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Huang Z, Zhai J, Li Z, Yu L. Populus euphratica has stronger regrowth ability than Populus pruinosa under salinity stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14297. [PMID: 38634382 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Pest infestation and soil salinization levels are increasing due to climate change. Comprehending plant regrowth after insect damage and salinity stress is crucial to understanding climate change's multifactorial impacts on forest ecosystems. This study examined Populus euphratica and P. pruinosa regrowth after different defoliation levels combined with salinity stress. Specifically, the biomass and regrowth ability, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and nitrogen (N) pools in different organs and the whole plant, and the leaf Cl- concentration of both poplars were analyzed. Our results showed that after 50% defoliation and no salt addition, the regrowth of both species recovered similarly to the control level, while their regrowth was about 70% after 90% defoliation. However, under salinity stress, the regrowth (% leaf biomass) of P. euphratica was significantly higher than P. pruinose at either the 50% or 90% defoliation levels. Additionally, P. euphratica had more soluble sugar, starch, NSC and N pools in leaf, stem, root and whole plant than P. pruinose under salinity stress. The regrowth based on leaf biomass increased linearly with soluble sugar, starch, NSC and N pools, and decreased linearly with leaf Cl- concentration across different salinity and defoliation levels. These results indicated that defoliation significantly decreased NSC and N pools, limiting the growth of both poplars, and salinity stress exacerbated the negative effect. Furthermore, when suffering from salinity stress, P. euphratica with higher NSC and N pools exhibited stronger regrowth ability than P. pruinose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Huang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juntuan Zhai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Csilléry K, Buchmann N, Brendel O, Gessler A, Glauser A, Doris Kupferschmid A. Recovery of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from ungulate browsing mirrors soil nitrogen availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:273-288. [PMID: 34528673 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abies alba (Mill.) has a high potential for mitigating climate change in European mountain forests; yet, its natural regeneration is severely limited by ungulate browsing. Here, we simulated browsing in a common garden experiment to study growth and physiological traits, measured from bulk needles, using a randomized block design with two levels of browsing severity and seedlings originating from 19 populations across Switzerland. Genetic factors explained most variation in growth (on average, 51.5%) and physiological traits (10.2%) under control conditions, while heavy browsing considerably reduced the genetic effects on growth (to 30%), but doubled those on physiological traits related to carbon storage. While browsing reduced seedling height, it also lowered seedling water-use efficiency (decreased $\delta ^{13}$C) and increased their $\delta ^{15}$N. Different populations reacted differently to browsing stress, and for seedling height, starch concentration and $\delta ^{15}$N, population differences appeared to be the result of natural selection. First, we found that populations originating from the warmest regions recovered the fastest from browsing stress, and they did so by mobilizing starch from their needles, which suggests a genetic underpinning for a growth-storage trade-off across populations. Second, we found that seedlings originating from mountain populations growing on steep slopes had a higher $\delta ^{15}$N in the common garden than those originating from flat areas, indicating that they have been selected to grow on N-poor, potentially drained, soils. This finding was corroborated by the fact that nitrogen concentration in adult needles was lower on steep slopes than on flat ground, strongly indicating that steep slopes are the most N-poor environments. These results suggest that adaptation to climate and soil nitrogen availability, as well as ungulate browsing pressure, co-determine the regeneration and range limit of silver fir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Brendel
- UMR Silva, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Glauser
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Zhou Q, Shi H, He R, Liu H, Zhu W, Yu D, Zhang Q, Dang H. Prioritized carbon allocation to storage of different functional types of species at the upper range limits is driven by different environmental drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145581. [PMID: 33582346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The upper elevational range limit of tree species (including treeline and non-treeline species) is generally considered to result from either carbon limitation or sink limitation. Some evidence also suggests that tree line might reflect preferential carbon allocation to NSC storage at the expense of growth. How might the importance of these potential mechanisms be determined? We used an elevational gradient to examine light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat) and NSC concentrations in plant tissues of three different functional types of tree species. We also examined the effects of consecutive 4 years of in situ defoliation on growth and NSCs at the upper elevational range limit. Declining temperature with increasing elevation did not reduce Asat in any of the species. We found NSC increased with elevation in major storage tissues (e.g., roots and twigs) but not in leaves. The defoliation showed that C storage took priority over growth. Such preferential carbon allocation, directly caused by growth decline, always existed in the deciduous tree species. In the evergreen tree species, however, growth decline resulted from preferential carbon allocation to storage was only detected in 2017 and then disappeared as the intensity of defoliation increased. Our results showed that trees prioritized sustaining stores of C more highly than allocation of growth, regardless of the trees' C or sink limitations. At the cold range limits, the prioritized carbon allocation to storage in deciduous tree species was in response to low temperature stress, while in evergreen tree species, the prioritization of carbon allocation was only a transient physiological response to defoliation disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Dongyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Wang Z, Zhou Z, Wang C. Defoliation-induced tree growth declines are jointly limited by carbon source and sink activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143077. [PMID: 33131880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation resulting from herbivory, storm, drought, and frost may seriously impair tree growth and forest production. However, a comprehensive evaluation of defoliation impacts on tree carbon (C) assimilation and growth has not been conducted. We performed a meta-analysis of a dataset that included 1562 observations of 40 tree species from 50 studies worldwide, and evaluated defoliation impacts on photosynthetic capacity, C allocation, and tree growth. Our results showed that the reduced tree-level leaf area by defoliation outweighed the enhanced leaf-level photosynthesis, leading to a net reduction in tree C assimilation that was accompanied with decreases in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) concentrations. The negative effects of defoliation on leaf NSCs decreased over time, but leaf production increased following defoliation, suggesting a shift in the C allocation towards shoots over roots. Defoliation intensity negatively affected tree growth, but post-defoliated recovery time did oppositely. The structure equation modelling showed that defoliation reduced tree growth mainly by indirectly reducing C assimilation (r = -0.4), and minorly by direct negative effect of defoliation intensity (r = -0.28) and positive effect of post-defoliated time (r = 0.33). These findings suggest that tree growth declines caused by defoliation are co-limited by C-source and sink activities, which provide a physiological basis of tree growth that is of significance in tree growth modelling and forest management under global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhenghu Zhou
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuankuan Wang
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Prescott CE, Grayston SJ, Helmisaari HS, Kaštovská E, Körner C, Lambers H, Meier IC, Millard P, Ostonen I. Surplus Carbon Drives Allocation and Plant-Soil Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:1110-1118. [PMID: 32928565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is usually constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, or temperature, rather than photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation. Under these conditions leaf growth is curtailed more than C fixation, and the surplus photosynthates are exported from the leaf. In plants limited by nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P), photosynthates are converted into sugars and secondary metabolites. Some surplus C is translocated to roots and released as root exudates or transferred to root-associated microorganisms. Surplus C is also produced under low moisture availability, low temperature, and high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with similar below-ground effects. Many interactions among above- and below-ground ecosystem components can be parsimoniously explained by the production, distribution, and release of surplus C under conditions that limit plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy E Prescott
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4.
