ± 5.8 pmol/100 g/min). Active recycling between cortisol and cortisone in metabolic tissues in vivo may facilitate dynamic control of intracellular cortisol but makes consequences of dysregulation of 11βHSD1 transcription in obesity and diabetes unpredictable. Disappointing efficacy of 11βHSD1 inhibitors in phase II studies could be explained by lack of selectivity for 11β-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hughes
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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18
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Venugopal M, Arya SK, Chornokur G, Bhansali S. A Realtime and Continuous Assessment of Cortisol in ISF Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. A, PHYSICAL 2011; 172:154-160. [PMID: 22163154 PMCID: PMC3234992 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the functioning of a novel sensor to measure cortisol concentration in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of a human subject. ISF is extracted by means of vacuum pressure from micropores created on the stratum corneum layer of the skin. The pores are produced by focusing a near infrared laser on a layer of black dye material attached to the skin. The pores are viable for approximately three days after skin poration. Cortisol measurements are based on electrochemical impedance (EIS) technique. Gold microelectrode arrays functionalized with Dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) have been used to fabricate an ultrasensitive, disposable, electrochemical cortisol immunosensor. The biosensor was successfully used for in-vitro measurement of cortisol in ISF. Tests in a laboratory setup show that the sensor exhibits a linear response to cortisol concentrations in the range 1 pm to 100 nM. A small pilot clinical study showed that in-vitro immunosensor readings, when compared with commercial evaluation using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) method, correlated well with cortisol levels in saliva and ISF. Further, circadian rhythm could be established between the subject's ISF and the saliva samples collected over 24 hours time-period. Cortisol levels in ISF were found reliably higher than in saliva. This Research establishes the feasibility of using impedance based biosensor architecture for a disposable, wearable cortisol detector. The projected commercial in-vivo real-time cortisol sensor device, besides being minimally invasive, will allow continuous ISF harvesting and cortisol monitoring over 24 hours even when the subject is asleep. Forthcoming, this sensor could be interfaced to a wireless health monitoring system that could transfer sensor data over existing wide-area networks such as the internet and a cellular phone network to enable real-time remote monitoring of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Venugopal
- Guided Therapeutics Inc., 5835 Peachtree Corners East, Suite D, Norcross, GA 30092, Unites States
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19
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Filipović D, Pirkmajer S, Mis K, Mars T, Grubic Z. Expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the regenerating human skeletal muscle. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S147-54. [PMID: 21777031 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many stress conditions are accompanied by skeletal muscle dysfunction and regeneration, which is essentially a recapitulation of the embryonic development. However, regeneration usually occurs under conditions of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis activation and therefore increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the main determinant of cellular responsiveness to GCs, exists in two isoforms (GRalpha and GRbeta) in humans. While the role of GRalpha is well characterized, GRbeta remains an elusive player in GC signalling. To elucidate basic characteristics of GC signalling in the regenerating human skeletal muscle we assessed GRalpha and GRbeta expression pattern in cultured human myoblasts and myotubes and their response to 24-hour dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. There was no difference in GRalpha mRNA and protein expression or DEX-mediated GRalpha down-regulation in myoblasts and myotubes. GRbeta mRNA level was very low in myoblasts and remained unaffected by differentiation and/or DEX. GRbeta protein could not be detected. These results indicate that response to GCs is established very early during human skeletal muscle regeneration and that it remains practically unchanged before innervation is established. Very low GRbeta mRNA expression and inability to detect GRbeta protein suggests that GRbeta is not a major player in the early stages of human skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Filipović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Fernández Vázquez G, Torrecilla García E, Rubio Herrera MÁ. El síndrome metabólico como síndrome de Cushing intrahepatocitario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 58:153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Baranowski M, Zabielski P, Błachnio-Zabielska AU, Harasiuk D, Górski J. LXR activation prevents exhaustive exercise-induced hypoglycaemia and spares muscle glycogen but does not enhance running endurance in untrained rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 201:373-9. [PMID: 20887359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play an important role in regulation of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. However, to date there is very few information on the role of LXRs in skeletal muscle. Moreover, it remains obscure whether LXR activation affects physical endurance. Therefore, we aimed to examine effects of selective LXR activator--T0901317--on running endurance and skeletal muscle exercise metabolism in rats. METHODS The animals were assigned to two groups (n=20) receiving either vehicle or T0901317 (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ) for 1 week. One day after the final administration, half of the rats in each group were exercised until exhaustion on the electrically driven treadmill. All animals were then anaesthetized and samples of the soleus, red and white sections of the gastrocnemius muscle, epididymal fat pad and liver were excised. RESULTS We found that LXR activation prevented exhaustive exercise-induced hypoglycaemia. T0901317 also shifted substrate utilization in working muscles in favour of fatty acids as indicated by its glycogen sparing effect, enhanced consumption of intramuscular triacylglycerol and upregulation of genes promoting fatty acid oxidation and suppressing carbohydrate oxidation. However, running time to exhaustion was not improved. CONCLUSION We conclude that LXR activation increases fatty acid utilization during exercise which, however, does not translate into measurable enhancement of exercise endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Białystok, Poland.
