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Boyles JS, Sadowski D, Potter S, Vukojicic A, Parker J, Chang WY, Ma YL, Chambers MG, Nelson J, Barmettler B, Smith EM, Kersjes K, Himes ER, Lin C, Lucchesi J, Brahmbhatt J, Sina R, Martin JA, Maestri E, Wiethoff CM, Dyas GL, Linnik MD, Na S, Witcher DR, Budelsky A, Rubtsova K. A nondepleting anti-CD19 antibody impairs B cell function and inhibits autoimmune diseases. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166137. [PMID: 37427592 PMCID: PMC10371335 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells contribute to multiple aspects of autoimmune disorders, and B cell-targeting therapies, including B cell depletion, have been proven to be efficacious in treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases. However, the development of novel therapies targeting B cells with higher efficacy and a nondepleting mechanism of action is highly desirable. Here we describe a nondepleting, high-affinity anti-human CD19 antibody LY3541860 that exhibits potent B cell inhibitory activities. LY3541860 inhibits B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation of primary human B cells with high potency. LY3541860 also inhibits human B cell activities in vivo in humanized mice. Similarly, our potent anti-mCD19 antibody also demonstrates improved efficacy over CD20 B cell depletion therapy in multiple B cell-dependent autoimmune disease models. Our data indicate that anti-CD19 antibody is a highly potent B cell inhibitor that may have potential to demonstrate improved efficacy over currently available B cell-targeting therapies in treatment of autoimmune conditions without causing B cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Boyles
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dorota Sadowski
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott Potter
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vukojicic
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - James Parker
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - William Y. Chang
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yanfei L. Ma
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark G. Chambers
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James Nelson
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Barbra Barmettler
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eric M. Smith
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kara Kersjes
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Evan R. Himes
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Chaohua Lin
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jonathan Lucchesi
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jaladhi Brahmbhatt
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ramtin Sina
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evan Maestri
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christopher M. Wiethoff
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gregory L. Dyas
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew D. Linnik
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Songqing Na
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Derrick R. Witcher
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alison Budelsky
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kira Rubtsova
- Immunology Discovery, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California, USA
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Brothers MC, Kornexl M, Guess B, Kim Y, Ott D, Martin JA, Regn D, Kim SS. Rapid and Simple Buffer Exchange Using Cation-Exchange Chromatography to Improve Point-of-Care Detection of Pharmacological Agents. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:635. [PMID: 37366999 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the power, speed, and simplicity of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. POC diagnostics are available for a wide range of targets, including both drugs of abuse as well as performance-enhancing drugs. For pharmacological monitoring, minimally invasive fluids such as urine and saliva are commonly sampled. However, false positives or negatives caused by interfering agents excreted in these matrices may confound results. For example, false positives have, in most cases, prevented the use of POC diagnostics for pharmacological agent detection; the consequence is that centralized labs are instead tasked to perform these screenings, resulting in significant delays between sampling and testing. Thus, a rapid, simple, and inexpensive methodology for sample purification is required for the POC to reach a field-deployable tool for the pharmacological human health and performance assessments. Buffer exchange is a simple, rapid approach to remove interfering agents, but has traditionally been difficult to perform on small pharmacological molecules. Therefore, in this communication, we use salbutamol, a performance-enhancing drug, as a case example to demonstrate the efficacy of ion-exchange chromatography as a technique to perform buffer exchange for charged pharmacological agents. This manuscript demonstrates the efficacy of this technique leveraging a commercial spin column to remove interfering agents found in simulant urines, such as proteins, creatinine, and urea, while retaining salbutamol. The utility and efficacy of the method was then confirmed in actual saliva samples. The eluent was then collected and run on the lateral flow assays (LFAs), improving the reported limit of detection by over 5× (new lower limit of detection of 10 ppb compared to reported 60 ppb by the manufacturer) while simultaneously removing noise due to background interfering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Brothers
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Incorporation, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Maegan Kornexl
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Incorporation, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Barlow Guess
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Yuri Kim
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Incorporation, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Darrin Ott
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Dara Regn
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Steve S Kim
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
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Benichou O, Coskun T, Gonciarz MD, Garhyan P, Adams AC, Du Y, Dunbar JD, Martin JA, Mather KJ, Pickard RT, Reynolds VL, Robins DA, Zvada SP, Emmerson PJ. Discovery, development, and clinical proof of mechanism of LY3463251, a long-acting GDF15 receptor agonist. Cell Metab 2023; 35:274-286.e10. [PMID: 36630958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GDF15 and its receptor GFRAL/RET form a non-homeostatic system that regulates food intake and body weight in preclinical species. Here, we describe a GDF15 analog, LY3463251, a potent agonist at the GFRAL/RET receptor with prolonged pharmacokinetics. In rodents and obese non-human primates, LY3463251 decreased food intake and body weight with no signs of malaise or emesis. In a first-in-human study in healthy participants, single subcutaneous LY3463251 injections showed a safety and pharmacokinetic profile supporting further clinical development with dose-dependent nausea and emesis in a subset of individuals. A subsequent 12-week multiple ascending dose study in overweight and obese participants showed that LY3463251 induced significant decreases in food intake and appetite scores associated with modest body weight reduction independent of nausea and emesis (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03764774). These observations demonstrate that agonism of the GFRAL/RET system can modulate energy balance in humans, though the decrease in body weight is surprisingly modest, suggesting challenges in leveraging the GDF15 system for clinical weight-loss applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Du
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Harshman SW, Jung AE, Strayer KE, Alfred BL, Mattamana J, Veigl AR, Dash AI, Salter CE, Stoner-Dixon MA, Kelly JT, Davidson CN, Pitsch RL, Martin JA. Investigation of an individual with background levels of exhaled isoprene: a case study. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [PMID: 36596256 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acaf98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is one of the most abundant and most frequently evaluated volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath. Recently, several individuals with background levels of exhaled isoprene have been identified. Here, case study data are provided for an individual, identified from a previous study, with this low prevalence phenotype. It is hypothesized that the individual will illustrate low levels of exhaled isoprene at rest and during exercise. At rest, the subject (7.1 ppb) shows background (μ= 14.2 ± 7.0 ppb) levels of exhaled isoprene while the control group illustrates significantly higher quantities (μ= 266.2 ± 72.3 ppb) via proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The result, background levels of isoprene at rest, is verified by thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) collections with the individual showing -3.6 ppb exhaled isoprene while the room background containedμ= -4.1 ± 0.1 ppb isoprene. As isoprene has been shown previously to increase at the initiation of exercise, exercise bike experiments were performed with the individual identified with low isoprene, yielding low and invariant levels of exhaled isoprene (μ= 6.6 ± 0.1 ppb) during the exercise while control subjects illustrated an approximate 2.5-fold increase (preμ= 286.3 ± 43.8 ppb, exerciseμ= 573.0 ± 147.8 ppb) in exhaled isoprene upon exercise start. Additionally, exhaled breath bag data showed a significant decrease in isoprene (delta post/pre, p = 0.0078) of the control group following the exercise regimen. Finally, TD-GC-MS results for exhaled isoprene from the individual's family (mother, father, sister and maternal grandmother) illustrated that the mother and father exhibited isoprene values (28.5 ppb, 77.2 ppb) below control samples 95% confidence interval (μ= 166.8 ± 43.3 ppb) while the individual's sister (182.0 ppb) was within the control range. These data provide evidence for a large dynamic range in exhaled isoprene in this family. Collectively, these results provide additional data surrounding the existence of a small population of individuals with background levels of exhaled isoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Anne E Jung
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Kraig E Strayer
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Bryan L Alfred
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - John Mattamana
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Alena R Veigl
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Aubrianne I Dash
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Charles E Salter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Madison A Stoner-Dixon
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - John T Kelly
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Christina N Davidson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Rhonda L Pitsch
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBA, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2977 Hobson Way, Area B, Building 653, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
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Geisler CE, Antonellis MP, Trumbauer W, Martin JA, Coskun T, Samms RJ, Hayes MR. Tirzepatide suppresses palatable food intake by selectively reducing preference for fat in rodents. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:56-67. [PMID: 36054312 PMCID: PMC10362946 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) agonists alone or combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists to regulate palatable food intake and the role of specific macronutrients in these preferences. METHODS To understand this regulation, we treated mice and rats on several choice diet paradigms of chow and a palatable food option with individual or dual GIPR and GLP-1R agonists. RESULTS In mice, the dual agonist tirzepatide suppressed total caloric intake, while promoting the intake of chow over a high fat/sucrose diet. Surprisingly, GIPR agonism alone did not alter food choice. The food intake shift observed with tirzepatide in wild-type mice was completely absent in GLP-1R knockout mice, suggesting that GIPR signalling does not regulate food preference. Tirzepatide also selectively suppressed the intake of palatable food but not chow in a rat two-diet choice model. This suppression was specific to lipids, as GLP-1R agonist and dual agonist treatment in rats on a choice paradigm assessing individual palatable macronutrients robustly inhibited the intake of Crisco (lipid) without decreasing the intake of a sucrose (carbohydrate) solution. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing preference for high-caloric, high-fat foods is a powerful action of GLP-1R and dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonist therapeutics, which may contribute to the weight loss success of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan P. Antonellis
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company
| | | | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company
| | - Ricardo J. Samms
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company
