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Kohler AR, Scheil A, Hill JL, Allen JR, Al-Haddad JM, Goeckeritz CZ, Strader LC, Telewski FW, Hollender CA. Defying gravity: WEEP promotes negative gravitropism in peach trees by establishing asymmetric auxin gradients. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1229-1255. [PMID: 38366651 PMCID: PMC11142379 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Trees with weeping shoot architectures are valued for their beauty and are a resource for understanding how plants regulate posture control. The peach (Prunus persica) weeping phenotype, which has elliptical downward arching branches, is caused by a homozygous mutation in the WEEP gene. Little is known about the function of WEEP despite its high conservation throughout Plantae. Here, we present the results of anatomical, biochemical, biomechanical, physiological, and molecular experiments that provide insight into WEEP function. Our data suggest that weeping peach trees do not have defects in branch structure. Rather, transcriptomes from the adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) sides of standard and weeping branch shoot tips revealed flipped expression patterns for genes associated with early auxin response, tissue patterning, cell elongation, and tension wood development. This suggests that WEEP promotes polar auxin transport toward the lower side during shoot gravitropic response, leading to cell elongation and tension wood development. In addition, weeping peach trees exhibited steeper root systems and faster lateral root gravitropic response. This suggests that WEEP moderates root gravitropism and is essential to establishing the set-point angle of lateral roots from the gravity vector. Additionally, size exclusion chromatography indicated that WEEP proteins self-oligomerize, like other proteins with sterile alpha motif domains. Collectively, our results from weeping peach provide insight into polar auxin transport mechanisms associated with gravitropism and lateral shoot and root orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Kohler
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrew Scheil
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Joseph L Hill
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Allen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jameel M Al-Haddad
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Charity Z Goeckeritz
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Frank W Telewski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Courtney A Hollender
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Trozzi N. What makes a tree weep? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1097-1099. [PMID: 38487878 PMCID: PMC11142343 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Trozzi
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Zeng W, Wang X, Li M. PINOID-centered genetic interactions mediate auxin action in cotyledon formation. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e587. [PMID: 38766507 PMCID: PMC11099747 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Auxin plays a key role in plant growth and development through auxin local synthesis, polar transport, and auxin signaling. Many previous reports on Arabidopsis have found that various types of auxin-related genes are involved in the development of the cotyledon, including the number, symmetry, and morphology of the cotyledon. However, the molecular mechanism by which auxin is involved in cotyledon formation remains to be elucidated. PID, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase localized to the plasma membrane, has been found to phosphorylate the PIN1 protein and regulate its polar distribution in the cell. The loss of function of pid resulted in an abnormal number of cotyledons and defects in inflorescence. It was interesting that the pid mutant interacted synergistically with various types of mutant to generate the severe developmental defect without cotyledon. PID and these genes were indicated to be strongly correlated with cotyledon formation. In this review, PID-centered genetic interactions, related gene functions, and corresponding possible pathways are discussed, providing a perspective that PID and its co-regulators control cotyledon formation through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- College of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyangChina
| | - Xiutao Wang
- College of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyangChina
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Life ScienceXinyang Normal UniversityXinyangChina
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4
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Kulich I, Schmid J, Teplova A, Qi L, Friml J. Rapid translocation of NGR proteins driving polarization of PIN-activating D6 protein kinase during root gravitropism. eLife 2024; 12:RP91523. [PMID: 38441122 PMCID: PMC10942638 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Root gravitropic bending represents a fundamental aspect of terrestrial plant physiology. Gravity is perceived by sedimentation of starch-rich plastids (statoliths) to the bottom of the central root cap cells. Following gravity perception, intercellular auxin transport is redirected downwards leading to an asymmetric auxin accumulation at the lower root side causing inhibition of cell expansion, ultimately resulting in downwards bending. How gravity-induced statoliths repositioning is translated into asymmetric auxin distribution remains unclear despite PIN auxin efflux carriers and the Negative Gravitropic Response of roots (NGR) proteins polarize along statolith sedimentation, thus providing a plausible mechanism for auxin flow redirection. In this study, using a functional NGR1-GFP construct, we visualized the NGR1 localization on the statolith surface and plasma membrane (PM) domains in close proximity to the statoliths, correlating with their movements. We determined that NGR1 binding to these PM domains is indispensable for NGR1 functionality and relies on cysteine acylation and adjacent polybasic regions as well as on lipid and sterol PM composition. Detailed timing of the early events following graviperception suggested that both NGR1 repolarization and initial auxin asymmetry precede the visible PIN3 polarization. This discrepancy motivated us to unveil a rapid, NGR-dependent translocation of PIN-activating AGCVIII kinase D6PK towards lower PMs of gravity-perceiving cells, thus providing an attractive model for rapid redirection of auxin fluxes following gravistimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kulich
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Julia Schmid
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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5
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Adamowski M, Matijević I, Friml J. Developmental patterning function of GNOM ARF-GEF mediated from the cell periphery. eLife 2024; 13:e68993. [PMID: 38381485 PMCID: PMC10881123 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The GNOM (GN) Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor for ARF small GTPases (ARF-GEF) is among the best studied trafficking regulators in plants, playing crucial and unique developmental roles in patterning and polarity. The current models place GN at the Golgi apparatus (GA), where it mediates secretion/recycling, and at the plasma membrane (PM) presumably contributing to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The mechanistic basis of the developmental function of GN, distinct from the other ARF-GEFs including its closest homologue GNOM-LIKE1 (GNL1), remains elusive. Insights from this study largely extend the current notions of GN function. We show that GN, but not GNL1, localizes to the cell periphery at long-lived structures distinct from clathrin-coated pits, while CME and secretion proceed normally in gn knockouts. The functional GN mutant variant GNfewerroots, absent from the GA, suggests that the cell periphery is the major site of GN action responsible for its developmental function. Following inhibition by Brefeldin A, GN, but not GNL1, relocates to the PM likely on exocytic vesicles, suggesting selective molecular associations en route to the cell periphery. A study of GN-GNL1 chimeric ARF-GEFs indicates that all GN domains contribute to the specific GN function in a partially redundant manner. Together, this study offers significant steps toward the elucidation of the mechanism underlying unique cellular and development functions of GNOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research InstituteBłoniePoland
| | - Ivana Matijević
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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6
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Cho Y, Kim Y, Lee H, Kim S, Kang J, Kadam US, Ju Park S, Sik Chung W, Chan Hong J. Cellular and physiological functions of SGR family in gravitropic response in higher plants. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00039-0. [PMID: 38295878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, gravity directs bidirectional growth; it specifies upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots. Due to gravity, roots establish robust anchorage and shoot, which enables to photosynthesize. It sets optimum posture and develops plant architecture to efficiently use resources like water, nutrients, CO2, and gaseous exchange. Hence, gravitropism is crucial for crop productivity as well as for the growth of plants in challenging climate. Some SGR members are known to affect tiller and shoot angle, organ size, and inflorescence stem in plants. AIM OF REVIEW Although the SHOOT GRAVITROPISM (SGR) family plays a key role in regulating the fate of shoot gravitropism, little is known about its function compared to other proteins involved in gravity response in plant cells and tissues. Moreover, less information on the SGR family's physiological activities and biochemical responses in shoot gravitropism is available. This review scrutinizes and highlights the recent developments in shoot gravitropism and provides an outlook for future crop development, multi-application scenarios, and translational research to improve agricultural productivity. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Plants have evolved multiple gene families specialized in gravitropic responses, of which the SGR family is highly significant. The SGR family regulates the plant's gravity response by regulating specific physiological and biochemical processes such as transcription, cell division, amyloplast sedimentation, endodermis development, and vacuole formation. Here, we analyze the latest discoveries in shoot gravitropism with particular attention to SGR proteins in plant cell biology, cellular physiology, and homeostasis. Plant cells detect gravity signals by sedimentation of amyloplast (starch granules) in the direction of gravity, and the signaling cascade begins. Gravity sensing, signaling, and auxin redistribution (organ curvature) are the three components of plant gravitropism. Eventually, we focus on the role of multiple SGR genes in shoot and present a complete update on the participation of SGR family members in gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cho
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebi Lee
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sundong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Kang
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulhas S Kadam
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Nawkar GM, Legris M, Goyal A, Schmid-Siegert E, Fleury J, Mucciolo A, De Bellis D, Trevisan M, Schueler A, Fankhauser C. Air channels create a directional light signal to regulate hypocotyl phototropism. Science 2023; 382:935-940. [PMID: 37995216 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In plants, light direction is perceived by the phototropin photoreceptors, which trigger directional growth responses known as phototropism. The formation of a phototropin activation gradient across a photosensitive organ initiates this response. However, the optical tissue properties that functionally contribute to phototropism remain unclear. In this work, we show that intercellular air channels limit light transmittance through various organs in several species. Air channels enhance light scattering in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, thereby steepening the light gradient. This is required for an efficient phototropic response in Arabidopsis and Brassica. We identified an embryonically expressed ABC transporter required for the presence of air channels in seedlings and a structure surrounding them. Our work provides insights into intercellular air space development or maintenance and identifies a mechanism of directional light sensing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh M Nawkar
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Legris
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anupama Goyal
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Schmid-Siegert
- SIB, Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Fleury