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22
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Morgan SA, Tomlinson JW. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 19:1067-76. [PMID: 20707593 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.504713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is rising and reaching pandemic proportions. For this reason, identification of novel therapeutic targets is urgently needed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The endoluminal enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes glucocorticoid activation in key metabolic tissues including skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors limit local glucocorticoid availability and improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles and atherosclerosis. To date, there is a paucity of clinical studies using selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors; however, early indications show that these compounds have great therapeutic potential. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We present a comprehensive overview of the background to the development of selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors, the preclinical data supporting 11beta-HSD1 as a therapeutic target, and the current status of clinical trials of these agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors have the potential to improve insulin sensitivity and may ultimately add to the treatment options available for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further clinical studies are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2nd floor, Room 230, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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23
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Biedasek K, Andres J, Mai K, Adams S, Spuler S, Fielitz J, Spranger J. Skeletal muscle 11beta-HSD1 controls glucocorticoid-induced proteolysis and expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16674. [PMID: 21304964 PMCID: PMC3031623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated expression and activity of the intracellular cortisone-cortisol shuttle 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) in skeletal muscle and inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in muscle cells improved insulin sensitivity. Glucocorticoids induce muscle atrophy via increased expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 (Muscle Atrophy F-box (MAFbx)) and MuRF-1 (Muscle RING-Finger-1). We hypothesized that 11beta-HSD1 controls glucocorticoid-induced expression of atrophy E3 ubiquitin ligases in skeletal muscle. Primary human myoblasts were generated from healthy volunteers. 11beta-HSD1-dependent protein degradation was analyzed by [(3)H]-tyrosine release assay. RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases and 11beta-HSD1 activity was measured by conversion of radioactively labeled [(3)H]-cortisone to [(3)H]-cortisol separated by thin-layer chromatography. We here demonstrate that 11beta-HSD1 is expressed and biologically active in interconverting cortisone to active cortisol in murine skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) as well as in primary human myotubes. 11Beta-HSD1 expression increased during differentiation from myoblasts to mature myotubes (p < 0.01), suggesting a role of 11beta-HSD1 in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. Treatment with cortisone increased protein degradation by about 20% (p < 0.001), which was paralleled by an elevation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 mRNA expression (p < 0.01, respectively). Notably, pre-treatment with the 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone (Cbx) completely abolished the effect of cortisone on protein degradation as well as on Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression. In summary, our data suggest that 11beta-HSD1 controls glucocorticoid-induced protein degradation in human and murine skeletal muscle via regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Biedasek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janin Andres
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Adams
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Fielitz
- Department of Cardiology and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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24
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Paderes GD, Dress K, Huang B, Elleraas J, Rejto PA, Pauly T. Structure-based and property-compliant library design of 11β-HSD1 adamantyl amide inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 685:191-215. [PMID: 20981525 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-931-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiproperty lead optimization that satisfies multiple biological endpoints remains a challenge in the pursuit of viable drug candidates. Optimization of a given lead compound to one having a desired set of molecular attributes often involves a lengthy iterative process that utilizes existing information, tests hypotheses, and incorporates new data. Within the context of a data-rich corporate setting, computational tools and predictive models have provided the chemists a means for facilitating and streamlining this iterative design process. This chapter discloses an actual library design scenario for following up a lead compound that inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme. The application of computational tools and predictive models in the targeted library design of adamantyl amide 11β-HSD1 inhibitors is described. Specifically, the multiproperty profiling using our proprietary PGVL (Pfizer Global Virtual Library) Hub is discussed in conjunction with the structure-based component of the library design using our in-house docking tool AGDOCK. The docking simulations were based on a piecewise linear potential energy function in combination with an efficient evolutionary programming search engine. The library production protocols and results are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve D Paderes
- Cancer Crystallography & Computational Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Feng Y, Huang SL, Dou W, Zhang S, Chen JH, Shen Y, Shen JH, Leng Y. Emodin, a natural product, selectively inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:113-26. [PMID: 20718744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is an attractive therapeutic target of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Emodin, a natural product and active ingredient of various Chinese herbs, has been demonstrated to possess multiple biological activities. Here, we investigated the effects of emodin on 11beta-HSD1 and its ability to ameliorate metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Scintillation proximity assay was performed to evaluate inhibition of emodin against recombinant human and mouse 11beta-HSDs. The ability of emodin to inhibit prednisone- or dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance was investigated in C57BL/6J mice and its effect on metabolic abnormalities was observed in DIO mice. KEY RESULTS Emodin is a potent and selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor with the IC(50) of 186 and 86 nM for human and mouse 11beta-HSD1, respectively. Single oral administration of emodin inhibited 11beta-HSD1 activity of liver and fat significantly in mice. Emodin reversed prednisone-induced insulin resistance in mice, whereas it did not affect dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance, which confirmed its inhibitory effect on 11beta-HSD1 in vivo. In DIO mice, oral administration of emodin improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism, and lowered blood glucose and hepatic PEPCK, and glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated a new role for emodin as a potent and selective inhibitor of 11beta-HSD1 and its beneficial effects on metabolic disorders in DIO mice. This highlights the potential value of analogues of emodin as a new class of compounds for the treatment of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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26
