1
|
Riehl T, Schienbein KE, Mifsud C. A new species of Mexicope Hooker, 1985 (Crustacea, Isopoda) - the first record of Acanthaspidiidae Menzies, 1962 from the Mediterranean Sea. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e121508. [PMID: 38812888 PMCID: PMC11134053 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The marine isopod family Acanthaspidiidae Menzies, 1962 (Asellota, Janiroidea) has global distribution from shelf to hadal depth. The majority of species has been recorded from relatively deep waters and the Southern Hemisphere. To date, 36 species have been described in the family belonging to three genera: Ianthopsis Beddard, 1886; Iolanthe Beddard, 1886; and Mexicope Hooker, 1985. New information Here, a new species of Mexicope is described from Maltese waters, adding a fourth species to the genus. It is the first member of the family reported from the Mediterranean Sea. The new species can be recognised by the unique combination of the following characters: cephalothorax with pre-ocular spine large and pointed anterolaterally, rostral projection blunt, eyes reduced; pereonal sternites each with one ventral spine; pereonite two lateral margins with single projection; pleotelson posterior apex long, projecting to approximately half of the length of the uropod protopod; pleopods I distolateral lobes projecting beyond distomedial lobes, apices curved and pointed laterally; uropod exopod length approximately 0.5 endopod length. An identification key to the species of Mexicope is presented and the generic diagnoses of Ianthopsis and Mexicope are compared, discussed and revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Riehl
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt, GermanySenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurtGermany
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, GermanySenckenberg Research Institute and Natural History MuseumFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, GermanyJohann Wolfgang Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Katharina Ellen Schienbein
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Frankfurt am Main, GermanyJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and DiversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grillo M, Bonello G, Cecchetto M, Guzzi A, Noli N, Cometti V, Schiaparelli S. Planktonic, benthic and sympagic copepods collected from the desalination unit of Mario Zucchelli Research Station in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e119633. [PMID: 38606183 PMCID: PMC11008244 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e119633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Distributional data on planktonic, benthic and sympagic copepods collected in the framework of the XXXIVth Expeditions of the Italian National Antarctic Programme (PNRA) to the Ross Sea sector from 2018-2019 are here provided. These occurrences correspond to specimens collected from the 25 μm filters used in the desalination plant of the Italian research station "Mario Zucchelli" (MZS), located in the Terra Nova Bay area (TNB; Ross Sea, Antarctica). This dataset is a contribution to the Antarctic Biodiversity Portal, the thematic Antarctic node for both the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (AntOBIS) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility Antarctic Biodiversity Information Facility (ANTABIF). The dataset was uploaded and integrated with the SCAR-AntOBIS database (the geospatial component of SCAR-MarBIN). Please follow the guidelines from the SCAR Data Policy (ISSN 1998-0337) when using the data. If you have any questions regarding this dataset, please contact us via the contact information provided in the metadata or via data-biodiversity-aq@naturalsciences.be. Issues with the dataset can be reported at the biodiversity-aq GitHub project. New information We describe the diversity of marine copepods Terra Nova Bay sampled by the filters installed in the desalination unit (DU) of the Italian research station "Mario Zucchelli" described in recent work. The opening of the intake pipe of the DU is positioned at a depth of 4 m and allowed a total of 2,116 specimens to be sampled and recognised. In addition, new occurrence records of copepod genera and species are reported in the same zone. We provide an overview of the marine copepod diversity reported for TNB. The total of 2,116 individuals corresponds to 14 genera and 15 species and is represented by 136 occurrence records in this dataset. Around 52% of the total number of species are new records for the TNB area. The publication of this data paper was funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO, contract n°FR/36/AN1/AntaBIS) in the Framework of EU-Lifewatch as a contribution to the SCAR Antarctic biodiversity portal (biodiversity.aq).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grillo
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa), Genoa, ItalyItalian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)GenoaItaly
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA) - University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA) - University of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Guido Bonello
- GeoScape Society Cooperative, Genoa, ItalyGeoScape Society CooperativeGenoaItaly
| | - Matteo Cecchetto
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa), Genoa, ItalyItalian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)GenoaItaly
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) - University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) - University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Alice Guzzi
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa), Genoa, ItalyItalian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)GenoaItaly
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) - University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) - University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Nicholas Noli
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa), Genoa, ItalyItalian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)GenoaItaly
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA) - University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA) - University of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Valentina Cometti
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa), Genoa, ItalyItalian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)GenoaItaly
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA) - University of Siena, Siena, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment (DSFTA) - University of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Stefano Schiaparelli
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa), Genoa, ItalyItalian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, section of Genoa)GenoaItaly
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) - University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV) - University of GenoaGenoaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mishra M. Daphnia magna as a Model Organism to Predict the Teratogenic Effect of Different Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:261-281. [PMID: 38285344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
For aquatic ecosystem Daphnia magna is evolving as a model organism to check the teratogenicity of numerous compounds. D. magna can be easily cultured in the laboratory, and the teratogen effect of several compounds can be easily studied. The developmental stages are well studied in D. magna. All the developmental stages are transparent so the defect can be easily accessed. So, the postembryonic developmental changes can be easily studied after the exposure with teratogen. More importantly, D. magna also have a swimming behavioral phenotype. The behavioral defect can be easily accessed after teratogen exposure. The current chapter summarizes numerous protocols associated with embryo and adult staining and adult behavioral assays that can be used to access the teratogenicity of any unknown compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mishra
- Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yap FC, Wong WL, Chong VC, Bong CW, Lim LHS. Development of the muscular and nervous systems during the larval ontogeny of the stalked barnacle, Octolasmis angulata Aurivillius 1894 (Cirripedia: Thoracicalcerea: Poecilasmatidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 76:101298. [PMID: 37672818 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancements in microscopic techniques have stimulated great interest in the muscular and neural architectures of invertebrates, specifically using muscle and neural structures to infer phylogenetic relationships. Here, we provide the data on the development of the muscular and nervous systems during the larval development of stalked barnacle, Octolasmis angulata using the phalloidin F-actin and immunohistochemical labelling (e.g. acetylated α-tubulin and serotonin) and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis. All naupliar stages shared the same muscle and neural architectures with only the discrepancy in size. The nauplii have a complex muscle arrangement in their feeding apparatus and naupliar appendages. Most naupliar muscles undergo histolyse during the cyprid metamorphosis. The cyprid muscles form beneath the head shield at the end of nauplius VI. The naupliar and cyprid central nervous systems exhibit the typical tripartite brain comprising the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum. The serotonin-like immunoreactivity is mainly found in the naupliar brain, mandibular ganglia, cyprid brain and posterior ganglia. Our study revealed that numerous muscle and neural architectures in the naupliar and cyprids have phylogenetic significance, but future studies on the myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of other barnacle species are necessary to determine the homology of these structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fook-Choy Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia; Graduate School, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Selangor, 43500, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Wey-Lim Wong
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar, 31900, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Ving-Ching Chong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chui-Wei Bong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Hong Susan Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaiser S, Stransky B, Jennings RM, Kihara TC, Brix S. Combining morphological and mitochondrial DNA data to describe a new species of Austroniscus Vanhöffen, 1914 (Isopoda, Janiroidea, Nannoniscidae) linking abyssal and hadal depths of the Puerto Rico Trench. Zootaxa 2023; 5293:401-434. [PMID: 37518475 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hadal trenches are perceived as a unique deep-sea ecosystem with fundamentally different communities compared to the nearby abyss. So far, however, scarce information exists about how populations are genetically linked within a trench and about mechanisms for species divergence. The present study presents the morphological and molecular-genetic characterization and description of a new nannoniscid species within the genus Austroniscus Vanhöffen, 1914 obtained from abyssal and hadal depths of the Puerto Rico Trench, NW Atlantic. Samples were collected as part of the Vema-TRANSIT expedition onboard RV Sonne in January 2015. Because of the large depth differences between sampling locations (4,552-8,338 m), we expected to find different species within the genus inhabiting abyssal and hadal sites. Initial morphological examination using traditional light microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was paired with subsequent molecular analysis based on mtDNA (COI and 16S). Contrary to our assumptions, combined morphological and molecular species delimitation analyses (sGMYC, mPTP, ABGD) revealed the presence of only one species spanning the abyssal and hadal seafloor of the Puerto Rico Trench. In addition, comparison with type material could show that this species belongs to a new species, Austroniscus brandtae n. sp., which is described herein. Incongruence between some species delimitation methods suggesting the presence of multiple species is interpreted as strong genetic population structuring within the trench, which is also supported by the analysis of the haplotype networks. The geographic and bathymetric distribution of Austroniscus species is discussed. The species described herein represents the first in the genus Austroniscus from the Atlantic Ocean and the deepest record of the genus to date, and hence significantly expanding previously known limits of its geographic and bathymetric range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kaiser
- University of Łódź; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology; Banacha St. 12/16; Łódź; 90-237; Poland; Senckenberg Research Institute; Department of Marine Zoology; Section Crustacea; Senckenberganlage 25; 60325 Frankfurt; Germany.