- EPFL Renewable Energies Cluster ENAC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- Electron Microscopy Facility, EMF, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Electron Microscopy Facility, EMF, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Trevisan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schueler
- EPFL Renewable Energies Cluster ENAC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Wang M, Zheng S, Han J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Tang X, Zhou C. Nyctinastic movement in legumes: Developmental mechanisms, factors and biological significance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3206-3217. [PMID: 37614098 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, a common phenomenon known as nyctinastic movement is observed. This movement involves the horizontal expansion of leaves during the day and relative vertical closure at night. Nyctinastic movement is driven by the pulvinus, which consists of flexor and extensor motor cells. The turgor pressure difference between these two cell types generates a driving force for the bending and deformation of the pulvinus. This review focuses on the developmental mechanisms of the pulvinus, the factors affecting nyctinastic movement, and the biological significance of this phenomenon in legumes, thus providing a reference for further research on nyctinastic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuze Zheng
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyi Han
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ximi Tang
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- School of Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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9
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Brooks CJ, Atamian HS, Harmer SL. Multiple light signaling pathways control solar tracking in sunflowers. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002344. [PMID: 37906610 PMCID: PMC10617704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunflowers are famous for their ability to track the sun throughout the day and then reorient at night to face east the following morning. This occurs by differential growth patterns, with the east sides of stems growing more during the day and the west sides of stems growing more at night. This process, termed heliotropism, is generally believed to be a specialized form of phototropism; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. To better understand heliotropism, we compared gene expression patterns in plants undergoing phototropism in a controlled environment and in plants initiating and maintaining heliotropic growth in the field. We found the expected transcriptome signatures of phototropin-mediated phototropism in sunflower stems bending towards monochromatic blue light. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of these phototropism-regulated genes are quite different in heliotropic plants. Most genes rapidly induced during phototropism display only minor differences in expression across solar tracking stems. However, some genes that are both rapidly induced during phototropism and are implicated in growth responses to foliar shade are rapidly induced on the west sides of stems at the onset of heliotropism, suggesting a possible role for red light photoreceptors in solar tracking. To test the involvement of different photoreceptor signaling pathways in heliotropism, we modulated the light environment of plants initiating solar tracking. We found that depletion of either red and far-red light or blue light did not hinder the initiation or maintenance of heliotropism in the field. Together, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of heliotropism is distinct from phototropin-mediated phototropism and likely involves inputs from multiple light signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Brooks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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10
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Pukyšová V, Sans Sánchez A, Rudolf J, Nodzyński T, Zwiewka M. Arabidopsis flippase ALA3 is required for adjustment of early subcellular trafficking in plant response to osmotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4959-4977. [PMID: 37353222 PMCID: PMC10498020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
To compensate for their sessile lifestyle, plants developed several responses to exogenous changes. One of the previously investigated and not yet fully understood adaptations occurs at the level of early subcellular trafficking, which needs to be rapidly adjusted to maintain cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity under osmotic stress conditions. To form a vesicle, the membrane needs to be deformed, which is ensured by multiple factors, including the activity of specific membrane proteins, such as flippases from the family of P4-ATPases. The membrane pumps actively translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic/luminal to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet to generate curvature, which might be coupled with recruitment of proteins involved in vesicle formation at specific sites of the donor membrane. We show that lack of the AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE3 (ALA3) flippase activity caused defects at the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network, resulting in altered endocytosis and secretion, processes relying on vesicle formation and movement. The mentioned cellular defects were translated into decreased intracellular trafficking flexibility failing to adjust the root growth on osmotic stress-eliciting media. In conclusion, we show that ALA3 cooperates with ARF-GEF BIG5/BEN1 and ARF1A1C/BEX1 in a similar regulatory pathway to vesicle formation, and together they are important for plant adaptation to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vendula Pukyšová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrià Sans Sánchez
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Rudolf
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Kamenice 5, CZ 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Roychoudhry S, Sageman-Furnas K, Wolverton C, Grones P, Tan S, Molnár G, De Angelis M, Goodman HL, Capstaff N, Lloyd JPB, Mullen J, Hangarter R, Friml J, Kepinski S. Antigravitropic PIN polarization maintains non-vertical growth in lateral roots. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1500-1513. [PMID: 37666965 PMCID: PMC10505559 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots are typically maintained at non-vertical angles with respect to gravity. These gravitropic setpoint angles are intriguing because their maintenance requires that roots are able to effect growth response both with and against the gravity vector, a phenomenon previously attributed to gravitropism acting against an antigravitropic offset mechanism. Here we show how the components mediating gravitropism in the vertical primary root-PINs and phosphatases acting upon them-are reconfigured in their regulation such that lateral root growth at a range of angles can be maintained. We show that the ability of Arabidopsis lateral roots to bend both downward and upward requires the generation of auxin asymmetries and is driven by angle-dependent variation in downward gravitropic auxin flux acting against angle-independent upward, antigravitropic flux. Further, we demonstrate a symmetry in auxin distribution in lateral roots at gravitropic setpoint angle that can be traced back to a net, balanced polarization of PIN3 and PIN7 auxin transporters in the columella. These auxin fluxes are shifted by altering PIN protein phosphoregulation in the columella, either by introducing PIN3 phosphovariant versions or via manipulation of levels of the phosphatase subunit PP2A/RCN1. Finally, we show that auxin, in addition to driving lateral root directional growth, acts within the lateral root columella to induce more vertical growth by increasing RCN1 levels, causing a downward shift in PIN3 localization, thereby diminishing the magnitude of the upward, antigravitropic auxin flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katelyn Sageman-Furnas
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Heather L Goodman
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Tropic Biosciences Ltd, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicola Capstaff
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Science, Innovation and Technology, UK Government, London, UK
| | - James P B Lloyd
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jack Mullen
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roger Hangarter
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Kohler AR, Scheil A, Hill JL, Allen JR, Al-Haddad JM, Goeckeritz CZ, Strader LC, Telewski FW, Hollender CA. Defying Gravity: WEEP promotes negative gravitropism in Prunus persica (peach) shoots and roots by establishing asymmetric auxin gradients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542472. [PMID: 37292987 PMCID: PMC10245973 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trees with weeping shoot architectures are valued for their beauty and serve as tremendous resources for understanding how plants regulate posture control. The Prunus persica (peach) weeping phenotype, which has elliptical downward arching branches, is caused by a homozygous mutation in the WEEP gene. Until now, little was known about the function of WEEP protein despite its high conservation throughout Plantae. Here, we present the results of anatomical, biochemical, biomechanical, physiological, and molecular experiments that provide insight into WEEP function. Our data suggest that weeping peach does not have defects in branch structure. Rather, transcriptomes from the adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) sides of standard and weeping branch shoot tips revealed flipped expression patterns for genes associated with early auxin response, tissue patterning, cell elongation, and tension wood development. This suggests that WEEP promotes polar auxin transport toward the lower side during shoot gravitropic response, leading to cell elongation and tension wood development. In addition, weeping peach trees exhibited steeper root systems and faster root gravitropic response, just as barley and wheat with mutations in their WEEP homolog EGT2. This suggests that the role of WEEP in regulating lateral organ angles and orientations during gravitropism may be conserved. Additionally, size-exclusion chromatography indicated that WEEP proteins self-oligomerize, like other SAM-domain proteins. This oligomerization may be required for WEEP to function in formation of protein complexes during auxin transport. Collectively, our results from weeping peach provide new insight into polar auxin transport mechanisms associated with gravitropism and lateral shoot and root orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Kohler
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Andrew Scheil
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Joseph L. Hill
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | - Jameel M. Al-Haddad
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | | | - Frank W. Telewski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Xu J, Han L, Xia S, Zhu R, Kang E, Shang Z. ATANN3 Is Involved in Extracellular ATP-Regulated Auxin Distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:330. [PMID: 36679043 PMCID: PMC9867528 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) plays multiple roles in plant growth and development, and stress responses. It has been revealed that eATP suppresses growth and alters the growth orientation of the root and hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana by affecting auxin transport and localization in these organs. However, the mechanism of the eATP-stimulated auxin distribution remains elusive. Annexins are involved in multiple aspects of plant cellular metabolism, while their role in response to apoplastic signals remains unclear. Here, by using the loss-of-function mutations, we investigated the role of AtANN3 in the eATP-regulated root and hypocotyl growth. Firstly, the inhibitory effects of eATP on root and hypocotyl elongation were weakened or impaired in the AtANN3 null mutants (atann3-1 and atann3-2). Meanwhile, the distribution of DR5-GUS and DR5-GFP indicated that the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of auxin in the root tips or hypocotyl cells occurred in wild-type control plants, while in atann3-1 mutant seedlings, it was not observed. Further, the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of PIN2-GFP in root-tip cells or that of PIN3-GFP in hypocotyl cells was reduced in atann3-1 seedlings. Finally, the eATP-induced asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic vesicles in root-tip cells was impaired in atann3-1 seedlings. Based on these results, we suggest that AtANN3 may be involved in eATP-regulated seedling growth by regulating the distribution of auxin and auxin transporters in vegetative organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erfang Kang
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-(311)-8078-7565 (E.K.); +86-(311)-8078-7570 (Z.S.)
