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Arrieta-Mendoza D, Garces B, Hidalgo AA, Neira V, Ramirez G, Neira-Carrillo A, Bucarey SA. Design of a New Vaccine Prototype against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis Based on Multiple Antigens Microencapsulation with Sulfated Chitosan. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:550. [PMID: 38793801 PMCID: PMC11125950 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated in vivo an experimental-multivalent-vaccine (EMV) based on three Porcine Respiratory Complex (PRC)-associated antigens: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), M. hyopneumoniae (Mhyop) and M. hyorhinis (Mhyor), microencapsulated with sulfated chitosan (M- ChS + PRC-antigens), postulating chitosan sulphate (ChS) as a mimetic of the heparan sulfate receptor used by these pathogens for cell invasion. The EMV was evaluated physicochemically by SEM (Scanning-Electron-Microscopy), EDS (Energy-Dispersive-Spectroscopy), Pdi (Polydispersity-Index) and zeta potential. Twenty weaned pigs, distributed in four groups, were evaluated for 12 weeks. The groups 1 through 4 were as follows: 1-EMV intramuscular-route (IM), 2-EMV oral-nasal-route (O/N), 3-Placebo O/N (M-ChS without antigens), 4-Commercial-vaccine PCV2-Mhyop. qPCR was used to evaluate viral/bacterial load from serum, nasal and bronchial swab and from inguinal lymphoid samples. Specific humoral immunity was evaluated by ELISA. M-ChS + PRC-antigens measured between 1.3-10 μm and presented low Pdi and negative zeta potential, probably due to S (4.26%). Importantly, the 1-EMV protected 90% of challenged animals against PCV2 and Mhyop and 100% against Mhyor. A significant increase in antibody was observed for Mhyor (1-EMV and 2-EMV) and Mhyop (2-EMV), compared with 4-Commercial-vaccine. No difference in antibody levels between 1-EMV and 4-Commercial-vaccine for PCV2-Mhyop was observed. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the first EMV with M-ChS + PRC-antigens in pigs, which were challenged with Mhyor, PCV2 and Mhyop, evidencing high protection for Mhyor, which has no commercial vaccine available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwuin Arrieta-Mendoza
- Doctoral Program in Forestry, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, South Campus, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
| | - Bruno Garces
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, 2320 Sazié, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (B.G.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, 2320 Sazié, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (B.G.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Victor Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (V.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Galia Ramirez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (V.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Andrónico Neira-Carrillo
- Laboratorio Polyforms, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Sergio A. Bucarey
- Centro Biotecnológico Veterinario, Biovetec, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Rosales RS, Risco D, García-Nicolás O, Pallarés FJ, Ramírez AS, Poveda JB, Nicholas RAJ, Salguero FJ. Differential Gene Expression in Porcine Lung Compartments after Experimental Infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1290. [PMID: 38731294 PMCID: PMC11083927 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), as well as one of the main pathogens involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex. The host-pathogen interaction between Mhyo and infected pigs is complex and not completely understood; however, improving the understanding of these intricacies is essential for the development of effective control strategies of EP. In order to improve our knowledge about this interaction, laser-capture microdissection was used to collect bronchi, bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue, and lung parenchyma from animals infected with different strains of Mhyo, and mRNA expression levels of different molecules involved in Mhyo infection (ICAM1, IL-8, IL-10, IL-23, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, and TNF-α) were analyzed by qPCR. In addition, the quantification of Mhyo load in the different lung compartments and the scoring of macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions were also performed. Strain-associated differences in virulence were observed, as well as the presence of significant differences in expression levels of cytokines among lung compartments. IL-8 and IL-10 presented the highest upregulation, with limited differences between strains and lung compartments. IFN-α was strongly downregulated in BALT, implying a relevant role for this cytokine in the immunomodulation associated with Mhyo infections. IL-23 was also upregulated in all lung compartments, suggesting the potential involvement of a Th17-mediated immune response in Mhyo infections. Our findings highlight the relevance of Th1 and Th2 immune response in cases of EP, shedding light on the gene expression levels of key cytokines in the lung of pigs at a microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén S. Rosales
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain; (R.S.R.); (A.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - David Risco
- Unidad de Histología y Anatomía Patológica, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francisco J. Pallarés
- Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus “CeiA3”, 14001 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Ana S. Ramírez
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain; (R.S.R.); (A.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | - José B. Poveda
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain; (R.S.R.); (A.S.R.); (J.B.P.)
| | | | - Francisco J. Salguero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Rd, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
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Goto Y, Fukunari K, Tada S, Ichimura S, Chiba Y, Suzuki T. A multiplex real-time RT-PCR system to simultaneously diagnose 16 pathogens associated with swine respiratory disease. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad263. [PMID: 37951290 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Swine respiratory disease (SRD) is a major disease complex in pigs that causes severe economic losses. SRD is associated with several intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as host health status, viruses, bacteria, and environmental factors. Particularly, it is known that many pathogens are associated with SRD to date, but most of the test to detect those pathogens can be normally investigated only one pathogen while taking time and labor. Therefore, it is desirable to develop rapidly and efficiently detectable methods those pathogens to minimize the damage caused by SRD. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) system to diagnose simultaneously 16 pathogens, including nine viruses and seven bacteria associated with SRD, on the basis of single qPCR and RT-qPCR assays reported in previous studies. Multiplex RT-qPCR system we designed had the same ability to single RT-qPCR without significant differences in detection sensitivity for all target pathogens at minimum to maximum genomic levels. Moreover, the primers and probes used in this system had highly specificity because the sets had not been detected pathogens other than the target and its taxonomically related pathogens. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that this system would be useful to detect a causative pathogen in the diagnosis using oral fluid from healthy pigs and lung tissue from pigs with respiratory disorders collected in the field. CONCLUSIONS The rapid detection of infected animals from the herd using our system will contribute to infection control and prompt treatment in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukunari
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Shigekatsu Tada
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Satoki Ichimura
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Yuzumi Chiba
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Zoonosis Research, Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Rodríguez F, Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Poveda JB. Vaccination Upregulates Th1 Cytokines in the Lung of Pigs Experimentally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030520. [PMID: 36766408 PMCID: PMC9913433 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhy) is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia, characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the protection of an inactivated whole cell vaccine, we investigated the immunohistochemical differences in the cytokine expression in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs experimentally infected with Mhy. Four-week-old Mhy-negative pigs (n = 24) were allocated to negative control (n = 8), or one of two Mhy-infected groups: vaccinated (n = 8) and non-vaccinated (n = 8). Infection was carried out by a combination of trans-tracheal and aerosol route. Lung samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies, by using antibodies against Mhy, IL1-α, IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD-4 lymphocytes. Although all cytokines increased in both infected groups, IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ were significantly overexpressed in vaccinated pigs. These findings, in conjunction with the decrease of macroscopic and histological lesions in vaccinated animals, indicate the importance to enhance Th1 response in the immunization strategies to control Mhy infection.