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Feng Y, Huang SL, Dou W, Zhang S, Chen JH, Shen Y, Shen JH, Leng Y. Emodin, a natural product, selectively inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice. Br J Pharmacol 2010. [PMID: 20718744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is an attractive therapeutic target of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Emodin, a natural product and active ingredient of various Chinese herbs, has been demonstrated to possess multiple biological activities. Here, we investigated the effects of emodin on 11beta-HSD1 and its ability to ameliorate metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Scintillation proximity assay was performed to evaluate inhibition of emodin against recombinant human and mouse 11beta-HSDs. The ability of emodin to inhibit prednisone- or dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance was investigated in C57BL/6J mice and its effect on metabolic abnormalities was observed in DIO mice. KEY RESULTS Emodin is a potent and selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor with the IC(50) of 186 and 86 nM for human and mouse 11beta-HSD1, respectively. Single oral administration of emodin inhibited 11beta-HSD1 activity of liver and fat significantly in mice. Emodin reversed prednisone-induced insulin resistance in mice, whereas it did not affect dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance, which confirmed its inhibitory effect on 11beta-HSD1 in vivo. In DIO mice, oral administration of emodin improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism, and lowered blood glucose and hepatic PEPCK, and glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated a new role for emodin as a potent and selective inhibitor of 11beta-HSD1 and its beneficial effects on metabolic disorders in DIO mice. This highlights the potential value of analogues of emodin as a new class of compounds for the treatment of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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27
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Pirkmajer S, Filipovic D, Mars T, Mis K, Grubic Z. HIF-1alpha response to hypoxia is functionally separated from the glucocorticoid stress response in the in vitro regenerating human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1693-700. [PMID: 20943857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00133.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Injury of skeletal muscle is followed by muscle regeneration in which new muscle tissue is formed from the proliferating mononuclear myoblasts, and by systemic response to stress that exposes proliferating myoblasts to increased glucocorticoid (GC) concentration. Because of its various causes, hypoxia is a frequent condition affecting skeletal muscle, and therefore both processes, which importantly determine the outcome of the injury, often proceed under hypoxic conditions. It is therefore important to identify and characterize in proliferating human myoblasts: 1) response to hypoxia which is generally organized by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); 2) response to GCs which is mediated through the isoforms of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs), and 3) the response to GCs under the hypoxic conditions and the influence of this combination on the factors controlling myoblast proliferation. Using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and HIF-1α small-interfering RNA silencing, we demonstrated that cultured human myoblasts possess both, the HIF-1α-based response to hypoxia, and the GC response system composed of GRα and types 1 and 2 11β-HSDs. However, using combined dexamethasone and hypoxia treatments, we demonstrated that these two systems operate practically without mutual interactions. A seemingly surprising separation of the two systems that both organize response to hypoxic stress can be explained on the evolutionary basis: the phylogenetically older HIF-1α response is a protection at the cellular level, whereas the GC stress response protects the organism as a whole. This necessitates actions, like downregulation of IL-6 secretion and vascular endothelial growth factor, that might not be of direct benefit for the affected myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Pirkmajer
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Gathercole LL, Stewart PM. Targeting the pre-receptor metabolism of cortisol as a novel therapy in obesity and diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:21-7. [PMID: 20347978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to its impact upon health and the economy, the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome are under intense scrutiny. In addition to understanding the pathogenesis of disease it is important to design and trial novel therapies. Patients with cortisol excess, Cushing's syndrome, have a phenotype similar to that of the metabolic syndrome and as a result there is much interest the manipulation of glucocorticoid (GC) action as a therapeutic strategy. Intracellular GC levels are regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) which converts inactive cortisone to cortisol, thereby increasing local GC action. There is an abundance of data implicating 11β-HSD1 in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and 11β-HSD1 is an attractive therapeutic target. Selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, which do not act upon 11β-HSD2 (which inactivates cortisol to cortisone) are in development. So far studies have primarily been carried out in rodents, with results showing improvements in metabolic profile. Data are now beginning to emerge from human studies and the results are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Morton NM. Obesity and corticosteroids: 11beta-hydroxysteroid type 1 as a cause and therapeutic target in metabolic disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:154-64. [PMID: 19804814 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic abnormalities found associated with high blood glucocorticoid levels (e.g. rare Cushing's syndrome) include insulin-resistance, visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The same constellation of abnormalities is found in the highly prevalent idiopathic obesity/insulin-resistance (metabolic)-syndrome. It is now apparent that tissue-specific changes in cortisol metabolism explain these parallels rather than altered blood cortisol levels. Primary among these changes is increased intracellular glucocorticoid reactivation, catalysed by the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type (HSD)-1 in obese adipose tissue. Liver, skeletal muscle, endocrine pancreas, blood vessels and leukocytes express 11beta-HSD1 and their potential role in metabolic disease is discussed. The weight of evidence, much of it gained from animal models, suggests that therapeutic inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 will be beneficial in most cellular contexts, with clinical trials supportive of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Michael Morton