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Mitra S, Thomas SA, Martin JA, Williams J, Woodhouse K, Chandra R, Li JX, Lobo MK, Sim FJ, Dietz DM. EGR3 regulates opioid-related nociception and motivation in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3539-3550. [PMID: 36098762 PMCID: PMC10094589 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain can be a debilitating condition, leading to profound changes in nearly every aspect of life. However, the reliance on opioids such as oxycodone for pain management is thought to initiate dependence and addiction liability. The neurobiological intersection at which opioids relieve pain and possibly transition to addiction is poorly understood. Using RNA sequencing pathway analysis in rats with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammation, we found that the transcriptional signatures in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; a brain region where pain and reward signals integrate) elicited by CFA in combination with oxycodone differed from those elicited by CFA or oxycodone alone. However, the expression of Egr3 was augmented in all animals receiving oxycodone. Furthermore, virus-mediated overexpression of EGR3 in the mPFC increased mechanical pain relief but not the affective aspect of pain in animals receiving oxycodone, whereas pharmacological inhibition of EGR3 via NFAT attenuated mechanical pain relief. Egr3 overexpression also increased the motivation to obtain oxycodone infusions in a progressive ratio test without altering the acquisition or maintenance of oxycodone self-administration. Taken together, these data suggest that EGR3 in the mPFC is at the intersection of nociceptive and addictive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, John C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700, 3rd Avenue, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Shruthi A Thomas
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jamal Williams
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kristen Woodhouse
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Xu Li
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - David M Dietz
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Fulton SL, Mitra S, Lepack AE, Martin JA, Stewart AF, Converse J, Hochstetler M, Dietz DM, Maze I. Histone H3 dopaminylation in ventral tegmental area underlies heroin-induced transcriptional and behavioral plasticity in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1776-1783. [PMID: 35094023 PMCID: PMC9372029 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent transcriptional events in ventral tegmental area (VTA) and other reward relevant brain regions contribute to enduring behavioral adaptations that characterize substance use disorder. Recent data from our laboratory indicate that aberrant accumulation of the newly discovered histone post-translational modification (PTM), H3 dopaminylation at glutamine 5 (H3Q5dop), contributes significantly to cocaine-seeking behavior following prolonged periods of abstinence. It remained unclear, however, whether this modification is important for relapse vulnerability in the context of other drugs of abuse, such as opioids. Here, we showed that H3Q5dop plays a critical role in heroin-mediated transcriptional plasticity in midbrain regions, particularly the VTA. In rats undergoing abstinence from heroin self-administration (SA), we found acute and persistent accumulation of H3Q5dop in VTA. Attenuation of H3Q5dop during abstinence induced persistent changes in gene expression programs associated with neuronal signaling and dopaminergic function in heroin abstinence and led to reduced heroin-seeking behavior. Interestingly, the observed changes in molecular pathways after heroin SA showed significant yet reversed overlap with the same genes altered in cocaine SA. These findings establish an essential role for H3Q5dop, and its downstream transcriptional consequences, in heroin-induced functional plasticity in VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha L. Fulton
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Swarup Mitra
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Ashley E. Lepack
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Andrew F. Stewart
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jacob Converse
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Mason Hochstetler
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - David M. Dietz
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Ian Maze
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Urva S, Quinlan T, Landry J, Ma X, Martin JA, Benson CT. Effects of Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of the Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1057-1067. [PMID: 35674880 PMCID: PMC9287213 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Tirzepatide, a novel, once-weekly, dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is approved in the US as a treatment for type 2 diabetes and is under development for long-term weight management, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of tirzepatide in participants with hepatic impairment (with or without type 2 diabetes) versus healthy participants with normal hepatic function. Methods Participants in this parallel, single-dose, open-label study were categorized by hepatic impairment defined by the baseline Child-Pugh (CP) score A (mild impairment; n = 6), B (moderate impairment; n = 6), or C (severe impairment; n = 7) or normal hepatic function (n = 13). All participants received a single subcutaneous 5-mg dose of tirzepatide. Blood samples were collected to determine tirzepatide plasma concentrations to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters of area under the drug concentration–time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–∞) and maximum observed drug concentration (Cmax) were evaluated using an analysis of covariance. The geometric least-squares means (LSM) and mean ratios for each group, between control and hepatic impairment levels, and the corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. The analysis of the time to maximum observed drug concentration was based on a nonparametric method. The relationships between the pharmacokinetic parameters and CP classification parameters (serum albumin level, total bilirubin level, and international normalized ratio) were also assessed. Adverse events were monitored to assess safety and tolerability. Results Tirzepatide exposure, based on AUC0–∞ and Cmax, was similar across the control and hepatic impairment groups. Statistical analysis showed no difference in the geometric LSM AUC0–∞ or Cmax between participants in the control group and the hepatic impairment groups, with the 90% CI for the ratios of geometric LSM spanning unity (AUC0–∞ ratio of geometric LSM vs control [90% CI 1.08 [0.879, 1.32], 0.960 [0.790, 1.17], and 0.852 [0.699, 1.04] and Cmax ratio of geometric LSM vs control [90% CI]: 0.916 [0.726, 1.16], 1.00 [0.802, 1.25], and 0.972 [0.784, 1.21] for mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment groups, respectively). There was no change in median time to Cmax of tirzepatide across all groups (time to Cmax median difference vs control [90% CI]: 0 [− 4.00, 12.00], 0 [− 12.00, 12.00], and 0 [− 11.83, 4.17], respectively). There was no significant relationship between the exposure of tirzepatide and the CP score (p > 0.1 for AUC0–∞, Cmax, and apparent total body clearance). Similarly, there was no clinically relevant relationship between the exposure of tirzepatide and serum albumin level, total bilirubin level, or international normalized ratio. The geometric LSM half-life values were also similar across the control and hepatic impairment groups. No notable differences in safety profiles were observed between participants with hepatic impairment and healthy control participants. Conclusions Tirzepatide pharmacokinetics was similar in participants with varying degrees of hepatic impairment compared with healthy participants. Thus, people with hepatic impairment treated with tirzepatide may not require dose adjustments. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number NCT03940742. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-022-01140-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Urva
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - Tonya Quinlan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - John Landry
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Xiaosu Ma
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Charles T Benson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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9
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Heuer JG, Meyer CM, Baker HE, Geiser A, Lucchesi J, Xu D, Hamang M, Martin JA, Hu C, Roth KD, Thirunavukkarasu K, Alsina-Fernandez J, Ma YL. Pharmacological Evaluation of a Pegylated Urocortin-1 Peptide in Experimental Autoimmune Disease Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:287-298. [PMID: 35688476 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin-1 (UCN1) is a member of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) family of peptides that acts through CRH-receptor 1 (CRHR1) and CRH-receptor 2 (CRHR2). UCN1 can induce adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and downstream glucocorticoids through CRHR1 and promote beneficial metabolic effects through CRHR2. UCN1 has a short half-life and has been shown to improve experimental autoimmune disease. A pegylated UCN1 peptide (PEG-hUCN1) was generated to extend half-life and was tested in multiple experimental autoimmune disease models and in healthy mice to determine effects on corticosterone induction, autoimmune disease, and glucocorticoid induced adverse effects. Cardiovascular effects were also assessed by telemetry. PEG-hUCN1 demonstrated a dose dependent 4-to-6-fold elevation of serum corticosterone and significantly improved autoimmune disease comparable to prednisolone in several experimental models. In healthy mice, PEG-hUCN1 showed less adverse effects compared to corticosterone treatment. PEG-hUCN1 peptide induced an initial 30% reduction in blood pressure that was followed by a gradual and sustained 30% increase in blood pressure at the highest dose. Additionally, an adeno-associated viral 8 (AAV8) UCN1 was used to assess adverse effects of chronic elevation of UCN1 in wild type and CRHR2 knockout mice. Chronic UCN1 expression by an AAV8 approach in wild type and CRHR2 knockout mice demonstrated an important role of CRHR2 in countering the adverse metabolic effects of elevated corticosterone from UCN1. Our findings demonstrate that PEG-hUCN1 shows profound effects in treating autoimmune disease with an improved safety profile relative to corticosterone and that CRHR2 activity is important in metabolic regulation. Significance Statement This study reports the generation and characterization of a pegylated UCN1 peptide and the role of CRHR2 in UCN1-induced metabolic effects. The potency/selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacodynamic effects and efficacy in four autoimmune models and safety profiles are presented. This pegylated UCN1 shows potential for treating autoimmune diseases with reduced adverse effects compared to corticosterone treatment. Continuous exposure to UCN1 through an AAV8 approach demonstrates some glucocorticoid mediated adverse metabolic effects that are exacerbated in the absence of the CRHR2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef G Heuer
- Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Catalina M Meyer
- Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Hana E Baker
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Andrea Geiser
- New Therapeutic Modalities, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Jonathan Lucchesi
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Daniel Xu
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Matthew Hamang
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | | | - Charlie Hu
- Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Kenneth D Roth
- Molecular Pharmacology, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | | | | | - Yanfei L Ma
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
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10
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Bolleddula J, Brady K, Bruin G, Lee AJ, Martin JA, Walles M, Xu K, Yang TY, Zhu X, Yu H. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of Therapeutic Proteins: Current Industry Practices and Future Perspectives. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:837-845. [PMID: 35149541 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics proteins (TPs) comprise a variety of modalities including antibody-based drugs, coagulation factors, recombinant cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, and hormones. TPs usually cannot traverse cellular barriers and exert their pharmacological activity by interacting with targets on the exterior membrane of cells or with soluble ligands in the tissue interstitial fluid/blood. Due to large size, lack of cellular permeability, variation in metabolic fate, and distinct physicochemical characteristics, TPs are subject to different absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes as compared to small molecules. Limited regulatory guidance makes it challenging to determine the most relevant ADME data required for regulatory submissions. The TP ADME working group (WG) was sponsored by the Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group (TALG) within the Innovation and Quality (IQ) consortium with objectives to: i) better understand the current practices of ADME data generated for TPs across IQ member companies, ii) learn about their regulatory strategy and interaction experiences, and iii) provide recommendations on best practices for conducting ADME studies. To understand current ADME practices and regulatory strategies, an industry-wide survey was conducted within IQ member companies. In addition, ADME data submitted to FDA was also collated by reviewing regulatory submission packages of TPs approved between 2011-2020. This article summarizes the key learnings from the survey and an overview of ADME data presented in BLAs along with future perspectives and recommendations for conducting ADME studies for internal decision making as well as regulatory submissions for TPs. Significance Statement This article provides comprehensive assessment of the current practices of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data generated for therapeutic proteins across the Innovation and Quality (IQ) participating companies and the utility of the data in discovery, development, and regulatory submissions. The TP ADME working group (WG) working group also recommends the best practices for conducting ADME studies for internal decision making and regulatory submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerard Bruin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus Walles