| | - Sue J Grayston
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Kaštovská
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstr. 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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Parker TC, Clemmensen KE, Friggens NL, Hartley IP, Johnson D, Lindahl BD, Olofsson J, Siewert MB, Street LE, Subke JA, Wookey PA. Rhizosphere allocation by canopy-forming species dominates soil CO 2 efflux in a subarctic landscape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1818-1830. [PMID: 32248524 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In arctic ecosystems, climate change has increased plant productivity. As arctic carbon (C) stocks predominantly are located belowground, the effects of greater plant productivity on soil C storage will significantly determine the net sink/source potential of these ecosystems, but vegetation controls on soil CO2 efflux remain poorly resolved. In order to identify the role of canopy-forming species in belowground C dynamics, we conducted a girdling experiment with plots distributed across 1 km2 of treeline birch (Betula pubescens) forest and willow (Salix lapponum) patches in northern Sweden and quantified the contribution of canopy vegetation to soil CO2 fluxes and belowground productivity. Girdling birches reduced total soil CO2 efflux in the peak growing season by 53%, which is double the expected amount, given that trees contribute only half of the total leaf area in the forest. Root and mycorrhizal mycelial production also decreased substantially. At peak season, willow shrubs contributed 38% to soil CO2 efflux in their patches. Our findings indicate that C, recently fixed by trees and tall shrubs, makes a substantial contribution to soil respiration. It is critically important that these processes are taken into consideration in the context of a greening arctic because productivity and ecosystem C sequestration are not synonymous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Parker
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling,, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Karina E Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Nina L Friggens
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling,, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter,, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Lorna E Street
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Jens-Arne Subke
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling,, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Philip A Wookey
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling,, FK9 4LA, UK
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7
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Gomez-Gallego M, Williams N, Leuzinger S, Scott PM, Bader MKF. No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:955-967. [PMID: 31990290 PMCID: PMC7218809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. METHODS A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control-control, control-defoliated, defoliated-control and defoliated-defoliated. RESULTS No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. CONCLUSIONS In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gomez-Gallego
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nari Williams
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Matthew Scott
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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Palacio S, Paterson E, Hester AJ, Nogués S, Lino G, Anadon-Rosell A, Maestro M, Millard P. No preferential carbon-allocation to storage over growth in clipped birch and oak saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:621-636. [PMID: 32050021 PMCID: PMC7201831 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory is one of the most globally distributed disturbances affecting carbon (C)-cycling in trees, yet our understanding of how it alters tree C-allocation to different functions such as storage, growth or rhizodeposition is still limited. Prioritized C-allocation to storage replenishment vs growth could explain the fast recovery of C-storage pools frequently observed in growth-reduced defoliated trees. We performed continuous 13C-labeling coupled to clipping to quantify the effects of simulated browsing on the growth, leaf morphology and relative allocation of stored vs recently assimilated C to the growth (bulk biomass) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores (soluble sugars and starch) of the different organs of two tree species: diffuse-porous (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.). Carbon-transfers from plants to bulk and rhizosphere soil were also evaluated. Clipped birch and oak trees shifted their C-allocation patterns above-ground as a means to recover from defoliation. However, such increased allocation to current-year stems and leaves did not entail reductions in the allocation to the rhizosphere, which remained unchanged between clipped and control trees of both species. Betula pubescens and Q. petraea showed differences in their vulnerability and recovery strategies to clipping, the ring-porous species being less affected in terms of growth and architecture by clipping than the diffuse-porous. These contrasting patterns could be partly explained by differences in their C cycling after clipping. Defoliated oaks showed a faster recovery of their canopy biomass, which was supported by increased allocation of new C, but associated with large decreases in their fine root biomass. Following clipping, both species recovered NSC pools to a larger extent than growth, but the allocation of 13C-labeled photo-assimilates into storage compounds was not increased as compared with controls. Despite their different response to clipping, our results indicate no preventative allocation into storage occurred during the first year after clipping in either of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 16, Jaca, Huesca 22700, Spain
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Alison J Hester
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Salvador Nogués
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Gladys Lino
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Panamericana Sur km 19, Villa El Salvador 15067, Lima, Peru
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmanstraße 15, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | - Melchor Maestro
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Montañana, 1005, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
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Merganičová K, Merganič J, Lehtonen A, Vacchiano G, Sever MZO, Augustynczik ALD, Grote R, Kyselová I, Mäkelä A, Yousefpour R, Krejza J, Collalti A, Reyer CPO. Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1937-1960. [PMID: 31748793 PMCID: PMC6995853 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Merganičová
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ján Merganič
- Technical University Zvolen, Forestry Faculty, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute - Luke, PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DISAA. Via Celoria 2, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Department for forest management and forestry economics, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | | | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Kyselová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Science, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4 (2. OG), D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Krejza
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), 87036 Rende, Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Christopher P O Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg, PO Box 601203, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
