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Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176248. [PMID: 38056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2000, there has been a continuous expansion of studies investigating the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 comprise a subfamily with attributes that distinguish them from typical FGFs, as they can act as hormones and are, therefore, referred to as endocrine FGFs. As they participate in a broad cross-organ endocrine signaling axis, endocrine FGFs are crucial lipidic, glycemic, and energetic metabolism regulators during energy availability fluctuations. They function as powerful metabolic signals in physiological responses induced by metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologically, FGF19 and FGF21 cause body weight loss and ameliorate glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In contrast, FGF23 expression in mice and humans has been linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in endocrine FGF signaling in the brain and critically assess their putative role as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Tanbek K, Yılmaz U, Gul M, Koç A, Sandal S. Effects of central FGF21 infusion on the glucose homeostasis in rats (brain-pancreas axis). Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36645396 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2166964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose homeostasis is a physiological process mediated by a variety of hormones. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a protein expressed in the liver, adipose tissue, muscle and pancreas and exerts actions in multiple targets including adipose, liver, pancreas and hypothalamus. The aim of this study was to examine the possible involvement of FGF21 in pancreatic and central control of glucose by measuring reflective changes in the release of insulin and glucagon. METHODS Thirty adult male Wistar Albino rats were divided; Control, PD + aCSF, PD + FGF21 groups (n = 10). Effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) FGF21 administration to pancreatic denervated (PD) rats. Agouti-related protein (AgRP), Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) levels and blood glucose homeostasis were investigated. RESULTS Administration of FGF21 to 3rd ventricle increased food consumption but body weight didn't change significantly. AgRP level increased, pancreatic insulin levels increased, and glucagon level decreased. CONCLUSION Central FGF21 administration is effective in regulating blood glucose homeostasis by increasing the amount and efficiency of insulin and changing glucose use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Tanbek
- Department of Biochemistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Umit Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gul
- Department of Histolology and Embriology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Koç
- Department of Medical Genetics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Postnatal exercise protects offspring from high-fat diet-induced reductions in subcutaneous adipocyte beiging in C57Bl6/J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108853. [PMID: 34517093 PMCID: PMC9040048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Maternal low-protein and postnatal high-fat (HF) diets program offspring obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk by epigenetically reducing beige adipocytes (BAs) via increased G9a protein expression (Histone3 Lysine9 dimethyl transferase), an inhibitor of the BA marker fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Conversely, offspring exercise reduces fat mass and white adipocytes, but the mechanisms are not yet understood. This work investigated whether exercise reduces offspring obesity and T2DM risk caused by a maternal HF diet via regulation of G9a and FGF21 expression that would convert white to BA. Two-month-old female C57Bl/6J mice (F0) were fed a 16% (normal fat; NF) or a 45% HF diet for 3 months prior to breeding, and subsequent gestation and lactation. Male offspring (F1) were fed the same NF and HF diets and further divided into either sedentary (S) or voluntary wheel running (Ex) groups for an additional 3 months yielding eight groups: NF (maternal treatment condition)-NF-S (postweaning treatment conditions), NF-HF-S, NF-NF-Ex, NF-HF-Ex, HF-NF-S, HF-HF-S, HF-NF-Ex, and HF-HF-Ex. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected for protein and mRNA analysis of FGF21, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1 alpha, inducer of FGF21), G9a, E4BP4 (G9a coactivator), and protein expression of H3K9 demethylases (KDM4C). Postnatal HF diet decreased FGF21 positive BA numbers regardless of maternal diets and postnatal exercise. Under sedentary conditions, postnatal HF diet increased protein expression of FGF21 transcription inhibitors G9a and E4BP4 compared to NF diet resulting in decreased FGF21 expression. In contrast, postnatal HF diet and exercise decreased G9a and E4BP4 protein expression while decreasing FGF21 expression compared to NF diet. Under exercised condition, postnatal HF diet-induced KDM4C protein expression while no changes in KDM4C protein expression were induced by postnatal HF diet under sedentary conditions. These findings suggest that the postnatal diet exerts a greater impact on offspring adiposity and BA numbers than maternal diets. These data also suggest that offspring exercise induces KDM4C to counter the increase in G9a that was triggered by maternal and postnatal HF diets. Future studies need to determine whether KDM4C induces methylation status of G9a to alter thermogenic function of BA.