- DMPK, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hongbin Yu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, United States
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11
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Mitra S, Gobira PH, Werner CT, Martin JA, Iida M, Thomas SA, Erias K, Miracle S, Lafargue C, An C, Dietz DM. A role for the endocannabinoid enzymes monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol lipases in cue-induced cocaine craving following prolonged abstinence. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13007. [PMID: 33496035 PMCID: PMC11000690 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Following exposure to drugs of abuse, long-term neuroadaptations underlie persistent risk to relapse. Endocannabinoid signaling has been associated with drug-induced neuroadaptations, but the role of lipases that mediate endocannabinoid biosynthesis and metabolism in regulating relapse behaviors following prolonged periods of drug abstinence has not been examined. Here, we investigated how pharmacological manipulation of lipases involved in regulating the expression of the endocannabinoid 2-AG in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) influence cocaine relapse via discrete neuroadaptations. At prolonged abstinence (30 days) from cocaine self-administration, there is an increase in the NAc levels of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-AG, along with decreased levels of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), which hydrolyzes 2-AG. Since endocannabinoid-mediated behavioral plasticity involves phosphatase dysregulation, we examined the phosphatase calcineurin after 30 days of abstinence and found decreased expression in the NAc, which we demonstrate is regulated through the transcription factor EGR1. Intra-NAc pharmacological manipulation of DAGL and MAGL with inhibitors DO-34 and URB-602, respectively, bidirectionally regulated cue-induced cocaine seeking and altered the phosphostatus of translational initiation factor, eIF2α. Finally, we found that cocaine seeking 30 days after abstinence leads to decreased phosphorylation of eIF2α and reduced expression of its downstream target NPAS4, a protein involved in experience-dependent neuronal plasticity. Together, our findings demonstrate that lipases that regulate 2-AG expression influence transcriptional and translational changes in the NAc related to drug relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pedro H. Gobira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Craig T. Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shruthi A. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kyra Erias
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Miracle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Charles Lafargue
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Chunna An
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David M. Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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12
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Harshman SW, Browder AB, Davidson CN, Pitsch RL, Strayer KE, Schaeublin NM, Phelps MS, O'Connor ML, Mackowski NS, Barrett KN, Eckerle JJ, Strang AJ, Martin JA. The Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Sweat Metabolomic Content: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Chem 2021; 9:659583. [PMID: 34026725 PMCID: PMC8138560 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.659583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweat is emerging as a prominent biosource for real-time human performance monitoring applications. Although promising, sources of variability must be identified to truly utilize sweat for biomarker applications. In this proof-of-concept study, a targeted metabolomics method was applied to sweat collected from the forearms of participants in a 12-week exercise program who ingested either low or high nutritional supplementation twice daily. The data establish the use of dried powder mass as a method for metabolomic data normalization from sweat samples. Additionally, the results support the hypothesis that ingestion of regular nutritional supplementation semi-quantitatively impact the sweat metabolome. For example, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of relative normalized metabolite quantities show an area under the curve of 0.82 suggesting the sweat metabolome can moderately predict if an individual is taking nutritional supplementation. Finally, a significant correlation between physical performance and the sweat metabolome are established. For instance, the data illustrate that by utilizing multiple linear regression modeling approaches, sweat metabolite quantities can predict VO2 max (p = 0.0346), peak lower body Windage (p = 0.0112), and abdominal circumference (p = 0.0425). The results illustrate the need to account for dietary nutrition in biomarker discovery applications involving sweat as a biosource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Andrew B Browder
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Christina N Davidson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Rhonda L Pitsch
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kraig E Strayer
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Nicole M Schaeublin
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Mandy S Phelps
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Maegan L O'Connor
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas S Mackowski
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kristyn N Barrett
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jason J Eckerle
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Adam J Strang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
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13
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Hicks DT, Metzger D, Stamps BW, Lee JH, Martin JA, Salisbury RL, Saldanha R, Hart CR, Grigsby CC, Pangburn HA. Science and Technology Solutions for Scalable SARS-CoV-2 Testing to Inform Return to Full Capacity Strategy in United States Air Force Workforce Personnel. Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex) 2021:37-49. [PMID: 33666911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the requirement for a drastic change in pandemic response. While cases continue to rise, there is an urgent need to deploy sensitive and rapid testing in order to identify potential outbreaks before there is an opportunity for further community spread. Currently, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing an active infection, using a nasopharyngeal swab; however, it can take days after symptoms develop to properly identify and trace the infection. While many civilian jobs can be performed remotely, the Department of Defense (DOD) is by nature a very fluid organization which requires in-person interaction and a physical presence to maintain effectiveness. In this commentary, we examine several current and emergent technologies and their ability to identify both active and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, possibly in those without symptoms. Further, we will explore an ongoing study at the Air Force Research Laboratory, utilizing Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), next-generation sequencing, and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through Lateral Flow Immunoassays. The ability to identify SARS-CoV-2 through volatile organic compound biomarker identification will also be explored. By exploring and validating multiple testing strategies, and contributing to Operation Warp Speed, the DOD is postured to respond to SARS-CoV-2, and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hicks
- Research Bioenvironmental Engineer, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - David Metzger
- Research Scientist, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Blake W Stamps
- Research Scientist, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Jae Hwan Lee
- Analytical Chemist, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Chemistry Lead, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Richard L Salisbury
- Serology Lead, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Roland Saldanha
- Genomics Lead, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Corey R Hart
- Technical Integration Manager, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Claude C Grigsby
- Bioengineering Core Technical Competency Lead, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
| | - Heather A Pangburn
- Systems Biology Core Research Area Lead, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, WPAFB, OH
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14
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Martin JA, Figueiredo J, Wang L. Qualification of a 17β-estradiol (E2) Assay in Sprague Dawley Rat Serum. Am J Clin Pathol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/Objective
Significant technical issues are associated with methods used for the measurement of estradiol.The objective of this study was to qualify an electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assay for the quantification of 17β-estradiol (E2) in rat serum. Hemolysis has been identified as a factor that interferes with accurate measurement.The impact of hemolysis was also assessed.
Methods
Approximately 1.0 mL of whole blood was collected from male and female rats into separate red top tubes and processed to serum.
The LoQ for E2 was evaluated by analyzing the low calibrator or at least 6 serum samples diluted to produce a value at the low end of the reportable range 8 times in the same run.The mean, standard deviation, and %CV were calculated for each sample.The data set was analyzed by plotting the data and determining the concentration at the intersection of the precision profile curve.
Linearity of dilution was performed using commercially available calibration verification material and E2 stripped rat serum.The correlation coefficient, the slope, and the % Nominal were calculated.
Intra assay precision was evaluated by analyzing 8 consecutive times in a single run one rat serum sample that was not diluted or spiked. This analysis was performed during the evaluation of the LoQ.The mean, SD and %CV were calculated.
The interference of hemolysis with the E2 assay was tested by analyzing at least 5 rat serum samples/pools spiked with hemolyzed rat serum at different hemoglobin concentrations.The %RE was calculated.
Results
The LoQ assays were acceptable. For all samples tested, the % CV was less than or equal to 25%.The LoQ was verified to be 8.50 pg/mL. The %CV was 15.6%. For samples with estradiol concentrations below the LoQ, a value of 4.25 pg/ml was reported.
Linearity of dilution for E2 was acceptable.The correlation coefficients were greater than or equal to 0.9000, the slopes were between 0.7500 and 1.2500, and the % nominals for each level were between 75-125%.
The intra-assay precision was considered acceptable with a %CV of 8.6%.
There was no hemolysis interference in the assay when samples were spiked with hemoglobin concentrations of up to 70 mg/dL, based on the %RE of less than or equal to 25% of non-hemolyzed samples.
Conclusion
Qualification of the ECL method, demonstrates the assay is suitable for the determination of E2 in serum samples from rats and absence of hemolysis interference up to 70 mg/dL of hemoglobin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martin
- Clinical Pathology, Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio, UNITED STATES
| | - J Figueiredo
- Clinical Pathology, Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio, UNITED STATES
| | - L Wang
- Clinical Pathology, Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio, UNITED STATES
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15
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Harshman SW, Strayer KE, Davidson CN, Pitsch RL, Narayanan L, Scott AM, Schaeublin NM, Wiens TL, Phelps MS, O'Connor ML, Mackowski NS, Barrett KN, Leyh SM, Eckerle JJ, Strang AJ, Martin JA. Rate normalization for sweat metabolomics biomarker discovery. Talanta 2020; 223:121797. [PMID: 33303130 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the demand for real-time exercise performance feedback increases, excreted sweat has become a biosource of interest for continuous human performance assessment. For sweat to truly fulfill this requirement, analyte concentrations must be normalized to adequately assess day-to-day differences within and among individuals. In this manuscript, data are presented highlighting the use of accurate localized sweat rate as a means for ion and global metabolomic data normalization. The results illustrate large sweat rate variability among individuals over the course of two distinct exercises protocols. Furthermore, the data show sweat rate is not symmetrical at similar locations among right and left forearms of individuals (p = 0.0007). Sweat ion conductivity analysis suggest overall sweat rate normalization reduces variability collectively among ion values and participants with principal component analysis showing 77.8% of variation in the data set attributable to sweat rate normalization. Global metabolomic analysis of sweat illustrated overall rate normalization increases the variability among test subjects with 72.7% of the variation explained by sweat rate normalization. Finally, overall rate normalized metabolomic features of sweat significantly correlated (ρ ≥ 0.7, ρ ≤ -0.7) with measured performance metrics of the individual, establishing the potential for sweat to be used as a biosource for performance monitoring. Collectively, these data illustrate the importance of accurate localized sweat rate determination, for analyte data normalization, in support for the use of sweat in biomarker discovery efforts to predict human performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA.