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Fuenzalida TI, Hernández-Moreno Á, Piper FI. Secondary leaves of an outbreak-adapted tree species are both more resource acquisitive and more herbivore resistant than primary leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1499-1511. [PMID: 31384949 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and frequency of insect outbreaks are predicted to increase in forests, but how trees cope with severe outbreak defoliation is not yet fully understood. Winter deciduous trees often produce a secondary leaf flush in response to defoliation (i.e., compensatory leaf regrowth or refoliation), which promotes fast replenishment of carbon (C) storage and eventually tree survival. However, secondary leaf flushes may imply a high susceptibility to insect herbivory, especially in the event of an ongoing outbreak. We hypothesized that in winter deciduous species adapted to outbreak-driven defoliations, secondary leaves are both more C acquisitive and more herbivore resistant than primary leaves. During an outbreak by Ormiscodes amphimone F. affecting Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser forests, we (i) quantified the defoliation and subsequent refoliation by analyzing the seasonal dynamics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and (ii) compared the physiological traits and herbivore resistance of primary and secondary leaves. Comparisons of the NDVI of the primary and second leaf flushes relative to the NDVI of the defoliated forest indicated 31% refoliation, which is close to the leaf regrowth reported by a previous study in juvenile N. pumilio trees subjected to experimental defoliation. Primary leaves had higher leaf mass per area, size, carbon:nitrogen ratio and soluble sugar concentration than secondary leaves, along with lower nitrogen and starch concentrations, and similar total polyphenol and phosphorus concentrations. In both a choice and a non-choice bioassay, the leaf consumption rates by O. amphimone larvae were significantly higher (>50%) for primary than for secondary leaves, indicating higher herbivore resistance in the latter. Our study shows that secondary leaf flushes in outbreak-adapted tree species can be both C acquisitive and herbivore resistant, and suggests that these two features mediate the positive effects of the compensatory leaf regrowth on the tree C balance and forest resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás I Fuenzalida
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Austral National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Ángela Hernández-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Camino Baguales, Coyhaique, Chile
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Weber R, Gessler A, Hoch G. High carbon storage in carbon-limited trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:171-182. [PMID: 30451299 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in plant tissues are commonly used as an indicator of total plant carbon (C) supply; but some evidence suggests the possibility for high NSC concentrations during periods of C limitation. Despite this uncertainty, NSC dynamics have not been investigated experimentally under long-term C limitation. We exposed saplings of 10 temperate tree species differing in shade tolerance to 6% of ambient sunlight for 3 yr to induce C limitation, and also defoliated one species, Carpinus betulus, in the third season. Growth and NSC concentrations were monitored to determine C allocation. Shade strongly reduced growth, but after an initial two-fold decrease, NSC concentrations of shaded saplings recovered to the level of unshaded saplings by the third season. NSC concentrations were generally more depleted under shade after leaf flush, and following herbivore attacks. Only under shade did artificial defoliation lead to mortality and depleted NSC concentrations in surviving individuals. We conclude that, irrespective of shade tolerance, C storage is maintained under prolonged shading, and thus high NSC concentrations can occur during C limitation. Yet, our results also suggest that decreased NSC concentrations are indicative of C limitation, and that additional leaf loss can lead to lethal C shortage in deep shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Weber
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Wang A, Wang X, Tognetti R, Lei JP, Pan HL, Liu XL, Jiang Y, Wang XY, He P, Yu FH, Li MH. Elevation alters carbon and nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry in Quercus aquifolioides in southwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1463-1475. [PMID: 29890611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevation is a complex environmental factor altering temperature, light, moisture and soil nutrient availability, and thus may affect plant growth and physiology. Such effects of elevation may also depend on seasons. Along an elevational gradient of the Balang Mountain, southwestern China, we sampled soil and 2-year old leaves, 2-year old shoots, stem sapwood and fine roots (diameter<5mm) of Quercus aquifolioides at 2843, 2978, 3159, 3327, 3441 and 3589m a.s.l. in both summer and winter. In summer, the concentrations of tissue non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) did not decrease with increasing elevation, suggesting that the carbon supply is sufficient for plant growth at high altitude in the growing season. The concentration of NSC in fine roots decreased with elevation in winter, and the mean concentration of NSC across tissues in a whole plant showed no significant difference between the two sampling seasons, suggesting that the direction of NSC reallocation among plant tissues changed with season. During the growing season, NSC transferred from leaves to other tissues, and in winter NSC stored in roots transferred from roots to aboveground tissues. Available soil N increased with elevation, but total N concentrations in plant tissues did not show any clear elevational pattern. Both available soil P and total P concentrations in all plant tissues decreased with increasing elevation. Thus, tissue N:P ratio increased with elevation, suggesting that P may become a limiting element for plant growth at high elevation. The present study suggests that the upper limit of Q. aquifolioides on Balang Mountain may be co-determined by winter root NSC storage and P availability. Our results contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms for plants' upper limit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Forest dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Xue Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China; Forest dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università del Molise, 86090 Campobasso, Italy - European Forest Institute (EFI) Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Jing-Pin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Li Pan
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China
| | | | - Yong Jiang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China; Forest dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Peng He
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China; Forest dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
| | - Mai-He Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China; Forest dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Weber R, Schwendener A, Schmid S, Lambert S, Wiley E, Landhäusser SM, Hartmann H, Hoch G. Living on next to nothing: tree seedlings can survive weeks with very low carbohydrate concentrations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:107-118. [PMID: 29424009 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The usage of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) to indicate carbon (C) limitation in trees requires knowledge of the minimum tissue NSC concentrations at lethal C starvation, and the NSC dynamics during and after severe C limitation. We completely darkened and subsequently released seedlings of two deciduous and two evergreen temperate tree species for varying periods. NSCs were measured in all major organs, allowing assessment of whole-seedling NSC balances. NSCs decreased fast in darkness, but seedlings survived species-specific whole-seedling starch concentrations as low as 0.4-0.8% per dry matter (DM), and sugar (sucrose, glucose and fructose) concentrations as low as 0.5-2.0% DM. After re-illumination, the refilling of NSC pools began within 3 wk, while the resumption of growth was delayed or restricted. All seedlings had died after 12 wk of darkness, and starch and sugar concentrations in most tissues were lower than 1% DM. We conclude that under the applied conditions, tree seedlings can survive several weeks with very low NSC reserves probably also using alternative C sources like lipids, proteins or hemicelluloses; lethal C starvation cannot be assumed, if NSC concentrations are higher than the minimum concentrations found in surviving seedlings; and NSC reformation after re-illumination occurs preferentially over growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Weber
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schwendener
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Schmid
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Savoyane Lambert
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erin Wiley
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Simon M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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14