- Molecular Metabolism Group after University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Morgan SA, Sherlock M, Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Lenaghan C, Bujalska IJ, Laber D, Yu A, Convey G, Mayers R, Hegyi K, Sethi JK, Stewart PM, Smith DM, Tomlinson JW. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 regulates glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2009; 58:2506-15. [PMID: 19675138 PMCID: PMC2768185 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoid excess is characterized by increased adiposity, skeletal myopathy, and insulin resistance, but the precise molecular mechanisms are unknown. Within skeletal muscle, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents) to active cortisol (corticosterone in rodents). We aimed to determine the mechanisms underpinning glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and indentify how 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors improve insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Rodent and human cell cultures, whole-tissue explants, and animal models were used to determine the impact of glucocorticoids and selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibition upon insulin signaling and action. RESULTS Dexamethasone decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, decreased IRS1 mRNA and protein expression, and increased inactivating pSer(307) insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1. 11beta-HSD1 activity and expression were observed in human and rodent myotubes and muscle explants. Activity was predominantly oxo-reductase, generating active glucocorticoid. A1 (selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor) abolished enzyme activity and blocked the increase in pSer(307) IRS1 and reduction in total IRS1 protein after treatment with 11DHC but not corticosterone. In C57Bl6/J mice, the selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor, A2, decreased fasting blood glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity. In KK mice treated with A2, skeletal muscle pSer(307) IRS1 decreased and pThr(308) Akt/PKB increased. In addition, A2 decreased both lipogenic and lipolytic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Prereceptor facilitation of glucocorticoid action via 11beta-HSD1 increases pSer(307) IRS1 and may be crucial in mediating insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibition decreases pSer(307) IRS1, increases pThr(308) Akt/PKB, and decreases lipogenic and lipolytic gene expression that may represent an important mechanism underpinning their insulin-sensitizing action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Morgan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Laura L. Gathercole
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Carol Lenaghan
- AstraZeneca Diabetes & Obesity Drug Discovery, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Iwona J. Bujalska
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - David Laber
- AstraZeneca Diabetes & Obesity Drug Discovery, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Alice Yu
- AstraZeneca Diabetes & Obesity Drug Discovery, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Gemma Convey
- AstraZeneca Diabetes & Obesity Drug Discovery, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Rachel Mayers
- AstraZeneca Diabetes & Obesity Drug Discovery, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Krisztina Hegyi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jaswinder K. Sethi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Paul M. Stewart
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - David M. Smith
- AstraZeneca Diabetes & Obesity Drug Discovery, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, U.K
| | - Jeremy W. Tomlinson
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
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Aubry EM, Odermatt A. Retinoic acid reduces glucocorticoid sensitivity in C2C12 myotubes by decreasing 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptor activities. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2700-8. [PMID: 19179438 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is a nutrient with remarkable effects on adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, and plays a role in controlling energy balance. Retinoic acid (RA), the carboxylic form of vitamin A, has been associated with improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In contrast, elevated glucocorticoids have been implicated in the development of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Here, we investigated whether RA might counteract glucocorticoid effects in skeletal muscle cells by lowering 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1)-dependent local glucocorticoid activation and/or activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We found a dose-dependent down-regulation of 11beta-HSD1 mRNA expression and activity upon incubation of fully differentiated mouse C2C12 myotubes with RA. In addition, RA inhibited GR transactivation by an 11beta-HSD1-independent mechanism. The presence of RA during myogenesis did not prevent myotube formation but resulted in relatively glucocorticoid-resistant myotubes, exhibiting very low 11beta-HSD1 expression and GR activity. The use of selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor ligands provided evidence that these effects were mediated through RARgamma. Importantly, short hairpin RNA against RARgamma abolished the effect of RA on 11beta-HSD1 and GR. In conclusion, we provide evidence for an important role of RA in the control of glucocorticoid activity during myogenesis and in myotubes. Disturbances of the nutrient and hormonal regulation of glucocorticoid action in skeletal muscles might be relevant for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne M Aubry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Salehzadeh F, Al-Khalili L, Kulkarni SS, Wang M, Lönnqvist F, Krook A. Glucocorticoid-mediated effects on metabolism are reversed by targeting 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:250-8. [PMID: 19222059 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue and liver