| | - Bente Stransky
- Museum of Nature; Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB); Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology; Martin- Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146 Hamburg; Germany.
| | - Robert M Jennings
- Temple University; Biology Department; 1900 North 12th Street; Philadelphia; PA 19122; USA.
| | - Terue Cristina Kihara
- Integrated Environmental Solutions UG-INES; c/o DZMB; Südstrand 44; 26382 Wilhelmshaven; Germany.
| | - Saskia Brix
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB); Senckenberg am Meer; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146 Hamburg; Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lowman RL, Yampolsky LY. Lipofuscin, amyloids, and lipid peroxidation as potential markers of aging in Daphnia. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10036-z. [PMID: 37195481 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of autofluorescent waste products, amyloids, and products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) are important hallmarks of aging. Until now, these processes have not been documented in Daphnia, a convenient model organism for longevity and senescence studies. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of autofluorescence and Congo Red (CR) fluorescent staining for amyloids in four clones of D. magna. Additionally, we used a single time point cross-sectional common garden experiment within a single clone in which autofluorescence and BODIPY C11 fluorescence were measured. We observed a robust increase in autofluorescent spots that show diagnostic co-staining by Sudan Black indicating lipofuscin aggregates, particularly in the upper body region. There was also a significant clone-by-age interaction indicating that some genotypes accumulated lipofuscins faster than others. Contrary to predictions, CR fluorescence and lipid peroxidation did not consistently increase with age. CR fluorescence demonstrated a slight non-monotonous relationship with age, achieving the highest values at intermediate ages, possibly due to elimination of physiological heterogeneity in our genetically uniform cohorts. LPO demonstrated a significant ovary status-by-age interaction, decreasing with age when measured in Daphnia with full ovaries (late phase ovarian cycle) and showing no significant trend or slight increase with age when measured during the early phase in the ovarian cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Lowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - L Y Yampolsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Two New Phyllopodopsyllus Species (Harpacticoida, Tetragonicipitidae) from Korea. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three species of the genus Phyllopodopsyllus T. Scott, 1906 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Tetragonicipitidae) were reported from the intertidal sand of Jeju Island and Busan in Korea, Phyllopdopsyllus kitazimai Karanovic, 2017, Phyllopodopsyllus saywakimi sp. nov. and Phyllopodopsyllus similis sp. nov. The latter two were described here. Phyllopodopsyllus saywakimi sp. nov. collected from only Udo, Jeju is similar to a Pacific species from Costa Rica, Phyllopodopsyllus ancylus Mielke, 1992. However, P. saywakimi sp. nov. differs from the Costa Rica species in the body size, the number of armatures on the antenna, the length ratio of endo- and exopod of the mandible, and the chaetotaxy of the fifth female pereiopod and the sixth male pereiopod. The second new species, P. similis sp. nov., found in Busan and several localities of Jeju, significantly resembles the species complex related to Phyllopodopsyllus aegypticus Nicholls, 1944, which is widely distributed in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. P. similis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the P. aegypticus complex by the body size, the shape of the rostrum, the type of armatures, the length ratio of rami and armatures, and the chaetotaxy of the female P5. In addition to the species descriptions, partial fragments of small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were provided. Using molecular markers, a phylogenetic analysis was also performed to estimate the relationships among the three Korean species of Phyllopodopsyllus for the first time.
Collapse
|
8
|
Knauber H, Silberberg JR, Brandt A, Riehl T. Evolution and biogeography of the Haploniscus belyaevi species complex (Isopoda: Haploniscidae) revealed by means of integrative taxonomy. SYST BIODIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2022.2099477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Knauber
- Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Section Crustacea, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Jona R. Silberberg
- Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Section Crustacea, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Angelika Brandt
- Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Section Crustacea, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Torben Riehl
- Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Section Crustacea, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, 60325, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oberemok VV, Useinov RZ, Skorokhod OA, Gal’chinsky NV, Novikov IA, Makalish TP, Yatskova EV, Sharmagiy AK, Golovkin IO, Gninenko YI, Puzanova YV, Andreeva OA, Alieva EE, Eken E, Laikova KV, Plugatar YV. Oligonucleotide Insecticides for Green Agriculture: Regulatory Role of Contact DNA in Plant-Insect Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415681. [PMID: 36555325 PMCID: PMC9779641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects vastly outnumber us in terms of species and total biomass, and are among the most efficient and voracious consumers of plants on the planet. As a result, to preserve crops, one of the primary tasks in agriculture has always been the need to control and reduce the number of insect pests. The current use of chemical insecticides leads to the accumulation of xenobiotics in ecosystems and a decreased number of species in those ecosystems, including insects. Sustainable development of human society is impossible without useful insects, so the control of insect pests must be effective and selective at the same time. In this article, we show for the first time a natural way to regulate the number of insect pests based on the use of extracellular double-stranded DNA secreted by the plant Pittosporum tobira. Using a principle similar to one found in nature, we show that the topical application of artificially synthesized short antisense oligonucleotide insecticides (olinscides, DNA insecticides) is an effective and selective way to control the insect Coccus hesperidum. Using contact oligonucleotide insecticide Coccus-11 at a concentration of 100 ng/μL on C. hesperidum larvae resulted in a mortality of 95.59 ± 1.63% within 12 days. Green oligonucleotide insecticides, created by nature and later discovered by humans, demonstrate a new method to control insect pests that is beneficial and safe for macromolecular insect pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V. Oberemok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
- Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Dendrology and Landscape Architecture, Nikita Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(978)-814-68-66
| | - Refat Z. Useinov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Oleksii A. Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Nikita V. Gal’chinsky
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Ilya A. Novikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Tatyana P. Makalish
- S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295015, Crimea
| | - Ekaterina V. Yatskova
- Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Dendrology and Landscape Architecture, Nikita Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
| | - Alexander K. Sharmagiy
- Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Dendrology and Landscape Architecture, Nikita Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
| | - Ilya O. Golovkin
- S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295015, Crimea
| | - Yuri I. Gninenko
- All-Russian Research Institute for Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Pushkino 141200, Russia
| | - Yelizaveta V. Puzanova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Oksana A. Andreeva
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Edie E. Alieva
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Emre Eken
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295007, Crimea
| | - Kateryna V. Laikova
- S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol 295015, Crimea
| | - Yuri V. Plugatar
- Department of Natural Ecosystems, Nikita Botanical Garden—National Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yalta 298648, Crimea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Krings W, Matsumura Y, Brütt JO, Gorb SN. Material gradients in gastropod radulae and their biomechanical significance: a combined approach on the paludomid Lavigeria grandis. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2022; 109:52. [PMID: 36322292 PMCID: PMC9630255 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The radula, a chitinous membrane spiked with teeth, is the molluscan autapomorphy for the gathering and processing of food. The teeth, as actual interfaces between the organism and the ingesta, act as load transmitting regions and have to withstand high stresses during foraging — without structural failure or high degrees of wear. Mechanisms contributing to this were studied previously in paludomid gastropods from Lake Tanganyika. For some species, gradients in hardness and Young’s modulus along the teeth were detected, enabling the bending and relying of teeth onto the next row, distributing the stresses more equally. The here presented study on one of them — Lavigeria grandis — aims at shedding light on the origin of these functional gradients. The mechanical properties were identified by nanoindentation technique and compared to the elemental composition, determined by elemental dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX, EDS). This was done for the complete radular (mature and immature tooth rows), resulting in overall 236 EDX and 700 nanoindentation measurements. Even though teeth showed regional differences in elemental composition, we could not correlate the mechanical gradients with the elemental proportions. By applying confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we were finally able to relate the mechanical properties with the degree of tanning. CLSM is a common technique used on arthropod cuticle, but was never applied on radular teeth before. In general, we found that nanoindentation and CLSM techniques complement one another, as for example, CLSM is capable of revealing heterogeneities in material or micro-gradients, which leads to a better understanding of the functionalities of biological materials and structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, Zoological Institute and Museum, Universität Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan-Ole Brütt
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jandausch K, Michels J, Kovalev A, Gorb SN, van de Kamp T, Beutel RG, Niehuis O, Pohl H. Have female twisted-wing parasites (Insecta: Strepsiptera) evolved tolerance traits as response to traumatic penetration? PeerJ 2022; 10:e13655. [PMID: 35990910 PMCID: PMC9390352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm. Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness costs associated with the male-inflicted injury. The evolution of tolerance traits has previously been suggested for the bed bug. Here we present data suggesting that tolerance traits also evolved in females of the twisted-wing parasite species Stylops ovinae and Xenos vesparum. Using micro-indentation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that females of both investigated species possess a uniform resilin-rich integument that is notably thicker at penetration sites than at control sites. As the thickened cuticle does not seem to hamper penetration by males, we hypothesise that thickening of the cuticle resulted in reduced penetration damage and loss of haemolymph and in improved wound sealing. To evaluate the evolutionary relevance of the Stylops-specific paragenital organ and penis shape variation in the context of inter- and intraspecific competition, we conducted attraction and interspecific mating experiments, as well as a geometric-morphometric analysis of S. ovinae and X. vesparum penises. We found that S. ovinae females indeed attract sympatrically distributed congeneric males. However, only conspecific males were able to mate. In contrast, we did not observe any heterospecific male attraction by Xenos females. We therefore hypothesise that the paragenital organ in the genus Stylops represents a prezygotic mating barrier that prevents heterospecific matings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Jandausch