| | - Kraig E Strayer
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Christina N Davidson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Rhonda L Pitsch
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Latha Narayanan
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Alexander M Scott
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Nicole M Schaeublin
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Taylor L Wiens
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Mandy S Phelps
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright- Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Maegan L O'Connor
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Nicholas S Mackowski
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Kristyn N Barrett
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Samantha M Leyh
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science & Education, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jason J Eckerle
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Adam J Strang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBCN, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBBF, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
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16
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Harshman SW, Pitsch RL, Davidson CN, Lee EM, Scott AM, Hill EM, Mainali P, Brooks ZE, Strayer KE, Schaeublin NM, Wiens TL, Brothers MC, Drummond LA, Yamamoto DP, Martin JA. Evaluation of a standardized collection device for exhaled breath sampling onto thermal desorption tubes. J Breath Res 2020; 14:036004. [PMID: 32155613 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab7e3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Respiration Collector for In Vitro Analysis (ReCIVA) sampler, marketed by Owlstone Medical, provides a step forward in exhaled breath sampling through active sampling directly onto thermal desorption (TD) tubes. Although an improvement to the issues surrounding breath bag sampling, the ReCIVA device, first released in 2015, is a relatively new research and clinical tool that requires further exploration. Here, data are presented comparing two distinct ReCIVA devices. The results, comparing ReCIVA serial numbers #33 and #65, demonstrate that overall statistically insignificant results are obtained via targeted isoprene quantitation (p > 0.05). However, when the data are parsed by the TD tube type used to capture breath volatiles, either Tenax TA or the dual bed Tenax/Carbograph 5TD (5TD), a statistical difference (p < 0.05) among the two different TD tubes was present. These data, comparing the two ReCIVA devices with both Tenax TA and 5TD tubes, are further supported by a global metabolomics analysis yielding 85% of z-scores, comparing ReCIVA devices, below the limit for significance. Experiments to determine the effect of breathing rate on ReCIVA function, using guided breathing for low (7.5 breaths min-1) and high (15 breaths min-1) breathing rates, demonstrate the ReCIVA device shows no statistical difference among breathing rates for quantitated isoprene (p > 0.05). Global metabolomics analysis of the guided breathing rate data shows more than 87% of the z-scores, comparing high and low breathing rates using both the Tenax and the 5TD tubes, are below the level for significance. Finally, data are provided from a single participant who displayed background levels of isoprene while illustrating levels of acetone consistent with the remaining participants. Collectively, these data support the use of multiple ReCIVA devices for exhaled breath collection and provide evidence for an instance where exhaled isoprene is consistent with background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHBB, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, United States of America. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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17
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Forbes E, Alagona PS, Adams AJ, Anderson SE, Brown KC, Colby J, Cooper SD, Denny SM, Hiroyasu EHT, Heilmayr R, Kendall BE, Martin JA, Hardesty-Moore M, Mychajliw AM, Tyrrell BP, Welch ZS. Analogies for a No-Analog World: Tackling Uncertainties in Reintroduction Planning. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:551-554. [PMID: 32416950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Species reintroductions involve considerable uncertainty, especially in highly altered landscapes. Historical, geographic, and taxonomic analogies can help reduce this uncertainty by enabling conservationists to better assess habitat suitability in proposed reintroduction sites. We illustrate this approach using the example of the California grizzly, an iconic species proposed for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElizabethS Forbes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
| | - Peter S Alagona
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4160, USA.
| | - Andrea J Adams
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3060, USA
| | - Sarah E Anderson
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA; Department of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Kevin C Brown
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4160, USA
| | - Jolie Colby
- Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9490, USA
| | - Scott D Cooper
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
| | - Sean M Denny
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Elizabeth H T Hiroyasu
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA; The Nature Conservancy California, 445 South Figueroa Street, Suite 1950, Los Angeles, CA 90071, USA
| | - Robert Heilmayr
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4160, USA; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Bruce E Kendall
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4160, USA
| | - Molly Hardesty-Moore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
| | - Alexis M Mychajliw
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, OK 73019, USA; La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, 5801 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90036, USA; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Brian P Tyrrell
- Department of History, Reed College, 3203 Southeast Woodstock Blvd, Portland, Oregon 97202-8199, USA; Committee on Environmental Studies, Reed College, 3203 Southeast Woodstock Blvd, Portland, Oregon 97202-8199, USA
| | - Zoë S Welch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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18
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Soliman SHA, Stark AE, Gardner ML, Harshman SW, Breece CC, Amari F, Orlacchio A, Chen M, Tessari A, Martin JA, Visone R, Freitas MA, La Perle KMD, Palmieri D, Coppola V. Tagging enhances histochemical and biochemical detection of Ran Binding Protein 9 in vivo and reveals its interaction with Nucleolin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7138. [PMID: 32346083 PMCID: PMC7188826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of tools to reliably detect RanBP9 in vivo has significantly hampered progress in understanding the biological functions of this scaffold protein. We report here the generation of a novel mouse strain, RanBP9-TT, in which the endogenous protein is fused with a double (V5-HA) epitope tag at the C-terminus. We show that the double tag does not interfere with the essential functions of RanBP9. In contrast to RanBP9 constitutive knock-out animals, RanBP9-TT mice are viable, fertile and do not show any obvious phenotype. The V5-HA tag allows unequivocal detection of RanBP9 both by IHC and WB. Importantly, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses reveal that the tagged protein pulls down known interactors of wild type RanBP9. Thanks to the increased detection power, we are also unveiling a previously unknown interaction with Nucleolin, a protein proposed as an ideal target for cancer treatment. In summary, we report the generation of a new mouse line in which RanBP9 expression and interactions can be reliably studied by the use of commercially available αtag antibodies. The use of this line will help to overcome some of the existing limitations in the study of RanBP9 and potentially unveil unknown functions of this protein in vivo such as those linked to Nucleolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa H A Soliman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Biotechnology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Aaron E Stark
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Miranda L Gardner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Sean W Harshman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, 45433, Ohio, USA
| | - Chelssie C Breece
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA
| | - Foued Amari
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Anna Tessari
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, 45433, Ohio, USA
| | - Rosa Visone
- Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Biotechnology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michael A Freitas
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Krista M D La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA
| | - Dario Palmieri
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA.
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA.
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19
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Lepack AE, Werner CT, Stewart AF, Fulton SL, Zhong P, Farrelly LA, Smith ACW, Ramakrishnan A, Lyu Y, Bastle RM, Martin JA, Mitra S, O'Connor RM, Wang ZJ, Molina H, Turecki G, Shen L, Yan Z, Calipari ES, Dietz DM, Kenny PJ, Maze I. Dopaminylation of histone H3 in ventral tegmental area regulates cocaine seeking. Science 2020; 368:197-201. [PMID: 32273471 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerability to relapse during periods of attempted abstinence from cocaine use is hypothesized to result from the rewiring of brain reward circuitries, particularly ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons. How cocaine exposures act on midbrain dopamine neurons to precipitate addiction-relevant changes in gene expression is unclear. We found that histone H3 glutamine 5 dopaminylation (H3Q5dop) plays a critical role in cocaine-induced transcriptional plasticity in the midbrain. Rats undergoing withdrawal from cocaine showed an accumulation of H3Q5dop in the VTA. By reducing H3Q5dop in the VTA during withdrawal, we reversed cocaine-mediated gene expression changes, attenuated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, and reduced cocaine-seeking behavior. These findings establish a neurotransmission-independent role for nuclear dopamine in relapse-related transcriptional plasticity in the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Lepack
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sasha L Fulton
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Lorna A Farrelly
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander C W Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yang Lyu
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ryan M Bastle
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Richard M O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ian Maze
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Harshman SW, Pitsch RL, Davidson CN, Scott AM, Hill EM, Smith ZK, Strayer KE, Schaeublin NM, Wiens TL, Brothers MC, Slusher GM, Steele ML, Geier BA, Fan M, Drummond LA, Martin JA. Characterization of standardized breath sampling for off-line field use. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016009. [PMID: 31703231 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab55c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to several sources of potential variability associated with exhaled breath bag sampling procedures for off-line analysis, the Respiration Collector for in vitro Analysis (ReCIVA) sampler was developed. Although designed to improve upon several pitfalls of sampling with exhaled breath bags, the ReCIVA remains a minimally studied research tool. In this manuscript, several attributes of the ReCIVA sampler are investigated among three individual tests, such as background contamination, control software version, performance of different adsorbent tubes, duplicate sample production, and comparison to exhaled breath bags. The data shows greater than a 58% reduction in background siloxanes can be achieved with submersion of ReCIVA masks in ethyl alcohol or baking the masks at a high temperature (200 °C). The results illustrate the ReCIVA control software version plays a key role in the flow rates applied to thermal desorption (TD) tubes. Using exhaled isoprene as a representative analyte, the data suggest duplicate samples among ReCIVA pump banks can be achieved using two different thermal desorption tubes, Tenax TA and Tenax/Carbograph 5TD, when using an updated control software and manually calibrating the ReCIVA pumps to uniform flow rates (Tenax p = 0.3869, 5TD p = 0.3131). Additionally, using the updated control software and manual ReCIVA flow calibration, the data suggest the ReCIVA can produce statistically similar results among TD tube types (p = 0.3824) and compared to standard exhaled breath bags (p = 0.1534). Collectively, these results establish a method for manually calibrating the flow of the ReCIVA device to allow for the most consistent results. These data support further experimentation into the use of the ReCIVA sampler for exhaled breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States of America
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21