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Zhang Y, Cao X, Chen L, Qin Y, Xu Y, Tian Y, Chen L. Exposure of female mice to perfluorooctanoic acid suppresses hypothalamic kisspeptin-reproductive endocrine system through enhanced hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 synthesis, leading to ovulation failure and prolonged dioestrus. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12848. [PMID: 32307816 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely used in household applications. High-dose exposure to PFOA has been associated with increased risks of infertility and premature ovarian insufficiency in woman. PFOA can alter hepatic gene expression by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). The present study investigated whether exposure to PFOA via PPARα activation alters the synthesis of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) to disturb female neuroendocrine and reproductive function. In the present study, we show that the oral administration of PFOA (2 or 5 mg kg-1 ) in adult female mice (PFOA mice) caused prolonged dioestrous, a reduction in the number of corpora lutea and decreased levels of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, serum progesterone and luteinising hormone (LH). Exposure to PFOA decreased the expression of vasopressin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and kisspeptin in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) with deficits in preovulation or oestrogen-induced LH surge. PFOA via activation of PPARα increased dose-dependently hepatic FGF21 expression, leading to elevated serum and hypothalamic FGF21 concentrations. Treatment of PFOA mice with the PPARα antagonist GW6471 or the FGF21 inhibitor PD173074 rescued SCN vasopressin and AVPV-kisspeptin expression. Either administration of GW6471 and PD173074 or treatment with vasopressin and the G protein coupled receptor 54 agonist kisspeptin-10 in PFOA-mice was able to recover the regular oestrous cycle, ovulation ability, LH surge production and reproductive hormone levels. The present study provides in vivo evidence that exposure to PFOA (≥2 mg kg-1 ) in mice causes down-regulation of the kisspeptin-reproductive endocrine system by enhancing PPARα-mediated hepatic FGF21 expression. The liver-brain reproductive endocrine disorder caused by PFOA exposure may lead to prolonged dioestrous and ovulation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Cao
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environment Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyao Qin
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environment Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Lewis JE, Monnier C, Marshall H, Fowler M, Green R, Cooper S, Chiotellis A, Luckett J, Perkins AC, Coskun T, Adams AC, Samms RJ, Ebling FJP, Tsintzas K. Whole-body and adipose tissue-specific mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the Siberian hamster. Mol Metab 2019; 31:45-54. [PMID: 31918921 PMCID: PMC6889485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been shown to rapidly lower body weight in the Siberian hamster, a preclinical model of adiposity. This induced negative energy balance mediated by FGF21 is associated with both lowered caloric intake and increased energy expenditure. Previous research demonstrated that adipose tissue (AT) is one of the primary sites of FGF21 action and may be responsible for its ability to increase the whole-body metabolic rate. The present study sought to determine the relative importance of white (subcutaneous AT [sWAT] and visceral AT [vWAT]), and brown (interscapular brown AT [iBAT]) in governing FGF21-mediated metabolic improvements using the tissue-specific uptake of glucose and lipids as a proxy for metabolic activity. Methods We used positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging in combination with both glucose (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) and lipid (18F-4-thiapalmitate) tracers to assess the effect of FGF21 on the tissue-specific uptake of these metabolites and compared responses to a control group pair-fed to match the food intake of the FGF21-treated group. In vivo imaging was combined with ex vivo tissue-specific functional, biochemical, and molecular analyses of the nutrient uptake and signaling pathways. Results Consistent with previous findings, FGF21 reduced body weight via reduced caloric intake and increased energy expenditure in the Siberian hamster. PET-CT studies demonstrated that FGF21 increased the uptake of glucose in BAT and WAT independently of reduced food intake and body weight as demonstrated by imaging of the pair-fed group. Furthermore, FGF21 increased glucose uptake in the primary adipocytes, confirming that these in vivo effects may be due to a direct action of FGF21 at the level of the adipocytes. Mechanistically, the effects of FGF21 are associated with activation of the ERK signaling pathway and upregulation of GLUT4 protein content in all fat depots. In response to treatment with FGF21, we observed an increase in the markers of lipolysis and lipogenesis in both the subcutaneous and visceral WAT depots. In contrast, FGF21 was only able to directly increase the uptake of lipid into BAT. Conclusions These data identify brown and white fat depots as primary peripheral sites of action of FGF21 in promoting glucose uptake and also indicate that FGF21 selectively stimulates lipid uptake in brown fat, which may fuel thermogenesis. FGF21 increases glucose and lipid uptake in adipose tissue. The selective FGF21-induced increase in lipid uptake in BAT may fuel thermogenesis. Unlike BAT, glucose uptake in WAT may be used for lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Chloe Monnier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hayley Marshall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Maxine Fowler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rebecca Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeni Luckett
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan C Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Ricardo J Samms
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Lewis JE, Ebling FJP, Samms RJ, Tsintzas K. Going Back to the Biology of FGF21: New Insights. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:491-504. [PMID: 31248786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a protein highly synthesized in the liver that exerts paracrine and endocrine control of many aspects of energy homeostasis in multiple tissues. In preclinical models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, treatment with FGF21 improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss, and, as a result, FGF21 has attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in humans. An improved understanding of the biological role of FGF21 may help to explain why its therapeutic potential in humans has not been fully realized. This review will cover the complexities in FGF21 biology in rodents and humans, with emphasis on its role in protection from central and peripheral facets of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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7