play important roles in mediating the metabolic actions of glucocorticoids. However, the effects of glucocorticoids on glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle are not understood completely. Intracellular glucocorticoid action is dependent on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD1), an enzyme that converts cortisone to active cortisol. METHODS We investigated the direct role of HSD1 in cultured primary human skeletal muscle cells using siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were cultured in the presence of 0.5 microM cortisone or 0.5 microM cortisol for eight days. siRNA was utilized to reduce expression of either HSD1 or pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 4. Effects of pharmacological inhibitors of HSD1 were also studied. RESULTS Exposure to cortisone or cortisol decreased basal glucose uptake and glucose incorporation into glycogen, but was without effect on the insulin-stimulated response. Glucocorticoid exposure increased palmitate oxidation, as well as the expression of PDK4. siRNA-mediated reduction or pharmacological inhibition of HSD1 prevented the effects of cortisone, but not cortisol, on metabolic responses. siRNA-mediated reduction of PDK4 prevented the effect of cortisol to attenuate glycogen synthesis. CONCLUSION Targeted reduction or pharmacological inhibition of HSD1 in primary human skeletal muscle cells prevents the effects of cortisone, but not cortisol, on glucose metabolism and palmitate oxidation. Furthermore, the glucocorticoid-mediated reductions in glucose metabolism are dependent on PDK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoozeh Salehzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fotsch C, Wang M. Blockade of Glucocorticoid Excess at the Tissue Level: Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4851-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fotsch
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Minghan Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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Holland WL, Summers SA. Sphingolipids, insulin resistance, and metabolic disease: new insights from in vivo manipulation of sphingolipid metabolism. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:381-402. [PMID: 18451260 PMCID: PMC2528849 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while being a relatively minor component of the lipid milieu in most tissues, may be among the most pathogenic lipids in the onset of the sequelae associated with excess adiposity. Circulating factors associated with obesity (e.g., saturated fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines) selectively induce enzymes that promote sphingolipid synthesis, and lipidomic profiling reveals relationships between tissue sphingolipid levels and certain metabolic diseases. Moreover, studies in cultured cells and isolated tissues implicate sphingolipids in certain cellular events associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, including insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell failure, cardiomyopathy, and vascular dysfunction. However, definitive evidence that sphingolipids contribute to insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis has come only recently, as researchers have found that pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of enzymes controlling sphingolipid synthesis in rodents ameliorates each of these conditions. Herein we will review the role of ceramide and other sphingolipid metabolites in insulin resistance, beta-cell failure, cardiomyopathy, and vascular dysfunction, focusing on these in vivo studies that identify enzymes controlling sphingolipid metabolism as therapeutic targets for combating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Holland
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Hughes KA, Webster SP, Walker BR. 11-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:481-96. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kase ET, Thoresen GH, Westerlund S, Højlund K, Rustan AC, Gaster M. Liver X receptor antagonist reduces lipid formation and increases glucose metabolism in myotubes from lean, obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2171-80. [PMID: 17661008 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Liver X receptors (LXRs) play important roles in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate effects of the endogenous LXR agonist 22-R-hydroxycholesterol (22-R-HC) and its stereoisomer 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC), in comparison with the synthetic agonist T0901317 on lipid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle cells (myotubes). METHODS Myotubes established from lean and obese control volunteers and from obese type 2 diabetic volunteers were treated with LXR ligands for 4 days. Lipid and glucose metabolisms were studied with labelled precursors, and gene expression was analysed using real-time PCR. RESULTS Treatment with T0901317 increased lipogenesis (de novo lipid synthesis) and lipid accumulation in myotubes, this increase being more pronounced in myotubes from type 2 diabetic volunteers than from lean volunteers. Furthermore, 22-S-HC efficiently counteracted the T0901317-induced enhancement of lipid formation. Moreover, synthesis of diacylglycerol, cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol from acetate was reduced below baseline by 22-S-HC, whereas glucose uptake and oxidation were increased. Both 22-S-HC and 22-R-HC, in contrast to T0901317, decreased the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, whereas only 22-R-HC, like T0901317, increased the expression of the gene encoding the reverse cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette subfamily A1 (ABCA1). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION T0901317-induced lipogenesis and lipid formation was more pronounced in myotubes from type 2 diabetic patients than from lean individuals. 22-S-HC counteracted these effects and reduced de novo lipogenesis below baseline, while glucose uptake and oxidation were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Glucocorticoids, metabolism and metabolic diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:43-61. [PMID: 17624658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids (GC) and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have been characterized as critical components of the delicate hormonal control system that determines energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of GCs are required for proper metabolic control, excessive GC action has been tied to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Highlighted by its importance for human health, the investigation of molecular mechanisms of GC/GR action has become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the GC-GR pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the identification of novel therapeutic options in the treatment of severe metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of the GC-GR axis for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, emphasizing tissue-specific functions of GCs in the control of energy metabolism.