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Martin JA, Werner CT, Mitra S, Zhong P, Wang ZJ, Gobira PH, Stewart AF, Zhang J, Erias K, Siemian JN, Hagarty D, Mueller LE, Neve RL, Li JX, Chandra R, Dietz KC, Lobo MK, Gancarz AM, Yan Z, Dietz DM. A novel role for the actin-binding protein drebrin in regulating opiate addiction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4140. [PMID: 31515501 PMCID: PMC6742638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent transcriptional and morphological events in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and other brain reward regions contribute to the long-lasting behavioral adaptations that characterize drug addiction. Opiate exposure reduces the density of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons of the NAc; however, the underlying transcriptional and cellular events mediating this remain unknown. We show that heroin self-administration negatively regulates the actin-binding protein drebrin in the NAc. Using virus-mediated gene transfer, we show that drebrin overexpression in the NAc is sufficient to decrease drug seeking and increase dendritic spine density, whereas drebrin knockdown potentiates these effects. We demonstrate that drebrin is transcriptionally repressed by the histone modifier HDAC2, which is relieved by pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases. Importantly, we demonstrate that heroin-induced adaptations occur only in the D1+ subset of medium spiny neurons. These findings establish an essential role for drebrin, and upstream transcriptional regulator HDAC2, in opiate-induced plasticity in the NAc. The underlying transcriptional and cellular events mediating the reduction of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) remains unknown. Here, authors demonstrate that heroin self-administration negatively regulates the actin-binding protein drebrin in the NAc, which is shown to be transcriptionally repressed by the histone modifier HDAC2, and that overexpression of drebrin is sufficient to decrease drug seeking and increase dendritic spine density
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Pedro H Gobira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jay Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Kyra Erias
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Justin N Siemian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Devin Hagarty
- Department of Psychology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Lauren E Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Gene Delivery Technology Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Karen C Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Amy M Gancarz
- Department of Psychology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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22
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Harshman SW, Pitsch RL, Schaeublin NM, Smith ZK, Strayer KE, Phelps MS, Qualley AV, Cowan DW, Rose SD, O'Connor ML, Eckerle JJ, Das T, Barbey AK, Strang AJ, Martin JA. Metabolomic stability of exercise-induced sweat. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Chandra R, Engeln M, Schiefer C, Patton MH, Martin JA, Werner CT, Riggs LM, Francis TC, McGlincy M, Evans B, Nam H, Das S, Girven K, Konkalmatt P, Gancarz AM, Golden SA, Iñiguez SD, Russo SJ, Turecki G, Mathur BN, Creed M, Dietz DM, Lobo MK. Drp1 Mitochondrial Fission in D1 Neurons Mediates Behavioral and Cellular Plasticity during Early Cocaine Abstinence. Neuron 2019; 96:1327-1341.e6. [PMID: 29268097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered brain energy homeostasis is a key adaptation occurring in the cocaine-addicted brain, but the effect of cocaine on the fundamental source of energy, mitochondria, is unknown. We demonstrate an increase of dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1), the mitochondrial fission mediator, in nucleus accumbens (NAc) after repeated cocaine exposure and in cocaine-dependent individuals. Mdivi-1, a demonstrated fission inhibitor, blunts cocaine seeking and locomotor sensitization, while blocking c-Fos induction and excitatory input onto dopamine receptor-1 (D1) containing NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Drp1 and fission promoting Drp1 are increased in D1-MSNs, consistent with increased smaller mitochondria in D1-MSN dendrites after repeated cocaine. Knockdown of Drp1 in D1-MSNs blocks drug seeking after cocaine self-administration, while enhancing the fission promoting Drp1 enhances seeking after long-term abstinence from cocaine. We demonstrate a role for altered mitochondrial fission in the NAc, during early cocaine abstinence, suggesting potential therapeutic treatment of disrupting mitochondrial fission in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michel Engeln
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Schiefer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary H Patton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Research Institution on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Research Institution on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lace M Riggs
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Chase Francis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madeleine McGlincy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brianna Evans
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shweta Das
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kasey Girven
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Amy M Gancarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Research Institution on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sam A Golden
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio D Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meaghan Creed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Research Institution on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Werner CT, Viswanathan R, Martin JA, Gobira PH, Mitra S, Thomas SA, Wang ZJ, Liu JF, Stewart AF, Neve RL, Li JX, Gancarz AM, Dietz DM. E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase SMURF1 in the Nucleus Accumbens Mediates Cocaine Seeking. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:881-892. [PMID: 30158054 PMCID: PMC6260585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder is a neurobiological disease characterized by episodes of relapse despite periods of withdrawal. It is thought that neuroadaptations in discrete brain areas of the reward pathway, including the nucleus accumbens, underlie these aberrant behaviors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system degrades proteins and has been shown to be involved in cocaine-induced plasticity, but the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases, which conjugate ubiquitin to substrates, is unknown. Here, we examined E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 (SMURF1) in neuroadaptations and relapse behavior during withdrawal following cocaine self-administration. METHODS SMURF1 and downstream targets ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), SMAD1/5, and Runt-related transcript factor 2 were examined using Western blotting (n = 9-11/group), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 6-9/group), co-immunoprecipitation (n = 9-11/group), tandem ubiquitin binding entities affinity purification (n = 5-6/group), and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (n = 3-6/group) (2 rats/sample). Viral-mediated gene transfer (n = 7-12/group) and intra-accumbal microinjections (n = 9-10/group) were used to examine causal roles of SMURF1 and substrate RhoA, respectively, in cue-induced cocaine seeking. RESULTS SMURF1 protein expression was decreased, while SMURF1 substrates RhoA and SMAD1/5 were increased, in the nucleus accumbens on withdrawal day 7, but not on withdrawal day 1, following cocaine self-administration. Viral-mediated gene transfer of Smurf1 or constitutive activation of RhoA attenuated cue-induced cocaine seeking, while catalytically inactive Smurf1 enhanced cocaine seeking. Furthermore, SMURF1-regulated, SMAD1/5-associated transcription factor Runt-related transcript factor 2 displayed increased binding at promoter regions of genes previously associated with cocaine-induced plasticity. CONCLUSIONS SMURF1 is a key mediator of neuroadaptations in the nucleus accumbens following cocaine exposure and mediates cue-induced cocaine seeking during withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rathipriya Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Pedro H Gobira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shruthi A Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Gene Delivery Technology Core, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Amy M Gancarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Psychology, California State University, Bakersfield, Bakersfield, California
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Program in Neuroscience, Research Institute on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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Harshman SW, Pitsch RL, Smith ZK, O’Connor ML, Geier BA, Qualley AV, Schaeublin NM, Fischer MV, Eckerle JJ, Strang AJ, Martin JA. The proteomic and metabolomic characterization of exercise-induced sweat for human performance monitoring: A pilot investigation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203133. [PMID: 30383773 PMCID: PMC6211630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweat is a biofluid with several attractive attributes. However, investigation into sweat for biomarker discovery applications is still in its infancy. To add support for the use of sweat as a non-invasive media for human performance monitoring, volunteer participants were subjected to a physical exertion model using a treadmill. Following exercise, sweat was collected, aliquotted, and analyzed for metabolite and protein content via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, the proteomic analysis illustrates significant enrichment steps will be required for proteomic biomarker discovery from single sweat samples as protein abundance is low in this medium. Furthermore, the results indicate a potential for protein degradation, or a large number of low molecular weight protein/peptides, in these samples. Metabolomic analysis shows a strong correlation in the overall abundance among sweat metabolites. Finally, hierarchical clustering of participant metabolite abundances show trends emerging, although no significant trends were observed (alpha = 0.8, lambda = 1 standard error via cross validation). However, these data suggest with a greater number of biological replicates, stronger, statistically significant results, can be obtained. Collectively, this study represents the first to simultaneously use both proteomic and metabolomic analysis to investigate sweat. These data highlight several pitfalls of sweat analysis for biomarker discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rhonda L. Pitsch
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zachary K. Smith
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maegan L. O’Connor
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science & Education, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Geier
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anthony V. Qualley
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Schaeublin
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright- Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Molly V. Fischer
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science & Education, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jason J. Eckerle
- InfoSciTex Corp., Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Strang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
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Harbaugh SV, Martin JA, Weinstein J, Ingram G, Kelley-Loughnane N. Screening and selection of artificial riboswitches. Methods 2018; 143:77-89. [PMID: 29778645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic riboswitches are engineered to regulate gene expression in response to a variety of non-endogenous small molecules, and a challenge to select this engineered response requires robust screening tools. A new synthetic riboswitch can be created by linking an in vitro-selected aptamer library with a randomized expression platform followed by in vivo selection and screening. In order to determine response to analyte, we developed a dual-color reporter comprising elements of the E. coli fimbriae phase variation system: recombinase FimE controlled by a synthetic riboswitch and an invertible DNA segment (fimS) containing a constitutively active promoter placed between two fluorescent protein genes. Without an analyte, the fluorescent reporter constitutively expressed green fluorescent protein (GFPa1). Addition of the analyte initiated translation of fimE causing unidirectional inversion of the fimS segment and constitutive expression of red fluorescent protein (mKate2). The dual color reporter system can be used to select and to optimize artificial riboswitches in E. coli cells. In this work, the enriched library of aptamers incorporated into the riboswitch architecture reduces the sequence search space by offering a higher percentage of potential ligand binders. The study was designed to produce structure switching aptamers, a necessary feature for riboswitch function and efficiently quantify this function using the dual color reporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Harbaugh
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Jenna Weinstein
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Grant Ingram
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States.