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (Z.S.); Tel.: +86-(311)-8078-7565 (E.K.); +86-(311)-8078-7570 (Z.S.)
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14
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Local light signaling at the leaf tip drives remote differential petiole growth through auxin-gibberellin dynamics. Curr Biol 2023; 33:75-85.e5. [PMID: 36538931 PMCID: PMC9839380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although plants are immobile, many of their organs are flexible to move in response to environmental cues. In dense vegetation, plants detect neighbors through far-red light perception with their leaf tip. They respond remotely, with asymmetrical growth between the abaxial and adaxial sides of the leafstalk, the petiole. This results in upward movement that brings the leaf blades into better lit zones of the canopy. The plant hormone auxin is required for this response, but it is not understood how non-differential leaf tip-derived auxin can remotely regulate movement. Here, we show that remote signaling of far-red light promotes auxin accumulation in the abaxial petiole. This local auxin accumulation is facilitated by reinforcing an intrinsic directionality of the auxin transport protein PIN3 on the petiole endodermis, as visualized with a PIN3-GFP line. Using an auxin biosensor, we show that auxin accumulates in all cell layers from endodermis to epidermis in the abaxial petiole, upon far-red light signaling in the remote leaf tip. In the petiole, auxin elicits a response to both auxin itself as well as a second growth promoter; gibberellin. We show that this dual regulation is necessary for hyponastic leaf movement in response to light. Our data indicate that gibberellin is required to permit cell growth, whereas differential auxin accumulation determines which cells can grow. Our results reveal how plants can spatially relay information about neighbor proximity from their sensory leaf tips to the petiole base, thus driving adaptive growth.
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15
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Kawamoto N, Morita MT. Gravity sensing and responses in the coordination of the shoot gravitropic setpoint angle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1637-1654. [PMID: 36089891 PMCID: PMC9828789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is one of the fundamental environmental cues that affect plant development. Indeed, the plant architecture in the shoots and roots is modulated by gravity. Stems grow vertically upward, whereas lateral organs, such as the lateral branches in shoots, tend to grow at a specific angle according to a gravity vector known as the gravitropic setpoint angle (GSA). During this process, gravity is sensed in specialised gravity-sensing cells named statocytes, which convert gravity information into biochemical signals, leading to asymmetric auxin distribution and driving asymmetric cell division/expansion in the organs to achieve gravitropism. As a hypothetical offset mechanism against gravitropism to determine the GSA, the anti-gravitropic offset (AGO) has been proposed. According to this concept, the GSA is a balance of two antagonistic growth components, that is gravitropism and the AGO. Although the nature of the AGO has not been clarified, studies have suggested that gravitropism and the AGO share a common gravity-sensing mechanism in statocytes. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying gravitropism as well as the hypothetical AGO in the control of the GSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kawamoto
- Division of Plant Environmental ResponsesNational Institute for Basic BiologyMyodaijiOkazaki444‐8556Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental ResponsesNational Institute for Basic BiologyMyodaijiOkazaki444‐8556Japan
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16
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Manna M, Rengasamy B, Ambasht NK, Sinha AK. Characterization and expression profiling of PIN auxin efflux transporters reveal their role in developmental and abiotic stress conditions in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059559. [PMID: 36531415 PMCID: PMC9751476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The auxin efflux transporter proteins called PINs ferry auxin from its source to sinks in particular directions depending on their polar localizations in the plasma membrane, thus facilitating the development of the entire plant architecture. The rice genome has 12 PIN genes distributed over eight chromosomes. To study their roles in plant development, abiotic stress responsiveness, and shaping an auxin-dependent root architecture, a genome-wide analysis was carried out. Based on phylogeny, cellular localization, and hydrophilic loop domain size, the PINs were categorized into canonical and noncanonical PINs. PINs were found expressed in all of the organs of plants that emphasized their indispensable role throughout the plant's life cycle. We discovered that PIN5C and PIN9 were upregulated during salt and drought stress. We also found that regardless of its cellular level, auxin functioned as a molecular switch to turn on auxin biosynthesis genes. On the contrary, although PIN expression was upregulated upon initial treatment with auxin, prolonged auxin treatment not only led to their downregulation but also led to the development of auxin-dependent altered root formation in rice. Our study paves the way for developing stress-tolerant rice and plants with a desirable root architecture by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Manna
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Osorio-Navarro C, Toledo J, Norambuena L. Sucrose targets clathrin-mediated endocytosis kinetics supporting cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987191. [PMID: 36330253 PMCID: PMC9623095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is a central regulator of plant growth and development, coordinating cell division and cell elongation according to the energy status of plants. Sucrose is known to stimulate bulk endocytosis in cultured cells; however, its physiological role has not been described to date. Our work shows that sucrose supplementation induces root cell elongation and endocytosis. Sucrose targets clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in epidermal cells. Its presence decreases the abundance of both the clathrin coating complex and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate at the plasma membrane, while increasing clathrin complex abundance in intracellular spaces. Sucrose decreases the plasma membrane residence time of the clathrin complex, indicating that it controls the kinetics of endocytic vesicle formation and internalization. CME regulation by sucrose is inducible and reversible; this on/off mechanism reveals an endocytosis-mediated mechanism for sensing plant energy status and signaling root elongation. The sucrose monosaccharide fructose also induces CME, while glucose and mannitol have no effect, demonstrating the specificity of the process. Overall, our data show that sucrose can mediate CME, which demonstrates that sucrose signaling for plant growth and development is dependent on endomembrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Osorio-Navarro
- Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Red de Equipamiento Científico Avanzado (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Yoshikay-Benitez DA, Yokoyama Y, Ohira K, Fujita K, Tomiie A, Kijidani Y, Shigeto J, Tsutsumi Y. Populus alba cationic cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPO-C) regulates the plant growth and affects auxin concentration in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1671-1680. [PMID: 36387972 PMCID: PMC9636347 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The poplar cationic cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPO-C) mediates the oxidative polymerization of lignin precursors, especially sinapyl alcohols, and high molecular weight compounds that cannot be oxidized by other plant peroxidases, including horseradish peroxidase C. Therefore, CWPO-C is believed to be a lignification-specific peroxidase, but direct evidence of its function is lacking. Thus, the CWPO-C expression pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) was determined using the β-glucuronidase gene as a reporter. Our data indicated that CWPO-C was expressed in young organs, including the meristem, leaf, root, flower, and young xylem in the upper part of the stem. Compared with the wild-type control, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CWPO-C had shorter stems. Approximately 60% of the plants in the transgenic line with the highest CWPO-C content had curled stems. These results indicate that CWPO-C plays a role in cell elongation. When plants were placed horizontally, induced CWPO-C expression was detected in the curved part of the stem during the gravitropic response. The stem curvature associated with gravitropism is controlled by auxin localization. The time needed for Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CWPO-C placed horizontally to bend by 90° was almost double the time required for the similarly treated wild-type controls. Moreover, the auxin content was significantly lower in the CWPO-C-overexpressing plants than in the wild-type plants. These results strongly suggest that CWPO-C has pleiotropic effects on plant growth and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation. These effects may be mediated by altered IAA concentration due to oxidation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01241-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alonso Yoshikay-Benitez