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Jang C, Obeyesekere VR, Dilley RJ, Krozowski Z, Inder WJ, Alford FP. Altered activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in skeletal muscle confers metabolic protection in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3314-20. [PMID: 17519316 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is little information regarding the regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes in skeletal muscle in the setting of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate whether there is differential mRNA expression and enzyme activity of 11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2 in the skeletal muscle of diabetic subjects compared with controls at baseline and in response to dexamethasone. DESIGN Participants underwent muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis at baseline and after dexamethasone. SETTING The study took place at a university teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twelve subjects with type 2 diabetes and 12 age- and sex-matched controls participated. INTERVENTION Subjects were given oral dexamethasone, 4 mg/d for 4 d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed 11beta-HSD1, 11beta-HSD2, and H6PDH mRNA levels by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme activity by percent conversion of [(3)H]cortisone and [(3)H]cortisol, respectively. RESULTS At baseline, mRNA levels were similar in diabetic and control subjects for 11beta-HSD1, 11beta-HSD2, and H6PDH. 11beta-HSD1 activity was reduced in diabetic subjects (percent conversion of [(3)H]cortisone to [(3)H]cortisol was 11.4 +/- 2.5% vs. 18.5 +/- 2.2%; P = 0.041), and 11beta-HSD2 enzyme activity was higher in diabetic subjects (percent conversion of [(3)H]cortisone to [(3)H]cortisol was 17.2 +/- 2.6% vs. 9.2 +/- 1.3%; P = 0.012). After dexamethasone, 11beta-HSD1 mRNA increased in both groups (P < 0.001), whereas 11beta-HSD2 mRNA decreased (P = 0.002). 11beta-HSD1 activity increased in diabetic subjects (P = 0.021) but not in controls, whereas 11beta-HSD2 activity did not change in either group. At baseline, there was a significant negative correlation between 11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2 enzyme activity (r = -0.463; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS The activities of skeletal muscle 11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2 are altered in diabetes, which together may reduce intracellular cortisol generation, potentially conferring metabolic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
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Alberti L, Girola A, Gilardini L, Conti A, Cattaldo S, Micheletto G, Invitti C. Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with increased expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:1826-31. [PMID: 17593901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of glucocorticoids production in adipose tissue in the development of metabolic disorders in humans has not been fully characterized. We investigated whether in obese subjects, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) expression in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue is associated with the occurrence of metabolic disorders and the expression of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and two glucocorticoid-regulated adipokines able to influence the metabolic control. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Sixty-two obese patients were enrolled in the study. SAT and VAT samples were obtained from 13 patients undergoing bariatric surgery (body mass index (BMI) 39.1+/-5.3 kg/m(2)). SAT samples were obtained from 49 patients who underwent periumbilical biopsy (BMI 36.9+/-5.1 kg/m(2)). MEASUREMENTS Oral glucose tolerance tests in subjects without known diabetes. Circulating glucose, lipid, insulin, adiponectin, TNFalpha and urinary-free cortisol levels. Real-time PCR to quantify mRNA levels of 11beta-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), adiponectin and TNFalpha. Western blot analysis to evaluate 11beta-HSD1 protein expression. RESULTS In the majority of the obese subjects, VAT expresses more 11beta-HSD1 than SAT. VAT 11beta-HSD1 expression was not associated with metabolic disorders. SAT 11beta-HSD1 mRNA levels were higher in subjects with than in those without metabolic syndrome (P<0.05) and in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to patients with impaired or normal glucose tolerance (P<0.0001). SAT 11beta-HSD1 expression was independently related to fasting glucose (P<0.0001) and urinary-free cortisol levels (P<0.01), and increased expression of 11beta-HSD1 was associated with increased adiponectin and TNFalpha expression and decreased serum adiponectin levels (all P's <0.05). CONCLUSIONS In obese subjects, increased 11beta-HSD1 expression in SAT, but not in VAT, is associated with the worsening of metabolic conditions. We hypothesize that higher glucocorticoid production in adipose tissue would favor the development of metabolic disorders through a decrease in adiponectin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alberti
- Unit for Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Andres J, Mai K, Möhlig M, Weickert MO, Bumke-Vogt C, Diederich S, Pfeiffer AFH, Bähr V, Spranger J. Cell-type specific regulation of the human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 promoter. Arch Physiol Biochem 2007; 113:110-5. [PMID: 17922306 DOI: 10.1080/13813450701531219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts cortisone into the more active metabolite cortisol. Overexpression of 11beta-HSD1 was associated with features of the metabolic syndrome such as obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. Despite this considerable impact of 11beta-HSD1, the human 11beta-HSD1 promoter has not been described in detail yet. We therefore cloned eight different promoter fragments of the 5'-upstream region of the known transcription/translation-start up to -3034 bp into the luciferase-reporter vector pGL3. A low-cost in-house assay was developed and validated to detect firefly and renilla luciferase activity. Promoter fragments were analysed in human HepG2 and undifferentiated and differentiated murine 3T3-L1 cells. A differential regulation of the human 11beta-HSD1 promoter depending upon the cell type was observed. Specifically, a strong repressor of the basal promoter activity was found between -85 and -172 bp in HepG2 cells only, while an additional repressor appeared to be active between -342 and -823 bp in both, the hepatic and the adipose cell line. The presented data suggest a cell-type specific regulation of the 11beta-HSD1 promoter, which is in agreement with existing expression data from animal and human studies. The described promoter constructs will allow subsequent studies about the role of specific hormonal, metabolic and transcription factors to finally characterise the regulation of the human 11beta-HSD1-promoter in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Andres