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Ngo YH, Brothers M, Martin JA, Grigsby CC, Fullerton K, Naik RR, Kim SS. Chemically Enhanced Polymer-Coated Carbon Nanotube Electronic Gas Sensor for Isopropyl Alcohol Detection. ACS Omega 2018; 3:6230-6236. [PMID: 31458805 PMCID: PMC6644726 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Breathing-air quality within commercial airline cabins has come under increased scrutiny because of the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the engine bleed air used to provide oxygen to cabins. Ideally, a sensor would be placed within the bleed air pipe itself, enabling detection before it permeated through and contaminated the entire cabin. Current gas-phase sensors suffer from issues with selectivity, do not have the appropriate form factor, or are too complex for commercial deployment. Here, we chose isopropyl alcohol (IPA), a main component of de-icer spray used in the aerospace community, as a target analyte: IPA exposure has been hypothesized to be a key component of aerotoxic syndrome in pre, during, and postflight. IPAs proposed mechanism of action is that of an anesthetic and central nervous system depressant. In this work, we describe IPA sensor development by showing (1) the integration of a polymer as an IPA capture matrix, (2) the adoption of a redox chemical additives as an IPA oxidizer, and (3) the application of carbon nanotubes as an electronic sensing conduit. We demonstrate the ability to not only detect IPA at 100-10 000 ppm in unfiltered, laboratory air but also discriminate among IPA, isoprene, and acetone, especially in comparison to a typical photoionization detector. Overall, we show an electronic device that operates at room temperature and responds preferentially to IPA, where the increase in the resistance corresponds directly to the concentration of IPA. Ultimately, this study opens up the pathway to selective electronic sensors that can enable real-time monitoring in a variety of environments for the force health prevention and protection, and the potential through future work to enable low parts-per-million and possibly high parts-per-billion selective detection of gas-phase VOCs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen H. Ngo
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES
Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United
States
| | - Michael Brothers
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES
Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45432, United
States
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Claude C. Grigsby
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Kathy Fullerton
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Steve S. Kim
- 711th
Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- E-mail:
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28
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Kim SB, Zhang Y, Won SM, Bandodkar AJ, Sekine Y, Xue Y, Koo J, Harshman SW, Martin JA, Park JM, Ray TR, Crawford KE, Lee KT, Choi J, Pitsch RL, Grigsby CC, Strang AJ, Chen YY, Xu S, Kim J, Koh A, Ha JS, Huang Y, Kim SW, Rogers JA. Super-Absorbent Polymer Valves and Colorimetric Chemistries for Time-Sequenced Discrete Sampling and Chloride Analysis of Sweat via Skin-Mounted Soft Microfluidics. Small 2018; 14:e1703334. [PMID: 29394467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces super absorbent polymer valves and colorimetric sensing reagents as enabling components of soft, skin-mounted microfluidic devices designed to capture, store, and chemically analyze sweat released from eccrine glands. The valving technology enables robust means for guiding the flow of sweat from an inlet location into a collection of isolated reservoirs, in a well-defined sequence. Analysis in these reservoirs involves a color responsive indicator of chloride concentration with a formulation tailored to offer stable operation with sensitivity optimized for the relevant physiological range. Evaluations on human subjects with comparisons against ex situ analysis illustrate the practical utility of these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Elecctronics at the Simpson Querry Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Amay J Bandodkar
- Center for Bio-Integrated Elecctronics at the Simpson Querry Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yurina Sekine
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jahyun Koo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Elecctronics at the Simpson Querry Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sean W Harshman
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Human Signatures Branch Air Force Research Laboratories WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Human Signatures Branch Air Force Research Laboratories WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Jeong Min Park
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tyler R Ray
- Center for Bio-Integrated Elecctronics at the Simpson Querry Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kyu-Tae Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jungil Choi
- Center for Bio-Integrated Elecctronics at the Simpson Querry Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rhonda L Pitsch
- Contractor for The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Human Signatures Branch Air Force Research Laboratories WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Claude C Grigsby
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Human Signatures Branch Air Force Research Laboratories WPAFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Adam J Strang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Yu-Yu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shuai Xu
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyeon Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Jeong Sook Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Elecctronics at the Simpson Querry Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Harshman SW, Geier BA, Qualley AV, Drummond LA, Flory LE, Fan M, Pitsch RL, Grigsby CC, Phillips JB, Martin JA. Exhaled isoprene for monitoring recovery from acute hypoxic stress. J Breath Res 2017; 11:047111. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Martin JA, Benavides-Reyes C, Lucena C, Vidal C, Gonzalez-Rodriguez MP. influence of the diameter of the file on the accuracy of the Raypex 6. J Clin Exp Dent 2017. [DOI: 10.4317/medoral.176438640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wang ZJ, Martin JA, Mueller LE, Caccamise A, Werner CT, Neve RL, Gancarz AM, Li JX, Dietz DM. BRG1 in the Nucleus Accumbens Regulates Cocaine-Seeking Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:652-660. [PMID: 27422367 PMCID: PMC5050080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is defined as a chronic disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and episodes of relapse despite prolonged periods of drug abstinence. Neurobiological adaptations, including transcriptional and epigenetic alterations in the nucleus accumbens, are thought to contribute to this life-long disease state. We previously demonstrated that the transcription factor SMAD3 is increased after 7 days of withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. However, it is still unknown which additional factors participate in the process of chromatin remodeling and facilitate the binding of SMAD3 to promoter regions of target genes. Here, we examined the possible interaction of BRG1-also known as SMARCA4, an adenosine triphosphatase-containing chromatin remodeler-and SMAD3 in response to cocaine exposure. METHODS The expression of BRG1, as well as its binding to SMAD3 and target gene promoter regions, was evaluated in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum of rats using western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation following abstinence from cocaine self-administration. Rats were assessed for cocaine-seeking behaviors after either intra-accumbal injections of the BRG1 inhibitor PFI3 or viral-mediated overexpression of BRG1. RESULTS After withdrawal from cocaine self-administration, BRG1 expression and complex formation with SMAD3 are increased in the nucleus accumbens, resulting in increased binding of BRG1 to the promoter regions of Ctnnb1, Mef2d, and Dbn1. Intra-accumbal infusion of PFI3 attenuated, whereas viral overexpression of Brg1 enhanced, cocaine-reinstatement behavior. CONCLUSIONS BRG1 is a key mediator of the SMAD3-dependent regulation of cellular and behavioral plasticity that mediates cocaine seeking after a period of withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lauren E Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Aaron Caccamise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Craig T Werner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amy M Gancarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - David M Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Research Institute on Addictions, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Psychology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, California.
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Harshman SW, Mani N, Geier BA, Kwak J, Shepard P, Fan M, Sudberry GL, Mayes RS, Ott DK, Martin JA, Grigsby CC. Storage stability of exhaled breath on Tenax TA. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046008. [PMID: 27732570 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath is coming to the forefront of non-invasive biomarker discovery efforts. Concentration of exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on thermal desorption (TD) tubes with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has dominated this field. As discovery experimentation increases in frequency, the need to evaluate the long-term storage stability of exhaled breath VOCs on thermal desorption adsorbent material is critical. To address this gap, exhaled breath was loaded on Tenax TA thermal desorption tubes and stored at various temperature conditions. 74 VOCs, 56 of which have been previously uncharacterized, were monitored using GC-MS over a period of 31 d. The results suggest that storage of exhaled breath at cold temperatures (4 °C) provides the most consistent retention of exhaled breath VOCs temporally. Samples were determined to be stable up to 14 d across storage conditions prior to gaining or losing 1-2 standard deviations in abundance. Through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), certain chemical classes were found to be positively (acids) or negatively (sulfur-containing) enriched temporally. By means of field sample collections, the effect of storage and shipping was found to be similar to those studies preformed in the laboratory at 4 °C. Collectively this study not only provides recommendations for proper storage conditions and storage length, but also illustrates the use of GSEA to exhaled breath based GC-MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- UES Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXB, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA. Author to whom any correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Biosignatures Branch, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Bldg. 840, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
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33
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Hilbish KG, Martin JA, Stauber AJ, Edwards TL, Breslin WJ. TGF-β1 monoclonal antibody: Assessment of embryo-fetal toxicity in rats and rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 107:174-184. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim G. Hilbish
- Lilly Research Laboratories; Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | | | - Anja J. Stauber
- Lilly Research Laboratories; Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN USA
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Atluri K, De Jesus AM, Chinnathambi S, Brouillette MJ, Martin JA, Salem AK, Sander EA. Blebbistatin-Loaded Poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) Particles For Treating Arthrofibrosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1097-1107. [PMID: 33445238 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Joint immobility is a debilitating complication of articular trauma that is characterized by thickening and stiffening of the joint capsule and the formation of fibrotic lesions inside joints. Capsule release surgery can temporarily restore mobility, but contraction often recurs due to the contractile activities of fibroblasts, which exert tension on the capsule ECM via nonmuscle myosin II. Based on these findings we hypothesized that blebbistatin, a drug that reversibly inhibits the activity of this protein, would relax ECM tension imposed by fibroblasts and reduce fibrosis. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of blebbistatin as an anticontractile treatment. Given that sustained suppression of contractile activity may be required to achieve capsule release and reduce fibrosis, we compared the effects on fibroblast-mediated collagen ECM displacement of blebbistatin-loaded poly(lactide-co-gylcolide) (PLGA) particles versus bolus blebbistatin dosing. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescent microspheres embedded in collagen gels confirmed that PLGA/blebbistatin inhibited force generation and reduced both gel displacement and rate of displacement. In addition, collagen production at 10 days was significantly reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that blebbistatin-loaded PLGA particles can be used to inhibit fibroblast force-generation and reduce collagen production and lay the foundation for optimization of drug delivery technology for treating arthrofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Atluri
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A M De Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - S Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M J Brouillette