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yokoyama
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kaori Ohira
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Koki Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Azusa Tomiie
- Division of Forest and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshio Kijidani
- Division of Forest and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibana-dai Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Jun Shigeto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
- Office of Research and Academia Government Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511 Japan
| | - Yuji Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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Cheng S, Wang Y. Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923293. [PMID: 35968084 PMCID: PMC9363823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Zhang F, Li C, Qu X, Liu J, Yu Z, Wang J, Zhu J, Yu Y, Ding Z. A feedback regulation between ARF7-mediated auxin signaling and auxin homeostasis involving MES17 affects plant gravitropism. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1339-1351. [PMID: 35475598 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is an essential adaptive response of land plants. Asymmetric auxin gradients across plant organs, interpreted by multiple auxin signaling components including AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7), trigger differential growth and bending response. However, how this fundamental process is strictly maintained in nature remains unclear. Here, we report that gravity stimulates the transcription of METHYL ESTERASE17 (MES17) along the lower side of the hypocotyl via ARF7-dependent auxin signaling. The asymmetric distribution of MES17, a methyltransferase that converts auxin from its inactive form methyl indole-3-acetic acid ester (MeIAA) to its biologically active form free-IAA, enhanced the gradient of active auxin across the hypocotyl, which in turn reversely amplified the asymmetric auxin responses and differential growth that shape gravitropic bending. Taken together, our findings reveal the novel role of MES17-mediated auxin homeostasis in gravitropic responses and identify an ARF7-triggered feedback mechanism that reinforces the asymmetric distribution of active auxin and strictly controls gravitropism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xingzhen Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zipeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiayong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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22
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Li L, Gallei M, Friml J. Bending to auxin: fast acid growth for tropisms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:440-449. [PMID: 34848141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is the major growth regulator governing tropic responses including gravitropism. Auxin build-up at the lower side of stimulated shoots promotes cell expansion, whereas in roots it inhibits growth, leading to upward shoot bending and downward root bending, respectively. Yet it remains an enigma how the same signal can trigger such opposite cellular responses. In this review, we discuss several recent unexpected insights into the mechanisms underlying auxin regulation of growth, challenging several existing models. We focus on the divergent mechanisms of apoplastic pH regulation in shoots and roots revisiting the classical Acid Growth Theory and discuss coordinated involvement of multiple auxin signaling pathways. From this emerges a more comprehensive, updated picture how auxin regulates growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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23
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Transcription Profile of Auxin Related Genes during Positively Gravitropic Hypocotyl Curvature of Brassica rapa. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091191. [PMID: 35567192 PMCID: PMC9105288 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Unlike typical negative gravitropic curvature, young hypocotyls of Brassica rapa and other dicots exhibit positive gravitropism. This positive curvature occurs at the base of the hypocotyl and is followed by the typical negative gravity-induced curvature. We investigated the role of auxin in both positive and negative hypocotyl curvature by examining the transcription of PIN1, PIN3, IAA5 and ARG1 in curving tissue. We compared tissue extraction of the convex and concave flank with Solid Phase Gene Extraction (SPGE). Based on Ubiquitin1 (UBQ1) as a reference gene, the log (2) fold change of all examined genes was determined. Transcription of the examined genes varied during the graviresponse suggesting that these genes affect differential elongation. The transcription of all genes was upregulated in the lower flank and downregulated in the upper flank during the initial downward curving period. After 48 h, the transcription profile reversed, suggesting that the ensuing negative gravicurvature is controlled by the same genes as the positive gravicurvature. High-spatial resolution profiling using SPGE revealed that the transcription profile of the examined genes was spatially distinct within the curving tissue. The comparison of the hypocotyl transcription profile with the root tip indicated that the tip tissue is a suitable reference for curving hypocotyls and that root and hypocotyl curvature are controlled by the same physiological processes.
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Tissue specificity and responses to abiotic stresses and hormones of PIN genes in rice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Wang X, Han L, Yin H, Zhao Z, Cao H, Shang Z, Kang E. AtANN1 and AtANN2 are involved in phototropism of etiolated hypocotyls of Arabidopsis by regulating auxin distribution. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plab075. [PMID: 35079328 PMCID: PMC8782606 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism is an essential response in some plant organs and features several signalling molecules involved in either photo-sensing or post-sensing responses. Annexins are involved in regulating plant growth and its responses to various stimuli. Here, we provide novel data showing that two members of the Annexin family in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtANN1 and AtANN2, may be involved in the phototropism of etiolated hypocotyls. In wild type, unilateral blue light (BL) induced a strong phototropic response, while red light (RL) only induced a weak response. The responses of single- or double-null mutants of the two annexins, including atann1, atann2 and atann1/atann2, were significantly weaker than those observed in wild type, indicating the involvement of AtANN1 and AtANN2 in BL-induced phototropism. Unilateral BL induced asymmetric distribution of DR5-GFP and PIN3-GFP fluorescence in hypocotyls; notably, fluorescent intensity on the shaded side was markedly stronger than that on the illuminated side. In etiolated atann1, atann2 or atann1/atann2 hypocotyls, unilateral BL-induced asymmetric distributions of DR5-GFP and PIN3-GFP were weakened or impaired. Herein, we suggest that during hypocotyls phototropic response, AtANN1 and AtANN2 may be involved in BL-stimulated signalling by regulating PIN3-charged auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Engineering, Cangzhou Vocation College of Technology, Cangzhou 061001, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hongmin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhenping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Huishu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Erfang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Du M, Bou Daher F, Liu Y, Steward A, Tillmann M, Zhang X, Wong JH, Ren H, Cohen JD, Li C, Gray WM. Biphasic control of cell expansion by auxin coordinates etiolated seedling development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj1570. [PMID: 35020423 PMCID: PMC8754305 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Seedling emergence is critical for food security. It requires rapid hypocotyl elongation and apical hook formation, both of which are mediated by regulated cell expansion. How these events are coordinated in etiolated seedlings is unclear. Here, we show that biphasic control of cell expansion by the phytohormone auxin underlies this process. Shortly after germination, high auxin levels restrain elongation. This provides a temporal window for apical hook formation, involving a gravity-induced auxin maximum on the eventual concave side of the hook. This auxin maximum induces PP2C.D1 expression, leading to asymmetrical H+-ATPase activity across the hypocotyl that contributes to the differential cell elongation underlying hook development. Subsequently, auxin concentrations decline acropetally and switch from restraining to promoting elongation, thereby driving hypocotyl elongation. Our findings demonstrate how differential auxin concentrations throughout the hypocotyl coordinate etiolated development, leading to successful soil emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Du
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrew Steward
- Department of Horticultural Science and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Molly Tillmann
- Department of Horticultural Science and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jeh Haur Wong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jerry D. Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Corresponding author. (C.L.); (W.M.G.)
| | - William M. Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Corresponding author. (C.L.); (W.M.G.)