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Yilmaz U, Tekin S, Demir M, Cigremis Y, Sandal S. Effects of central FGF21 infusion on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and energy metabolism in rats. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:781-788. [PMID: 29417398 PMCID: PMC10717191 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intracerebroventricular chronic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) infusion on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, energy metabolism, food intake and body weight. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into three groups including control, sham (vehicle) and FGF21 infused groups (n = 10). Intracerebroventricularly, FGF21 and vehicle groups were infused for 7 days with FGF21 (0.72 µg/day) and artificial cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. During the experimental period, changes in food intake and body weight were recorded daily. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were measured using ELISA. TRH and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene expressions were analyzed by using RT-PCR in hypothalamus and adipose tissues, respectively. Chronic infusion of FGF21 significantly increased serum TSH (p < 0.05), T3 (p < 0.05) and T4 (p < 0.001) levels. Additionally, hypothalamic TRH (p < 0.05) and UCP1 gene expressions (p < 0.05) in white adipose tissue were found to be higher than in the vehicle and control groups. While FGF21 infusion did not cause a significant change in food consumption, it caused a reduction in the body weight of rats (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that FGF21 may have an effect on energy metabolism via the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Cigremis
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
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Krout D, Roemmich JN, Bundy A, Garcia RA, Yan L, Claycombe-Larson KJ. Paternal exercise protects mouse offspring from high-fat-diet-induced type 2 diabetes risk by increasing skeletal muscle insulin signaling. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:35-44. [PMID: 29669306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paternal obesity increases, while paternal exercise decreases, offspring obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk; however, no studies have determined whether a paternal high-fat (HF) diet and exercise interact to alter offspring body weight (BW), adiposity and T2D risk. Three-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal-fat (NF) diet (16% fat) or an HF diet (45% fat) and assigned to either voluntary wheel running exercise or cage activity for 3 months prior to mating with NF-diet-fed dams. After weaning, male offspring were fed an NF or HF diet for an additional 3 months. F1 male mice whose fathers ate an HF diet had decreased % body fat accompanied by decreased gene expression of beige adipocyte marker FGF21. However, paternal HF-diet-induced reductions in F1 offspring % body fat normalized but did not reduce T2D risk. Exercise was protective against paternal HF-diet-induced insulin resistance by increasing the expression of insulin signaling (GLUT4, IRS1 and PI3K) markers in skeletal muscle resulting in normal T2D risk. When fathers were fed an HF diet and exercised, a postnatal HF diet increased beiging (PPARγ). Thus, these findings show that increases in T2D risk in male offspring when the father consumes an HF diet can be normalized when the father also exercises preconception and that this protection may occur by increases in insulin signaling potential within offspring skeletal muscle. Future studies should further determine the physiological mechanism(s) underlying the beneficial effects of exercise through the paternal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Krout
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - James N Roemmich
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Amy Bundy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Rolando A Garcia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Kate J Claycombe-Larson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Hill CM, Laeger T, Albarado DC, McDougal DH, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Low protein-induced increases in FGF21 drive UCP1-dependent metabolic but not thermoregulatory endpoints. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8209. [PMID: 28811495 PMCID: PMC5557875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction increases adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), energy expenditure and food intake, and these effects require the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Here we test whether the induction of energy expenditure during protein restriction requires UCP1, promotes a resistance to cold stress, and is dependent on the concomitant hyperphagia. Wildtype, Ucp1-KO and Fgf21-KO mice were placed on control and low protein (LP) diets to assess changes in energy expenditure, food intake and other metabolic endpoints. Deletion of Ucp1 blocked LP-induced increases in energy expenditure and food intake, and exacerbated LP-induced weight loss. While LP diet increased energy expenditure and Ucp1 expression in an FGF21-dependent manner, neither LP diet nor the deletion of Fgf21 influenced sensitivity to acute cold stress. Finally, LP-induced energy expenditure occurred even in the absence of hyperphagia. Increased energy expenditure is a primary metabolic effect of dietary protein restriction, and requires both UCP1 and FGF21 but is independent of changes in food intake. However, the FGF21-dependent increase in UCP1 and energy expenditure by LP has no effect on the ability to acutely respond to cold stress, suggesting that LP-induced increases in FGF21 impact metabolic but not thermogenic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal M Hill
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Thomas Laeger
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.,Department of Experimental Diabetology (DIAB), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Diana C Albarado
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - David H McDougal