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Michels
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas van de Kamp
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Pohl
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Matsumura Y, Lima SP, Rafael JA, Câmara JT, Beutel RG, Gorb SN. Distal leg structures of Zoraptera - did the loss of adhesive devices curb the chance of diversification? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 68:101164. [PMID: 35468454 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distal leg structures of Zoraptera are documented and discussed with respect to their functional morphology and evolutionary aspects. We investigated eight species using scanning electron microscopy. We analyzed material compositions of the tarsus in three representative species using confocal laser scanning microscopy. When possible, we included both sexes, wing morphs, and nymphs and compared the structures among them. The distal leg structure is unusually uniform across zorapterans regardless of the sex, morphs, and developmental stages. The observed features combine simplification with innovation. The former is likely partially correlated with cryptic microhabitats and miniaturization. Innovation includes a protibial cleaning organ. This is very likely an autapomorphy of Zoraptera. The tarsi are composed of two tarsomeres covered with setae. The pretarsus distally bears an unguitractor plate and well-sclerotized claws. The tarsomeres appear less-sclerotized than the covering setae. The articulation between the basitarsus and tarsomere 2 is hinge-like, implying that tarsomere 2 moves only mediolaterally. The simplified and specialized tarsal morphology is likely suitable for the typical zorapteran microhabitat, under bark. However, the irreversible complete loss of adhesive devices prevented zorapterans to make use of a broader spectrum of environments and was presumably one reason for the species paucity of the group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; General and Systematic Zoology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sheila P Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José A Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Rolf G Beutel
- Entomology Group, Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anatomy of the Nervous System in Chelifer cancroides (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) with a Distinct Sensory Pathway Associated with the Pedipalps. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010025. [PMID: 35055868 PMCID: PMC8780800 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Most arthropods (uniting animals such as the chelicerates, e.g., spiders and their kin, as well as millipedes, centipedes, crustaceans, and insects) have distinct sensory appendages at the second head segment, the so-called antennae. The Arachnida (e.g., spiders and scorpions) do not possess antennae, but have evolved highly specialized sensory organs on different body regions. However, very limited information is available concerning pseudoscorpions (false scorpions). These animals do not seem to possess such specialized structures, but show dominant, multifunctional appendages prior to the first walking leg, called pedipalps. Here, we investigate the neuronal pathway of these structures as well as general aspects of the nervous system. We describe new details of typical arthropod brain compartments, such as the arcuate body and a comparatively small mushroom body. Neurons associated with the pedipalps terminate in two regions in the central nervous system of characteristic arrangement: a glomerular and a layered center, which we interpret as a chemo- and a mechanosensory center, respectively. The centers, which fulfill the same function in other animals, show a similar arrangement. These similarities in the sensory systems of different evolutionary origin have to be interpreted as functional prerequisites. Identifying these similarities helps to understand the general functionality of sensory systems, not only within arthropods. Abstract Many arachnid taxa have evolved unique, highly specialized sensory structures such as antenniform legs in Amblypygi (whip spiders), for instance, or mesosomal pectines in scorpions. Knowledge of the neuroanatomy as well as functional aspects of these sensory organs is rather scarce, especially in comparison to other arthropod clades. In pseudoscorpions, no special sensory structures have been discovered so far. Nevertheless, these animals possess dominant, multifunctional pedipalps, which are good candidates for being the primary sensory appendages. However, only little is known about the anatomy of the nervous system and the projection pattern of pedipalpal afferents in this taxon. By using immunofluorescent labeling of neuronal structures as well as lipophilic dye labeling of pedipalpal pathways, we identified the arcuate body, as well as a comparatively small mushroom body, the latter showing some similarities to that of Solifugae (sun spiders and camel spiders). Furthermore, afferents from the pedipalps terminate in a glomerular and a layered neuropil. Due to the innervation pattern and structural appearance, we conclude that these neuropils are the first integration centers of the chemosensory and mechanosensory afferents. Within Arthropoda, but also other invertebrates or even vertebrates, sensory structures show rather similar neuronal arrangement. Thus, these similarities in the sensory systems of different evolutionary origin have to be interpreted as functional prerequisites of the respective modality.
Collapse
|
14
|
Paulus E, Brix S, Siebert A, Martínez Arbizu P, Rossel S, Peters J, Svavarsson J, Schwentner M. Recent speciation and hybridization in Icelandic deep-sea isopods: An integrative approach using genomics and proteomics. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:313-330. [PMID: 34676606 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The crustacean marine isopod species Haploniscus bicuspis (Sars, 1877) shows circum-Icelandic distribution in a wide range of environmental conditions and along well-known geographic barriers, such as the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe (GIF) Ridge. We wanted to explore population genetics, phylogeography and cryptic speciation as well as investigate whether previously described, but unaccepted subspecies have any merit. Using the same set of specimens, we combined mitochondrial COI sequences, thousands of nuclear loci (ddRAD), and proteomic profiles, plus selected morphological characters using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Five divergent genetic lineages were identified by COI and ddRAD, two south and three north of the GIF Ridge. Assignment of populations to the three northern lineages varied and detailed analyses revealed hybridization and gene flow between them, suggesting a single northern species with a complex phylogeographic history. No apparent hybridization was observed among lineages south of the GIF Ridge, inferring the existence of two more species. Differences in proteomic profiles between the three putative species were minimal, implying an ongoing or recent speciation process. Population differentiation was high, even among closely associated populations, and higher in mitochondrial COI than nuclear ddRAD loci. Gene flow is apparently male-biased, leading to hybrid zones and instances of complete exchange of the local nuclear genome through immigrating males. This study did not confirm the existence of subspecies defined by male characters, which probably instead refer to different male developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Paulus
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Brix
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annabelle Siebert
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Hamburg, Germany.,Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pedro Martínez Arbizu
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rossel
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Janna Peters
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jörundur Svavarsson
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Martin Schwentner
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kamimura Y, Matsumura Y, Yang CCS, Gorb SN. Random or handedness? Use of laterally paired penises in Nala earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animals can show bias in their use of laterally paired organs that do not have any conspicuous anatomical differentiation between the right and left organs. Like right handedness in humans, males of the giant earwig Labidura riparia (Labiduridae: Labidurinae) preferentially (~90%) use the right one of their laterally paired penises for copulation. To elucidate the evolutionary origin of this lateralization, patterns of penis use were examined for the related species of the genus Nala (Labiduridae: Nalinae). In multiple populations and broods of both Nala lividipes and Nala nepalensis, males that were ready to use the right or left penis were equally frequent, providing a striking contrast to Labidura. Surgical ablation of one of the two penises revealed that both penises are functionally competent in N. lividipes. Nevertheless, each male almost consistently used only one of the paired penises, either the right or the left one. Changes in penis use were estimated to occur only once per 64–143 days per male. The present study is the first report of individual-level lateralization for animal genitalia that do not show any conspicuous anatomical differentiation between the right and left organs. Possible advantages of lateralization are discussed in relationship to co-evolution of the genitalia between the sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lichius A. Concentration, cellular exposure and specificity of organelle selective fluorescent dyes in fungal cell biology. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
17
|
Lehnert MS, Johnson DD, Wu J, Sun Y, Fonseca RJ, Michels J, Shell JS, Reiter KE. Physical adaptations of butterfly proboscises enable feeding from narrow floral tubes. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianing Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | | | - Jan Michels
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics Institute of Zoology Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Kiel Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Exploring the diversity of the deep sea—four new species of the amphipod genus Oedicerina described using morphological and molecular methods. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Collections of the amphipod genus Oedicerina were obtained during six expeditions devoted to the study of deep-sea environments of the Pacific Ocean. The material revealed four species new to science. Two species (Oedicerina henricisp. nov. and Oedicerina teresae sp. nov.) were found at abyssal depths of the central eastern Pacific in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone; one species (Oedicerina claudei sp. nov.) was recovered in the Sea of Okhotsk (north-west Pacific), and one (Oedicerina lesci sp. nov.) in the abyss adjacent to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (KKT). The four new species differ from each other and known species by the shapes of the rostrum, coxae 1 and 4, basis of pereopod 7, armatures of pereonite 7, pleonites and urosomites. An identification key for all known species is provided. The study of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of the four new species and Oedicerina ingolfi collected in the North Atlantic confirmed their genetic distinction. However, small intraspecific variation within each of the studied species was observed. In the case of the new species occurring across the KKT, the same haplotype was found on both sides of the trench, providing evidence that the trench does not constitute an insurmountable barrier for population connectivity. None of the species have so far been found on both sides of the Pacific.