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27
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Wang W, Gao H, Liang Y, Li J, Wang Y. Molecular basis underlying rice tiller angle: Current progress and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:125-137. [PMID: 34896639 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crop plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that contributes greatly to crop yield. Tiller angle is one of the most critical components that determine crop plant architecture, which in turn substantially affects grain yield mainly owing to its large influence on plant density. Gravity is a fundamental physical force that acts on all organisms on earth. Plant organs sense gravity to control their growth orientation, including tiller angle in rice (Oryza sativa). This review summarizes recent research advances made using rice tiller angle as a research model, providing insights into domestication of rice tiller angle, genetic regulation of rice tiller angle, and shoot gravitropism. Finally, we propose that current discoveries in rice can shed light on shoot gravitropism and improvement of plant tiller/branch angle in other species, thereby contributing to agricultural production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hengbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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28
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Kashkan I, Hrtyan M, Retzer K, Humpolíčková J, Jayasree A, Filepová R, Vondráková Z, Simon S, Rombaut D, Jacobs TB, Frilander MJ, Hejátko J, Friml J, Petrášek J, Růžička K. Mutually opposing activity of PIN7 splicing isoforms is required for auxin-mediated tropic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:329-343. [PMID: 34637542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced transcriptome sequencing has revealed that the majority of eukaryotic genes undergo alternative splicing (AS). Nonetheless, little effort has been dedicated to investigating the functional relevance of particular splicing events, even those in the key developmental and hormonal regulators. Combining approaches of genetics, biochemistry and advanced confocal microscopy, we describe the impact of alternative splicing on the PIN7 gene in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PIN7 encodes a polarly localized transporter for the phytohormone auxin and produces two evolutionarily conserved transcripts, PIN7a and PIN7b. PIN7a and PIN7b, differing in a four amino acid stretch, exhibit almost identical expression patterns and subcellular localization. We reveal that they are closely associated and mutually influence each other's mobility within the plasma membrane. Phenotypic complementation tests indicate that the functional contribution of PIN7b per se is minor, but it markedly reduces the prominent PIN7a activity, which is required for correct seedling apical hook formation and auxin-mediated tropic responses. Our results establish alternative splicing of the PIN family as a conserved, functionally relevant mechanism, revealing an additional regulatory level of auxin-mediated plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kashkan
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Humpolíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Aswathy Jayasree
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Sibu Simon
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Debbie Rombaut
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Mikko J Frilander
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Růžička
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
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29
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Lee H, Ganguly A, Baik S, Cho HT. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 modulates PIN-FORMED polarity and Arabidopsis development via its own phosphorylation code. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3513-3531. [PMID: 34402905 PMCID: PMC8566293 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN)-mediated polar auxin transport (PAT) is involved in key developmental processes in plants. Various internal and external cues influence plant development via the modulation of intracellular PIN polarity and, thus, the direction of PAT, but the mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unknown. PIN proteins harbor a hydrophilic loop (HL) that has important regulatory functions; here, we used the HL as bait in protein pulldown screening for modulators of intracellular PIN trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 (CPK29), a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, was identified and shown to phosphorylate specific target residues on the PIN-HL that were not phosphorylated by other kinases. Furthermore, loss of CPK29 or mutations of the phospho-target residues in PIN-HLs significantly compromised intracellular PIN trafficking and polarity, causing defects in PIN-mediated auxin redistribution and biological processes such as lateral root formation, root twisting, hypocotyl gravitropism, phyllotaxis, and reproductive development. These findings indicate that CPK29 directly interprets Ca2+ signals from internal and external triggers, resulting in the modulation of PIN trafficking and auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyodong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Song Baik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Author for correspondence:
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30
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Han H, Adamowski M, Qi L, Alotaibi SS, Friml J. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport regulations in plant tropic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:510-522. [PMID: 34254313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms, growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity, are spectacular examples of adaptive plant development. The plant hormone auxin serves as a major coordinative signal. The PIN auxin exporters, through their dynamic polar subcellular localizations, redirect auxin fluxes in response to environmental stimuli and the resulting auxin gradients across organs underlie differential cell elongation and bending. In this review, we discuss recent advances concerning regulations of PIN polarity during tropisms, focusing on PIN phosphorylation and trafficking. We also cover how environmental cues regulate PIN actions during tropisms, as well as the crucial role of auxin feedback on PIN polarity during bending termination. Finally, the interactions between different tropisms are reviewed to understand plant adaptive growth in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
- Research Center for Plant Functional Genes and Tissue Culture Technology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
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31
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Velasquez SM, Guo X, Gallemi M, Aryal B, Venhuizen P, Barbez E, Dünser KA, Darino M, Pĕnčík A, Novák O, Kalyna M, Mouille G, Benková E, P. Bhalerao R, Mravec J, Kleine-Vehn J. Xyloglucan Remodeling Defines Auxin-Dependent Differential Tissue Expansion in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9222. [PMID: 34502129 PMCID: PMC8430841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in plants, whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Our results indicate that auxin-reliant growth programs affect the molecular complexity of xyloglucans, the major type of cell wall hemicellulose in eudicots. Auxin-dependent induction and repression of growth coincide with reduced and enhanced molecular complexity of xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement with a proposed function in growth control, genetic interference with xyloglucan side decorations distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that auxin-dependent growth programs have a spatially defined effect on xyloglucan's molecular structure, which in turn affects cell wall mechanics and specifies differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Melina Velasquez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (X.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Marçal Gallemi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (M.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (B.A.); (O.N.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Peter Venhuizen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Elke Barbez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Alexander Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Darino
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Aleš Pĕnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (B.A.); (O.N.); (R.P.B.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Maria Kalyna
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, CEDEX, 78026 Versailles, France;
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (M.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (B.A.); (O.N.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (X.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Swamy BK, Hosamani R, Sathasivam M, Chandrashekhar SS, Reddy UG, Moger N. Novel hypergravity treatment enhances root phenotype and positively influences physio-biochemical parameters in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:15303. [PMID: 34315977 PMCID: PMC8316474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypergravity-an evolutionarily novel environment has been exploited to comprehend the response of living organisms including plants in the context of extra-terrestrial applications. Recently, researchers have shown that hypergravity induces desired phenotypic variability in seedlings. In the present study, we tested the utility of hypergravity as a novel tool in inducing reliable phenotype/s for potential terrestrial crop improvement applications. To investigate, bread wheat seeds (UAS-375 genotype) were subjected to hypergravity treatment (10×g for 12, and 24 h), and evaluated for seedling vigor and plant growth parameters in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. It was also attempted to elucidate the associated biochemical and hormonal changes at different stages of vegetative growth. Resultant data revealed that hypergravity treatment (10×g for 12 h) significantly enhanced root length, root volume, and root biomass in response to hypergravity. The robust seedling growth phenotype may be attributed to increased alpha-amylase and TDH enzyme activities observed in seeds treated with hypergravity. Elevated total chlorophyll content and Rubisco (55 kDa) protein expression across different stages of vegetative growth in response to hypergravity may impart physiological benefits to wheat growth. Further, hypergravity elicited robust endogenous phytohormones dynamics in root signifying altered phenotype/s. Collectively, this study for the first time describes the utility of hypergravity as a novel tool in inducing reliable root phenotype that could be potentially exploited for improving wheat varieties for better water usage management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavalingayya K. Swamy
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka 580005 India
| | - Ravikumar Hosamani
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka 580005 India
| | - Malarvizhi Sathasivam
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka 580005 India
| | - S. S. Chandrashekhar
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka 580005 India
| | - Uday G. Reddy
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271AICRP on Wheat, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka 580005 India
| | - Narayan Moger
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka 580005 India
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33