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Chen Z, Wang L, Dai Y, Wan X, Liu S. Phenology-dependent variation in the non-structural carbohydrates of broadleaf evergreen species plays an important role in determining tolerance to defoliation (or herbivory). Sci Rep 2017; 7:10125. [PMID: 28860453 PMCID: PMC5579018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two broadleaf evergreen canopy species (Schima superba and Engelhardia roxburghiana) with different phenologies in a subtropical region of southern China were used to determine the influence of leaf phenology on the impact of an insect pest attack. S. superba regenerates its leaves in February, while E. roxburghiana regenerates its leaves in May. The moth Thalassodes quadraria attacked the two broadleaf evergreen species in March to April, and the newly produced leaves were removed for S. superba but not for E. roxburghiana. The young trees were artificially defoliated to imitate an insect pest attack during March 2014. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and growth measurements and a retrospective analysis based on the radial growth of mature trees were conducted in January 2015. The results showed that NSC concentrations decreased in S. superba during canopy rebuilding, and the subsequent defoliation severely inhibited leaf and shoot growth, prevented NSC restoration in roots and stem xylem, and caused high mortality. The insect outbreaks reduced the radial growth of S. superba. In contrast, E. roxburghiana experienced less growth retardation, lower mortality, and normal radial growth. Thus, taking phenology-dependent variation in NSCs into consideration, defoliation and insect pest outbreaks more negatively impacted S. superba than E. roxburghiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Chen
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030800, China
| | - Yongxin Dai
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Shirong Liu
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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15
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Schmid S, Palacio S, Hoch G. Growth reduction after defoliation is independent of CO 2 supply in deciduous and evergreen young oaks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1479-1490. [PMID: 28240369 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced productivity of trees after defoliation might be caused by limited carbon (C) availability. We investigated the combined effect of different atmospheric CO2 concentrations (160, 280 and 560 ppm) and early season defoliation on the growth and C reserves (nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC)) of saplings of two oak species with different leaf habits (deciduous Quercus petraea and evergreen Quercus ilex). In both species, higher CO2 supply significantly enhanced growth. Defoliation had a strong negative impact on growth (stronger for Q. ilex), but the relative reduction of growth caused by defoliation within each CO2 treatment was very similar across all three CO2 concentrations. Low CO2 and defoliation led to decreased NSC tissue concentrations mainly in the middle of the growing season in Q. ilex, but not in Q. petraea. However, also in Q. ilex, NSC increased in woody tissues in defoliated and low-CO2 saplings towards the end of the growing season. Although the saplings were C limited under these specific experimental conditions, growth reduction after defoliation was not directly caused by C limitation. Rather, growth of trees followed a strong allometric relationship between total leaf area and conductive woody tissue, which did not change across species, CO2 concentrations and defoliation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schmid
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE-CSIC), Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 16, Jaca, 22700, Spain
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
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16
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Allen RB, Millard P, Richardson SJ. A Resource Centric View of Climate and Mast Seeding in Trees. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Sala A, Asensio D, Galiano L, Hoch G, Palacio S, Piper FI, Lloret F. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants: a global synthesis. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | | | - Lucía Galiano
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Hydrology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg D-79098 Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany; University of Basel; 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Avenida Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16 22700 Jaca Spain
| | - Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP); Simpson 471 Coyhaique Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad; Las Palmeras 3425 Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
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18
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Lihavainen J, Keinänen M, Keski-Saari S, Kontunen-Soppela S, Sõber A, Oksanen E. Artificially decreased vapour pressure deficit in field conditions modifies foliar metabolite profiles in birch and aspen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4367-78. [PMID: 27255929 PMCID: PMC5301936 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Relative air humidity (RH) is expected to increase in northern Europe due to climate change. Increasing RH reduces the difference of water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) between the leaf and the atmosphere, and affects the gas exchange of plants. Little is known about the effects of decreased VPD on plant metabolism, especially under field conditions. This study was conducted to determine the effects of artificially decreased VPD on silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L.×P. tremuloides Michx.) foliar metabolite and nutrient profiles in a unique free air humidity manipulation (FAHM) field experiment during the fourth season of humidity manipulation, in 2011. Long-term exposure to decreased VPD modified nutrient homeostasis in tree leaves, as demonstrated by a lower N concentration and N:P ratio in aspen leaves, and higher Na concentration and lower K:Na ratio in the leaves of both species in decreased VPD than in ambient VPD. Decreased VPD caused a shift in foliar metabolite profiles of both species, affecting primary and secondary metabolites. Metabolic adjustment to decreased VPD included elevated levels of starch and heptulose sugars, sorbitol, hemiterpenoid and phenolic glycosides, and α-tocopherol. High levels of carbon reserves, phenolic compounds, and antioxidants under decreased VPD may modify plant resistance to environmental stresses emerging under changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lihavainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Sõber
- University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elina Oksanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Carbon Allocation into Different Fine-Root Classes of Young Abies alba Trees Is Affected More by Phenology than by Simulated Browsing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154687. [PMID: 27123860 PMCID: PMC4849635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abies alba (European silver fir) was used to investigate possible effects of simulated browsing on C allocation belowground by 13CO2 pulse-labelling at spring, summer or autumn, and by harvesting the trees at the same time point of the labelling or at a later season for biomass and for 13C-allocation into the fine-root system. Before budburst in spring, the leader shoots and 50% of all lateral shoots of half of the investigated 5-year old Abies alba saplings were clipped to simulate browsing. At harvest, different fine-root classes were separated, and starch as an important storage compartment was analysed for concentrations. The phenology had a strong effect on the allocation of the 13C-label from shoots to roots. In spring, shoots did not supply the fine-roots with high amounts of the 13C-label, because the fine-roots contained less than 1% of the applied 13C. In summer and autumn, however, shoots allocated relatively high amounts of the 13C-label to the fine roots. The incorporation of the 13C-label as structural C or as starch into the roots is strongly dependent on the root type and the root diameter. In newly formed fine roots, 3–5% of the applied 13C was incorporated, whereas 1–3% in the ≤0.5 mm root class and 1–1.5% in the >0.5–1.0 mm root class were recorded. Highest 13C-enrichment in the starch was recorded in the newly formed fine roots in autumn. The clipping treatment had a significant positive effect on the amount of allocated 13C-label to the fine roots after the spring labelling, with high relative 13C-contents observed in the ≤0.5 mm and the >0.5–1.0 mm fine-root classes of clipped trees. No effects of the clipping were observed after summer and autumn labelling in the 13C-allocation patterns. Overall, our data imply that the season of C assimilation and, thus, the phenology of trees is the main determinant of the C allocation from shoots to roots and is clearly more important than browsing.