Collapse
|
19
|
Vittori M. Structure of a hinge joint with textured sliding surfaces in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:7. [PMID: 33975647 PMCID: PMC8114531 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of joints in terrestrial arthropods can provide insights into the evolutionary optimization of contacting surfaces that slide without lubrication. This work reports on the structure of the joint between the propodus and the dactylus in terrestrial isopods, the most successful group of crustaceans on land, focusing on the woodlouse Porcellio scaber. METHODS The joints were studied using fluorescence microscopy, 3D reconstruction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained results were functionally interpreted using high-speed video recordings by analyzing the use of the joint during locomotion. RESULTS In the joint, which allows the dactylus to move in a single plain, a semicircular process on the propodus fits into a groove on the dactylus and guides its movement. The sliding surfaces of the propodal process are textured in the form of parallel epicuticular ridges a few hundred nanometers thick. This texturing is selective: while the less heavily loaded surfaces are textured, the surfaces that support the isopod during standing and walking are smooth. In contrast, the groove on the dactylus is completely smooth. We found a similar surface texture in several other species of terrestrial isopods and one aquatic isopod. CONCLUSIONS The selective texturing of the joint may reduce wear by eliminating small particles. This effect of the ridges was confirmed using electron microscopy. The absence of ridges on heavily loaded surfaces may enhance the dissipation of forces in these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Vittori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nazari F, Mirshamsi O, Arbizu PM. Tigriopus iranicus sp. nov., a new species of Harpacticidae (Copepoda, Crustacea) from Iran, with a redescription of T. raki Bradford, 1967. Zookeys 2021; 1035:115-144. [PMID: 33958932 PMCID: PMC8096802 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1035.61584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The first representative of Tigriopus Norman, 1869 from the north-western Indian Ocean is described from rock pools on the Iranian coast. Tigriopusiranicussp. nov. is distinguishable from its congeners by i) the possession of two maxillary endites, each with two setae; ii) a two-segmented mandibular endopod; iii) P1enp-3 with one pinnate claw, a well-developed geniculate spine and a small seta; and iv) female P6 with two setae. Additionally, we present a complete redescription of Tigriopusraki Bradford, 1967 on the basis of paratype material and a key to the species of the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nazari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran University of Jiroft Jiroft Iran
| | - Omid Mirshamsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Pedro Martínez Arbizu
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research DZMB, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research Wilhelmshaven Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matsumura Y, Kamimura Y, Lee CY, Gorb SN, Rajabi H. Penetration mechanics of elongated female and male genitalia of earwigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7920. [PMID: 33846369 PMCID: PMC8041768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We unveiled the penile penetration mechanics of two earwig species, Echinosoma horridum, whose intromittent organ, termed virga, is extraordinarily long, and E. denticulatum, whose virga is conversely short. We characterised configuration, geometry, material and bending stiffness for both virga and spermatheca. The short virga of E. denticulatum has a material gradient with the stiffer base, whereas the long virga of E. horridum and the spermathecae of both species are homogeneously sclerotised. The long virga of E. horridum has a lower bending stiffness than the spermatheca. The virga of E. denticulatum is overall less flexible than the spermatheca. We compared our results to a previous study on the penetration mechanics of elongated beetle genitalia. Based on the comparison, we hypothesised that the lower stiffness of the male intromittent organ comparing to the corresponding female structure is a universal prerequisite for the penetration mechanics of the elongated intromittent organ in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumura
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yoshitaka Kamimura
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hamed Rajabi
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaiser S, Kihara TC, Brix S, Mohrbeck I, Janssen A, Jennings RM. Species boundaries and phylogeographic patterns in new species of Nannoniscus (Janiroidea: Nannoniscidae) from the equatorial Pacific nodule province inferred from mtDNA and morphology. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Spatial patterns of genetic variation (based on COI and 16S mtDNA) for morphologically similar species in the isopod genus Nannoniscus G.O. Sars. 1870 were examined that occur broadly across the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). Samples were obtained from five different licence areas as well as an Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI-6) with sites located at various distances (a few to several hundred kilometres) from one another. Applying three different species delimitation (SD) methods (sGMYC, mPTP and ABGD) of the molecular data, we could distinguish between four and 12 different molecular taxonomic operational units (MOTUs). Morphological analyses could confirm five distinct phenotypic clades that represent species new to science and are described here: Nannoniscus brenkei sp. nov., Nannoniscus hilario sp. nov., Nannoniscus magdae sp. nov., Nannoniscus menoti sp. nov. and Nannoniscus pedro sp. nov. Despite the assumed limited dispersal capacity of Nannoniscus species, we found haplotypes of two species to be geographically widespread (up to > 1400 km apart), as opposed to several divergent clades occurring in close vicinity or even sympatry. Geographic distance appeared to explain the phylogeographic structure of Nannoniscus species to some extent, although oceanographic features and level of environmental heterogeneity were probably equally important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kaiser
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, c/o Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz, Hamburg, Germany
- CeNak, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Terue Cristina Kihara
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Südstrand, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- INES Integrated Environmental Solutions UG, Südstrand, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Saskia Brix
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, c/o Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Mohrbeck
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Südstrand, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Annika Janssen
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Südstrand, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Michels J, Appel E, Gorb SN. Coupling wings with movable hooks - resilin in the wing-interlocking structures of honeybees. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 60:101008. [PMID: 33370638 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hymenoptera are characterised by the presence of one forewing pair and one hindwing pair. The two wings of each body side are coupled to each other during flight making the morphologically four-winged insects functionally two-winged. This coupling is formed by a row of hook-like structures, called hamuli, that are located at the leading edge of the hindwing and interlock with a thickened and recurved margin present at the trailing edge of the forewing. In this study, autofluorescence analyses performed with confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed differences in the exoskeleton material composition of the interlocking structures. While the wing veins and the recurved margin are strongly sclerotised and chitinous, the wing membranes mainly contain the elastomeric protein resilin. The hamuli are composed of sclerotised chitinous material, and each hamulus base is surrounded by and embedded in material that features large proportions of resilin and is located in strongly sclerotised socket-like wing vein structures. This exoskeleton organisation likely allows movements of the hamuli and, in combination with the exoskeleton material gradients visualized in the other interlocking structures, is assumed to guarantee an effective wing coupling and to simultaneously decrease the risk of wear and damage under mechanical loads occurring in flight, coupling and decoupling situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Michels
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Esther Appel
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
George KH, Lehmanski LMA, Kihara TC. Revision of the genus Laophontodes T. Scott (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Ancorabolidae), including the description of a new species and a key to species. Zookeys 2020; 997:17-46. [PMID: 33335439 PMCID: PMC7710681 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.997.56965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of Laophontodes volkerlehmanskii sp. nov. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontodinae Lang) from the deep sea of the Kairei Field, western Indian Ocean, prompted the examination of the phylogenetic status of Laophontodes T. Scott and the relationships within the genus. The allocation of L. volkerlehmanskii sp. nov. to Laophontodes based on diagnostic characters was relatively straightforward, yet phylogenetic analysis of the genus considering 39 morphological characters detected not a single autapomorphy. This indicates that Laophontodes, which seems to form a monophylum with Ancorabolina George and Bicorniphontodes George, Glatzel & Schröder, actually represents the stem-lineage, retaining the characters of the common ancestor without having developed unique derived morphological characters. Most of the 13 known species of Laophontodes can be characterised by distinct apomorphies. However, phylogenetic comparison highlights some uncertainties due to the apparent heterogeneous distribution of some derived characters across the species, the weakness of other features, and the fragmentary and inadequate description of several species, which, in combination with the unavailability of type material, prevents a detailed comparison of several phylogenetically relevant characters. Thus, the analysis presented here provides a further step towards understanding the systematic relationships of and within Laophontodes, rather than a conclusive answer. Nonetheless, a detailed character discussion and a key to species are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Horst George