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Beuckelaere L, Haspeslagh M, Biebaut E, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Krejci R, Meyer E, Gleerup D, De Spiegelaere W, Devriendt B, Maes D. Different local, innate and adaptive immune responses are induced by two commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and an adjuvant alone. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015525. [PMID: 36569943 PMCID: PMC9768447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enzootic pneumonia still causes major economic losses to the intensive pig production. Vaccination against its primary pathogen, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is carried out worldwide to control the disease and minimize clinical signs and performance losses. Nonetheless, the effects of both infection with, and vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on the innate and adaptive immune responses remain largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study in which piglets were injected once with a commercial bacterin V1 or V2, or the adjuvant of V1 (A) to investigate their effect on local, innate and adaptive immune responses. Methods Three weeks after vaccination, piglets were challenge infected with M. hyopneumoniae and euthanized four weeks later to assess vaccine efficacy via macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of lung lesions. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) samples were collected to measure antibody responses, cellular immunity, BAL cytokine levels and BAL M. hyopneumoniae DNA load as well as cytokine secretion by monocytes. Results After vaccination, proliferation of antigen-specific CD3+ T cells and a higher percentage of TNF-α+ CD8+, and TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IFN-γ+ CD4+CD8+ T cells was seen in V1, while proliferation of or a significant increase in cytokine production by different T cell subsets could not be observed for animals from V2. Interestingly, LPS-stimulated blood monocytes from V1 and A secreted less IL-10 on D7. After challenge, higher levels of IgA, more IL-10 and less IL-1β was detected in BAL from V1, which was not observed in V2. Animals from A had significantly more IL-17A in BAL. The macroscopic lung lesion score and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load at euthanasia was lower in V1, but the microscopic lung lesion score was lower in both vaccinated groups. Discussion In conclusion, these results indicate that the two commercial bacterins induced different local and adaptive immune responses, that the adjuvant alone can reduce anti-inflammatory innate immune responses, and that both vaccines had a different efficacy to reduce Mycoplasma-like lung lesions and M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,*Correspondence: Lisa Beuckelaere,
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyne Meyer
- Deparment of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - David Gleerup
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Garcia-Morante B, Maes D, Sibila M, Betlach AM, Sponheim A, Canturri A, Pieters M. Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics. Vet J 2022; 288:105877. [PMID: 35901923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae remains one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens for pig production. Despite an abundance of observational and laboratory testing capabilities for this organism, diagnostic interpretation of test results can be challenging and ambiguous. This is partly explained by the chronic nature of M. hyopneumoniae infection and its tropism for lower respiratory tract epithelium, which affects diagnostic sensitivities associated with sampling location and stage of infection. A thorough knowledge of the available tools for routine M. hyopneumoniae diagnostic testing, together with a detailed understanding of infection dynamics, are essential for optimizing sampling strategies and providing confidence in the diagnostic process. This study reviewed known information on sampling and diagnostic tools for M. hyopneumoniae and summarized literature reports of the dynamics of key infection outcomes, including clinical signs, lung lesions, pathogen detection, and humoral immune responses. Such knowledge could facilitate better understanding of the performance of different diagnostic approaches at various stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Swine Vet Center, 1608 S Minnesota Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Amanda Sponheim
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA
| | - Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, 55108 MN, USA; Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Tonni M, Formenti N, Boniotti MB, Guarneri F, Scali F, Romeo C, Pasquali P, Pieters M, Maes D, Alborali GL. The role of co-infections in M. hyopneumoniae outbreaks among heavy fattening pigs: a field study. Vet Res 2022; 53:41. [PMID: 35692039 PMCID: PMC9190078 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how co-infections and genotype dynamics affect Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in fattening pigs. This study was aimed at assessing the role of co-infections in M. hyopneumoniae outbreaks, their influence on the presence of M. hyopneumoniae genotypes and their impact on consequent lung lesions. Tracheobronchial swabs (TBS) from 300 finishers were collected from 10 farms at the onset of enzootic pneumonia outbreaks and 1 month later, sampling of 3 groups per farm: Group A showed clinical signs first, Group B was housed near Group A, and Group C was located in a different building. Pigs’ lungs were scored at the slaughterhouse. TBS were tested for the main pathogens involved in respiratory diseases, and samples positive for M. hyopneumoniae were genotyped by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Pigs in Group A showed the highest prevalence and load of M. hyopneumoniae. A positive association was detected between M. hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis, whereas Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was more frequent when the M. hyopneumoniae load was higher. Nevertheless, co-infection had no effect on lung lesion scores. The presence of multiple MLVA types (mixed infections) increased in time only in pigs from Group C and was positively associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Lung lesions were more severe in pigs with at least one TBS positive for M. hyopneumoniae and in pigs with a history of mixed infections. The central role of M. hyopneumoniae and relevance of mixed infections suggest that increased biosecurity might be beneficial for lung lesion sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Giovanni L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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Deffner P, Maurer R, Cvjetković V, Sipos W, Krejci R, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Cross-sectional study on the in-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at different stages of pig production. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1317. [PMID: 35032397 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections before vaccination in 3-week-old piglets and to gain information about infection dynamics. METHODS In 13 German and three Austrian farms with a known history of enzootic pneumonia, 790 piglets and 158 sows were sampled (blood samples, tracheobronchial swabs [TBS] [piglets], laryngeal swabs [LS] [sows]), and 525 pen-based oral fluids (OFs) were collected in growing and fattening pigs. Laboratory diagnostics included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. RESULTS Antibodies to M. hyopneumoniae were present in 87.5 per cent of all herds. Seroprevalence ranged from 0.0 to 100.0 per cent and 0.0 to 88.0 per cent in sows and piglets, respectively. M. hyopneumoniae-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was present in 3.8 and 0.4 per cent of LS and TBS, respectively. Gilts had a 10.9 times higher chance being M. hyopneumoniae PCR-positive than older sows. In 75.0 per cent of all farms, M. hyopneumoniae-DNA was present in OFs. Detection rate was significantly higher in OFs of 20-week-old than in younger pigs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Results indicate that M. hyopneumoniae infections of the lower respiratory tract in piglets are rare but highlight the role of gilts in maintaining infection in the herd. Collecting OFs seems promising for surveillance, if coughing occurs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Deffner
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Roland Maurer
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Nueangphuet P, Suwanruengsri M, Fuke N, Uemura R, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. Neutrophil and M2-polarized Macrophage Infiltration, Expression of IL-8 and Apoptosis in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia in Swine. J Comp Pathol 2021; 189:31-44. [PMID: 34886984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is the primary pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP). Consolidated lung tissue from the cranioventral lung lobes of 15 pigs with PEP was collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Histopathology revealed the co-existence of bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia with intra-alveolar neutrophils and macrophage infiltration in lesions of suppurative bronchopneumonia. Immunolabelling of infiltrated macrophages with CD163/CD204 indicated the presence of M2-polarized macrophages. Mhp antigen was detected on respiratory epithelial cells and in phagocytosed neutrophils. The intensity of Mhp immunolabelling and number of CD163/CD204-positive macrophages were correlated with the Mhp load in lung tissue (r = 0.87, 0.56, P <0.05). IL-8 immunolabelling was mainly found in neutrophils and correlated with Mhp load, Mhp immunolabelling and histological lesion score (r = 0.70, 0.66, 0.64, P <0.05), respectively. Apoptosis was seen in intra-alveolar cells and was correlated with Mhp load (r = 0.62, P <0.05). It is postulated that IL-8 attracts neutrophils to the lesions, while M2-polarized macrophages are a major source of IL-10 and promote a Th2-type immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phawut Nueangphuet
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mathurot Suwanruengsri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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10
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Lee SI, Jeong CG, Ul Salam Mattoo S, Nazki S, Prasad Aganja R, Kim SC, Khatun A, Oh Y, Noh SH, Lee SM, Kim WI. Protective immunity induced by concurrent intradermal injection of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae inactivated vaccines in pigs. Vaccine 2021; 39:6691-6699. [PMID: 34538524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are routinely used by intramuscular injection. However, since intramuscular vaccination causes stress and increases the risk of cross-contamination among pigs, research on intradermal vaccination is currently being actively conducted. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intradermally administered inactivated vaccines against PCV2 and Mhp in pigs. Three-week-old specific pathogen-free pigs were divided into three groups (5 pigs per group). Pigs in the two groups were intradermally vaccinated with the PCV2 or Mhp vaccine using a needle-free injector. Pigs in the third group were kept as nonvaccinated controls. At 21 days post-vaccination, pigs in one of these vaccinated groups and the nonvaccinated group were intranasally challenged with PCV2b and Mhp, while the other vaccinated group pigs were maintained as vaccine controls. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated by observing weight gain, pathogen load, pathological changes, and humoral or cellular immune responses. As a result, vaccinated pigs revealed significantly higher body weight gain, with lower clinical scores. Vaccinated pigs also showed higher antibody responses but lower PCV2b or Mhp loads in sera, nasal swabs, or lungs than nonvaccinated pigs. Intriguingly, vaccinated pigs upregulated cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), helper T type 1 cells (Th1 cells), and helper T type 17 cells (Th17 cells) after immunization and showed significantly higher levels of CTLs, Th1 and Th17 cells at 14 days post-challenge than nonvaccinated and challenged pigs. This study demonstrated that protective immune responses against PCV2 and Mhp could be efficiently induced in pigs using a relatively small volume of intradermal vaccines, probably due to effective antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells in the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright-GU24 0NF, Woking, United Kingdom.
| | - Ram Prasad Aganja
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyun Noh
- MSD Animal Health Korea Ltd., Seoul 04637, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Vangroenweghe FACJ, Thas O. Seasonal Variation in Prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Other Respiratory Pathogens in Peri-Weaned, Post-Weaned, and Fattening Pigs with Clinical Signs of Respiratory Diseases in Belgian and Dutch Pig Herds, Using a Tracheobronchial Swab Sampling Technique, and Their Associations with Local Weather Conditions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091202. [PMID: 34578234 PMCID: PMC8471121 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), many other viruses and bacteria can concurrently be present in pigs. These pathogens can provoke clinical signs, known as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). A sampling technique on live animals, namely tracheobronchial swab (TBS) sampling, was applied to detect different PRDC pathogens in pigs using PCR. The objective was to determine prevalence of different PRDC pathogens and their variations during different seasons, including correlations with local weather conditions. A total of 974 pig farms and 22,266 pigs were sampled using TBS over a 5-year period. TBS samples were analyzed using mPCR and results were categorized and analyzed according to the season of sampling and local weather data. In samples of peri-weaned and post-weaned piglets, influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-European strain (PRRSV1), and M. hyopneumoniae were found as predominant pathogens. In fattening pigs, M. hyopneumoniae, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) and PRRSV1 were predominant pathogens. Pathogen prevalence in post-weaned and finishing pigs was highest during winter, except for IAV-S and A. pleuropneumoniae, which were more prevalent during autumn. Associations between prevalence of several PRDC pathogens, i.e., M. hyopneumoniae, PCV-2 and PRRSV, and specific weather conditions could be demonstrated. In conclusion, the present study showed that many respiratory pathogens are present during the peri-weaning, post-weaning, and fattening periods, which may complicate the clinical picture of respiratory diseases. Interactions between PRDC pathogens and local weather conditions over the 5-year study period were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A. C. J. Vangroenweghe
- Business Unit Swine & Ruminants, Elanco Animal Health, Plantijn en Moretuslei 1A, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-477-558-562
| | - Olivier Thas
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- National Institute of Applied Statistics Research Australia (NIASRA), University of Wollongong, Northfield Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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12
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Effectiveness of two intramuscular combined vaccines for the control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2 in growing pigs: a randomized field trial. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:41. [PMID: 34176520 PMCID: PMC8237417 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circovirus type 2 are two economically important pathogens affecting growing pigs. Control and prevention of both diseases can be accomplished by vaccination, together with biosecurity and good management practices. Many commercial vaccines are available. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of Hyogen® and Circovac® administered mixed at weaning and to compare this protocol with a competitor ready-to-use (RTU) vaccine. Case presentation A randomised field trial was designed in a commercial farrow-to-finish farm located in France. A total of 641 pigs born from 54 different sows were included in this study. Piglets at weaning were allocated into three groups: the first one vaccinated with Hyogen® and Circovac® combined (group A), the second one vaccinated with a competitor RTU vaccine (group B) and the last one unvaccinated. Only minor local reactions for both vaccination groups could be observed which revealed a good safety of both protocols. Both vaccination schemes in this trial didn’t improve wean-to-slaughter growth performances but significantly reduced lung lesions, lung fissures and pleurisy at slaughter, produced a seroconversion for both M. hyopneumoniae and PCV-2 and significantly reduced the PCV-2 viral load in blood. When we compared groups A and B, we observed no significant differences in growth performances, mortality, clinical signs, percentages of affected lungs at slaughter, lung fissures and pleurisy, and no difference in pathogens detection. However, two statistical differences were observed between both vaccines: the mean lung lesion score and the percentage of extensive lung lesions were lower in group A. This is consistent with lower M. hyopneumoniae loads in the lower respiratory tract in pigs from group A but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Results reported in this case study must be considered with caution since it was done in only one farm. In this trial, Hyogen® and Circovac® mixed together under field conditions offered a successful protection of growing pigs and significantly decreased the extension of lung lesions during a natural field challenge when compared with a competitor RTU vaccine.