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Piper FI, Gundale MJ, Fajardo A. Extreme defoliation reduces tree growth but not C and N storage in a winter-deciduous species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1093-103. [PMID: 25851136 PMCID: PMC4648455 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a growing concern about how forests will respond to increased herbivory associated with climate change. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) limitation are hypothesized to cause decreasing growth after defoliation, and eventually mortality. This study examines the effects of a natural and massive defoliation by an insect on mature trees' C and N storage, which have rarely been studied together, particularly in winter-deciduous species. METHODS Survival, growth rate, carbon [C, as non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration] and nitrogen (N) storage, defences (tannins and total polyphenols), and re-foliation traits were examined in naturally defoliated and non-defoliated adult trees of the winter-deciduous temperate species Nothofagus pumilio 1 and 2 years after a massive and complete defoliation caused by the caterpillar of Ormiscodes amphimone (Saturniidae) during summer 2009 in Patagonia. KEY RESULTS Defoliated trees did not die but grew significantly less than non-defoliated trees for at least 2 years after defoliation. One year after defoliation, defoliated trees had similar NSC and N concentrations in woody tissues, higher polyphenol concentrations and lower re-foliation than non-defoliated trees. In the second year, however, NSC concentrations in branches were significantly higher in defoliated trees while differences in polyphenols and re-foliation disappeared and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in growth following defoliation was not caused by insufficient C or N availability, as frequently assumed; instead, it was probably due to growth limitations due to factors other than C or N, or to preventative C allocation to storage. This study shows an integrative approach to evaluating plant growth limitations in response to disturbance, by examining major resources other than C (e.g. N), and other C sinks besides storage and growth (e.g. defences and re-foliation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Hidding B, Tremblay JP, Côté SD. A large herbivore triggers alternative successional trajectories in the boreal forest. Ecology 2014; 94:2852-60. [PMID: 24597230 DOI: 10.1890/12-2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alternative successional trajectories (AST) may result in multiple climax states within an ecosystem when disturbances affect colonization history. In the boreal forest, ungulates have been proposed to drive AST because, under herbivore pressure, preferred species may go extinct and apparent competition may benefit browsing-resistant species. Over a 15-year period following logging, we tested whether deer herbivory altered plant species composition and whether the competitive advantage of resistant species was maintained following herbivore removal. We compared exclosures built immediately after logging with delayed exclosures built eight years later on Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Although the palatable tree Betula papyrifera (paper birch) and some palatable herbs recovered in delayed exclosures, we observed legacies in both tree and herb cover. Woody regeneration in delayed exclosures was dominated by Picea glauca (white spruce), and Poaceae (grasses) were abundant in the field layer. Given that only early-successional species recovered, whereas late-successional broadleaf species and Abies balsamea (balsam fir) remained rare, succession may follow an AST after a limited browsing period during early succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Hidding
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG en Aménagement des Ressources de l'Ile d'Anticosti, Département de Biologic and Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG en Aménagement des Ressources de l'Ile d'Anticosti, Département de Biologic and Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Steeve D Côté
- Chaire de Recherche Industrielle CRSNG en Aménagement des Ressources de l'Ile d'Anticosti, Département de Biologic and Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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Palacio S, Hoch G, Sala A, Körner C, Millard P. Does carbon storage limit tree growth? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1096-1100. [PMID: 24172023 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palacio
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria s/n, 22700, Jaca, Huesca, Spain
| | - Günter Hoch
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pete Millard
- Landcare Research, Lincoln PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
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Wiley E, Huepenbecker S, Casper BB, Helliker BR. The effects of defoliation on carbon allocation: can carbon limitation reduce growth in favour of storage? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1216-28. [PMID: 24271085 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is no consensus about how stresses such as low water availability and temperature limit tree growth. Sink limitation to growth and survival is often inferred if a given stress does not cause non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations or levels to decline along with growth. However, trees may actively maintain or increase NSC levels under moderate carbon stress, making the pattern of reduced growth and increased NSCs compatible with carbon limitation. To test this possibility, we used full and half defoliation to impose severe and moderate carbon limitation on 2-year-old Quercus velutina Lam. saplings grown in a common garden. Saplings were harvested at either 3 weeks or 4 months after treatments were applied, representing short- and longer-term effects on woody growth and NSC levels. Both defoliation treatments maintained a lower total leaf area than controls throughout the experiment with no evidence of photosynthetic up-regulation, and resulted in a similar total biomass reduction. While fully defoliated saplings had lower starch levels than controls in the short term, half defoliated saplings maintained control starch levels in both the short and longer term. In the longer term, fully defoliated saplings had the greatest starch concentration increment, allowing them to recover to near-control starch levels. Furthermore, between the two harvest dates, fully and half defoliated