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research DZMB, Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | | | - Terue Cristina Kihara
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research DZMB, Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.,INES Integrated Environmental Solutions UG, c/o Senckenberg am Meer - German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research DZMB, Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
George KH, Viertel L. Frisia gen. nov., a new Cerviniinae Sars (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Aegisthidae Giesbrecht) from Tierra del Fuego (Chile), with description of a new species. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2020.1829903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Horst George
- Senckenberg am Meer Wilhelmshaven, Abt. Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Lennard Viertel
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, AG Biodiversität und Evolution der Tiere, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Oldenburg, Germany
- MNF/Institut für Biowissenschaften, Meeresbiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bonello G, Grillo M, Cecchetto M, Giallain M, Granata A, Guglielmo L, Pane L, Schiaparelli S. Distributional records of Ross Sea (Antarctica) planktic Copepoda from bibliographic data and samples curated at the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA): checklist of species collected in the Ross Sea sector from 1987 to 1995. Zookeys 2020; 969:1-22. [PMID: 33013165 PMCID: PMC7515964 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.969.52334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Distributional data on planktic copepods (Crustacea, Copepoda) collected in the framework of the IIIrd, Vth, and Xth Expeditions of the Italian National Antarctic Program (PNRA) to the Ross Sea sector from 1987 to 1995 are here provided. Sampling was performed with BIONESS and WP2 nets at 94 sampling stations at depths of 0–1,000 m, with a special focus on the Terra Nova Bay area. Altogether, this dataset comprises 6,027 distributional records, out of which 5,306 were obtained by digitizing original data reports and 721 are based on physical museum vouchers curated by the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa). The MNA samples include 8,224 individual specimens that were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. They belong to four orders, 25 families, 52 genera, and 82 morphological units (out of which 17 could be determined at the genus level only). A variety of environmental data were also recorded at each of the sampling stations, and we report original abundances (ind/m3) to enable future species distribution modelling. From a biogeographic point of view, the distributional data here reported represented new records for the Global Biogeographic Information Facility (GBIF) registry. In particular, 62% of the total number of species are new records for the Ross Sea sector and another 28% new records for the Antarctic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Bonello
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Grillo
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Cecchetto
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Giallain
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonia Granata
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Pane
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiaparelli
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evaluation of Phosphoethanolamine Cellulose Production among Bacterial Communities Using Congo Red Fluorescence. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00030-20. [PMID: 32312746 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00030-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities of bacterial cells enmeshed in an extracellular matrix (ECM). The biofilm lifestyle results in physiological heterogeneity across the community, promotes persistence, and protects cells from external insults such as antibiotic treatment. Escherichia coli was recently discovered to produce a chemically modified form of cellulose, phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose, which contributes to the formation of its extracellular matrix and elaboration of its hallmark wrinkled macrocolony architectures. Both pEtN cellulose and unmodified cellulose bind dyes such as calcofluor white and Congo red (CR). Here, we present the use of CR fluorescence to distinguish between pEtN cellulose and unmodified cellulose producers. We demonstrate the utility of this tool in the evaluation of a uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolate that appeared to produce curli and a cellulosic component but did not exhibit macrocolony wrinkling. We determined that lack of macrocolony wrinkling was attributed to a single-nucleotide mutation and introduction of a stop codon in bcsG, abrogating production of BcsG, the pEtN transferase. Thus, this work underscores the important contribution of the pEtN cellulose modification to the E. coli agar-based macrocolony wrinkling phenotype and introduces a facile approach to distinguish between modified and unmodified cellulose.IMPORTANCE E. coli bacteria produce amyloid fibers, termed curli, and a cellulosic component to assemble biofilm communities. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and we recently discovered that the cellulosic component in E. coli biofilms was not standard cellulose, but a newly identified cellulosic polymer, phosphoethanolamine cellulose. Studies involving the biological and functional impact of this cellulose modification among E. coli and other organisms are just beginning. Convenient methods for distinguishing pEtN cellulose from unmodified cellulose in E. coli and for estimating production are needed to facilitate further research. Dissecting the balance of pEtN cellulose and curli production by E. coli commensal strains and clinical isolates will improve our understanding of the host microbiome and of factors contributing to bacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Riehl T, De Smet B. Macrostylis metallicola spec. nov.-an isopod with geographically clustered genetic variability from a polymetallic-nodule area in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8621. [PMID: 32149025 PMCID: PMC7049464 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) in the Northeast Central Pacific Ocean is a region of heightened scientific and public interest because of its wealth in manganese nodules. Due to a poor ecological understanding at the abyssal seafloor and limited knowledge of the organisms inhabiting this area, huge efforts in alpha taxonomy are required. To predict and manage potential hazards associated with future mining, taxonomy is an essential first step to grasp fundamental ecosystem traits, such as biogeographic patterns, connectivity, and the potential for post-impact recolonization. Amongst samples from the Global Sea Mineral Resources NV exploration area (EA) in the CCFZ an undescribed species of the isopod crustacean family Macrostylidae was discovered. Previously, it has been reported from two other nearby regions, the Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer and BGR EAs. There it was one of the more widely distributed and abundant species of the benthic macrofauna and exhibited geographically structured populations. It nevertheless remained taxonomically undescribed so far. Methods The new species is described by means of integrative taxonomy. Morphologically, macro photography, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were used to describe the species and to get first insights on its phylogenetic origin. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA markers were used to test the morphological allocation of the two dimorphic sexes and juvenile stages, to analyze geographic patterns of genetic differentiation, and to study intra-and inter-species relationships, also in light of previously published population genetics on this species. Results The new species, Macrostylis metallicola spec. nov., is a typical representative of Macrostylidae as recognizable from the fossosoma, prognathous cephalothorax, and styliform uropods. It can be morphologically distinguished from congeners by a combination of character states which include the autapomorphic shape of the first pleopod of the copulatory male. A sexual dimorphism, as expressed by a peculiar sequence of article length-width ratios of the male antennula, indicates a relationship with M. marionaeKniesz, Brandt & Riehl (2018) and M. longipesHansen (1916) amongst other species sharing this dimorphism. Mitochondrial genetic markers point in a similar direction. M. metallicola appears to be amongst the more common and widely distributed components of the benthic macrofauna in this region which may suggest a resilience of this species to future mining activities because of its apparent potential for recolonization of impacted sites from adjacent areas of particular environmental interest. The genetic data, however, show geographic clustering of its genetic variability, pointing towards a limited potential for dispersal. Local extinction of populations could potentially not be compensated quickly and would mean a loss of genetic diversity of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Riehl
- Department of Marine Zoology, Section Crustacea, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Centre for Natural History, Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bart De Smet
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kang V, Johnston R, van de Kamp T, Faragó T, Federle W. Morphology of powerful suction organs from blepharicerid larvae living in raging torrents. BMC ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-019-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Suction organs provide powerful yet dynamic attachments for many aquatic animals, including octopus, squid, remora, and clingfish. While the functional morphology of suction organs from some cephalopods and fishes has been investigated in detail, there are only few studies on such attachment devices in insects. Here we characterise the morphology and ultrastructure of the suction attachment organs of net-winged midge larvae (genus Liponeura; Diptera: Blephariceridae) – aquatic insects that live on rocks in rapid alpine waterways where flow speeds can reach 3 m s− 1 – using scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT). Furthermore, we study the function of these organs in vivo using interference reflection microscopy.