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Song K, Lee DW, Kim J, Kim J, Guim H, Kim K, Jeon JS, Choi G. EARLY STARVATION 1 Is a Functionally Conserved Protein Promoting Gravitropic Responses in Plants by Forming Starch Granules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628948. [PMID: 34367195 PMCID: PMC8343138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules in the endodermis of plant hypocotyls act as statoliths that promote hypocotyl negative gravitropism-the directional growth of hypocotyls against gravity-in the dark. To identify the molecular components that regulate hypocotyl negative gravitropism, we performed a mutagenesis screen and isolated reduced gravitropic 1 (rgv1) mutants that lack starch granules in their hypocotyl endodermis and show reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism in the dark. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified three different rgv1 mutants that are allelic to the previously reported early starvation 1 mutant, which is rapidly depleted of starch just before the dawn. ESV1 orthologs are present in starch-producing green organisms, suggesting ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein necessary for the formation of starch granules. Consistent with this, we found that liverwort and rice ESV1 can complement the Arabidopsis ESV1 mutant phenotype for both starch granules and hypocotyl negative gravitropism. To further investigate the function of ESV1 in other plants, we isolated rice ESV1 mutants and found that they show reduced levels of starch in their leaves and loosely packed starch granules in their grains. Both Arabidopsis and rice ESV1 mutants also lack starch granules in root columella and show reduced root gravitropism. Together, these results indicate ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein that promotes gravitropic responses in plants via its role in starch granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijong Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jeongheon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwanuk Guim
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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34
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van der Woude L, Piotrowski M, Klaasse G, Paulus JK, Krahn D, Ninck S, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Novák O, Ljung K, Bulder S, van Verk M, Snoek BL, Fiers M, Martin NI, van der Hoorn RAL, Robert S, Smeekens S, van Zanten M. The chemical compound 'Heatin' stimulates hypocotyl elongation and interferes with the Arabidopsis NIT1-subfamily of nitrilases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1523-1540. [PMID: 33768644 PMCID: PMC8360157 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature passively affects biological processes involved in plant growth. Therefore, it is challenging to study the dedicated temperature signalling pathways that orchestrate thermomorphogenesis, a suite of elongation growth-based adaptations that enhance leaf-cooling capacity. We screened a chemical library for compounds that restored hypocotyl elongation in the pif4-2-deficient mutant background at warm temperature conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify modulators of thermomorphogenesis. The small aromatic compound 'Heatin', containing 1-iminomethyl-2-naphthol as a pharmacophore, was selected as an enhancer of elongation growth. We show that ARABIDOPSIS ALDEHYDE OXIDASES redundantly contribute to Heatin-mediated hypocotyl elongation. Following a chemical proteomics approach, the members of the NITRILASE1-subfamily of auxin biosynthesis enzymes were identified among the molecular targets of Heatin. Our data reveal that nitrilases are involved in promotion of hypocotyl elongation in response to high temperature and Heatin-mediated hypocotyl elongation requires the NITRILASE1-subfamily members, NIT1 and NIT2. Heatin inhibits NIT1-subfamily enzymatic activity in vitro and the application of Heatin accordingly results in the accumulation of NIT1-subfamily substrate indole-3-acetonitrile in vivo. However, levels of the NIT1-subfamily product, bioactive auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), were also significantly increased. It is likely that the stimulation of hypocotyl elongation by Heatin might be independent of its observed interaction with NITRILASE1-subfamily members. However, nitrilases may contribute to the Heatin response by stimulating indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in an indirect way. Heatin and its functional analogues present novel chemical entities for studying auxin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard van der Woude
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Markus Piotrowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of PlantsFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyUniversitätsstraße 150Bochum44801Germany
| | - Gruson Klaasse
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity UtrechtUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGthe Netherlands
| | - Judith K. Paulus
- Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Daniel Krahn
- Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Sabrina Ninck
- Chemische BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieFakultät für BiologieUniversität Duisburg‐EssenUniversitätsstr. 2Essen45117Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemische BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieFakultät für BiologieUniversität Duisburg‐EssenUniversitätsstr. 2Essen45117Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemische BiologieZentrum für Medizinische BiotechnologieFakultät für BiologieUniversität Duisburg‐EssenUniversitätsstr. 2Essen45117Germany
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSE‐901 83Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth RegulatorsThe Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of ScienceInstitute of Experimental BotanyPalacký UniversityŠlechtitelů 27Olomouc78371Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSE‐901 83Sweden
| | - Suzanne Bulder
- Bejo Zaden B.V.Trambaan 1Warmenhuizen1749 CZthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Verk
- Plant‐Microbe InteractionsInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
- KeygeneAgro Business Park 90Wageningen6708 PWthe Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and BioinformaticsInstitute of Biodynamics and BiocomplexityUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Basten L. Snoek
- Theoretical Biology and BioinformaticsInstitute of Biodynamics and BiocomplexityUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Fiers
- BioscienceWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBthe Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity UtrechtUniversiteitsweg 99Utrecht3584 CGthe Netherlands
- Biological Chemistry GroupSylvius LaboratoriesInstitute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 72Leiden2333 BEthe Netherlands
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science CentreDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSE‐901 83Sweden
| | - Sjef Smeekens
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Zanten
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 8Utrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
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Alaguero-Cordovilla A, Sánchez-García AB, Ibáñez S, Albacete A, Cano A, Acosta M, Pérez-Pérez JM. An auxin-mediated regulatory framework for wound-induced adventitious root formation in tomato shoot explants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1642-1662. [PMID: 33464573 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots (ARs) are produced from non-root tissues in response to different environmental signals, such as abiotic stresses, or after wounding, in a complex developmental process that requires hormonal crosstalk. Here, we characterized AR formation in young seedlings of Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Micro-Tom' after whole root excision by means of physiological, genetic and molecular approaches. We found that a regulated basipetal auxin transport from the shoot and local auxin biosynthesis triggered by wounding are both required for the re-establishment of internal auxin gradients within the vasculature. This promotes cell proliferation at the distal cambium near the wound in well-defined positions of the basal hypocotyl and during a narrow developmental window. In addition, a pre-established pattern of differential auxin responses along the apical-basal axis of the hypocotyl and an as of yet unknown cell-autonomous inhibitory pathway contribute to the temporal and spatial patterning of the newly formed ARs on isolated hypocotyl explants. Our work provides an experimental outline for the dissection of wound-induced AR formation in tomato, a species that is suitable for molecular identification of gene regulatory networks via forward and reverse genetics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Present address: Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), La Alberca, Spain
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Levernier N, Pouliquen O, Forterre Y. An Integrative Model of Plant Gravitropism Linking Statoliths Position and Auxin Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651928. [PMID: 33854523 PMCID: PMC8039511 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a major cue for the proper growth and development of plants. The response of plants to gravity implies starch-filled plastids, the statoliths, which sediments at the bottom of the gravisensing cells, the statocytes. Statoliths are assumed to modify the transport of the growth hormone, auxin, by acting on specific auxin transporters, PIN proteins. However, the complete gravitropic signaling pathway from the intracellular signal associated to statoliths to the plant bending is still not well-understood. In this article, we build on recent experimental results showing that statoliths do not act as gravitational force sensor, but as position sensor, to develop a bottom-up theory of plant gravitropism. The main hypothesis of the model is that the presence of statoliths modifies PIN trafficking close to the cell membrane. This basic assumption, coupled with auxin transport and growth in an idealized tissue made of a one-dimensional array of cells, recovers several major features of the gravitropic response of plants. First, the model provides a new interpretation for the response of a plant to a steady stimulus, the so-called sine-law of plant gravitropism. Second, it predicts the existence of a gravity-independent memory process as observed recently in experiments studying the response to transient stimulus. The model suggests that the timescale of this process is associated to PIN turnover, calling for new experimental studies.
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Su SH, Keith MA, Masson PH. Gravity Signaling in Flowering Plant Roots. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101290. [PMID: 33003550 PMCID: PMC7601833 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Roots typically grow downward into the soil where they anchor the plant and take up water and nutrients necessary for plant growth and development. While the primary roots usually grow vertically downward, laterals often follow a gravity set point angle that allows them to explore the surrounding environment. These responses can be modified by developmental and environmental cues. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that govern root gravitropism in flowering plant roots. In this system, the primary site of gravity sensing within the root cap is physically separated from the site of curvature response at the elongation zone. Gravity sensing involves the sedimentation of starch-filled plastids (statoliths) within the columella cells of the root cap (the statocytes), which triggers a relocalization of plasma membrane-associated PIN auxin efflux facilitators to the lower side of the cell. This process is associated with the recruitment of RLD regulators of vesicular trafficking to the lower membrane by LAZY proteins. PIN relocalization leads to the formation of a lateral gradient of auxin across the root cap. Upon transmission to the elongation zone, this auxin gradient triggers a downward curvature. We review the molecular mechanisms that control this process in primary roots and discuss recent insights into the regulation of oblique growth in lateral roots and its impact on root-system architecture, soil exploration and plant adaptation to stressful environments.