saplings allocated a greater proportion of new biomass to starch than did controls. The maintenance of control starch levels in half defoliated saplings indicates that these trees actively store a substantial amount of carbon before growth is carbon saturated. In addition, the allocation shift favouring storage in defoliated saplings is consistent with the hypothesis that, as an adaptation to increasing carbon stress, trees can prioritize carbon reserve formation at the expense of growth. Our results suggest that as carbon limitation increases, reduced growth is not necessarily accompanied by a decline in NSC concentrations. Therefore, a lack of NSC decline may not be evidence that reduced tree growth under cold or water stress is caused by sink limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Wiley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Simard S, Giovannelli A, Treydte K, Traversi ML, King GM, Frank D, Fonti P. Intra-annual dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in the cambium of mature conifer trees reflects radial growth demands. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:913-23. [PMID: 24128848 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of soluble carbohydrates in the cambial zone, either from sugars recently produced during photosynthesis or from starch remobilized from storage organs, is necessary for radial tree growth. However, considerable uncertainties on carbohydrate dynamics and the consequences on tree productivity exist. This study aims to better understand the variation in different carbon pools at intra-annual resolution by quantifying how cambial zone sugar and starch concentrations fluctuate over the season and in relation to cambial phenology. A comparison between two physiologically different species growing at the same site, i.e., the evergreen Picea abies Karst. and the deciduous Larix decidua Mill., and between L. decidua from two contrasting elevations, is presented to identify mechanisms of growth limitation. Results indicate that the annual cycle of sugar concentration within the cambial zone is coupled to the process of wood formation. The highest sugar concentration is observed when the number of cells in secondary wall formation and lignification stages is at a maximum, subsequent to most radial growth. Starch disappears in winter, while other freeze-resistant non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) increase. Slight differences in NSC concentration between species are consistent with the differing climate sensitivity of the evergreen and deciduous species investigated. The general absence of differences between elevations suggests that the cambial activity of trees growing at the treeline was not limited by the availability of carbohydrates at the cambial zone but instead by environmental controls on the growing season duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Simard
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Mengistu T, Sterck FJ, Fetene M, Bongers F. Frankincense tapping reduces the carbohydrate storage of Boswellia trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:601-608. [PMID: 23729273 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates fixed by photosynthesis are stored in plant organs in the form of starch or sugars. Starch and sugars sum to the total non-structural carbohydrate pool (TNC) and may serve as intermediate pools between assimilation and utilization. We examined the impact of tapping on TNC concentrations in stem-wood, bark and root tissues of the frankincense tree (Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst) in two natural woodlands of Ethiopia. Two tapping treatments, one without tapping (control) and the other with tapping at 12 incisions, are applied on experimental trees. Trees are tapped in the leafless dry period, diminishing their carbon storage pools. If storage pools are not refilled by assimilation during the wet season, when crowns are in full leaf, tapping may deplete the carbon pool and weaken Boswellia trees. The highest soluble sugar concentrations were in the bark and the highest starch concentrations in the stem-wood. The stem-wood contains 12 times higher starch than soluble sugar concentrations. Hence, the highest TNC concentrations occurred in the stem-wood. Moreover, wood volume was larger than root or bark volumes and, as a result, more TNC was stored in the stem-wood. As predicted, tapping reduced the TNC concentrations and pool sizes in frankincense trees during the dry season. During the wet season, these carbon pools were gradually filled in tapped trees, but never to the size of non-tapped trees. We conclude that TNC is dynamic on a seasonal time scale and offers resilience against stress, highlighting its importance for tree carbon balance. But current resin tapping practices are intensive and may weaken Boswellia populations, jeopardizing future frankincense production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tefera Mengistu
- Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Alla AQ, Camarero JJ, Montserrat-Martí G. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of bud development as related to climate in two coexisting Mediterranean Quercus species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013. [PMID: 23179859 PMCID: PMC3555519 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In trees, bud development is driven by endogenous and exogenous factors such as species and climate, respectively. However, knowledge is scarce on how these factors drive changes in bud size across different time scales. METHODS The seasonal patterns of apical bud enlargement are related to primary and secondary growth in two coexisting Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit (Quercus ilex, evergreen; Quercus faginea, deciduous) over three years. In addition, the climatic factors driving changes in bud size of the two oak species were determined by correlating bud mass with climatic variables at different time scales (from 5 to 30 d) over a 15-year period. KEY RESULTS The maximum enlargement rate of buds was reached between late July and mid-August in both species. Moreover, apical bud size increased with minimum air temperatures during the period of maximum bud enlargement rates. CONCLUSIONS The forecasted rising minimum air temperatures predicted by climatic models may affect bud size and consequently alter crown architecture differentially in sympatric Mediterranean oaks. However, the involvement of several drivers controlling the final size of buds makes it difficult to predict the changes in bud size as related to ongoing climate warming.