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Lewis JE, Samms RJ, Cooper S, Luckett JC, Perkins AC, Adams AC, Tsintzas K, Ebling FJP. Reduced adiposity attenuates FGF21 mediated metabolic improvements in the Siberian hamster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4238. [PMID: 28652585 PMCID: PMC5484705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 exerts profound metabolic effects in Siberian hamsters exposed to long day (LD) photoperiods that increase appetite and adiposity, however these effects are attenuated in short day (SD) animals that display hypophagia and reduced adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the beneficial effects of a novel mimetic of FGF21 in the LD state are a consequence of increased adiposity or of the central photoperiodic state. This was achieved by investigating effects of FGF21 in aged hamsters, which is associated with reduced adiposity. In LD hamsters with increased adiposity, FGF21 lowered body weight as a result of both reduced daily food intake and increased caloric expenditure, driven by an increase in whole-body fat oxidation. However, in LD animals with reduced adiposity, the effect of FGF21 on body weight, caloric intake and fat oxidation were significantly attenuated or absent when compared to those with increased adiposity. These attenuated/absent effects were underpinned by the inability of FGF21 to increase the expression of key thermogenic genes in interscapular and visceral WAT. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of a novel FGF21 mimetic in hamsters, but reveals attenuated effects in the animal model where adiposity is reduced naturally independent of photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeni C Luckett
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan C Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Izaguirre M, Gil MJ, Monreal I, Montecucco F, Frühbeck G, Catalán V. The Role and Potential Therapeutic Implications of the Fibroblast Growth Factors in Energy Balance and Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:43. [PMID: 28451950 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, reducing life expectancy and quality of life. Several drugs have been tested to treat these diseases but many of them have damaging side effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapies. Recently, endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have become attractive targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases. This review summarizes their most important functions as well as FGF-based therapies for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate that circulating levels of FGF19 are reduced in obesity. In fact, exogenous FGF19 administration is associated with a reduction in food intake as well as with improvements in glycaemia. In contrast, FGF21 levels are elevated in subjects with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and T2D, probably representing a compensatory response. Additionally, elevated levels of circulating FGF23 in individuals with obesity and T2D are reported in most clinical studies. Finally, increased FGF1 levels in obese patients associated with adipogenesis have been described. FGFs constitute important molecules in the treatment of metabolic diseases due to their beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Among all members, FGF19 and FGF21 have demonstrated the ability to improve glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis, along with FGF1, which was recently discovered to have beneficial effects on metabolic homeostasis. Additionally, FGF23 may also play a role in insulin resistance or energy homeostasis beyond mineral metabolism control. These results highlight the relevant use of FGFs as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of metabolic diseases. In this regard, notable progress has been made in the development of FGF-based therapies and different approaches are being tested in different clinical trials. However, further studies are needed to determine their potential therapeutic use in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Izaguirre
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Gil
- Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Monreal
- Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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12
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Kharitonenkov A, DiMarchi R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 night watch: advances and uncertainties in the field. J Intern Med 2017; 281:233-246. [PMID: 27878865 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 belongs to a hormone-like subgroup within the FGF superfamily. The members of this subfamily, FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23, are characterized by their reduced binding affinity for heparin that enables them to be transported in the circulation and function in an endocrine manner. It is likely that FGF21 also acts in an autocrine and paracrine fashion, as multiple organs can produce this protein and its plasma concentration seems to be below the level necessary to induce a pharmacological effect. FGF21 signals via FGF receptors, but for efficient receptor engagement it requires a cofactor, membrane-spanning βKlotho (KLB). The regulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes was the initial biological activity ascribed to FGF21, but this hormone is now recognized to stimulate many other pathways in vitro and display multiple pharmacological effects in metabolically compromised animals and humans. Understanding of the precise physiology of FGF21 and its potential medicinal role has evolved exponentially over the last decade, yet numerous aspects remain to be defined and others are a source of debate. Here we provide a historical overview of the advances in FGF21 biology focusing on the uncertainties in the mechanism of action as well as the differing viewpoints relating to this intriguing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kharitonenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - R DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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13
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Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, Morrison CD, Münzberg H, Ye J, Berthoud HR. Does gastric bypass surgery change body weight set point? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2016; 6:S37-S43. [PMID: 28685029 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relatively stable body weight during adulthood is attributed to a homeostatic regulatory mechanism residing in the brain which uses feedback from the body to control energy intake and expenditure. This mechanism guarantees that if perturbed up or down by design, body weight will return to pre-perturbation levels, defined as the defended level or set point. The fact that weight re-gain is common after dieting suggests that obese subjects defend a higher level of body weight. Thus, the set point for body weight is flexible and likely determined by the complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Unlike dieting, bariatric surgery does a much better job in producing sustained suppression of food intake and body weight, and an intensive search for the underlying mechanisms has started. Although one explanation for this lasting effect of particularly Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) is simple physical restriction due to the invasive surgery, a more exciting explanation is that the surgery physiologically reprograms the body weight defense mechanism. In this non-systematic review, we present behavioral evidence from our own and other studies that defended body weight is lowered after RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy. After these surgeries, rodents return to their preferred lower body weight if over- or underfed for a period of time, and the ability to drastically increase food intake during the anabolic phase strongly argues against the physical restriction hypothesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Although the mechanism involves central leptin and melanocortin signaling pathways, other peripheral signals such as gut hormones and their neural effector pathways likely contribute. Future research using both targeted and non-targeted 'omics' techniques in both humans and rodents as well as modern, genetically targeted, neuronal manipulation techniques in rodents will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hao
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M B Mumphrey
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - C D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - H Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - J Ye
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - H R Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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14
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Fletcher JA, Linden MA, Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Morris EM, Butterfield A, Perfield JW, Thyfault JP, Rector RS. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and exercise-induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G832-43. [PMID: 27012775 PMCID: PMC4895870 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00355.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exercise stimulates hepatic mitochondrial adaptations; however, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we tested whether FGF21 plays an obligatory role in exercise induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations by testing exercise responses in FGF21 knockout mice. FGF21 knockout (FGF21-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice (11-12 wk of age) had access to voluntary running wheels for exercise (EX) or remained sedentary for 8 wk. FGF21 deficiency resulted in greater body weight, adiposity, serum cholesterol, insulin, and glucose concentrations compared with WT mice (P < 0.05). In addition, hepatic mitochondrial complete palmitate oxidation, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activity, and nuclear content of PGC-1α were 30-50% lower in FGF21-KO mice compared with WT mice (P < 0.01). EX effectively lowered body weight, adiposity, serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and insulin and normalized mitochondrial complete palmitate oxidation in the FGF21-KO mice, whereas the reduced hepatic β-HAD activity and lowered nuclear content of PGC-1α in FGF21-KO mice were not restored by EX. In addition, EX increased hepatic CPT-1α mRNA expression and ACC phosphorylation (a marker of increased AMPK activity) and reduced hepatic triacylglycerol content in both genotypes. However, FGF21-KO mice displayed a lower EX-induced increase in the mRNA expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic gene, PEPCK, compared with WT. In conclusion, FGF21 does not appear necessary for exercise-induced systemic and hepatic mitochondrial adaptations, but the increased adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, and impairments in hepatic mitochondrial function induced by FGF21 deficiency can be partially rescued by daily wheel running exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Fletcher
- 1Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Melissa A. Linden
- 1Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Ryan D. Sheldon
- 1Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - Grace M. Meers
- 2Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri;
| | - E. Matthew Morris
- 5Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | | | - James W. Perfield
- 4Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana;
| | - John P. Thyfault
- 5Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and ,6Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Kansas, City, Missouri
| | - R. Scott Rector
- 1Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,2Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; ,3Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri;
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15
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Claycombe KJ, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Garcia R, Johnson WT, Uthus E, Roemmich JN. Decreased beige adipocyte number and mitochondrial respiration coincide with increased histone methyl transferase (G9a) and reduced FGF21 gene expression in Sprague-Dawley rats fed prenatal low protein and postnatal high-fat diets. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 31:113-21. [PMID: 27133430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that prenatal low-protein (LP) followed by postnatal high-fat (HF) diets result in a rapid increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue (subc-AT) mass in the offspring, contributing to development of obesity and insulin resistance. Studies have shown that a key transcription factor, PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are involved in conversion of precursor cells into mitochondria (mt)-enriched beige adipocytes (BA). Our hypothesis is that a maternal LP and postnatal HF diets increase the risk of obesity and insulin resistance in offspring, in part, by reducing the conversion of precursor cell into BA in the subc-AT of offspring. Using obese-prone Sprague-Dawley rats fed 8% LP or 20% normal-protein (NP) diets for 3 weeks prior to conception and throughout pregnancy and lactation followed by 12 weeks of 10% normal-fat (NF) or 45% HF diet feeding, we investigated whether prenatal LP and postnatal HF diets affect BA number and oxidative respiratory function in subc-AT. Results showed that subc-AT and liver FGF21, PRDM16 and BA marker CD137 mRNA increase with postnatal HF diet in maternal NP group rats. In contrast, rats fed maternal LP and postnatal HF diets showed no increase in subc-AT mt copy number, oxygen consumption rate, FGF21, PRDM16 and CD137 mRNA, whereas protein expression of an inhibitor for FGF21 transcription (histone methyltransferase, G9a) increased. These findings suggest that LPHF diets cause offspring metabolic alterations by reduced BA and FGF21 mRNA and increased G9a protein expression in subc-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J Claycombe
- USDA-ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203.