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13
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Clavijo MJ, Hu D, Krantz S, Cano JP, Pereira Maróstica T, Henao-Diaz A, Poeta Silva APS, Hemker D, Tapia E, Zimmerman S, Fano E, Polson D, Fitzgerald R, Tucker A, Main R, Wang C, Zimmerman JJ, Rotolo ML. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Surveillance in Pig Populations: Establishing Sampling Guidelines for Detection in Growing Pigs. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e03051-20. [PMID: 33597256 PMCID: PMC8091834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03051-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antemortem detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in swine production systems has relied on antibody testing, but the availability of tests based on DNA detection and novel diagnostic specimens, e.g., tracheal swabs and oral fluids, has the potential to improve M. hyopneumoniae surveillance. A field study was performed over a 14-week period during which 10 pigs in one pen at the center of a room with 1,250 6-week-old pigs housed in 46 pens were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae Thereafter, one tracheal sample, four serum samples, and one oral fluid sample were collected from every pen at 2-week intervals. Tracheal and oral fluid samples were tested for M. hyopneumoniae DNA and serum samples for M. hyopneumoniae antibody. Test results were modeled using a hierarchical Bayesian model, based on a latent spatial piecewise exponential survival model, to estimate the probability of detection by within-pen prevalence, number of positive pens in the barn, sample allocation, sample size, and sample type over time. Analysis showed that tracheal samples provided the earliest detection, especially at large sample sizes. While serum samples are more commonly collected and are less expensive to test, high probability of detection estimates were only obtained 30 days postexposure at large sample sizes. In all scenarios, probability of detection estimates for oral fluids within 30 days were significantly lower than those for tracheal and serum samples. Ultimately, the choice of specimen type, sample number, and assay will depend on testing objectives and economics, but the estimates provided here will assist in the design of M. hyopneumoniae surveillance and monitoring programs for different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dapeng Hu
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jean Paul Cano
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
- Pipestone Veterinary Clinic, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thairê Pereira Maróstica
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Henao-Diaz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Deanne Hemker
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dale Polson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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14
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Tian Y, Xu Z, Wen Y, Yang M, Ning Y, Wang Z, Ding H. Development of an indirect ELISA for detection of anti-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae IgG in naturally infected pathogen-induced convalescent sera. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:123. [PMID: 33726780 PMCID: PMC7968261 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization of pigs with an inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine (bacterin) generates hyperimmune serum that contains high concentrations of anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG. Commercially available IgG-ELISA kits cannot distinguish between anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in inactivated bacterin-induced hyperimmune sera and convalescent sera resulting from natural M. hyopneumoniae infection. Establishment of an ELISA to detect anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in convalescent sera will facilitate the evaluation of the M. hyopneumoniae status of pig farms. RESULTS In this study, we expressed and purified recombinant Mhp366-N protein, which contains an epitope recognized by M. hyopneumoniae convalescent sera but not hyperimmune sera, for use as a coating antigen. For the M. hyopneumoniae convalescent serum IgG-ELISA, the optimal antigen concentration, blocking buffer, blocking time, dilution of serum, incubation time with serum, secondary antibody dilution, secondary antibody incubation time and colorimetric reaction time were 0.25 µg/mL, 2.5 % skim milk, 1 h, 1:500, 0.5 h, 1:10,000, 1 h and 15 min, respectively. Validation of the M. hyopneumoniae convalescent serum IgG-ELISA showed a cut-off value of 0.323, the intra-assay CV ranged from 3.27 to 7.26 %, the inter-assay CV ranged from 3.46 to 5.93 %, and the assay was able to differentiate convalescent sera from antibodies to 7 other porcine respiratory pathogens. The convalescent serum IgG-ELISA detected no anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in hyperimmune serum samples while a commercial IgG-ELISA identified 95/145 of these sera as positive. The accuracy of the M. hyopneumoniae convalescent serum IgG-ELISA was comparable to the sIgA-ELISA but better than the commercial IgG-ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The convalescent serum IgG-ELISA is a reproducible, sensitive, and specific indirect ELISA to detect anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG in naturally infected pathogen-induced convalescent sera. This ELISA could be used to carry out large scale surveillance of M. hyopneumoniae infection in pig farms regardless of vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuobo Xu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukang Wen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaru Ning
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaodi Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China. .,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Tonni M, Boniotti MB, Gasparrini S, Guarneri F, Formenti N, Pieters M, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Genomic variability of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae within pig lung lobes. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 33509284 PMCID: PMC7842051 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotypic variability in M. hyopneumoniae has been reported within and among herds. However, information regarding VNTR types within single lung lobes is lacking. The objective of his study was to analyse M. hyopneumoniae infections and their association with VNTR types and lung lesions at the lobe level. Lungs from 300 pigs from 10 farms experiencing an enzootic pneumonia outbreak were collected and scored. M. hyopneumoniae was detected by real-time PCR and genotyped by MLVA assay in all samples. RESULTS The results showed genotypic variability within single pigs and among lung lobes. At the lobe level, infection with one VNTR type (SN infection) was dominant. Lobes with lesion scores > 0 were associated with positive results for real-time PCR. At the lobe level, no relationship was observed between infections with more than one genotype (MX infections) and the proportion of Mycoplasma-like lesions. Lesion-free lobes presented a higher proportion of MX infections than lobes scored > 0. M. hyopneumoniae was detected more frequently in the right lobe of the lung (p < 0.05), with a similar distribution within lobes for SN and MX infections. The anatomic conformation of swine lungs led to a higher prevalence of infections in the right lobe. However, this study showed that this condition did not affect the distribution of infections with multiple VNTR types. Nevertheless, careful consideration of sample selection should be practised for M. hyopneumoniae genotype analyses, including lung lobes with no visible lesions. CONCLUSION The results did not show a significant association between the number of detected genotypes and the severity of the lesions at the lung lobe level, but revealed the unexpected detection of M. hyopneumoniae genotypes in lesion-free lobes. These results imply that a representative sampling of all lobes may lead to an accurate identification of the VNTR-type distribution. Further studies including factors that can affect pathogenetic evolution of this bacterium could shed light on the complexity of the relationship between genotypes and the lung lesions magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - M Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità viale, Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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16
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Betlach AM, Fano E, VanderWaal K, Pieters M. Effect of multiple vaccinations on transmission and degree of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in gilts. Vaccine 2020; 39:767-774. [PMID: 33342634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infections continue to result in significant respiratory challenges in the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination for M. hyopneumoniae is commonly utilized, as reduction in bacterial loads and clinical severity in vaccinated pigs have been shown. However, the effect of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination on transmission across different pig populations has been minimally investigated. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of multiple vaccinations on M. hyopneumoniae infection, transmission, and genetic variability in infected and susceptible gilt populations. Thirty-two naïve gilts were allocated to four treatment groups: (1) Vaccinated seeder (VS); (2) Non-vaccinated seeder (NVS); (3) Vaccinated contact (VC); and (4) Non-vaccinated contact (NVC). At 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age, all gilts selected to be vaccinated received a commercial M. hyopneumoniae bacterin for a total of 3 doses. At 11 weeks of age, VS and NVS gilts were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae to become seeders. At 28 days post-inoculation (dpi), VS and NVS gilts were individually relocated to clean experimental rooms, where they were placed in contact with one age-matched VC or NVC gilt (1:1 ratio) for 14 days. Blood and tracheal samples, bronchial swabs, and lung lesions were collected and/or evaluated for M. hyopneumoniae infection. In this study, a three-dose vaccination strategy against M. hyopneumoniae significantly reduced bacterial load in seeder gilts. Furthermore, a numerical reduction in M. hyopneumoniae lung lesions at 28 dpi was observed in VS gilts. All VC gilts in the VS:VC treatment group pairing remained M. hyopneumoniae negative, compared to other groups in which 1-2 transmission events occurred per treatment group. Results from this investigation provide insight on the potential impact of multiple vaccinations on reducing M. hyopneumoniae transmission and infection. Further research encompassing vaccinations of gilt groups in field settings is necessary to validate findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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17
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Lopez Rodriguez A, Berge AC, Ramage C, Saltzman R, Domangue RJ, Gnozzio MJ, Muller A, Sierra P, Benchaoui HA. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin in the control of enzootic pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:39. [PMID: 33292620 PMCID: PMC7716473 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) was evaluated in the treatment and metaphylaxis of Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) in pigs. In all four trials, pigs in the tylvalosin group were administered 10 mg tylvalosin/kg bodyweight in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days (TVN). In a single-challenge study, pigs were inoculated with lung homogenate containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In a dual challenge study, pigs were sequentially inoculated with pure culture of M. hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Efficacy was evaluated based on reduction of lung lesions compared to unmedicated control pigs (CTL). In two field studies at European commercial farms with confirmed outbreaks of EP, treatment efficacy in clinically affected fatteners was evaluated based on improved clinical conditions compared to pigs treated with tylosin at 10 mg/kg by injection for 3 consecutive days (TYL). In these field trials, healthy in contact pigs were enrolled for metaphylaxis efficacy evaluation based on reduction in incidence of new clinical cases of respiratory disease compared to unmedicated pigs (CTL). Results In the M. hyopneumoniae-only challenge study, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (6.52 vs. 14.97; p < 0.001). In the dual challenge study with M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (3.32 vs. 8.37; p < 0.01) and the recovery of both challenge bacteria from the lungs was lower in TVN compared with CTL group (p < 0.01). In field outbreaks of EP, multicentre analysis showed that 13 days after the start of medication, treatment success for TVN pigs was significantly better than for TYL pigs (80.0% vs 48.7% p = 0.03) and metaphylactic administration of TVN significantly reduced the incidence of new clinical cases (2.1% vs. 7.8%; p < 0.01) compared with unmedicated controls. Conclusions Tylvalosin at 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days in drinking water was safe and effective in the treatment and metaphylaxis of EP in pigs associated with infections of M. hyopneumoniae either alone or in combination with P. multocida under both experimental challenge and field natural infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rickie J Domangue