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Hardy RS, Filer A, Cooper MS, Parsonage G, Raza K, Hardie DL, Rabbitt EH, Stewart PM, Buckley CD, Hewison M. Differential expression, function and response to inflammatory stimuli of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human fibroblasts: a mechanism for tissue-specific regulation of inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R108. [PMID: 16846535 PMCID: PMC1779419 DOI: 10.1186/ar1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells such as fibroblasts play an important role in defining tissue-specific responses during the resolution of inflammation. We hypothesized that this involves tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoids, mediated via differential regulation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Expression, activity and function of 11β-HSD1 was assessed in matched fibroblasts derived from various tissues (synovium, bone marrow and skin) obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. 11β-HSD1 was expressed in fibroblasts from all tissues but mRNA levels and enzyme activity were higher in synovial fibroblasts (2-fold and 13-fold higher mRNA levels in dermal and synovial fibroblasts, respectively, relative to bone marrow). Expression and activity of the enzyme increased in all fibroblasts following treatment with tumour necrosis factor-α or IL-1β (bone marrow: 8-fold and 37-fold, respectively, compared to vehicle; dermal fibroblasts: 4-fold and 14-fold; synovial fibroblasts: 7-fold and 31-fold; all P < 0.01 compared with vehicle). Treatment with IL-4 or interferon-γ was without effect, and there was no difference in 11β-HSD1 expression between fibroblasts (from any site) obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. In the presence of 100 nmol/l cortisone, IL-6 production – a characteristic feature of synovial derived fibroblasts – was significantly reduced in synovial but not dermal or bone marrow fibroblasts. This was prevented by co-treatment with an 11β-HSD inhibitor, emphasizing the potential for autocrine activation of glucocorticoids in synovial fibroblasts. These data indicate that differences in fibroblast-derived glucocorticoid production (via the enzyme 11β-HSD1) between cells from distinct anatomical locations may play a key role in the predeliction of certain tissues to develop persistent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan S Hardy
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Filer
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark S Cooper
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Parsonage
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Debbie L Hardie
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Rabbitt
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, The University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Hewison
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:74-89. [PMID: 17940424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32802e6d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jang C, Obeyesekere VR, Dilley RJ, Alford FP, Inder WJ. 11Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is expressed and is biologically active in human skeletal muscle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65:800-5. [PMID: 17121533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No data exist regarding the distribution and oxoreductase enzyme activity of 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta HSD-1) in fresh human skeletal muscle. We aimed to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of 11beta HSD-1 in fresh skeletal muscle, confirm its biological activity and determine its relationship with hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). We also examined the muscle fibre localization of 11beta HSD-1. DESIGN Eleven non-diabetic community volunteers underwent muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis. MEASUREMENTS (i) 11beta HSD-1 and H6PDH mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); (ii) protein localization and fibre type specificity by immunohistochemistry; and (iii) enzyme oxoreductase activity by percentage conversion of 3H cortisone to cortisol. RESULTS 11beta HSD-1 mRNA was expressed at low levels compared to human liver. Mean DeltaCT of skeletal muscle in 11 subjects was 19.57 (range 18.40-20.79) compared to DeltaCT of 12.75 in human liver, which equates to an approximate 100-fold higher level of expression. H6PDH mRNA was also detected with a mean DeltaCT of 14.46 (range 13.13-16.60), approximately 35-fold more abundant than 11beta HSD-1 in skeletal muscle. There was a significant correlation between 11beta HSD-1 and H6PDH (r = 0.67, P = 0.03). 11beta HSD-1 immunostaining was present in all muscle specimens, with similar distribution among fast and slow twitch fibres. 11beta HSD-1 oxoreductase activity was demonstrated, with mean conversion of cortisone to cortisol of 17.7% per 200 mg of muscle per 24 h (range 7.1-29.5%). CONCLUSIONS 11beta HSD-1 mRNA and protein is expressed in fresh human skeletal muscle along with readily demonstrable oxoreductase activity. 