Results
We identified structural adaptations important for the function of the suction attachment organs in L. cinerascens and L. cordata. First, a dense array of spine-like microtrichia covering each suction disc comes into contact with the substrate upon attachment, analogous to hairy structures on suction organs from octopus, clingfish, and remora fish. These spine-like microtrichia may contribute to the seal and provide increased shear force resistance in high-drag environments. Second, specialised rim microtrichia at the suction disc periphery were found to form a continuous ring in close contact and may serve as a seal on a variety of surfaces. Third, a V-shaped cut on the suction disc (“V-notch“) is actively opened via two cuticular apodemes inserting on its flanks. The apodemes are attached to dedicated V-notch opening muscles, thereby providing a unique detachment mechanism. The complex cuticular design of the suction organs, along with specialised muscles that attach to them, allows blepharicerid larvae to generate powerful attachments which can withstand strong hydrodynamic forces and quickly detach for locomotion.
Conclusion
The suction organs from Liponeura are underwater attachment devices specialised for resisting extremely fast flows. Structural adaptations from these suction organs could translate into future bioinspired attachment systems that perform well on a wide range of surfaces.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bowman LL, MacGuigan DJ, Gorchels ME, Cahillane MM, Moore MV. Revealing paraphyly and placement of extinct species within Epischura (Copepoda: Calanoida) using molecular data and quantitative morphometrics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 140:106578. [PMID: 31401068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epischura (Calanoida: Temoridae) is a Holarctic group of copepods serving important ecological roles, but it is difficult to study because of small range sizes of individual species and widespread distribution of the genus. This genus includes Tertiary relicts, some endemic to single, isolated lakes and can play major roles in unique ecosystems like Lakes Baikal and Tahoe. We present the first molecular and morphological analysis of Epischura that reveals their spatio-temporal evolutionary history. Morphological measurements of mandibles and genetics estimated phylogenetic relationships among all species represented in Epischura, including E. massachusettsensis, whose extinction status is of concern. Analyses used three gene regions for six previously unsequenced species to infer highly-resolved and well-supported phylogenies confirming a split between Siberian and North American species. Previously published age estimates and sequence data from broad taxonomic sampling of calanoid copepods estimated divergence times between the two Epischura groups. Divergence time estimates for Epischura were consistent with earlier molecular clock estimates and late-Miocene cooling events. Additionally, we provide the first taxonomically broad estimates of divergence times within Calanoida. The paraphyletic nature of the genus Epischura (and the family Temoridae) is apparent and requires the resurrection of the genus Epischurella (Smirnov, 1936) to describe the Siberian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Bowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Osborn Memorial Laboratories, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Daniel J MacGuigan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Osborn Memorial Laboratories, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Madeline E Gorchels
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481-0832, USA
| | - Madeline M Cahillane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481-0832, USA
| | - Marianne V Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481-0832, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A new species of Clausidium Kossmann, 1874 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with ghost shrimps from the Persian Gulf, including female-male interlocking mechanisms and remarks on host specificity. Syst Parasitol 2019; 96:171-189. [PMID: 30747405 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-019-09839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new clausidiid copepod was found associated with the ghost shrimp Neocallichirus jousseaumei (Nobili) in the Persian Gulf, on the Iranian coast. The new species shares the armature formula of swimming legs 2 to 4 with C. persiaensis, but can be easily distinguished from its congeners by unique characteristics of the females: the prominent spine on endopodal segment 1 of the antenna, the armature of the maxilliped, and the elongated basis of the swimming legs. Distinguishing features observed in males include the distinct projections on the maxilliped and the armature of legs 1 and 4. In addition to traditional light microscopy-based descriptions, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to obtain high resolution images and 3-D reconstructions of entire copepods. Structures of taxonomic importance that exhibit complex shapes (male maxilliped and female urosome) were scanned to generate 3-D prints that gave valuable insights about female/male interlocking mechanisms. The taxonomic status and host specificity of Clausidium spp. are discussed and a key to valid species is provided.
Collapse
|
32
|
Michels J, Stippkugel A, Lenz M, Wirtz K, Engel A. Rapid aggregation of biofilm-covered microplastics with marine biogenic particles. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1203. [PMID: 30158309 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean plastic pollution has resulted in a substantial accumulation of microplastics in the marine environment. Today, this plastic litter is ubiquitous in the oceans, including even remote habitats such as deep-sea sediments and polar sea ice, and it is believed to pose a threat to ecosystem health. However, the concentration of microplastics in the surface layer of the oceans is considerably lower than expected, given the ongoing replenishment of microplastics and the tendency of many plastic types to float. It has been hypothesized that microplastics leave the upper ocean by aggregation and subsequent sedimentation. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the interactions of microplastics with marine biogenic particles collected in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Our laboratory experiments revealed a large potential of microplastics to rapidly coagulate with biogenic particles, which substantiates this hypothesis. Together with the biogenic particles, the microplastics efficiently formed pronounced aggregates within a few days. The aggregation of microplastics and biogenic particles was significantly accelerated by microbial biofilms that had formed on the plastic surfaces. We assume that the demonstrated aggregation behaviour facilitates the export of microplastics from the surface layer of the oceans and plays an important role in the redistribution of microplastics in the oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Michels
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Angela Stippkugel
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Lenz
- Benthic Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Hohenbergstraße 2, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Wirtz
- Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht-Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Anja Engel
- Biological Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Heepe L, Höft S, Michels J, Gorb SN. Material gradients in fibrillar insect attachment systems: the role of joint-like elements. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7026-7033. [PMID: 30109340 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01151f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects have developed elaborate fibrillar (or hairy) attachment systems that allow them to attach reliably on a variety of different and unpredictable surfaces. These hairy adhesive pads consist of fine and long surface outgrowths (setae), terminated by thin plate-like tips of different shapes. Besides structural adaptations, recent work revealed material gradients along the length of the setae with spatula-shaped and pointed tip structures. It was shown that these setae have a rigid base and soft setal tips, which is assumed to enhance the adaptability to rough surfaces and prevent clustering of the setae. Here, we show a not yet described type of material gradient found in discoidal (or mushroom-shaped) setae of male leaf beetles. In contrast to the previously shown gradient, the setal tips and the basal and central seta sections are composed of relatively stiff chitinous materials, whereas the transition zones between the central seta sections and the setal tips contain large proportions of the rather soft and elastic protein resilin, forming a joint-like element. Having performed adhesion measurements with artificial macroscopic mushroom-shaped adhesive structures with different implemented joint-like elements, we show that the main functional role of these joint-like elements is to facilitate the adaptability to uneven and non-parallel substrates, rather than to provide detachment tolerance towards pull-off forces applied under various tilt angles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Heepe
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Interaction and Thermodynamic Studies on the Binding of Congo Red Dye with Collagen Protein by Polarographic and Equilibrium Dialysis Techniques. Z PHYS CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2018-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The survey of the existing literature revealed that the binding of Molybdenum, Vanadium, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Cobalt with the protein is well known but no binding studies of Congo red molecules with collagen are reported. With a view to extend the existed knowledge of ecological nature of dye-protein system, it was thought of interest to investigate of properties of dye-protein mixture. The binding of Congo red dye has been studied with collagen protein using polarographic and equilibrium dialysis techniques. The intrinsic association constants and the number of binding sites have been calculated from Scatchard plots. The effect of pH on these constants was studied at pH 5.57, 7.50, 9.50 by polarographic technique and it was found that these values were decreased with increasing pH. The effect of pH was found to be similar by equilibrium dialysis technique. The values of different thermodynamic parameters have been reported. The free energies of aggregation, ΔG associated with the binding interaction of the dyes and protein were calculated. The negative values of the ΔG confirm the feasibility of interaction between the dye and protein.