- Rickie J. Domangue Statistical Consulting Services, Broadway, VA, USA
| | | | - Annika Muller
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Ruggeri J, Salogni C, Giovannini S, Vitale N, Boniotti MB, Corradi A, Pozzi P, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. Association Between Infectious Agents and Lesions in Post-Weaned Piglets and Fattening Heavy Pigs With Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:636. [PMID: 33024748 PMCID: PMC7516008 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial syndrome that causes health problems in growing pigs and economic losses to farmers. The etiological factors involved can be bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. However, environmental stressors associated with farm management can influence the status of the animal's health. The role and impact of different microorganisms in the development of the disease can be complex, and these are not fully understood. The severity of lesions are a consequence of synergism and combination of different factors. The aim of this study was to systematically analyse samples, conferred to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (IZSLER, Brescia), with a standardized diagnostic protocol in case of suspected PRDC. During necropsy, the lungs and carcasses were analyzed to determine the severity and extension of lesions. Gross lung lesions were classified according to a pre-established scheme adapted from literature. Furthermore, pulmonary, pleural, and nasal lesions were scored to determine their severity and extension. Finally, the presence of infectious agents was investigated to identify the microorganisms involved in the cases studied. During the years 2014–2016, 1,658 samples of lungs and carcasses with PRDC from 863 farms were analyzed; among them 931 and 727 samples were from weaned piglets and fattening pigs, respectively. The most frequently observed lesions were characteristic of catarrhal bronchopneumonia, broncho-interstitial pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, and pleuritis. Some pathogens identified were correlated to specific lesions, whereas other pathogens to various lesions. These underline the need for the establishment of control and treatment programmes for individual farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ruggeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna [Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna], Brescia, Italy
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19
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Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Tavío MM, Poveda C, Poveda JB. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of porcine mycoplasmas isolated from samples collected in southern Europe. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:324. [PMID: 32883288 PMCID: PMC7469352 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are significant pathogens for the porcine industry worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of six key antimicrobials (tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, lincomycin, tiamulin and valnemulin) routinely used for treating infections caused by these pathogens. Twenty-seven M. hyopneumoniae, 48 M. hyorhinis and 40 M. hyosynoviae field strains isolated from clinical samples from different Southern European countries between 2013 and 2018 using broth microdilution method were evaluated. Results Tylvalosin exhibited the highest in vitro activity among the macrolides assayed, with MIC90 values 4 to 5 two-fold dilutions lower than those of tylosin and tilmicosin. The pleuromutilin valnemulin showed one of the highest in vitro activities against the three mycoplasma species. On the contrary, lincomycin exhibited the highest MIC values of the antimicrobials tested. Conclusions The data obtained in the present study supports the use of pleuromutilins and macrolides for the control of infections caused by porcine mycoplasmas. The use of lincomycin for the treatment of porcine mycoplasma infections should be carefully evaluated due to the presence of circulating field isolates with decreased susceptibility to this antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén S Rosales
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana S Ramírez
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - María M Tavío
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/Trasmontana s/n, 35413, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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20
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Sunaga F, Tsuchiaka S, Kishimoto M, Aoki H, Kakinoki M, Kure K, Okumura H, Okumura M, Okumura A, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Mizutani T. Development of a one-run real-time PCR detection system for pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:217-223. [PMID: 31866601 PMCID: PMC7041981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with
multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying the
causal pathogen. In this present study, we developed a detection system of microbes from
porcine respiratory by using TaqMan real-time PCR (referred to as Dempo-PCR) to screen a
broad range of pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases in a single run. We
selected 17 porcine respiratory pathogens (Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae, Boldetella bronchiseptica,
Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida,
Pasteurella multocida toxin, Streptococcus suis,
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis,
Mycoplasma hyosynovie, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus,
porcine cytomegalovirus, swine influenza A virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory
virus US strain, EU strain, porcine respiratory coronavirus and porcine hemagglutinating
encephalomyelitis virus) as detection targets and designed novel specific primer-probe
sets for seven of them. In sensitivity test by using standard curves from synthesized DNA,
all primer-probe sets showed high sensitivity. However, porcine reproductive and
respiratory virus is known to have a high frequency of genetic mutations, and the primer
and probe sequences will need to be checked at a considerable frequency when performing
Dempo-PCR from field samples. A total of 30 lung samples from swine showing respiratory
symptoms on six farms were tested by the Dempo-PCR to validate the assay’s clinical
performance. As the results, 12 pathogens (5 virus and 7 bacteria) were detected and
porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, Mycoplasma
hyorhinis, Haemophilus parasuis, and porcine cytomegalovirus
were detected at high frequency. These results suggest that Dempo-PCR assay can be applied
as a screening system with wide detection targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mari Kakinoki
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kure
- Value Farm Consulting Co., Ltd., 1704-3 Nishi Oi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1260, Japan
| | - Hanako Okumura
- Value Farm Consulting Co., Ltd., 1704-3 Nishi Oi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-1260, Japan
| | - Maho Okumura
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagito, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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21
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Moiso N, Pieters M, Degano F, Vissio C, Camacho P, Estanguet A, Parada J, Tamiozzo PJ. Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in nasal and laryngeal swab specimens in endemically infected pig herds. Vet Rec 2019; 186:27. [PMID: 31732508 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apparently, laryngeal swabs (LS) are more sensitive than nasal swabs (NS) and allow earlier detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by PCR. However, antecedents about the compared detection of M hyopneumoniae with NS and LS in growing pigs, from naturally infected herds, are lacking in the literature. Thus, this study compared the PCR detection of M hyopneumoniae from NS and LS in pigs of various ages. METHODS A longitudinal study was performed at two farms where NS and LS were collected from three consecutive groups of 20 pigs at 3, 6, 10, 16 and 22 weeks of age. All samples were analysed by nested PCR for M hyopneumoniae detection. RESULTS The probability of PCR detection of M hyopneumoniae was higher in LS for pigs of all ages (odds ratio (OR)=1.87; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.31-2.67) and in 22-week-old pigs (OR=4.87; 95 per cent CI 2.86-8.30). The agreement between both sample types was low to moderate (kappa 0.087-0.508), highlighting that M hyopneumoniae does not appear to colonise the respiratory tract in a generalised and consistent fashion. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that LS could be employed at different ages to achieve greater bacterial detection. Considering that LS is a minimally invasive, highly sensitive sample compared with the traditional NS, it could be suggested to employ this sample type for M hyopneumoniae detection in naturally infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Moiso
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Maria Pieters
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Facundo Degano
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Claudina Vissio
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de Salud (IDAS), UNRC- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo Camacho
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Abel Estanguet
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Julián Parada
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo J Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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22
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Matthijs AMF, Auray G, Boyen F, Schoos A, Michiels A, García-Nicolás O, Barut GT, Barnier-Quer C, Jakob V, Collin N, Devriendt B, Summerfield A, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of three innovative bacterin vaccines against experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Res 2019; 50:91. [PMID: 31703726 PMCID: PMC6842239 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccine formulations that include novel strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and innovative adjuvants designed to induce cellular immunity could improve vaccine efficacy against this pathogen. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the efficacy of three experimental bacterin formulations based on M. hyopneumoniae field strain F7.2C which were able to induce cellular immunity. The formulations included a cationic liposome formulation with the Mincle receptor ligand trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (Lipo_DDA:TDB), a squalene-in-water emulsion with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands targeting TLR1/2, TLR7/8 and TLR9 (SWE_TLR), and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro-particle formulation with the same TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR). Four groups of 12 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- (day (D) 0; 39 days of age) and booster vaccinated (D14) intramuscularly with either one of the three experimental bacterin formulations or PBS. The pigs were endotracheally inoculated with a highly and low virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain on D28 and D29, respectively, and euthanized on D56. The main efficacy parameters were: respiratory disease score (RDS; daily), macroscopic lung lesion score (D56) and log copies M. hyopneumoniae DNA determined with qPCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (D42, D56). All formulations were able to reduce clinical symptoms, lung lesions and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung, with formulation SWE_TLR being the most effective (RDSD28–D56 −61.90%, macroscopic lung lesions −88.38%, M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in BAL fluid (D42) −67.28%). Further experiments raised under field conditions are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effect of the vaccines on performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Marguerite Filip Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Schoos
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Güliz Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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23