| | | | - Rolando Garcia
- USDA-ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203
| | | | - Eric Uthus
- USDA-ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203
| | - James N Roemmich
- USDA-ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, 58203
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16
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Samms RJ, Murphy M, Fowler MJ, Cooper S, Emmerson P, Coskun T, Adams AC, Kharitonenkov A, Ebling FJP, Tsintzas K. Dual effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 on hepatic energy metabolism. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:37-47. [PMID: 26294388 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) affects hepatic integration of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in Siberian hamsters, a natural model of adiposity. Twelve aged matched adult male Siberian hamsters maintained in their long-day fat state since birth were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups and were continuously infused with either vehicle (saline; n=6) or recombinant human FGF21 protein (1 mg/kg per day; n=6) for 14 days. FGF21 administration caused a 40% suppression (P<0.05) of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), the rate-limiting step in glucose oxidation, a 34% decrease (P<0.05) in hepatic acetylcarnitine accumulation, an index of reduced PDC flux, a 35% increase (P<0.05) in long-chain acylcarnitine content (an index of flux through β-oxidation) and a 47% reduction (P<0.05) in hepatic lipid content. These effects were underpinned by increased protein abundance of PD kinase-4 (PDK4, a negative regulator of PDC), the phosphorylated (inhibited) form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC, a negative regulator of delivery of fatty acids into the mitochondria) and the transcriptional co-regulators of energy metabolism peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator alpha (PGC1α) and sirtuin-1. These findings provide novel mechanistic basis to support the notion that FGF21 exerts profound metabolic benefits in the liver by modulating nutrient flux through both carbohydrate (mediated by a PDK4-mediated suppression of PDC activity) and fat (mediated by deactivation of ACC) metabolism, and therefore may be an attractive target for protection from increased hepatic lipid content and insulin resistance that frequently accompany obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Samms
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Michelle Murphy
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Maxine J Fowler
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Paul Emmerson
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Tamer Coskun
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Andrew C Adams
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
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17
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Ebling FJP. Hypothalamic control of seasonal changes in food intake and body weight. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:97-107. [PMID: 25449796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal cycles of fattening and body weight reflecting changes in both food intake and energy expenditure are a core aspect of the biology of mammals that have evolved in temperate and arctic latitudes. Identifying the neuroendocrine mechanisms that underlie these cycles has provided new insights into the hypothalamic control of appetite and fuel oxidation. Surprisingly, seasonal cycles do not result from changes in the leptin-responsive and homeostatic pathways located in the mediobasal and lateral hypothalamus that regulate meal timing and compensatory responses to starvation or caloric restriction. Rather, they result from changes in tanycyte function, which locally regulates transport and metabolism of thyroid hormone and retinoic acid. These signals are crucial for the initial development of the brain, so it is hypothesized that seasonal neuroendocrine cycles reflect developmental mechanisms in the adult hypothalamus, manifest as changes in neurogenesis and plasticity of connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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18
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Nakagawa Y, Satoh A, Yabe S, Furusawa M, Tokushige N, Tezuka H, Mikami M, Iwata W, Shingyouchi A, Matsuzaka T, Kiwata S, Fujimoto Y, Shimizu H, Danno H, Yamamoto T, Ishii K, Karasawa T, Takeuchi Y, Iwasaki H, Shimada M, Kawakami Y, Urayama O, Sone H, Takekoshi K, Kobayashi K, Yatoh S, Takahashi A, Yahagi N, Suzuki H, Yamada N, Shimano H. Hepatic CREB3L3 controls whole-body energy homeostasis and improves obesity and diabetes. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4706-19. [PMID: 25233440 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in the liver is the key to maintaining systemic energy homeostasis during starvation. The membrane-bound transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like 3 (CREB3L3) has been reported to be activated during fasting and to regulate triglyceride metabolism. Here, we show that CREB3L3 confers a wide spectrum of metabolic responses to starvation in vivo. Adenoviral and transgenic overexpression of nuclear CREB3L3 induced systemic lipolysis, hepatic ketogenesis, and insulin sensitivity with increased energy expenditure, leading to marked reduction in body weight, plasma lipid levels, and glucose levels. CREB3L3 overexpression activated gene expression levels and plasma levels of antidiabetic hormones, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and IGF-binding protein 2. Amelioration of diabetes by hepatic activation of CREB3L3 was also observed in several types of diabetic obese mice. Nuclear CREB3L3 mutually activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α promoter in an autoloop fashion and is crucial for the ligand transactivation of PPARα by interacting with its transcriptional regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α. CREB3L3 directly and indirectly controls fibroblast growth factor 21 expression and its plasma level, which contributes at least partially to the catabolic effects of CREB3L3 on systemic energy homeostasis in the entire body. Therefore, CREB3L3 is a therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism) (Y.N., A.Sa., S.Yab., M.F., N.T., H.T., M.M., W.I., A.Sh., T.M., S.K., Y.F., H.Shimi., H.D., T.Y., K.I., T.K., Y.T., H.I., M.S., Y.K., O.U., H.So., K.T., K.K., S.Yat., A.T., N.Yah., H.Su., N.Yam., H.Shima.), Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and 2International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (Y.N., H.Shima.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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19