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Spiegelman Z, Broshi O, Shahar A, Omer S, Hak H, Wolf S. Long-distance regulation of shoot gravitropism by Cyclophilin 1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. PLANTA 2020; 252:50. [PMID: 32939624 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phloem-mobile protein SlCyp1 traffics to distant parts of the shoot to regulate its gravitropic response. In addition, SlCyp1 targets specific cells in the root to promote lateral root development. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cyclophilin 1 (SlCyp1) gene encodes a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase required for auxin response, lateral root development and gravitropic growth. The SlCyp1 protein is a phloem-mobile signal that moves from shoot to root to regulate lateral root development (Spiegelman et al., Plant J 83:853-863, 2015; J Exp Bot 68:953-964, 2017a). Here, we explored the mechanism of SlCyp1 movement by fusing it to the fluorescent protein mCherry. We found that, once trafficked to the root, SlCyp1 is unloaded from the phloem to the surrounding tissues, including the pericycle and lateral root primordia. Interestingly, SlCyp1 not only moves to the root system, but also to distant parts of the shoot. Grafting of the SlCyp1 mutant diageotropica (dgt) scions on VFN8 control rootstocks resulted in recovery of dgt shoot gravitropism, which was associated with the restoration of auxin-response capacity. Application of the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporine A suppressed gravitropic recovery, indicating that SlCyp1 must be active in the target tissue to affect the gravitropic response. These results provide new insights on the mechanism of SlCyp1 transport and functioning as a long-distance signal regulating shoot gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Or Broshi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Shahar
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sumita Omer
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagit Hak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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Yang Z, Guo G, Yang N, Pun SS, Ho TKL, Ji L, Hu I, Zhang J, Burlingame AL, Li N. The change of gravity vector induces short-term phosphoproteomic alterations in Arabidopsis. J Proteomics 2020; 218:103720. [PMID: 32120044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can sense the gravitational force. When plants perceive a change in this natural force, they tend to reorient their organs with respect to the direction of the gravity vector, i.e., the shoot stem curves up. In the present study, we performed a 4C quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify those altered protein phosphosites resulting from 150 s of reorientation of Arabidopsis plants on earth. A total of 5556 phosphopeptides were identified from the gravistimulated Arabidopsis. Quantification based on the 15N-stable isotope labeling in Arabidopsis (SILIA) and computational analysis of the extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of phosphopeptides showed eight and five unique PTM peptide arrays (UPAs) being up- and down-regulated, respectively, by gravistimulation. Among the 13 plant reorientation-responsive protein groups, many are related to the cytoskeleton dynamic and plastid movement. Interestingly, the most gravistimulation-responsive phosphosites are three serine residues, S350, S376, and S410, of a blue light receptor Phototropin 1 (PHOT1). The immunoblots experiment confirmed that the change of gravity vector indeed affected the phosphorylation level of S410 in PHOT1. The functional role of PHOT1 in gravitropic response was further validated with gravicurvature measurement in the darkness of both the loss-of-function double mutant phot1phot2 and its complementary transgenic plant PHOT1/phot1phot2. SIGNIFICANCE: The organs of sessile organisms, plants, are able to move in response to environmental stimuli, such as gravity vector, touch, light, water, or nutrients, which is termed tropism. For instance, the bending of plant shoots to the light source is called phototropism. Since all plants growing on earth are continuously exposed to the gravitational field, plants receive the mechanical signal elicited by the gravity vector change and convert it into plant morphogenesis, growth, and development. Past studies have resulted in various hypotheses for gravisensing, but our knowledge about how the signal of gravity force is transduced in plant cells is still minimal. In the present study, we performed a SILIA-based 4C quantitative phosphoproteomics on 150-s gravistimulated Arabidopsis seedlings to explore the phosphoproteins involved in the gravitropic response. Our data demonstrated that such a short-term reorientation of Arabidopsis caused changes in phosphorylation of cytoskeleton structural proteins like Chloroplast Unusual Positioning1 (CHUP1), Patellin3 (PATL3), and Plastid Movement Impaired2 (PMI2), as well as the blue light receptor Phototropin1 (PHOT1). These results suggested that protein phosphorylation plays a crucial role in gravisignaling, and two primary tropic responses of plants, gravitropism and phototropism, may share some common components and signaling pathways. We expect that the phosphoproteins detected from this study will facilitate the subsequent molecular and cellular studies on the mechanism underlying the signal transduction in plant gravitropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Guangyu Guo
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Nan Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Sunny Sing Pun
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Timothy Ka Leung Ho
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ling Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Inch Hu
- Department of ISOM and Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.; School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China.
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Zhu R, Dong X, Xue Y, Xu J, Zhang A, Feng M, Zhao Q, Xia S, Yin Y, He S, Li Y, Liu T, Kang E, Shang Z. Redox-Responsive Transcription Factor 1 (RRFT1) Is Involved in Extracellular ATP-Regulated Arabidopsis thaliana Seedling Growth. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:685-698. [PMID: 32049334 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) is an apoplastic signaling molecule that plays an essential role in the growth and development of plants. Arabidopsis seedlings have been reported to respond to eATP; however, the downstream signaling components are still not well understood. In this study, we report that an ethylene-responsive factor, Redox-Responsive Transcription Factor 1 (RRTF1), is involved in eATP-regulated Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth. Exogenous adenosine triphosphate inhibited green seedling root growth and induced hypocotyl bending of etiolated seedlings. RRTF1 loss-of-function mutant (rrtf1) seedlings showed decreased responses to eATP, while its complementation or overexpression led to recovered or increased eATP responsiveness. RRTF1 was expressed rapidly after eATP stimulation and then migrated into the nuclei of root tip cells. eATP-induced auxin accumulation in root tip or hypocotyl cells was impaired in rrtf1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing results indicated that eATP induced some genes related to cell growth and development in wild type but not in rrtf1 cells. These results suggest that RRTF1 may be involved in eATP signaling by regulating functional gene expression and cell metabolism in Arabidopsis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojia Zhu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxia Dong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
- Department of Chemistry Engineering and Biological Technology, Xingtai University, Xingtai 054001, Hebei, China
| | - Yingying Xue
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Aiqi Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Feng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Shuyan Xia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Yahong Yin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Shihua He
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Erfang Kang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
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Lee HJ, Kim HS, Park JM, Cho HS, Jeon JH. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport facilitates root-obstacle avoidance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1285-1296. [PMID: 31336402 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense mechanical stimuli to recognise nearby obstacles and change their growth patterns to adapt to the surrounding environment. When roots encounter an obstacle, they rapidly bend away from the impenetrable surface and find the edge of the barrier. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying root-obstacle avoidance are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PIN-FORMED (PIN)-mediated polar auxin transport facilitates root bending during obstacle avoidance. We analysed two types of bending after roots touched barriers. In auxin receptor mutants, the rate of root movement during first bending was largely delayed. Gravity-oriented second bending was also disturbed in these mutants. The reporter assays showed that asymmetrical auxin responses occurred in the roots during obstacle avoidance. Pharmacological analysis suggested that polar auxin transport mediates local auxin accumulation. We found that PINs are required for auxin-assisted root bending during obstacle avoidance. We propose that rapid root movement during obstacle avoidance is not just a passive but an active bending completed through polar auxin transport. Our findings suggest that auxin plays a role in thigmotropism during plant-obstacle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Jae Heung Jeon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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Bahmani R, Kim D, Modareszadeh M, Thompson AJ, Park JH, Yoo HH, Hwang S. The mechanism of root growth inhibition by the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113516. [PMID: 31733969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a harmful environmental contaminant acting as an endocrine disruptor in animals, but it also affects growth and development in plants. Here, we have elucidated the functional mechanism of root growth inhibition by BPA in Arabidopsis thaliana using mutants, reporter lines and a pharmacological approach. In response to 10 ppm BPA, fresh weight and main root length were reduced, while auxin levels increased. BPA inhibited root growth by reducing root cell length in the elongation zone by suppressing expansin expression and by decreasing the length of the meristem zone by repressing cell division. The inhibition of cell elongation and cell division was attributed to the enhanced accumulation/redistribution of auxin in the elongation zone and meristem zone in response to BPA. Correspondingly, the expressions of most auxin biosynthesis and transporter genes were enhanced in roots by BPA. Taken together, it is assumed that the endocrine disruptor BPA inhibits primary root growth by inhibiting cell elongation and division through auxin accumulation/redistribution in Arabidopsis. This study will contribute to understanding how BPA affects growth and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Bahmani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - DongGwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Mahsa Modareszadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Seongbin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea; The Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea.