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Comparison of three methods of enumeration for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 165:105700. [PMID: 31446035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Qiu G, Rui Y, Yi B, Liu T, Hao Z, Li X, Zhang L, Huang S, Li K, Han Z. Identification and Genomic Analysis of a Pathogenic Strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (TB1) Isolated from Tibetan Pigs. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:922-932. [PMID: 31329463 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to identify the species and strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolated from Tibetan pigs (Mh TB1) at the genetic level for understanding the basis of its pathogenicity. Mh TB1 was isolated from the consolidated lungs of Tibetan pigs by liquid culture and agar plate colony method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S recombinant DNA (rDNA) conservative sequence and a species-specific gene (P36) of Mh provided species confirmation. PCR products were imaged on gels and shotgun sequencing was performed. DNA sequences were compared for assessing genetic similarity between Mh TB1 and Mh reference strains in the GenBank database. The isolated strains were >98% similar to the Mh reference strains. Genomic analysis revealed significant sequence conservation between Mh TB1 and the reference strains; however, differential genes were more prevalent in Mh TB1 than in other reported strains. Therefore, we concluded that Mh is a major pathogen of Tibetan pigs that cause enzootic pneumonia. The Mh TB1 strain harbors more genes and specific virulence factors, consistent with its plateau-related adaptability to hypoxia and virulence. Differential gene analysis revealed gene variations in the inclement plateau environment, enriched gene pool, and plateau adaptability of the Mh TB1 strain, which will be important for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qiu
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yapei Rui
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Benchi Yi
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojing Hao
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, People's Republic of China
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25
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Qiu G, Rui Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Huang S, Wu Q, Li K, Han Z, Liu S, Li J. Macrolide-Resistance Selection in Tibetan Pigs with a High Load ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1043-1049. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yapei Rui
- Department of Animal Science, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Suozhu Liu
- Department of Animal Science, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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26
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Michiels A, Arsenakis I, Matthijs A, Boyen F, Haesaert G, Audenaert K, Eeckhout M, Croubels S, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Clinical impact of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:190. [PMID: 29914486 PMCID: PMC6006720 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is highly prevalent in cereals in moderate climates and therefore pigs are often exposed to a DON-contaminated diet. Pigs are highly susceptible to DON and intake of DON-contaminated feed may lead to an altered immune response and may influence the pathogenesis of specific bacterial diseases. Therefore, the maximum guidance level in feed is lowest in this species and has been set at 900 μg/kg feed by the European Commission. This study aimed to determine the effect of in-feed administration of a moderately high DON concentration (1514 μg/kg) on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infection in weaned piglets. Fifty M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were assigned at 30 days of age [study day (D)0] to four different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5), 2) DON-contaminated group (DON; n = 15), 3) DON-contaminated and M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (DONMHYO; n = 15), 4) M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (MHYO; n = 15). The piglets were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for five weeks and were monitored during this period and euthanized at day 35 [27 days post infection (DPI)] or 36 (28 DPI). The main parameters under investigation were macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) at euthanasia, respiratory disease score (RDS) from day 8 until day 35, histopathologic lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA detected by qPCR, determined at the day of euthanasia. Results No significant difference was obtained for MLL at euthanasia, RDS (8–35), histopathologic lung lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in the DONMHYO and MHYO group and consequently, no enhancement of the severity of the M. hyopneumoniae infection could be detected in the DONMHYO compared to the MHYO group. Conclusions Under present conditions, the findings imply that feed contaminated with DON (1514 μg/kg) provided to weaned pigs for five weeks did not increase the severity of an experimental M. hyopneumoniae infection. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of DON on M. hyopneumoniae infections in a multi-mycotoxin and multi-pathogen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Garcia-Morante B, Dors A, León-Kempis R, Pérez de Rozas A, Segalés J, Sibila M. Assessment of the in vitro growing dynamics and kinetics of the non-pathogenic J and pathogenic 11 and 232 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains. Vet Res 2018; 49:45. [PMID: 29801517 PMCID: PMC5970506 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the in vitro growth of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) strains is scarce and controversial. Despite its limitations, the colour changing units (CCU) assay is still considered the golden standard titration technique for M. hyopneumoniae culture. Thus, the aims of the present study were: (1) to describe the growth dynamics and kinetics of pathogenic and non-pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae strains, and (2) to monitor the strains’ daily growth by ATP luminometry, CCU, colony forming units (CFU), and DNA quantification by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and by fluorescent double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) staining, to evaluate them as putative titration methodologies. The growth of the non-pathogenic J (ATCC®25934™) type strain and the pathogenic 11 (ATCC®25095™) reference strain and 232 strain was modelled by the Gompertz model. Globally, all three-strain cultures showed the same growing phases as well as similar maximal titres within a particular technique, but for CFU. However, the J strain displayed the fastest growing. During the logarithmic phase of growing, CCU, ATP and M. hyopneumoniae copy titres were strongly and linearly associated, and correlation between techniques could be reliably established. In conclusion, real-time culture titration by means of ATP or molecular assays was useful to describe the in vitro growth of the tested strains. Knowledge about the in vitro growth behaviour of a specific strain in a specific medium may provide several advantages, including information about the time required to reach maximal titres by the culture. Noteworthy, the obtained results refers to the three strains used, so extrapolation to other M. hyopneumoniae strains or culture conditions should be made cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG (BI VRC), 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arkadius Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Rocio León-Kempis
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG (BI VRC), 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ana Pérez de Rozas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, UAB-IRTA), Campus de la, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitati Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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28
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Fourour S, Fablet C, Tocqueville V, Dorenlor V, Eono F, Eveno E, Kempf I, Marois-Créhan C. A new multiplex real-time TaqMan ® PCR for quantification of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare: exploratory epidemiological investigations to research mycoplasmal association in enzootic pneumonia-like lesions in slaughtered pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:345-355. [PMID: 29603531 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new multiplex qPCR, targeting Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare, was developed and the relationship between detection of those mycoplasma species and the extent of gross pneumonia-like lesions in slaughtered pigs lungs were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The multiplex qPCR method targets the p102, p37 and fruA genes and has detection limits of 14, 146 and 16 genome equivalents μl-1 for M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare, respectively. In all, 671 lungs were collected and analysed, among them 666 were scored for macroscopic pneumonia and categorized according to the extent of the lesions (no or minor lesions, moderate lesions and extensive lesions). According to results of multiplex qPCR, 59·5% were positive for M. hyopneumoniae, 3·4% for M. hyorhinis and 34·7% for M. flocculare, with on average, 3·1 × 107 , 9·7 × 106 and 5·7 × 106 genome equivalents of mycoplasma ml-1 , respectively. More results showed that no or minor lesions were associated with multiplex qPCR-negative results or qPCR-positive results for M. flocculare. Moderate to extensive lesions were positively correlated with qPCR-positive results for M. hyopneumoniae. Extensive lesions were associated with qPCR-positive results for at least two mycoplasma species (M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis). CONCLUSION The findings also indicated that M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis significantly increased the odds for a lung to have macroscopic pneumonia. No relationship was found between the extent of lesions and the mycoplasma genome load. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This new multiplex qPCR appears to be specific, sufficiently sensitive and repeatable. The validation of this method with field samples guarantees its use for field epidemiological investigations, particularly to gain more insight into the aetiology of the porcine respiratory disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fourour
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - C Fablet
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - V Tocqueville
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - V Dorenlor
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - F Eono
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - E Eveno
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - I Kempf
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - C Marois-Créhan
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France.,European University of Brittany-Loire, Rennes, France
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29
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Fablet C, Rose N, Grasland B, Robert N, Lewandowski E, Gosselin M. Factors associated with the growing-finishing performances of swine herds: an exploratory study on serological and herd level indicators. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29588859 PMCID: PMC5863451 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing and finishing performances of pigs strongly influence farm efficiency and profitability. The performances of the pigs rely on the herd health status and also on several non-infectious factors. Many recommendations for the improvement of the technical performances of a herd are based on the results of studies assessing the effect of one or a limited number of infections or environmental factors. Few studies investigated jointly the influence of both type of factors on swine herd performances. This work aimed at identifying infectious and non-infectious factors associated with the growing and finishing performances of 41 French swine herds. Results Two groups of herds were identified using a clustering analysis: a cluster of 24 herds with the highest technical performance values (mean average daily gain = 781.1 g/day +/− 26.3; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.5 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 4.1% +/− 0.9; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 121.2 kg +/− 5.2) and a cluster of 17 herds with the lowest performance values (mean average daily gain =715.8 g/day +/− 26.5; mean feed conversion ratio = 2.6 kg/kg +/− 0.1; mean mortality rate = 6.8% +/− 2.0; and mean carcass slaughter weight = 117.7 kg +/− 3.6). Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify factors associated with the level of technical performance. Infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and the porcine circovirus type 2 were infectious factors associated with the cluster having the lowest performance values. This cluster also featured farrow-to-finish type herds, a short interval between successive batches of pigs (≤3 weeks) and mixing of pigs from different batches in the growing or/and finishing steps. Inconsistency between nursery and fattening building management was another factor associated with the low-performance cluster. The odds of a herd showing low growing-finishing performance was significantly increased when infected by PRRS virus in the growing-finishing steps (OR = 8.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.8–41.7) and belonging to a farrow-to-finish type herd (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.1–23.8). Conclusions Herd management and viral infections significantly influenced the performance levels of the swine herds included in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0082-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Rose