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - J A Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - E A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Kelly RP, Garhyan P, Reynolds VL, Martin JA, Tang CC, Yeo KP, Hardy TA. 18. Glucagon Receptor Antibody LY2786890 Reduced Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (106-LB). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12467-015-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Usborne A, Byrd RA, Meehan J, Blackbourne JL, Sullivan J, Poitout-Belissent F, Prefontaine A, Martin JA, Vahle JL. An Investigative Study of Pancreatic Exocrine Biomarkers, Histology, and Histomorphometry in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rats Given Dulaglutide by Subcutaneous Injection Twice Weekly for 13 Weeks. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1093-102. [PMID: 26269615 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315596857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist therapy has been implicated as a possible risk factor for acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Dulaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist in development for treatment of type 2 diabetes. The effects of dulaglutide were evaluated in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats to examine whether dulaglutide may induce or modulate pancreatitis. Rats were randomized to dose groups receiving twice-weekly subcutaneously administered dulaglutide 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 mg/kg/dose (corresponding human plasma exposures following twice-weekly dosing are 3-, 8-, and 30-fold, respectively) for 13 weeks or to vehicle control. Following termination, serially trimmed sections of pancreases were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or co-stained with an epithelial marker and a marker of either proliferation or apoptosis. Efficacious reductions in glucose and hemoglobin A1c occurred at all dulaglutide doses. Lipase activity was unaffected, and there were modest increases in total and pancreatic amylase activities at all doses without individual microscopic inflammatory correlates. Microscopic dulaglutide-related pancreatic changes included increased interlobular ductal epithelium without ductal cell proliferation (≥0.5 mg/kg), increased acinar atrophy with/without inflammation (≥1.5 mg/kg), and increased incidence/severity of neutrophilic acinar pancreatic inflammation (5.0 mg/kg). In summary, dulaglutide treatment was associated with mild alterations in ductal epithelium and modest exacerbation of spontaneous lesions of the exocrine pancreas typically found in the ZDF rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Usborne
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Richard A Byrd
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James Meehan
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services Montreal, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jamie L Blackbourne
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John Sullivan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Annick Prefontaine
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services Montreal, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Breslin WJ, Hilbish KG, Martin JA, Halstead CA, Newcomb DL, Chellman GJ. An Enhanced Pre- and Postnatal Development Study in Cynomolgus Monkeys with Tabalumab: A Human IgG4 Monoclonal Antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26195230 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tabalumab, a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) with neutralizing activity against both soluble and membrane B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has been under development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential adverse effects of maternal tabalumab exposure on pregnancy, parturition, and lactation of the mothers and on the growth, viability, and development of the offspring through postnatal day (PND) 204. Tabalumab was administered by subcutaneous injection to presumed pregnant cynomolgus monkeys (16-19 per group) every 2 weeks from gestation day (GD) 20 to 22 until parturition at doses of 0, 0.3, or 30 mg/kg. Evaluations in mothers and infants included clinical signs, body weight, toxicokinetics, blood lymphocyte phenotyping, T-cell-dependent antibody response (infants only), antitherapeutic antibody (ATA), organ weights (infants only), and gross and microscopic histopathology. Infants were also examined for external and visceral morphologic and neurobehavioral development. There were no adverse tabalumab-related effects on maternal or infant endpoints. An expected pharmacological decrease in peripheral blood B-lymphocytes occurred in adults and infants; however, B-cell recovery was evident by PND154 in adults and infants at 0.3 mg/kg and by PND204 in infants at 30 mg/kg. At 30 mg/kg, a reduced IgM antibody response to T-cell-dependent antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was observed following primary immunization. Following secondary KLH immunization, all infants in both dose groups mounted anti-KLH IgM and IgG antibody responses similar to control. Placental and mammary transfer of tabalumab was demonstrated. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for maternal and developmental toxicity was 30 mg/kg, the highest dose tested. Exposures at 30 mg/kg provide a margin of safety of 16× the anticipated clinical exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Breslin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kim G Hilbish
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Carolyn A Halstead
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Breslin WJ, Hilbish KG, Martin JA, Halstead CA, Edwards TL. Developmental Toxicity and Fertility Assessment in Rabbits with Tabalumab: A Human IgG4 Monoclonal Antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Breslin
- Lilly Research Laboratories; Indianapolis Indiana
- WIL Research; Ashland Ohio
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Knadler MP, Ellis BB, Brown-Augsburger PL, Murphy AT, Martin JA, Wroblewski VJ. Disposition of Basal Insulin Peglispro Compared with 20-kDa Polyethylene Glycol in Rats Following a Single Intravenous or Subcutaneous Dose. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1477-83. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gancarz AM, Wang ZJ, Schroeder GL, Damez-Werno D, Braunscheidel K, Mueller LE, Humby MS, Caccamise A, Martin JA, Dietz KC, Neve RL, Dietz DM. Activin receptor signaling regulates cocaine-primed behavioral and morphological plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:959-61. [PMID: 26030849 PMCID: PMC4599345 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor signaling, including the transcription factor Smad3, was upregulated in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell following withdrawal from cocaine. Direct genetic and pharmacological manipulations of this pathway bidirectionally altered cocaine seeking while governing morphological plasticity in NAc neurons. Thus, Activin/Smad3 signaling is induced following withdrawal from cocaine, and such regulation may be a key molecular mechanism underlying behavioral and cellular plasticity in the brain following cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Gancarz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Gabrielle L. Schroeder
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Diane Damez-Werno
- Department of Neuroscience at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kevin Braunscheidel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lauren E. Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Monica S. Humby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Aaron Caccamise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Karen C. Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - David M. Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Research Institute on Addictions; Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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Vahle JL, Byrd RA, Blackbourne JL, Martin JA, Sorden SD, Ryan T, Pienkowski T, Wijsman JA, Smith HW, Rosol TJ. Effects of Dulaglutide on Thyroid C Cells and Serum Calcitonin in Male Monkeys. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2409-16. [PMID: 25860028 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have caused hyperplasia/neoplasia of thyroid C cells in rodent carcinogenicity studies. Studies in monkeys have not identified an effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on thyroid C cells; however, group sizes were small. Dulaglutide is a once-weekly, long-acting human GLP-1 receptor agonist recently approved in the United States and the European Union. The objective of this study was to determine whether dulaglutide altered C-cell mass in monkeys. Male cynomolgus monkeys (20 per group) were sc injected with dulaglutide 8.15 mg/kg (∼500-fold maximum human plasma exposure) or a vehicle control twice weekly for 52 weeks. Basal and calcium gluconate-stimulated serum calcitonin concentrations were obtained at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Thyroid glands were weighed, fixed, and sectioned at 500-μm intervals. C-cell volumes were measured using an automated image analysis. C-cell proliferation was estimated using Ki67/calcitonin colabeling and cell counting. Administration of dulaglutide 8.15 mg/kg twice weekly for 52 weeks did not increase serum calcitonin in monkeys or affect thyroid weight, histology, C-cell proliferation, or absolute/relative C-cell volume. This study represents a comprehensive evaluation of the monkey thyroid C cells after dosing with a GLP-1 receptor agonist, with a large group size, and measurement of multiple relevant parameters. The lack of effect of dulaglutide on C cells is consistent with other studies in monkeys using GLP-1 receptor agonists and suggests that nonhuman primates are less sensitive than rodents to the induction of proliferative changes in thyroid C cells by GLP-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Vahle
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Richard A Byrd
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jamie L Blackbourne
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Steven D Sorden
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Thomas Ryan
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Thomas Pienkowski
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - John A Wijsman
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Holly W Smith
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Eli Lilly and Company (J.L.V., R.A.B., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.A.W., H.W.S.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; and Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Byrd RA, Sorden SD, Ryan T, Pienkowski T, LaRock R, Quander R, Wijsman JA, Smith HW, Blackbourne JL, Rosol TJ, Long GG, Martin JA, Vahle JL. Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of the Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Dulaglutide in Rodents. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2417-28. [PMID: 25860029 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumorigenic potential of dulaglutide was evaluated in rats and transgenic mice. Rats were injected sc twice weekly for 93 weeks with dulaglutide 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1.5, or 5 mg/kg corresponding to 0, 0.5, 7, 20, and 58 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose based on plasma area under the curve. Transgenic mice were dosed sc twice weekly with dulaglutide 0, 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg for 26 weeks. Dulaglutide effects were limited to the thyroid C-cells. In rats, diffuse C-cell hyperplasia and adenomas were statistically increased at 0.5 mg/kg or greater (P ≤ .01 at 5 mg/kg), and C-cell carcinomas were numerically increased at 5 mg/kg. Focal C-cell hyperplasia was higher compared with controls in females given 0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg. In transgenic mice, no dulaglutide-related C-cell hyperplasia or neoplasia was observed at any dose; however, minimal cytoplasmic hypertrophy of C cells was observed in all dulaglutide groups. Systemic exposures decreased over time in mice, possibly due to an antidrug antibody response. In a 52-week study designed to quantitate C-cell mass and plasma calcitonin responses, rats received twice-weekly sc injections of dulaglutide 0 or 5 mg/kg. Dulaglutide increased focal C-cell hyperplasia; however, quantitative increases in C-cell mass did not occur. Consistent with the lack of morphometric changes in C-cell mass, dulaglutide did not affect the incidence of diffuse C-cell hyperplasia or basal or calcium-stimulated plasma calcitonin, suggesting that diffuse increases in C-cell mass did not occur during the initial 52 weeks of the rat carcinogenicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Byrd
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Steven D Sorden
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Thomas Ryan
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Thomas Pienkowski
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Richard LaRock
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Ricardo Quander
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - John A Wijsman
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Holly W Smith
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Jamie L Blackbourne
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Gerald G Long
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
| | - John L Vahle
- Department of Toxicology, Pathology, and Drug Disposition (R.A.B., J.A.W., H.W.S., J.L.B., J.A.M., J.L.V.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285; Early Development (S.D.S., T.R., T.P., R.L., R.Q.), Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin 53704; Department of Veterinary Biosciences (T.J.R.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc (G.G.L.), Sterling, Virginia 20166