Collapse
|
35
|
Corgosinho PHC, Kihara TC, Schizas NV, Ostmann A, Arbizu PM, Ivanenko VN. Traditional and confocal descriptions of a new genus and two new species of deep water Cerviniinae Sars, 1903 from the Southern Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea: with a discussion on the use of digital media in taxonomy (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Aegisthidae). Zookeys 2018:1-38. [PMID: 29930476 PMCID: PMC6010506 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.766.23899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aegisthidae is one of the most abundant and diverse families of harpacticoid copepods living in deep-sea benthos, and the phylogenetic relationships within the family are in state of flux. Females of two new deep-water species of harpacticoid copepods belonging to the Hasegen. n. (Aegisthidae: Cerviniinae) are described. The first taxonomic description of marine copepod species based on the combined use of interference and confocal microscopy for the study of the habitus and dissected appendages is presented here. CLSM (Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) is a non-destructive method, comparable in quality to SEM (scanning electron microscopy) at the same magnifications. To observe and reconstruct in detail the habitus and dissected appendages, whole specimens and dissected parts were stained with Congo Red, mounted on slides with glycerine for CLSM and scanned under three visible-light lasers. Hase lagomorphicusgen. et sp. n. and Hase talpamorphicusgen. et sp. n. were collected from the sediments of the Southern Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea, from 2270 m and 5468 m depths, respectively. Hasegen. n. is included within Cerviniinae based on the caudal rami which are relatively divergent. Hasegen. n. is the sister taxon of Cerviniella based on the following synapomorphies: sturdy body, exopodites 1-3 of pereopods 1-3 heavily built, transformed into digging limbs, with strong outer and distal spines/setae, two-segmented endopod on the pereopods 2 and 3, and a reduced pereopod 5. Compared to Cerviniella, Hasegen. n. exhibits a more developed armature on the pereopod 1, which has outer and distal elements transformed into strong and long spines vs. stiff setae on Cerviniella.Hasegen. n. has one or two strong and long spines on the inner margin of the exopodite 3 of pereopod 4 and pereopod 5 is fused to the somite, ornamented with three distal setae. The telson of Hasegen. n. is subquadratic, and the furca is among the shortest yet described for Aegisthidae. The new species differ in a number of diagnostic characters, three of which are: a) the somite bearing pereopods 3 and 4 with latero-distal spiniform processes in H. talpamorphicusgen. et sp. n. but smooth in H. lagomorphicusgen. et sp. n., b) antenna is armed with three stout spines on the lateral inner margin of the exopod in H. talpamorphicusgen. et sp. n. and two proximal setae in H. lagomorphicusgen. et sp. n., and c) pereopod 4 exopodite 3 has two long and strong spines on the inner margin in H. lagomorphicusgen. et sp. n. and one spine in H. talpamorphicusgen. et sp. n. The high quality of CLSM images should foster discussion about the use of high quality digital images as type or as part of the type series in zoological studies, especially when studying rare and small macrofaunal and meiofaunal taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H C Corgosinho
- Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Campus Universitário Professor Darcy Ribeiro, 39401-089 Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
| | - Terue C Kihara
- Senckenberg am Meer, Department of German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Nikolaos V Schizas
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Alexandra Ostmann
- Senckenberg am Meer, Department of German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Pedro Martínez Arbizu
- Senckenberg am Meer, Department of German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Viatcheslav N Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ivanenko VN, Hoeksema BW, Mudrova SV, Nikitin MA, Martínez A, Rimskaya-Korsakova NN, Berumen ML, Fontaneto D. Lack of host specificity of copepod crustaceans associated with mushroom corals in the Red Sea. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:770-780. [PMID: 29908997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The radiation of symbiotic copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) living in association with stony corals (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) is considered host-specific and linked to the phylogenetic diversification of their hosts. However, symbiotic copepods are poorly investigated, occurrence records are mostly anecdotal, and no explicit analysis exists regarding their relationship with the hosts. Here, we analysed the occurrence of symbiotic copepods on different co-occurring and phylogenetically closely related scleractinian corals. We used an innovative approach of DNA extraction from single microscopic specimens that preserves the shape of the organisms for integrative morphological studies. The rationale of the study involved: (i) sampling of mushroom corals (Fungiidae) belonging to 13 species and eight genera on different reefs along the Saudi coastline in the Red Sea, (ii) extraction of all the associated copepods, (iii) morphological screening and identification of copepod species, (iv) use of DNA taxonomy on mitochondrial and nuclear markers to determine species boundaries for morphologically unknown copepod species, (v) reconstruction of phylogenies to understand their evolutionary relationships, and (vi) analysis of the ecological drivers of the occurrence, diversity and host specificity of the copepods. The seven species of coral-associated copepods, all new to science, did not show any statistically significant evidence of host-specificity or other pattern of ecological association. We thus suggest that, contrary to most assumptions and previous anecdotal evidence on this coral-copepod host-symbiont system, the association between copepods and their host corals is rather labile, not strict, and not phylogenetically constrained, changing our perception on evolutionary patterns and processes in symbiotic copepods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viatcheslav N Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Bert W Hoeksema
- Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sofya V Mudrova
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhail A Nikitin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Ecosystem Study, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Nadezda N Rimskaya-Korsakova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Ecosystem Study, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Horstmann M, Topham AT, Stamm P, Kruppert S, Colbourne JK, Tollrian R, Weiss LC. Scan, extract, wrap, compute-a 3D method to analyse morphological shape differences. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4861. [PMID: 29900069 PMCID: PMC5995102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of shape and form is critical in many biological disciplines, as context-dependent morphotypes reflect changes in gene expression and physiology, e.g., in comparisons of environment-dependent phenotypes, forward/reverse genetic assays or shape development during ontogenesis. 3D-shape rendering methods produce models with arbitrarily numbered, and therefore non-comparable, mesh points. However, this prevents direct comparisons. We introduce a workflow that allows the generation of comparable 3D models based on several specimens. Translocations between points of modelled morphotypes are plotted as heat maps and statistically tested. With this workflow, we are able to detect, model and investigate the significance of shape and form alterations in all spatial dimensions, demonstrated with different morphotypes of the pond-dwelling microcrustacean Daphnia. Furthermore, it allows the detection even of inconspicuous morphological features that can be exported to programs for subsequent analysis, e.g., streamline- or finite-element analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horstmann
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Topham
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Stamm
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Kruppert
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - John K Colbourne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Tollrian
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Linda C Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sugier K, Vacherie B, Cornils A, Wincker P, Jamet JL, Madoui MA. Chitin distribution in the Oithona digestive and reproductive systems revealed by fluorescence microscopy. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4685. [PMID: 29780666 PMCID: PMC5957050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among copepods, which are the most abundant animals on Earth, the genus Oithona is described as one of the most numerous and plays a major role in the marine food chain and biogeochemical cycles, particularly through the excretion of chitin-coated fecal pellets. Despite the morphology of several Oithona species is well known, knowledge of its internal anatomy and chitin distribution is still limited. To answer this problem, Oithona nana and O. similis individuals were stained by Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Fluorescein IsoThioCyanate (WGA-FITC) and DiAmidino-2-PhenylIndole (DAPI) for fluorescence microscopy observations. The image analyses allowed a new description of the organization and chitin content of the digestive and reproductive systems of Oithona male and female. Chitin microfibrils were found all along the digestive system from the stomach to the hindgut with a higher concentration at the peritrophic membrane of the anterior midgut. Several midgut shrinkages were observed and proposed to be involved in faecal pellet shaping and motion. Amorphous chitin structures were also found to be a major component of the ducts and seminal vesicles and receptacles. The rapid staining protocol we proposed allowed a new insight into the Oithona internal anatomy and highlighted the role of chitin in the digestion and reproduction. This method could be applied to a wide range of copepods in order to perform comparative anatomy analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sugier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Benoit Vacherie
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut François Jacob, Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Astrid Cornils
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Polar Biological Oceanography, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Louis Jamet
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, IRD, MIO UM 110, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, La Garde, France
| | - Mohammed-Amin Madoui
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Subbalakshmi C, Basak P, Nagaraj R. Self-assembly of t-butyloxycarbonyl protected dipeptide methyl esters composed of leucine, isoleucine, and valine into highly organized structures from alcohol and aqueous alcohol mixtures. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chivukula Subbalakshmi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road; Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - Pratyay Basak