- 1Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - B Grasland
- 2Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - N Robert
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - E Lewandowski
- 3Boehringer Ingelheim France - Santé Animale, Les Jardins de la Teillais, 3 allée de la grande Egalonne, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - M Gosselin
- Univet Santé Elevage, rue Monge, 22600 Loudéac, France
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30
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Michiels A, Arsenakis I, Boyen F, Krejci R, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of one dose vaccination against experimental infection with two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:274. [PMID: 28851359 PMCID: PMC5576127 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. Pigs are often infected with different M. hyopneumoniae strains. This study assessed the efficacy of vaccination against experimental infection with two genetically different M. hyopneumoniae strains in weaned piglets. At 33 days of age (D0), 45 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were randomly assigned to three different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5): not vaccinated, not infected, 2) positive control group (PCG; n = 20): not vaccinated, infected, and 3) vaccination group (VG; n = 20): single vaccination with an inactivated whole-cell M. hyopneumoniae vaccine (Hyogen®, Ceva) (D1), infected. The PCG and VG were endotracheally inoculated with 7 × 107 CCU in 7 ml of the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain F7.2C (D24) and 7 × 107 CCU in 7 ml low virulent strain F1.12A (D25). A respiratory disease score (RDS) was assessed from D24 until D53. At D53 (euthanasia), macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) were scored, log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA (qPCR) and IL-1 and IL-6-concentrations (ELISA) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. Results The RDS and MLL at euthanasia were respectively 0, 1.20 and 0.55 (P < 0.001) and 0, 7.56 and 0.68 (P < 0.001) for NCG, PCG and VG, respectively. The qPCR results for PCG and VG were 3.99 and 1.78 log copies (P < 0.001), respectively, with a significant difference between PCG and VG. The IL-1 and IL-6 results at euthanasia for NCG, PCG and VG were 17.61, 1283.39 and 53.04 pg/ml (P < 0.001) and 148.10, 493.35 and 259.80 pg/ml (P = 0.004), respectively with a significant difference between PCG and VG. Conclusions Vaccination with Hyogen® in pigs was efficacious against an experimental challenge with both a low and highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain as the vaccinated pigs coughed significantly less, and showed significantly less lung lesions compared to the non-vaccinated challenged pigs: the vaccinated animals showed a 52.9% lower RDS and 91.0% lower MLL compared to the PCG. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected at the necropsy of the vaccinated pigs, a significantly lower amount of M. hyopneumoniae-DNA and a significantly lower IL-1 and IL-6 concentration was found compared to the pigs of the PCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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31
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Maes D, Sibila M, Kuhnert P, Segalés J, Haesebrouck F, Pieters M. Update on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: Knowledge gaps for improved disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:110-124. [PMID: 28834294 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in pigs. Infections occur worldwide and cause major economic losses to the pig industry. The present paper reviews the current knowledge on M. hyopneumoniae infections, with emphasis on identification and analysis of knowledge gaps for optimizing control of the disease. Close contact between infected and susceptible pigs is the main route of M. hyopneumoniae transmission. Management and housing conditions predisposing for infection or disease are known, but further research is needed to better understand M. hyopneumoniae transmission patterns in modern pig production systems, and to assess the importance of the breeding population for downstream disease control. The organism is primarily found on the mucosal surface of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Different adhesins and lipoproteins are involved in the adherence process. However, a clear picture of the virulence and pathogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae is still missing. The role of glycerol metabolism, myoinositol metabolism and the Mycoplasma Ig binding protein-Mycoplasma Ig protease system should be further investigated for their contribution to virulence. The destruction of the mucociliary apparatus, together with modulating the immune response, enhances the susceptibility of infected pigs to secondary pathogens. Clinical signs and severity of lesions depend on different factors, such as management, environmental conditions and likely also M. hyopneumoniae strain. The potential impact of strain variability on disease severity is not well defined. Diagnostics could be improved by developing tests that may detect virulent strains, by improving sampling in live animals and by designing ELISAs allowing discrimination between infected and vaccinated pigs. The currently available vaccines are often cost-efficient, but the ongoing research on developing new vaccines that confer protective immunity and reduce transmission should be continued, as well as optimization of protocols to eliminate M. hyopneumoniae from pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P Kuhnert
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Segalés
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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32
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Garcia-Morante B, Segalés J, Serrano E, Sibila M. Determinants for swine mycoplasmal pneumonia reproduction under experimental conditions: A systematic review and recursive partitioning analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181194. [PMID: 28742802 PMCID: PMC5526585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) swine experimental model objectives is to reproduce mycoplasmal pneumonia (MP). Unfortunately, experimental validated protocols to maximize the chance to successfully achieve lung lesions induced by M. hyopneumoniae are not available at the moment. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify those factors that might have a major influence on the effective development of MP, measured as macroscopic lung lesions, under experimental conditions. Data from 85 studies describing M. hyopneumoniae inoculation experiments were compiled by means of a systematic review and analyzed thereafter. Several variables were considered in the analyses such as the number of pigs in the experiment, serological status against M. hyopneumoniae, source of the animals, age at inoculation, type of inoculum, strain of M. hyopneumoniae, route, dose and times of inoculation, study duration and co-infection with other swine pathogens. Descriptive statistics were used to depict M. hyopneumoniae experimental model main characteristics whereas a recursive partitioning approach, using regression trees, assessed the importance of the abovementioned experimental variables as MP triggering factors. A strong link between the time period between challenge and necropsies and lung lesion severity was observed. Results indicated that the most important factors to explain the observed lung lesion score variability were: (1) study duration, (2) M. hyopneumoniae strain, (3) age at inoculation, (4) co-infection with other swine pathogens and (5) animal source. All other studied variables were not relevant to explain the variability on M. hyopneumoniae lung lesions. The results provided in the present work may serve as a basis for debate in the search for a universally accepted M. hyopneumoniae challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departamento de Biologia and Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Arsenakis I, Michiels A, Del Pozo Sacristán R, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination at or shortly before weaning under field conditions: a randomised efficacy trial. Vet Rec 2017; 181:19. [PMID: 28601840 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of two different Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination programmes in relation to the time of weaning. Eight hundred and twenty-eight piglets were randomly divided into three groups: group V1 was vaccinated three days before weaning, group V2 at weaning (21 days of age) and group NV was left non-vaccinated. Vaccinations were performed using Ingelvac MycoFLEX. After the nursery period, 306 pigs were allocated to fattening unit (F1) and 501 pigs to a second unit (F2). Efficacy was evaluated using performance parameters and pneumonia lesions at slaughter. Statistically significant differences were obtained in F2 where group V1 had a higher average daily weight gain compared to groups V2 and NV for the entire study period (17 and 18 g/day, respectively) and the fattening period (26 and 36 g/day, respectively) (P<0.05). Considering respiratory disease scores for both fattening units, group V1 was the only group where coughing severity did not increase significantly between placement and the end of the fattening period (P>0.05). Between groups, there were no statistically significant differences for the average lung lesion scores (V1=3.44; V2=4.61; NV=4.55, P>0.05) and the prevalence of pneumonia (V1=35.0 per cent; V2=38.0 per cent; NV=41.4 per cent, P>0.05). Overall, vaccination against M hyopneumoniae before weaning provided numerically better performance than vaccination at weaning, but did not reach statistical significance. An influenza outbreak in F1 and the presence of coexisting mixed respiratory infections in both F1 and F2 could have possibly influenced the performance of both vaccinated groups across all measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arsenakis
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - A Michiels
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - R Del Pozo Sacristán
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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Quantification of Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected pigs using a real-time PCR assay. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:177-184. [PMID: 28499212 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to quantify Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected pigs using a new qPCR assay based on the sodA gene and validated with 35 P. multocida strains, including strains isolated from pigs with pneumonia, clinically healthy pigs (nasal cavities), and human infections. The specificity of the test was verified with a collection of 60 strains of bacterial species other than P. multocida. The estimated detection threshold was 10 genome equivalents per microliter. The amplification efficiency and value of the correlation coefficients were 95.5% (±3.5%) and 0.995 (±0.005), respectively. Analysis of P. multocida suspensions in Buffered Peptone Water Broth and of samples prepared from lungs experimentally spiked with P. multocida revealed detection thresholds of 1.4CFU/μl and 8.4CFU/μl, respectively. In live pigs, experimentally-infected, approximately 105, 107 and 108genomeequivalents/ml of P. multocida DNA was detected on Day 8 post-infection in the nasal cavities, tonsils and trachea samples, respectively. In dead pigs, approximatively 107genomeequivalents/ml of P. multocida DNA was detected in the lung tissue with pneumonia. The qPCR assay's diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 100% and 96%, respectively. This new qPCR assay should be a very useful tool for controlling enzootic pneumonia and studying the dynamics of infections in pig herds.