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Champagne E, Tremblay JP, Côté SD. Tolerance of an expanding subarctic shrub, Betula glandulosa, to simulated caribou browsing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51940. [PMID: 23272191 PMCID: PMC3521738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Densification of the shrub layer has been reported in many subarctic regions, raising questions about the implication for large herbivores and their resources. Shrubs can tolerate browsing and their level of tolerance could be affected by browsing and soils productivity, eventually modifying resource availability for the caribou. Our objective was to assess the compensatory growth potential of a subarctic shrub, Betula glandulosa Michx., in relation with caribou browsing and nutriment availability for the plants. We used a simulated browsing (0, 25 and 75% of available shoots) and nitrogen-fertilisation (0 and 10 g m(-2)) experiment to test two main hypotheses linking tolerance to resource availability, the Compensatory Continuum Hypothesis and the Growth Rate Hypothesis as well as the predictions from the Limiting Resource Model. We seek to explicitly integrate the relative browsing pressure in our predictions since the amount of tissues removed could affect the capacity of long-lived plants to compensate. Birches fully compensated for moderate browsing with an overall leaf biomass similar to unbrowsed birches but undercompensated under heavy browsing pressure. The main mechanism explaining compensation appears to be the conversion of short shoots into long shoots. The leaf area increased under heavy browsing pressure but only led to undercompensation. Fertilisation for two consecutive years did not influence the response of birch, thus we conclude that our results support the LRM hypothesis of equal tolerance under both high and low nitrogen availability. Our results highlight that the potential for compensatory growth in dwarf birch is surpassed under heavy browsing pressure independently of the fertilisation regime. In the context of the worldwide decline in caribou herds, the reduction in browsing pressure could act synergistically with global climate change to promote the current shrub expansion reported in subarctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Champagne
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
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SCOGINGS PETERF, MAMASHELA THANDEKAC, ZOBOLO ALPHEUSM. Deciduous sapling responses to season and large herbivores in a semi-arid African savanna. AUSTRAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PETER F. SCOGINGS
- Department of Agriculture; University of Zululand; Private Bag X1001; KwaDlangezwa; 3886; uMhlatuze; South Africa
| | | | - ALPHEUS M. ZOBOLO
- Department of Botany; University of Zululand; uMhlatuze; South Africa
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Castrillón-Arbeláez PA, Martínez-Gallardo N, Arnaut HA, Tiessen A, Délano-Frier JP. Metabolic and enzymatic changes associated with carbon mobilization, utilization and replenishment triggered in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) in response to partial defoliation by mechanical injury or insect herbivory. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:163. [PMID: 22966837 PMCID: PMC3515461 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus are crop plants grown for grain production in subtropical countries. Recently, the generation of large-scale transcriptomic data opened the possibility to study representative genes of primary metabolism to gain a better understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying tolerance to defoliation in these species. A multi-level approach was followed involving gene expression analysis, enzyme activity and metabolite measurements. RESULTS Defoliation by insect herbivory (HD) or mechanical damage (MD) led to a rapid and transient reduction of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in all tissues examined. This correlated with a short-term induction of foliar sucrolytic activity, differential gene expression of a vacuolar invertase and its inhibitor, and induction of a sucrose transporter gene. Leaf starch in defoliated plants correlated negatively with amylolytic activity and expression of a β-amylase-1 gene and positively with a soluble starch synthase gene. Fatty-acid accumulation in roots coincided with a high expression of a phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate transporter gene. In all tissues there was a long-term replenishment of most metabolite pools, which allowed damaged plants to maintain unaltered growth and grain yield. Promoter analysis of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and vacuolar invertase genes indicated the presence of cis-regulatory elements that supported their responsiveness to defoliation. HD and MD had differential effects on transcripts, enzyme activities and metabolites. However, the correlation between transcript abundance and enzymatic activities was very limited. A better correlation was found between enzymes, metabolite levels and growth and reproductive parameters. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that a rapid reduction of NSC reserves in leaves, stems and roots followed by their long-term recovery underlies tolerance to defoliation in grain amaranth. This requires the coordinate action of genes/enzymes that are differentially affected by the way leaf damage is performed. Defoliation tolerance in grain is a complex process that can't be fully explained at the transcriptomic level only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Castrillón-Arbeláez
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas (Cinvestav-Irapuato), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821, Irapuato, Gto, México
| | - Norma Martínez-Gallardo
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas (Cinvestav-Irapuato), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821, Irapuato, Gto, México
| | - Hamlet Avilés Arnaut
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas (Cinvestav-Irapuato), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821, Irapuato, Gto, México
- Present address: Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Axel Tiessen
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas (Cinvestav-Irapuato), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821, Irapuato, Gto, México
| | - John Paul Délano-Frier
- Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas (Cinvestav-Irapuato), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36821, Irapuato, Gto, México
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Wiley E, Helliker B. A re-evaluation of carbon storage in trees lends greater support for carbon limitation to growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:285-289. [PMID: 22568553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Wiley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- (Author for correspondence: tel +1 215 898 8608; email )
| | - Brent Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Zvereva EL, Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Little strokes fell great oaks: minor but chronic herbivory substantially reduces birch growth. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Barry KM, Quentin A, Eyles A, Pinkard EA. Consequences of resource limitation for recovery from repeated defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus Labilladière. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:24-35. [PMID: 22174093 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recovery following defoliation can be modified by co-occurring site resource limitations. The growth response of young Eucalyptus globulus saplings to two defoliation events was examined in an experimental plantation with combinations of low (-) or high (+) water (W) and nitrogen (N) resources. Artificial defoliation was applied at 3 and 9 months of age to remove ~40 and 55% of leaf area in the upper crown, respectively. At 18 months of age, height, stem diameter and leaf area were not significantly different between control and defoliated saplings, across all resource treatments. However, stem volume, bark volume and branch number were significantly increased in defoliated saplings, including a significant interaction with resource treatment. Total above-ground biomass of saplings in response to defoliation was significantly higher (almost double) than controls for the low water (N + W-) treatment only. Significantly increased foliar starch content (and a trend for increased soluble sugars) in the upper crown zone was found in the defoliated saplings of the N + W- treatment compared with the upper zone of control saplings. Foliar total non-structural carbohydrates were significantly correlated to stem biomass regardless of resource treatment or defoliation, and we suggest that foliar resources are most important for stem growth in E. globulus rather than stored carbon (C) from other tissues. After repeated defoliation and several months recovery, E. globulus saplings were generally not C limited in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Barry
- Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, Private Bag 12, Hobart 7001, Australia.
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Piper FI, Fajardo A. No evidence of carbon limitation with tree age and height in Nothofagus pumilio under Mediterranean and temperate climate conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:907-17. [PMID: 21852277 PMCID: PMC3177673 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trees universally decrease their growth with age. Most explanations for this trend so far support the hypothesis that carbon (C) gain becomes limited with age; though very few studies have directly assessed the relative reductions of C gain and C demand with tree age. It has also been suggested that drought enhances the effect of C gain limitation in trees. Here tests were carried out to determine whether C gain limitation is causing the growth decay with tree age, and whether drought accentuates its effect. METHODS The balance between C gain and C demand across tree age and height ranges was estimated. For this, the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in stems and roots of trees of different ages and heights was measured in the deciduous temperate species Nothofagus pumilio. An ontogenetic decrease in NSCs indicates support for C limitation. Furthermore, the importance of drought in altering the C balance with ontogeny was assessed by sampling the same species in Mediterranean and humid climate locations in the southern Andes of Chile. Wood density (WD) and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C) were also determined to examine drought constraints on C gain. KEY RESULTS At both locations, it was effectively found that tree growth ultimately decreased with tree age and height. It was found, however, that NSC concentrations did not decrease with tree age or height when WD was considered, suggesting that C limitation is not the ultimate mechanism causing the age/height-related declining tree growth. δ(13)C decreased with tree age/height at the Mediterranean site only; drought effect increased with tree age/height, but this pattern was not mirrored by the levels of NSCs. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that concentrations of C storage in N. pumilio trees do not decrease with tree age or height, and that reduced C assimilation due to summer drought does not alter this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Ignacio Serrano 509, Coyhaique, Chile.