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road; Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - Ramakrishnan Nagaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology; Uppal Road; Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bober S, Riehl T, Henne S, Brandt A. New Macrostylidae (Isopoda) from the Northwest Pacific Basin described by means of integrative taxonomy with reference to geographical barriers in the abyss. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bober
- University of Hamburg, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Riehl
- Department Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Crustacea, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Henne
- University of Hamburg, Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Brandt
- Department Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Crustacea, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kruppert S, Horstmann M, Weiss LC, Witzel U, Schaber CF, Gorb SN, Tollrian R. Biomechanical properties of predator-induced body armour in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9750. [PMID: 28851950 PMCID: PMC5575280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The freshwater crustacean Daphnia is known for its ability to develop inducible morphological defences that thwart predators. These defences are developed only in the presence of predators and are realized as morphological shape alterations e.g. 'neckteeth' in D. pulex and 'crests' in D. longicephala. Both are discussed to hamper capture, handling or consumption by interfering with the predator's prey capture devices. Additionally, D. pulex and some other daphniids were found to armour-up and develop structural alterations resulting in increased carapace stiffness. We used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to identify predator-induced structural and shape alterations. We found species specific structural changes accompanying the known shape alterations. The cuticle becomes highly laminated (i.e. an increased number of layers) in both species during predator exposure. Using nano- and micro-indentation as well as finite element analysis (FEA) we determined both: the structure's and shape's contribution to the carapace's mechanical resistance. From our results we conclude that only structural alterations are responsible for increased carapace stiffness, whereas shape alterations appear to pose handling difficulties during prey capture. Therefore, these defences act independently at different stages during predation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kruppert
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity; Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity; Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Linda C Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity; Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Witzel
- Institute for Product and Service Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Clemens F Schaber
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Tollrian
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity; Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
THOMAS J, IDRIS N, COLLINGS D. Pontamine fast scarlet 4B bifluorescence and measurements of cellulose microfibril angles. J Microsc 2017; 268:13-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. THOMAS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Central Wood Testing Laboratory; The Rubber Board; Kottayam Kerala India
| | - N.A. IDRIS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Sciences; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Kuala Nerus Kuala Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - D.A. COLLINGS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
KAMANLI S, KIHARA T, BALL A, MORRITT D, CLARK P. A 3D imaging and visualization workflow, using confocal microscopy and advanced image processing for brachyuran crab larvae. J Microsc 2017; 266:307-323. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. KAMANLI
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway University of London; Egham Surrey UK
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Core Research Laboratories; The Natural History Museum; London UK
- Department of Life Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - T.C. KIHARA
- German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research; Senckenberg am Meer; Wilhelmshaven Germany
| | - A.D. BALL
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Core Research Laboratories; The Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - D. MORRITT
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway University of London; Egham Surrey UK
| | - P.F. CLARK
- Department of Life Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Castellani C, Fedrigo M, Frigo AC, Barbera MD, Thiene G, Valente M, Adami F, Angelini A. Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:455-463. [PMID: 28220300 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We analysed specificity and sensitivity of confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) on tissue sections for a diagnosis of amyloidosis, in an attempt to reduce technical errors and better standardise pathological diagnosis. We first set up a protocol for the use of CLSM on this type of specimen, using a group of 20 amyloid negative and 20 positive samples. Of all specimens, 2, 4 and 8-μm sections were cut. Sections were stained with Congo red (CR) and thioflavin-T (ThT) and observed by cross-polarised light microscopy (CR-PL), epifluorescence microscopy (CRF-epiFM and ThT-epiFM) and CLSM (CRF-CLSM and ThT-CLSM). To validate the method in a diagnostic setting, we examined tissue samples from 116 consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of amyloidosis, selected from the period 2005 to 2014 from the database of the Pathology Unit of the University of Padua. The results were compared with those of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which we consider as reference. We found that with CRF-CLSM, the false negative rate was reduced from 17 to 5%, while the sensitivity of detection increased to 12%. The results were in complete agreement with those of TEM ThT-CLSM; both sensitivity and specificity were 100%. Finally, ThT-CLSM results did not vary with section thickness, and small amounts of amyloid could even be detected in 2-μm sections. In conclusion, we found ThT-CLSM to be more sensitive as a screening method for amyloidosis than CR and ThT epifluorescence optical imaging. The method was easier to standardise, provided images with better resolution and resulted in more consistent pathologist diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castellani
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Marny Fedrigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Mila Della Barbera
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Valente
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Fausto Adami
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 61, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bruce NL, Brix S, Balfour N, Kihara TC, Weigand AM, Mehterian S, Iliffe TM. A new genus for Cirolana troglexuma Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1997, an anchialine cave dwelling cirolanid isopod (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from the Bahamas. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.21.11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
46
|
Münter L, Kieneke A. Novel myo-anatomical insights to theXenotrichula intermediaspecies complex (Gastrotricha: Paucitubulatina): Implications for a pan-European species and reconsideration of muscle homology among Paucitubulatina. P BIOL SOC WASH 2017. [DOI: 10.2988/17-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Münter
- (LM) Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg
| | - Alexander Kieneke
- (AK) Senckenberg am Meer, Abteilung Deutsches Zentrum für marine Biodiversitätsforschung, Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang Y, Liu Y, Deng X, Cong Y, Jiang X. Peptidic β-sheet binding with Congo Red allows both reduction of error variance and signal amplification for immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
48
|
Vakati V, Kihara TC, Lee W. A new species of the genus Nannopus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Nannopodidae) from the mudflat of Ganghwa Island, Korea. P BIOL SOC WASH 2016. [DOI: 10.2988/0006-324x-129.q3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
49
|
Ruan Y, Dan D, Zhang M, Bai M, Lei M, Yao B, Yang X. Visualization of the 3D structures of small organisms via LED-SIM. Front Zool 2016; 13:26. [PMID: 27303437 PMCID: PMC4906844 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative new techniques that aid in the visualization of microscopic anatomical structures have improved our understanding of organismal biology significantly. It is often challenging to observe internal 3D structures, despite the use of techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and others. In the current paper, we assess LED-SIM (DMD-based LED-illumination structured illumination microscopy), which facilitates the acquisition of nano- and micro-3D structures of small organisms in a high-resolution format (500 nm in the XY-plane and 930 nm along the Z-axis). Results We compare other microstructural imaging techniques (involving conventional optical microscopy, CLSM and Micro-CT) with LED-SIM to assess the quality (e.g. resolution, penetration depth, etc.) of LED-SIM images, as well as to document the potential short-comings of LED-SIM. Based on these results we present an optimized set of protocols to ensure that LED-SIM arthropod and nematode samples with different cuticles or textures are prepared for analysis in an optimal manner. Six arthropod and nematode specimens were tested and shown to be suitable for LED-SIM imaging, which was found to yield high resolution 3D images. Conclusions Although LED-SIM still must be thoroughly tested before it is widely accepted and the Z-axis resolution still requires improvement, this technique offers distinct high quality 3D images. LED-SIM can be highly effective and may provide high quality 3D images for zoological studies following the guidelines of sample preparation presented in the current paper. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0158-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Dan Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Baoli Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Xingke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sobala LF, Wang Y, Adler PN. ChtVis-Tomato, a genetic reporter for in vivo visualization of chitin deposition in Drosophila. Development 2015; 142:3974-81. [PMID: 26395478 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that is abundant and widely found in the biological world. It is an important constituent of the cuticular exoskeleton that plays a key role in the insect life cycle. To date, the study of chitin deposition during cuticle formation has been limited by the lack of a method to detect it in living organisms. To overcome this limitation, we have developed ChtVis-Tomato, an in vivo reporter for chitin in Drosophila. ChtVis-Tomato encodes a fusion protein that contains an apical secretion signal, a chitin-binding domain (CBD), a fluorescent protein and a cleavage site to release it from the plasma membrane. The chitin reporter allowed us to study chitin deposition in time lapse experiments and by using it we have identified unexpected deposits of chitin fibers in Drosophila pupae. ChtVis-Tomato should facilitate future studies on chitin in Drosophila and other insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz F Sobala
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Paul N Adler
- Biology Department and Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| |
Collapse
|