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Cook BS, Beddow JG, Manso-Silván L, Maglennon GA, Rycroft AN. Selective medium for culture of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:158-164. [PMID: 27771062 PMCID: PMC5081061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systematic improvements to the medium for growth of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Development of selective medium for M. hyopneumoniae inhibitory to M. hyorhinis. Improved colony size of M. hyopneumoniae. Improved reproducibility of culture for use in genetic manipulations.
The fastidious porcine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has proven difficult to culture since it was first isolated in 1965. A reliable solid medium has been particularly challenging. Moreover, clinical and pathological samples often contain the fast-growing M. hyorhinis which contaminates and overgrows M. hyopneumoniae in primary culture. The aim of this study was to optimise the culture medium for recovery of M. hyopneumoniae and to devise a medium for selection of M. hyopneumoniae from clinical samples also containing M. hyorhinis. The solid medium devised by Niels Friis was improved by use of Purified agar and incorporation of DEAE-dextran. Addition of glucose or neutralization of acidity in liquid medium with NaOH did not improve the final yield of viable organisms or alter the timing of peak viability. Analysis of the relative susceptibility of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis strains to four antimicrobials showed that M. hyopneumoniae is less susceptible than M. hyorhinis to kanamycin. This was consistent in all UK and Danish strains tested. A concentration of 2 μg/ml of kanamycin selectively inhibited the growth of all M. hyorhinis tested, while M. hyopneumoniae was able to grow. This forms the basis of an effective selective culture medium for M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth S Cook
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jessica G Beddow
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Lucía Manso-Silván
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Gareth A Maglennon
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
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Deblanc C, Delgado-Ortega M, Gorin S, Berri M, Paboeuf F, Berthon P, Herrler G, Meurens F, Simon G. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae does not affect the interferon-related anti-viral response but predisposes the pig to a higher level of inflammation following swine influenza virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2501-2515. [PMID: 27498789 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigs, influenza A viruses and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are major contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. Pre-infection with Mhp was previously shown experimentally to exacerbate the clinical outcomes of H1N1 infection during the first week after virus inoculation. In order to better understand the interactions between these pathogens, we aimed to assess very early responses (at 5, 24 and 48 h) after H1N1 infection in pigs pre-infected or not with Mhp. Clinical signs and macroscopic lung lesions were similar in both infected groups at early times post-H1N1 infection; and Mhp pre-infection affected neither the influenza virus replication nor the IFN-induced antiviral responses in the lung. However, it predisposed the animals to a higher inflammatory response to H1N1 infection, as revealed by the massive infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the lungs and the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α). Thus, it seems it is this marked inflammatory state that would play a role in exacerbating the clinical signs subsequent to H1N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deblanc
- Université Bretagne Loire, France.,ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Stéphane Gorin
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | | | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Université Bretagne Loire, France.,ANSES, Service de Production de Porcs Assainis et d'Expérimentation, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Georg Herrler
- Institut für Virologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Gaëlle Simon
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, France
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Fablet C, Marois-Créhan C, Grasland B, Simon G, Rose N. Factors associated with herd-level PRRSV infection and age-time to seroconversion in farrow-to-finish herds. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:10-20. [PMID: 27527759 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factors associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection were investigated in 109 herds. Serums from four batches of pigs (4, 10, 16 and 22 weeks, 15 pigs/batch) were tested by ELISA for PRRSV antibodies. Infection by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, H1N1 and H1N2 swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) and PCV2 were detected by specific serological or PCR tests. Data related to herd characteristics, biosecurity, management housing and climatic conditions were collected during a herd visit. Factors associated with the herd's PRRSV seropositive status were identified by logistic regression. Large herd size, the lack of disinsectisation in the gestation facilities, on-farm semen collection, a short time-period for gilt quarantine and a low temperature setpoint for the ventilation controller in the fattening room significantly increased the odds of a herd being seropositive for PRRSV. Infection by Mhp and H1N2 swIAV were associated with a PRRSV seropositive status. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the factors associated with the age-time to seroconversion in infected herds. Joint housing for the gilts and sows when lactating, a large nursery pen, a small number of pens per fattening room and lack of all-in all-out management in the fattening section significantly reduced the age-time to seroconversion. A small range of temperatures controlling ventilation rate in the nursery room was also associated with time to PRRSV seroconversion. Infection by Mhp and a high PCV2 infection pressure were associated with a shorter time to seroconversion. Biosecurity measures minimising the risk of introducing PRRSV into the herd, management practices reducing contacts between animals from different batches and within batches and favourable climatic conditions should be implemented to better control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fablet
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France.
| | - C Marois-Créhan
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Mycoplasmologie Bactériologie, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - B Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - G Simon
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - N Rose
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Unité Epidémiologie et Bien-Etre du Porc, B.P. 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
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Giacomini E, Ferrari N, Pitozzi A, Remistani M, Giardiello D, Maes D, Alborali GL. Dynamics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae seroconversion and infection in pigs in the three main production systems. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:81-8. [PMID: 27142053 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the dynamics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in 66 pig farms, with different production systems (one-, two-, and three-site systems), and considered different risk factors. Serological assay was used to detect serum antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect M. hyopneumoniae DNA in tracheobronchial swabs. Results demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae infection status was predominantly influenced by the age of the animals and the type of production system. Infection rates were higher in older animals and the prevalence was higher in the one- and two-site systems than in the three-site systems. Dynamics of infection by RT-PCR showed that earlier M. hyopneumoniae infection on one-site farms occurs earlier, while on two- and three-site farms occurs later but spreads faster, suggesting that contact between animals of different age favors the transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Giacomini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pitozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Remistani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Giardiello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Arsenakis I, Panzavolta L, Michiels A, Del Pozo Sacristán R, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination before and at weaning against experimental challenge infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:63. [PMID: 27025924 PMCID: PMC4812620 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial bacterins are widely used at weaning to control Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs. However, it is not known whether the efficacy of vaccinating against M. hyopneumoniae can be influenced by the weaning process when vaccination is applied at the day of weaning. The present study assessed the efficacy of a single M. hyopneumoniae vaccination (Ingelvac MycoFLEX®) three days before weaning (V1) or at weaning (V2) against experimental challenge infection. Four weeks after vaccination, groups V1 and V2 (n = 20 pigs each) and a non-vaccinated, positive control group (PCG) (n = 20) were endotracheally inoculated with a virulent M. hyopneumoniae field strain. Five pigs were used as a negative control group. All pigs were euthanized 5 weeks after challenge. The main parameters investigated included macroscopic and histopathological lung lesions at necropsy, immunofluorescence (IF) staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for quantifying M. hyopneumoniae. RESULTS The average macroscopic lung lesion scores in groups V1, V2 and PCG were 0.54, 0.88 and 1.04, respectively (P > 0.05). The average lymphohistiocytic infiltration scores in groups V1, V2 and PCG were 2.95, 3.16 and 3.61, respectively (P < 0.05). The average IF scores were: V1 = 1.13, V2 = 1.19 and PCG = 1.25 (P > 0.05), the qPCR values were: V1 = 10(2.94), V2 = 10(2.76) and PCG = 10(3.23) (P > 0.05). All pigs of the negative control group remained negative throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS Both vaccinated groups had lower numbers of macroscopic and histopathological lung lesions, and lower numbers of M. hyopneumoniae organisms in the BAL fluid compared to the PCG. However, no firm conclusions could be made on whether weaning negatively influences the efficacy of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination, since significant differences between the treatment groups were only obtained for the histopathological lung lesions. This could be attributed to the fact that milder macroscopic lung lesions were produced in the inoculated pigs, when compared to previous trials conducted by the same group. Further research under field conditions is warranted to assess possible differences between the two vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Arsenakis
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luca Panzavolta
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics & Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
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41
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Bourry O, Fablet C, Simon G, Marois-Créhan C. Efficacy of combined vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in dually infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pallarés FJ, Lasa C, Roozen M, Ramis G. Use of tylvalosin in the control of porcine enzootic pneumonia. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000079. [PMID: 26392896 PMCID: PMC4567154 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tylvalosin (Aivlosin Water Soluble Granules, ECO Animal Health) in drinking water for control of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo) on a farm with chronic enzootic pneumonia (EP) problems and high prevalence of mycoplasma-like lesions at slaughter. Design On a 4000-sow farm in the southeast of Spain, 1500 animals of same age were randomly divided into two groups: 900 pigs in the treated group (TG) and 600 pigs in the non-treated control group (CG). TG was medicated for seven days with tylvalosin in drinking water (2.5 mg tylvalosin/kg bodyweight (BW)) at weaning (from 21st to 28th day of life) and a second treatment when moved to finisher barn (from 63rd to 70th day of life). Results In the TG, there was a significant reduction in the severity (P<0.001) and number of animals with lung lesions (P<0.001) compared with CG. TG had an increased average daily gain and decreased average number of days in finishing. TG had a lower average carcase weight, but improved homogeneity. M hyo was not detected by q-PCR in samples, taken from lungs with characteristic EP lesions in the TG (0/9), in contrast to the CG (8/9 positive). Conclusions A strategic medication with Aivlosin at 2.5 mg tylvalosin/kg BW in drinking water for seven days at weaning and when moved to finisher barn significantly reduces mycoplasma-like lung lesions and improves productivity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pallarés