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Scogings PF, Hjältén J, Skarpe C. Secondary metabolites and nutrients of woody plants in relation to browsing intensity in African savannas. Oecologia 2011; 167:1063-73. [PMID: 21660581 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based secondary metabolites (CBSMs) are assumed to function as defences that contribute to herbivore-avoidance strategies of woody plants. Severe browsing has been reported to reduce concentrations of CBSMs and increase N concentrations in individual plants, causing heavily browsed plants to be characterised by N-rich/C-poor tissues. We hypothesised that concentrations of condensed tannins (CT) and total polyphenols (TP) should decrease, or N increase, in relation to increasing intensity of browsing, rendering severely browsed plants potentially more palatable (increased N:CT) and less N-limited (increased N:P) than lightly browsed ones. We sampled naturally browsed trees (taller than 2 m) of four abundant species in southern Kruger National Park, South Africa. Species-specific relationships between N:CT, CT, TP and P concentrations and increasing browsing intensity were detected, but N and N:P were consistently invariable. We developed a conceptual post-hoc model to explain diverse species-specific CBSM responses on the basis of relative allocation of C to total C-based defence traits (e.g. spines/thorns, tough/evergreen leaves, phenolic compounds). The model suggests that species with low allocation of C to C-based defence traits become C-limited (potentially more palatable) at higher browsing intensity than species with high allocation of C to C-based defences. The model also suggests that when N availability is high, plants become C-limited at higher browsing intensity than when N availability is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Scogings
- Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa.
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Millard P, Way DA. Tree competition and defense against herbivores: currency matters when counting the cost. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:579-581. [PMID: 21778292 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Millard
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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Palacio S, Paterson E, Sim A, Hester AJ, Millard P. Browsing affects intra-ring carbon allocation in species with contrasting wood anatomy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:150-9. [PMID: 21388994 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge on tree carbon (C) allocation to wood is particularly scarce in plants subjected to disturbance factors, such as browsing, which affects forest regeneration worldwide and has an impact on the C balance of trees. Furthermore, quantifying the degree to which tree rings are formed from freshly assimilated vs. stored carbohydrates is highly relevant for our understanding of tree C allocation. We used (13)C labelling to quantify seasonal allocation of stored C to wood formation in two species with contrasting wood anatomy: Betula pubescens Ehrh. (diffuse-porous) and Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl. (ring-porous). Clipping treatments (66% shoot removal, and unclipped) were applied to analyse the effect of browsing on C allocation into tree rings, plus the effects on tree growth, architecture, ring width and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). The relative contribution of stored C to wood formation was greater in the ring-porous (55-70%) than in the diffuse-porous species (35-60%), although each species followed different seasonal trends. Clipping did not cause a significant depletion of C stores in either species. Nonetheless, a significant increase in the proportion of stored C allocated to earlywood growth was observed in clipped birches, and this could be explained through changes in tree architecture after clipping. The size of C pools across tree species seems to be important in determining the variability of seasonal C allocation patterns to wood and their sensibility to disturbances such as browsing. Our results indicate that the observed changes in C allocation to earlywood in birch were not related to variations in the amount or concentration of NSC stores, but to changes in the seasonal availability of recently assimilated C caused by modifications in tree architecture after browsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palacio
- Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK.
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37
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Response of two prairie forbs to repeated vole herbivory. Oecologia 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sullivan AT, Howe HF. Response of two prairie forbs to repeated vole herbivory. Oecologia 2010; 165:1007-15. [PMID: 21053022 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Millard P, Grelet GA. Nitrogen storage and remobilization by trees: ecophysiological relevance in a changing world. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1083-95. [PMID: 20551251 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage by trees will be discussed in terms of uncoupling their growth from resource acquisition. There are profound differences between the physiology of C and N storage. C storage acts as a short-term, temporary buffer when photosynthesis cannot meet current sink demand and remobilization is sink driven. However, the majority of C allocated to non-structural carbohydrates such as starch is not reused so is in fact sequestered, not stored. In contrast, N storage is seasonally programmed, closely linked to tree phenology and operates at temporal scales of months to years, with remobilization being source driven. We examine the ecological significance of N storage and remobilization in terms of regulating plant N use efficiency, allowing trees to uncouple seasonal growth from N uptake by roots and allowing recovery from disturbances such as browsing damage. We also briefly consider the importance of N storage and remobilization in regulating how trees will likely respond to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Most studies of N storage and remobilization have been restricted to small trees growing in a controlled environment where (15)N can be used easily as a tracer for mineral N. We highlight the need to describe and quantify these processes for adult trees in situ where most root N uptake occurs via ectomycorrhizal partners, an approach that now appears feasible for deciduous trees through quantification of the flux of remobilized N in their xylem. This opens new possibilities for studying interactions between N and C allocation in trees and associated mycorrhizal partners, which are likely to be crucial in regulating the response of trees to many aspects of global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Millard
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK.
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40
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Phenological and Temperature Controls on the Temporal Non-Structural Carbohydrate Dynamics of Populus grandidentata and Quercus rubra. FORESTS 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/f1010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Impact of simulated herbivory on water relations of aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings: the role of new tissue in the hydraulic conductivity recovery cycle. Oecologia 2009; 161:665-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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