11beta HSD-1 localization is not muscle fibre type specific. High levels of skeletal muscle H6PDH should ensure that oxoreductase activity predominates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Odermatt A, Gumy C, Atanasov AG, Dzyakanchuk AA. Disruption of glucocorticoid action by environmental chemicals: potential mechanisms and relevance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 102:222-31. [PMID: 17045799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an essential role in the regulation of key physiological processes, including immunomodulation, brain function, energy metabolism, electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Exposure to naturally occurring compounds or industrial chemicals that impair glucocorticoid action may contribute to the increasing incidence of cognitive deficits, immune disorders and metabolic diseases. Potentially, "glucocorticoid disruptors" can interfere with various steps of hormone action, e.g. hormone synthesis, binding to plasma proteins, delivery to target cells, pre-receptor regulation of the ratio of active versus inactive hormones, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function, or export and degradation of glucocorticoids. Several recent studies indicate that such chemicals exist and that some of them can cause multiple toxic effects by interfering with different steps of hormone action. For example, increasing evidence suggests that organotins disturb glucocorticoid action by altering the function of factors that regulate the expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) pre-receptor enzymes, by direct inhibition of 11beta-HSD2-dependent inactivation of glucocorticoids, and by blocking GR activation. These observations emphasize on the complexity of the toxic effects caused by such compounds and on the need of suitable test systems to assess their effects on each relevant step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Kumar A, Aravamudhan S, Gordic M, Bhansali S, Mohapatra SS. Ultrasensitive detection of cortisol with enzyme fragment complementation technology using functionalized nanowire. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:2138-44. [PMID: 17097283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is a member of the glucocorticoid hormone family and a key metabolic regulator. Increased intracellular cortisol levels have been implicated in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Cortisol is an important bio-marker of stress and its detection is also important in sports medicine. However, rapid methods for sensitive detection of cortisol are limited. Functionalized gold nanowires were used to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of cortisol detection. Gold nanowires are used to improve the electron transfer between the electrodes. Moreover, the large surface to volume ratio, small diffusion time and high electrical conductivity and their aligned nature will enhance the sensitivity and detection limit of the biosensor several fold. The biosensor was fabricated using, aligned gold (Au) nanowires to behave as the working electrode, platinum deposited on a silicon chip to function as the counter electrode, and silver/silver chloride as reference electrode. The gold nanowires were coupled with cortisol antibodies using covalent linkage chemistry and a fixed amount of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was introduced into the reaction cell during each measurement to convert (reduce) ketosteroid into hydroxyl steroid. Furthermore, the micro-fluidic, micro-fluid part of the sensor was fabricated using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology to have better control on liquid flow over Au nanowires to minimize the signal to noise ratio. The biosensor was characterized using SEM, AFM and FTIR technique. The response curve of the biosensor was found to be linear in the range of 10-80 microM of cortisol. Moreover, the presence of hydrocortisone is sensitively detected in the range of 5-30 microM. It is concluded that the functionalized gold nanowires with micro-fluidic device using enzyme fragment complementation technology can provide an easy and sensitive assay for cortisol detection in serum and other biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Schuster D, Maurer EM, Laggner C, Nashev LG, Wilckens T, Langer T, Odermatt A. The discovery of new 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors by common feature pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3454-66. [PMID: 16759088 DOI: 10.1021/jm0600794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes catalyze the conversion of biologically inactive 11-ketosteroids into their active 11beta-hydroxy derivatives and vice versa. Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 has considerable therapeutic potential for glucocorticoid-associated diseases including obesity, diabetes, wound healing, and muscle atrophy. Because inhibition of related enzymes such as 11beta-HSD2 and 17beta-HSDs causes sodium retention and hypertension or interferes with sex steroid hormone metabolism, respectively, highly selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are required for successful therapy. Here, we employed the software package Catalyst to develop ligand-based multifeature pharmacophore models for 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. Virtual screening experiments and subsequent in vitro evaluation of promising hits revealed several selective inhibitors. Efficient inhibition of recombinant human 11beta-HSD1 in intact transfected cells as well as endogenous enzyme in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes was demonstrated for compound 27, which was able to block subsequent cortisol-dependent activation of glucocorticoid receptors with only minor direct effects on the receptor itself. Our results suggest that inhibitor-based pharmacophore models for 11beta-HSD1 in combination with suitable cell-based activity assays, including such for related enzymes, can be used for the identification of selective and potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, Austria
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Wang M. Tissue-specific glucocorticoid excess in the metabolic syndrome: 11β-HSD1 as a therapeutic target. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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