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Vahle JL, Byrd RA, Blackbourne JL, Martin JA, Sorden SD, Ryan T, Pienkowski T, Rosol TJ, Snyder PW, Klöppel G. Effects of the GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Dulaglutide on the Structure of the Exocrine Pancreas of Cynomolgus Monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1004-14. [PMID: 26059826 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315588999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and nonclinical studies have implicated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist therapy as a risk factor for acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is critical to understand the effect that dulaglutide, an approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, has on the exocrine pancreas. Dulaglutide 8.15 mg/kg (approximately 500 times the maximum recommended human dose based on plasma exposure) was administered twice weekly for 12 months to cynomolgus monkeys. Serum amylase and lipase activities were measured and 6 sections of each pancreas were examined microscopically. Ductal epithelial cell proliferation was estimated using Ki67 labeling. Dulaglutide administration did not alter serum amylase or lipase activities measured at the end of treatment compared to control values. An extensive histologic evaluation of the pancreas revealed no changes in the acinar or endocrine portions and no evidence of pancreatitis, necrosis, or pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. An increase in goblet cells noted in 4 of the 19 treated monkeys was considered an effect of dulaglutide but was not associated with dilation, blockage, or accumulation of mucin in the pancreatic duct. There was no difference in cell proliferation in ductal epithelium between control and dulaglutide-treated monkeys. These data reveal that chronic dosing of nondiabetic primates with dulaglutide does not induce inflammatory or preneoplastic changes in exocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Vahle
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Ryan
- Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Williams C, Hambridge K, Petchey M, Martin JA, Spencer K. Undetectable pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in antenatal serum Down's syndrome screening: a case of assay interference. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 52:615-9. [PMID: 25995284 DOI: 10.1177/0004563215590450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is measured in Down's syndrome screening, routinely offered to women in pregnancy. We present the case of an undetectable pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A concentration on the PerkinElmer AutoDELFIA system where immunoassay interference was suspected. Investigations performed, including dilution and recovery studies and antibody-blocking tube incubations, all yielded serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A concentrations of <25 mU/L. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A was also undetectable on two alternative pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A assays. An experimental manual Delfia procedure suggested the site of interference was between the secondary antibody and the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A molecule. This case of negative interference in the PerkinElmer pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A assay produced a falsely high Down's syndrome risk that might have led to an unnecessary invasive procedure with the potential for fetal loss. This highlights the need for Down's syndrome screening laboratories to be vigilant to immunoassay interference due to the significant impact of the results on patient decision outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - K Hambridge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - M Petchey
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Coventry, Clifford Coventry, UK
| | - J A Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - K Spencer
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, King George Hospital, Goodmayes, Essex, UK
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Martin JA, Mirau PA, Chushak Y, Chávez JL, Naik RR, Hagen JA, Kelley-Loughnane N. Single-Round Patterned DNA Library Microarray Aptamer Lead Identification. J Anal Methods Chem 2015; 2015:137489. [PMID: 26075138 PMCID: PMC4446497 DOI: 10.1155/2015/137489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A method for identifying an aptamer in a single round was developed using custom DNA microarrays containing computationally derived patterned libraries incorporating no information on the sequences of previously reported thrombin binding aptamers. The DNA library was specifically designed to increase the probability of binding by enhancing structural complexity in a sequence-space confined environment, much like generating lead compounds in a combinatorial drug screening library. The sequence demonstrating the highest fluorescence intensity upon target addition was confirmed to bind the target molecule thrombin with specificity by surface plasmon resonance, and a novel imino proton NMR/2D NOESY combination was used to screen the structure for G-quartet formation. We propose that the lack of G-quartet structure in microarray-derived aptamers may highlight differences in binding mechanisms between surface-immobilized and solution based strategies. This proof-of-principle study highlights the use of a computational driven methodology to create a DNA library rather than a SELEX based approach. This work is beneficial to the biosensor field where aptamers selected by solution based evolution have proven challenging to retain binding function when immobilized on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Martin
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Peter A. Mirau
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Yaroslav Chushak
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Jorge L. Chávez
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- UES Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hagen
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
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Martin JA, Smith JE, Warren M, Chávez JL, Hagen JA, Kelley-Loughnane N. A method for selecting structure-switching aptamers applied to a colorimetric gold nanoparticle assay. J Vis Exp 2015:e52545. [PMID: 25870978 PMCID: PMC4401151 DOI: 10.3791/52545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules provide rich targets for biosensing applications due to their physiological implications as biomarkers of various aspects of human health and performance. Nucleic acid aptamers have been increasingly applied as recognition elements on biosensor platforms, but selecting aptamers toward small molecule targets requires special design considerations. This work describes modification and critical steps of a method designed to select structure-switching aptamers to small molecule targets. Binding sequences from a DNA library hybridized to complementary DNA capture probes on magnetic beads are separated from nonbinders via a target-induced change in conformation. This method is advantageous because sequences binding the support matrix (beads) will not be further amplified, and it does not require immobilization of the target molecule. However, the melting temperature of the capture probe and library is kept at or slightly above RT, such that sequences that dehybridize based on thermodynamics will also be present in the supernatant solution. This effectively limits the partitioning efficiency (ability to separate target binding sequences from nonbinders), and therefore many selection rounds will be required to remove background sequences. The reported method differs from previous structure-switching aptamer selections due to implementation of negative selection steps, simplified enrichment monitoring, and extension of the length of the capture probe following selection enrichment to provide enhanced stringency. The selected structure-switching aptamers are advantageous in a gold nanoparticle assay platform that reports the presence of a target molecule by the conformational change of the aptamer. The gold nanoparticle assay was applied because it provides a simple, rapid colorimetric readout that is beneficial in a clinical or deployed environment. Design and optimization considerations are presented for the assay as proof-of-principle work in buffer to provide a foundation for further extension of the work toward small molecule biosensing in physiological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Martin
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation
| | - Joshua E Smith
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation
| | - Mercedes Warren
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
| | - Jorge L Chávez
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; UES, Inc
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base;
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Abstract
The "thoracic spine sign" is visualized when anechoic or hypoechoic fluid is present in the pleural space. Fluid serves as a medium through which the thoracic vertebral bodies are visualized above the diaphragm. We present three cases of emergency department patients with a thoracic spine sign identified on bedside ultrasound. These patients were subsequently diagnosed with pleural fluid accumulations on chest radiograph. Our findings suggest that the identification of the sonographic spine sign may aid the physician in the evaluation and diagnosis of emergency department patients with thoracic complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Aziz R Ahmed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Turandot Saul
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Resa E Lewiss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Martin JA, Chávez JL, Chushak Y, Chapleau RR, Hagen J, Kelley-Loughnane N. Tunable stringency aptamer selection and gold nanoparticle assay for detection of cortisol. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4637-47. [PMID: 24880870 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The first-known aptamer for the stress biomarker cortisol was selected using a tunable stringency magnetic bead selection strategy. The capture DNA probe immobilized on the beads was systematically lengthened to increase the number of bases bound to the complementary pool primer regions following selection enrichment. This resulted in a single sequence (15-1) dominating the final round 15 pool, where the same sequence was the second-highest copy number candidate in the enriched pool with the shorter capture DNA probe (round 13). A thorough analysis of the next-generation sequencing results showed that a high copy number may only correlate with enhanced affinity under certain stringency and enrichment conditions, in contrast with prior published reports. Aptamer 15-1 demonstrated enhanced binding to cortisol (K(d) = 6.9 ± 2.8 μM by equilibrium dialysis; 16.1 ± 0.6 μM by microscale thermophoresis) when compared with the top sequence from round 13 and the negative control progesterone. Whereas most aptamer selections terminate at the selection round demonstrating the highest enrichment, this work shows that extending the selection with higher stringency conditions leads to lower amounts eluted by the target but higher copy numbers of a sequence with enhanced binding. The structure-switching aptamer was applied to a gold nanoparticle assay in buffer and was shown to discriminate between cortisol and two other stress biomarkers, norepinephrine and epinephrine, and a structurally analogous biomarker of liver dysfunction, cholic acid. We believe this approach enhances aptamer selection and serves as proof-of-principle work toward development of point-of-care diagnostics for medical, combat, or bioterrorism targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Martin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
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Fowler TL, Martin JA, Shepard AJ, Bailey AM, Nickel KP, Kimple RJ, Bednarz BP. WE-E-BRE-03: Biological Validation of a Novel High-Throughput Irradiator for Predictive Radiation Sensitivity Bioassays. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Adams AC, Halstead CA, Hansen BC, Irizarry AR, Martin JA, Myers SR, Reynolds VL, Smith HW, Wroblewski VJ, Kharitonenkov A. LY2405319, an Engineered FGF21 Variant, Improves the Metabolic Status of Diabetic Monkeys. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65763. [PMID: 23823755 PMCID: PMC3688819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic regulator that represents a promising target for the treatment of several metabolic diseases. Administration of recombinant wild type FGF21 to diabetic animals leads to a dramatic improvement in glycaemia and ameliorates other systemic measures of metabolic health. Here we report the pharmacologic outcomes observed in non-human primates upon administration of a recently described FGF21 analogue, LY2405319 (LY). Diabetic rhesus monkeys were treated subcutaneously with LY once daily for a period of seven weeks. The doses of LY used were 3, 9 and 50 mg/kg each delivered in an escalating fashion with washout measurements taken at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks following the final LY dose. LY therapy led to a dramatic and rapid lowering of several important metabolic parameters including glucose, body weight, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels at all doses tested. In addition, we observed favorable changes in circulating profiles of adipokines, with increased adiponectin and reduced leptin indicative of direct FGF21 action on adipose tissue. Importantly, and for the first time we show that FGF21 based therapy has metabolic efficacy in an animal with late stage diabetes. While the glycemic efficacy of LY in this animal was partially attenuated its lipid lowering effect was fully preserved suggesting that FGF21 may be a viable treatment option even in patients with advanced disease progression. These findings support continued exploration of the FGF21 pathway for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Halstead
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Barbara C. Hansen
- Center for Preclinical Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Armando R. Irizarry
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Martin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Myers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vincent L. Reynolds
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Holly W. Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Victor J. Wroblewski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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