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas , Universidad de Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - C Lasa
- Esteve Veterinaria, Laboratorios Dr. Esteve S.A. , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - G Ramis
- Departamento de Producción Animal , Universidad de Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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Vangroenweghe FACJ, Labarque GG, Piepers S, Strutzberg-Minder K, Maes D. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in peri-weaned and post-weaned pigs in Belgium and The Netherlands: Prevalence and associations with climatic conditions. Vet J 2015; 205:93-7. [PMID: 25981930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) is an important pathogen in modern intensive pig farming in Europe. The objectives of the present study were (1) to use the tracheobronchial swab (TBS) technique to obtain data on the distribution of M. hyo infections in recently weaned pigs in Belgium and The Netherlands, and (2) to look for associations between infection prevalence and specific climatic conditions. One hundred and seventy-six pig herds were randomly selected and 30 piglets sampled on each farm: 18 at 3-5 weeks of age and 12 at 6-11 weeks. Mucus collected from the tracheobronchial bifurcation and suspended in saline was subjected to PCR analysis for M. hyo. In 27% of herds (n= 44) at least one piglet tested positive for M. hyo at 3-5 weeks of age, and 29% (n= 47) at 6-11 weeks of age. The individual animal prevalence at the two ages was 7.1% and 10.9%, respectively. The probability of 3-5 week old piglets being M. hyo-positive was negatively associated with the precipitation rate (odds ratio [OR] = 0.971) during the week preceding the sampling. In the older post-weaning group, the odds of being M. hyo-positive at piglet level were significantly affected by season (OR of detection during autumn compared to summer 20.9). Thus, under Belgian and Dutch field conditions, piglets may be infected with M. hyo very early in life, with prevalence increasing further during the post-weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G G Labarque
- Elanco Animal Health France, Neuilly sur Seine, France
| | - S Piepers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Batista Linhares M, Belloy L, Origgi FC, Lechner I, Segner H, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Investigating the role of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the re-emergence of enzootic pneumonia in domestic pig herds: a pathological, prevalence and risk-factor study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119060. [PMID: 25747151 PMCID: PMC4352045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has a significant economic impact on domestic pig production. A control program carried out from 1999 to 2003 successfully reduced disease occurrence in domestic pigs in Switzerland, but recurrent outbreaks suggested a potential role of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a source of re-infection. Since little is known on the epidemiology of EP in wild boar populations, our aims were: (1) to estimate the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae infections in wild boar in Switzerland; (2) to identify risk factors for infection in wild boar; and (3) to assess whether infection in wild boar is associated with the same gross and microscopic lesions typical of EP in domestic pigs. Nasal swabs, bronchial swabs and lung samples were collected from 978 wild boar from five study areas in Switzerland between October 2011 and May 2013. Swabs were analyzed by qualitative real time PCR and a histopathological study was conducted on lung tissues. Risk factor analysis was performed using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Overall prevalence in nasal swabs was 26.2% (95% CI 23.3–29.3%) but significant geographical differences were observed. Wild boar density, occurrence of EP outbreaks in domestic pigs and young age were identified as risk factors for infection. There was a significant association between infection and lesions consistent with EP in domestic pigs. We have concluded that M. hyopneumoniae is widespread in the Swiss wild boar population, that the same risk factors for infection of domestic pigs also act as risk factors for infection of wild boar, and that infected wild boar develop lesions similar to those found in domestic pigs. However, based on our data and the outbreak pattern in domestic pigs, we propose that spillover from domestic pigs to wild boar is more likely than transmission from wild boar to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainity Batista Linhares
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Belloy
- Institut Galli-Valerio, Laboratoire d’Analyses vétérinaires, Département du Territoire et de l’Environnement, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco C. Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Lechner
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Effect of feed restriction on performance and postprandial nutrient metabolism in pigs co-infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and swine influenza virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104605. [PMID: 25101681 PMCID: PMC4125196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As nutritional status and inflammation are strongly connected, feeding and nutritional strategies could be effective to improve the ability of pigs to cope with disease. The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of a feed restriction on the ability of pigs to resist and be tolerant to a coinfection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and the European H1N1 swine influenza virus, and the consequences for nutrient metabolism, with a focus on amino acids. Two groups of specific pathogen-free pigs were inoculated with Mhp and H1N1 21 days apart. One group was fed ad libitum, the other group was subjected to a two-week 40% feed restriction starting one week before H1N1 infection. The two respective mock control groups were included. Three days post-H1N1 infection, 200 g of feed was given to pigs previously fasted overnight and serial blood samples were taken over 4 hours to measure plasma nutrient concentrations. Throughout the study, clinical signs were observed and pathogens were detected in nasal swabs and lung tissues. Feed-restricted pigs presented shorter hyperthermia and a positive mean weight gain over the 3 days post-H1N1 infection whereas animals fed ad libitum lost weight. Both infection and feed restriction reduced postprandial glucose concentrations, indicating changes in glucose metabolism. Post-prandial plasma concentrations of the essential amino acids histidine, arginine and threonine were lower in co-infected pigs suggesting a greater use of those amino acids for metabolic purposes associated with the immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that modifying feeding practices could help to prepare animals to overcome an influenza infection. Connections with metabolism changes are discussed.
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Marchioro SB, Sácristan RDP, Michiels A, Haesebrouck F, Conceição FR, Dellagostin OA, Maes D. Immune responses of a chimaeric protein vaccine containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens and LTB against experimental M. hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. Vaccine 2014; 32:4689-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Evaluation of recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97/P102 paralogs formulated with selected adjuvants as vaccines against mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs. Vaccine 2014; 32:4333-41. [PMID: 24930717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pig responses to recombinant subunit vaccines containing fragments of eight multifunctional adhesins of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) P97/P102 paralog family formulated with Alhydrogel(®) or Montanide™ Gel01 were compared with a commercial bacterin following experimental challenge. Pigs, vaccinated intramuscularly at 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age with either of the recombinant formulations (n=10 per group) or Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo (n=12), were challenged with Mhp strain Hillcrest at 17 weeks of age. Unvaccinated, challenged pigs (n=12) served as a control group. Coughing was assessed daily. Antigen-specific antibody responses were monitored by ELISA in serum and tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF), while TBLF was also assayed for cytokine responses (ELISA) and bacterial load (qPCR). At slaughter, gross and histopathology of lungs were quantified and damage to epithelial cilia in the porcine trachea was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo administration induced significant serological responses against Mhp strain 232 whole cell lysates (wcl) and recombinant antigen F3P216, but not against the remaining vaccine subunit antigens. Alhydrogel(®) and Montanide™ Gel01-adjuvanted antigen induced significant antigen-specific IgG responses, with the latter adjuvant eliciting comparable Mhp strain 232 wcl specific IgG responses to Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo. No significant post-vaccination antigen-specific mucosal responses were detected with the recombinant vaccinates. Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo was superior in reducing clinical signs, lung lesion severity and bacterial load but the recombinant formulations offered comparable protection against cilial damage. Lower IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 responses after challenge were associated with reduced lung lesion severity in Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo vaccinates, while elevated pathology scores in recombinant vaccinates corresponded to cytokine levels that were similarly elevated as in unvaccinated pigs. This study highlights the need for continued research into protective antigens and vaccination strategies that will prevent Mhp colonisation and establishment of infection.
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Martelli P, Saleri R, Cavalli V, De Angelis E, Ferrari L, Benetti M, Ferrarini G, Merialdi G, Borghetti P. Systemic and local immune response in pigs intradermally and intramuscularly injected with inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:357-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chiari M, Ferrari N, Zanoni M, Alborali L. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae temporal trends of infection and pathological effects in wild boar populations. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A quantitative TaqMan PCR assay for the detection of Ureaplasma diversum. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:670-4. [PMID: 23993254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ureaplasma diversum in veterinary studies is an undesirable microbe, which may cause infection in bulls and may result in seminal vesiculitis, balanopostitis, and alterations in spermatozoids, whereas in cows, it may cause placentitis, fetal alveolitis, abortion, and birth of weak calves. U. diversum is released through organic secretions, especially semen, preputial and vaginal mucus, conjunctival secretion, and milk. The aim of the present study was to develop a TaqMan probe, highly sensitive and specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection and quantification of U. diversum from genital swabs of bovines. Primers and probes specific to U. diversum 16S rRNA gene were designed. The specificity, detection limit, intra- and inter-assay variability of qPCR to detect this ureaplasma was compared with the results of the conventional PCR assay (cPCR). Swabs of vaginal mucus from 169 cows were tested. The qPCR assay detected as few as 10 copies of U. diversum and was 100-fold more sensitive than the cPCR. No cross-reactivity with other Mollicutes or eubacteria was observed. U. diversum was detected in 79 swabs (46.42%) by qPCR, while using cPCR it was detected in 42 (25%) samples. The difference in cPCR and qPCR ureaplasma detection between healthy and sick animals was not statistically significant. But the U. diversum load in samples from animals with genital disorders was higher than in healthy animals. The qPCR assay developed herein is highly sensitive and specific for the detection and quantification of U. diversum in vaginal bovine samples.
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