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Samms RJ, Fowler MJ, Cooper S, Emmerson P, Coskun T, Adams AC, Kharitonenkov A, Tsintzas K, Ebling FJP. Photoperiodic regulation of FGF21 production in the Siberian hamster. Horm Behav 2014; 66:180-5. [PMID: 24909854 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". FGF21 is an endocrine member of the fibroblast growth factor superfamily that has been shown to play an important role in the physiological response to nutrient deprivation. Food restriction enhances hepatic FGF21 production, which serves to engage an integrated response to energy deficit. Specifically, elevated FGF21 levels lead to reduced gluconeogenesis and increased hepatic ketogenesis. However, circulating FGF21 concentrations also paradoxically rise in states of metabolic dysfunction such as obesity. Furthermore, multiple peripheral tissues also produce FGF21 in addition to the liver, raising questions as to its endocrine and paracrine roles in the control of energy metabolism. The objectives of this study were to measure plasma FGF21 concentrations in the Siberian hamster, a rodent which undergoes a seasonal cycle of fattening and body weight gain in the long days (LD) of summer, followed by reduction of appetite and fat catabolism in the short days (SD) of winter. Groups of adult male hamsters were raised in long days, and then exposed to SD for up to 12 weeks. Chronic exposure of LD animals to SD led to a significant increase in circulating FGF21 concentrations. This elevation of circulating FGF21 was preceded by an increase in liver FGF21 protein production evident as early as 4 weeks of exposure to SD. FGF21 protein abundance was also increased significantly in interscapular brown adipose tissue, with a positive correlation between plasma levels of FGF21 and BAT protein abundance throughout the experimental period. Epididymal white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) also produced FGF21, but levels did not change in response to a change in photoperiod. In summary, a natural programmed state of fat catabolism was associated with increased FGF21 production in the liver and BAT, consistent with the view that FGF21 has a role in adapting hamsters to the hypophagic winter state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Samms
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Maxine J Fowler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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20
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Gallego-Escuredo JM, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Catalan V, Domingo P, Giralt M, Frühbeck G, Villarroya F. Opposite alterations in FGF21 and FGF19 levels and disturbed expression of the receptor machinery for endocrine FGFs in obese patients. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:121-9. [PMID: 24813368 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and possibly FGF19, protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity in rodents. We investigated the circulating levels of FGF21 and FGF19 in obese patients with varying degrees of abnormal glucose homeostasis, and we determined gene expression for FGF receptors (FGFR1-4) and the co-receptor β-Klotho, in liver and adipose tissues. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We analyzed 35 lean healthy (71% men) and 61 obese patients (49% men, median body mass index (BMI): 40.5 kg m(-2), interquartile range: 34.7-46.2). Among obese patients, 36 were normoglycemic, 15 showed impaired glucose tolerance and 10 had T2DM. Biopsies from liver and visceral and subcutaneous fat from a subset of obese patients and controls were analyzed. FGF19 and FGF21 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tissue mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS FGF21 serum levels were significantly increased in obese patients compared with controls (P<0.001), whereas FGF19 levels were decreased (P < 0.001). FGF21 levels were positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.0002, r = 0.37) and insulin (P = 0.001, r = 0.32), whereas FGF19 levels were negatively correlated (P = 0.007, r = -0.27; P=0.003, r = -0.28; respectively). After adjusting for BMI, the correlations of FGF21 and FGF19 levels with indicators of abnormal glucose homeostasis were not significant. In obese patients, the hepatic expression of FGF21 was increased. (P = 0.04). β-Klotho transcript levels in visceral fat (P = 0.002) and β-Klotho protein levels in subcutaneous (P = 0.03) and visceral fat (P = 0.04) were significantly reduced in obese patients, whereas hepatic levels for β-Klotho (P = 0.03), FGFR1 (P = 0.04) and FGFR3 (P = 0.001) transcripts were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is characterized by reciprocal alterations in FGF19 (decrease) and FGF21 (increase) levels. Although worsened in diabetic obese patients, obesity itself appears as the predominant determinant of the abnormalities in FGF21 and FGF19 levels. Opposite changes in β-Klotho expression in fat and liver indicate potential tissue-specific alterations in the responsiveness to endocrine FGFs in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gallego-Escuredo
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Ambrosi
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain [2] Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Catalan
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain [2] Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Domingo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Giralt
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain
| | - G Frühbeck
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain [2] Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - F Villarroya
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain
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21
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Petri I, Dumbell R, Scherbarth F, Steinlechner S, Barrett P. Effect of exercise on photoperiod-regulated hypothalamic gene expression and peripheral hormones in the seasonal Dwarf Hamster Phodopus sungorus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90253. [PMID: 24603871 PMCID: PMC3946023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) is a seasonal mammal responding to the annual cycle in photoperiod with anticipatory physiological adaptations. This includes a reduction in food intake and body weight during the autumn in anticipation of seasonally reduced food availability. In the laboratory, short-day induction of body weight loss can be reversed or prevented by voluntary exercise undertaken when a running wheel is introduced into the home cage. The mechanism by which exercise prevents or reverses body weight reduction is unknown, but one hypothesis is a reversal of short-day photoperiod induced gene expression changes in the hypothalamus that underpin body weight regulation. Alternatively, we postulate an exercise-related anabolic effect involving the growth hormone axis. To test these hypotheses we established photoperiod-running wheel experiments of 8 to 16 weeks duration assessing body weight, food intake, organ mass, lean and fat mass by magnetic resonance, circulating hormones FGF21 and insulin and hypothalamic gene expression. In response to running wheel activity, short-day housed hamsters increased body weight. Compared to short-day housed sedentary hamsters the body weight increase was accompanied by higher food intake, maintenance of tissue mass of key organs such as the liver, maintenance of lean and fat mass and hormonal profiles indicative of long day housed hamsters but there was no overall reversal of hypothalamic gene expression regulated by photoperiod. Therefore the mechanism by which activity induces body weight gain is likely to act largely independently of photoperiod regulated gene expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Petri
- Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- Rowett Institute for Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Scherbarth
- Department of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Perry Barrett
- Rowett Institute for Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Muise ES, Souza S, Chi A, Tan Y, Zhao X, Liu F, Dallas-yang Q, Wu M, Sarr T, Zhu L, Guo H, Li Z, Li W, Hu W, Jiang G, Paweletz CP, Hendrickson RC, Thompson JR, Mu J, Berger JP, Mehmet H. Downstream signaling pathways in mouse adipose tissues following acute in vivo administration of fibroblast growth factor 21. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73011. [PMID: 24039848 PMCID: PMC3765203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a novel secreted protein with robust anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-atherogenic activities in preclinical species. In the current study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways downstream of FGF21 following acute administration of the growth factor to mice. Focusing on adipose tissues, we identified FGF21-mediated downstream signaling events and target engagement biomarkers. Specifically, RNA profiling of adipose tissues and phosphoproteomic profiling of adipocytes, following FGF21 treatment revealed several specific changes in gene expression and post-translational modifications, specifically phosphorylation, in several relevant proteins. Affymetrix microarray analysis of white adipose tissues isolated from both C57BL/6 (fed either regular chow or HFD) and db/db mice identified over 150 robust potential RNA transcripts and over 50 potential secreted proteins that were changed greater than 1.5 fold by FGF21 acutely. Phosphoprofiling analysis identified over 130 phosphoproteins that were modulated greater than 1.5 fold by FGF21 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Bioinformatic analysis of the combined gene and phosphoprotein profiling data identified a number of known metabolic pathways such as glucose uptake, insulin receptor signaling, Erk/Mapk signaling cascades, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, a number of novel events with hitherto unknown links to FGF21 signaling were observed at both the transcription and protein phosphorylation levels following treatment. We conclude that such a combined "omics" approach can be used not only to identify robust biomarkers for novel therapeutics but can also enhance our understanding of downstream signaling pathways; in the example presented here, novel FGF21-mediated signaling events in adipose tissue have been revealed that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Muise
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra Souza
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - An Chi
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yejun Tan
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Franklin Liu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Qing Dallas-yang
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Margaret Wu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tim Sarr
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lan Zhu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zhihua Li
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wenyu Li
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Weiwen Hu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cloud P. Paweletz
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Hendrickson
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John R. Thompson
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - James Mu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joel P. Berger
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Huseyin Mehmet
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America
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23
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Adams AC, Halstead CA, Hansen BC, Irizarry AR, Martin JA, Myers SR, Reynolds VL, Smith HW, Wroblewski VJ, Kharitonenkov A. LY2405319, an Engineered FGF21 Variant, Improves the Metabolic Status of Diabetic Monkeys. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65763. [PMID: 23823755 PMCID: PMC3688819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic regulator that represents a promising target for the treatment of several metabolic diseases. Administration of recombinant wild type FGF21 to diabetic animals leads to a dramatic improvement in glycaemia and ameliorates other systemic measures of metabolic health. Here we report the pharmacologic outcomes observed in non-human primates upon administration of a recently described FGF21 analogue, LY2405319 (LY). Diabetic rhesus monkeys were treated subcutaneously with LY once daily for a period of seven weeks. The doses of LY used were 3, 9 and 50 mg/kg each delivered in an escalating fashion with washout measurements taken at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks following the final LY dose. LY therapy led to a dramatic and rapid lowering of several important metabolic parameters including glucose, body weight, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels at all doses tested. In addition, we observed favorable changes in circulating profiles of adipokines, with increased adiponectin and reduced leptin indicative of direct FGF21 action on adipose tissue. Importantly, and for the first time we show that FGF21 based therapy has metabolic efficacy in an animal with late stage diabetes. While the glycemic efficacy of LY in this animal was partially attenuated its lipid lowering effect was fully preserved suggesting that FGF21 may be a viable treatment option even in patients with advanced disease progression. These findings support continued exploration of the FGF21 pathway for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Halstead
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Barbara C. Hansen
- Center for Preclinical Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Armando R. Irizarry
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Myers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vincent L. Reynolds
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Holly W. Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Victor J. Wroblewski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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