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43
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Ditengou FA, Teale WD, Palme K. Settling for Less: Do Statoliths Modulate Gravity Perception? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E121. [PMID: 31963631 PMCID: PMC7020169 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants orientate their growth either towards (in roots) or away from (in shoots) the Earth's gravitational field. While we are now starting to understand the molecular architecture of these gravity response pathways, the gravity receptor remains elusive. This perspective looks at the biology of statoliths and suggests it is conceivable that their immediate environment may be tuned to modulate the strength of the gravity response. It then suggests how mutant screens could use this hypothesis to identify the gravity receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - William David Teale
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an 271018, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an 271018, China
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Furutani M, Hirano Y, Nishimura T, Nakamura M, Taniguchi M, Suzuki K, Oshida R, Kondo C, Sun S, Kato K, Fukao Y, Hakoshima T, Morita MT. Polar recruitment of RLD by LAZY1-like protein during gravity signaling in root branch angle control. Nat Commun 2020; 11:76. [PMID: 31900388 PMCID: PMC6941992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In many plant species, roots maintain specific growth angles relative to the direction of gravity, known as gravitropic set point angles (GSAs). These contribute to the efficient acquisition of water and nutrients. AtLAZY1/LAZY1-LIKE (LZY) genes are involved in GSA control by regulating auxin flow toward the direction of gravity in Arabidopsis. Here, we demonstrate that RCC1-like domain (RLD) proteins, identified as LZY interactors, are essential regulators of polar auxin transport. We show that interaction of the CCL domain of LZY with the BRX domain of RLD is important for the recruitment of RLD from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane by LZY. A structural analysis reveals the mode of the interaction as an intermolecular β-sheet in addition to the structure of the BRX domain. Our results offer a molecular framework in which gravity signal first emerges as polarized LZY3 localization in gravity-sensing cells, followed by polar RLD1 localization and PIN3 relocalization to modulate auxin flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Furutani
- 0000 0004 1760 2876grid.256111.0College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China ,0000 0004 1760 2876grid.256111.0FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant System Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China ,0000 0001 0943 978Xgrid.27476.30Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hirano
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan ,0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- 0000 0004 0618 8593grid.419396.0Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8556 Japan
| | - Moritaka Nakamura
- 0000 0004 0618 8593grid.419396.0Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8556 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Taniguchi
- 0000 0001 0943 978Xgrid.27476.30Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kanako Suzuki
- 0000 0001 0943 978Xgrid.27476.30Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Oshida
- 0000 0001 0943 978Xgrid.27476.30Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Chiemi Kondo
- 0000 0001 0943 978Xgrid.27476.30Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Song Sun
- 0000 0004 1760 2876grid.256111.0College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China ,0000 0004 1760 2876grid.256111.0FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant System Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- 0000 0004 0618 8593grid.419396.0Laboratory of Biological Diversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8556 Japan ,0000 0000 9137 6732grid.250358.9Bioimage Informatics Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- 0000 0000 8863 9909grid.262576.2Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577 Japan
| | - Toshio Hakoshima
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aGraduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- 0000 0004 0618 8593grid.419396.0Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8556 Japan
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Nakamura M, Nishimura T, Morita MT. Bridging the gap between amyloplasts and directional auxin transport in plant gravitropism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:54-60. [PMID: 31446250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is the directional control of plant organ growth in response to gravity. Specialized gravity-sensing cells contain amyloplasts that can change their position according to the direction of gravity. Gravity signaling, which is elicited by the relocation of amyloplasts, is a key process that redirects auxin transport from gravity-sensing cells to the lower flank of gravity-responsive organs. Despite the long history of research on plant gravitropism, a molecular detail of gravity signaling remained unexplained. Recent studies have characterized the Arabidopsis LAZY1 family genes to be key factors of gravity signaling. Furthermore, studies regarding Arabidopsis AGCVIII kinases have demonstrated the requirement of auxin transporter PIN-FORMED3 (PIN3) phosphorylation in plant gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Nakamura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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46
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Kumar R, Pandey MK, Roychoudhry S, Nayyar H, Kepinski S, Varshney RK. Peg Biology: Deciphering the Molecular Regulations Involved During Peanut Peg Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1289. [PMID: 31681383 PMCID: PMC6813228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Peanut or groundnut is one of the most important legume crops with high protein and oil content. The high nutritional qualities of peanut and its multiple usage have made it an indispensable component of our daily life, in both confectionary and therapeutic food industries. Given the socio-economic significance of peanut, understanding its developmental biology is important in providing a molecular framework to support breeding activities. In peanut, the formation and directional growth of a specialized reproductive organ called a peg, or gynophore, is especially relevant in genetic improvement. Several studies have indicated that peanut yield can be improved by improving reproductive traits including peg development. Therefore, we aim to identify unifying principles for the genetic control, underpinning molecular and physiological basis of peg development for devising appropriate strategy for peg improvement. This review discusses the current understanding of the molecular aspects of peanut peg development citing several studies explaining the key mechanisms. Deciphering and integrating recent transcriptomic, proteomic, and miRNA-regulomic studies provide a new perspective for understanding the regulatory events of peg development that participate in pod formation and thus control yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research, Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research, Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research, Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
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47
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Xi D, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhong R, He J, Shen J, Ming F. Arabidopsis ANAC092 regulates auxin-mediated root development by binding to the ARF8 and PIN4 promoters. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:1015-1031. [PMID: 30415491 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is an important plant hormone that is essential for growth and development due to its effects on organogenesis, morphogenesis, tropisms, and apical dominance. The functional diversity of auxin highlights the importance of its biosynthesis, transport, and associated responses. In this study, we show that a NAC transcription factor, ANAC092 (also named AtNAC2 and ORESARA1), known to positively regulate leaf senescence and contribute to abiotic stress responses, also affects primary root development. Plants overexpressing ANAC092 had altered root meristem lengths and shorter primary roots compared with the wild-type control. Additionally, expression of the proANAC092::GUS was strongly induced by indole-3-acetic acid. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the YUCCA2, PIN, and ARF expression levels were downregulated in ANAC092-overexpressing plants. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ANAC092 binds to the promoters of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8) and PIN-FORMED 4 (PIN4). Furthermore, a dual-luciferase assay indicated that ANAC092 decreases ARF8 and PIN4 promoter activities. We also applied a CRISPR/Cas9 system to mutate ANAC092. The roots of three of the analyzed mutants were longer than normal. Collectively, our findings indicate that ANAC092 negatively affects root development by controlling the auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruiling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiabin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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48
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Belbin FE, Hall GJ, Jackson AB, Schanschieff FE, Archibald G, Formstone C, Dodd AN. Plant circadian rhythms regulate the effectiveness of a glyphosate-based herbicide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3704. [PMID: 31420556 PMCID: PMC6697731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides increase crop yields by allowing weed control and harvest management. Glyphosate is the most widely-used herbicide active ingredient, with $11 billion spent annually on glyphosate-containing products applied to >350 million hectares worldwide, using about 8.6 billion kg of glyphosate. The herbicidal effectiveness of glyphosate can depend upon the time of day of spraying. Here, we show that the plant circadian clock regulates the effectiveness of glyphosate. We identify a daily and circadian rhythm in the inhibition of plant development by glyphosate, due to interaction between glyphosate activity, the circadian oscillator and potentially auxin signalling. We identify that the circadian clock controls the timing and extent of glyphosate-induced plant cell death. Furthermore, the clock controls a rhythm in the minimum effective dose of glyphosate. We propose the concept of agricultural chronotherapy, similar in principle to chronotherapy in medical practice. Our findings provide a platform to refine agrochemical use and development, conferring future economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Belbin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Gavin J Hall
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Amelia B Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - George Archibald
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Carl Formstone
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Antony N Dodd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
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49
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Ajala C, Hasenstein KH. Augmentation of root gravitropism by hypocotyl curvature in Brassica rapa seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:214-223. [PMID: 31203886 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Main Conclusion Root gravitropism of primary roots is assisted by curvature of the hypocotyl base. Root gravitropism is typically described as the sequence of signal perception, signal processing, and response that causes differential elongation and the establishment of a new gravitropic set-point angle. We describe two components of the graviresponse of Brassica seedlings that comprise a primary curvature of the root tip and a later onset but stronger curvature that occurs at the base of the hypocotyl. This second curvature is preceded by straightening of the tip region but leads to the completion of the alignment of the root axis. Curvature in both regions require a minimum displacement of 20 deg. The rate of tip curvature is a function of root length. After horizontal reorientation, tip curvature of five mm long roots curved twice as fast as 10 mm long roots (33.6 ± 3.3 vs. 14.3 ± 1.5 deg hr-1). The onset of curvature at the hypocotyl base is correlated with root length, but the rate of this curvature is independent of seedling length. Decapping of roots prevented tip curvature but the curvature at base of hypocotyl was unaffected. Endodermal cells at the root shoot junction show numerous, large and sedimenting amyloplasts, which likely serve as gravity sensors (statoliths). The amyloplasts at the hypocotyl were 3-4 μm in diameter, similar in size to those in the root cap, and twice the size of starch grains in the cortical layers of hypocotyl or elsewhere in the root. These data indicate that the root shoot reorientation of young seedlings is not limited to the root tip but includes more than one gravitropically responsive region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Ajala
- Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-43602, United States
| | - Karl H Hasenstein
- Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70504-43602, United States.
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50
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Nakamura M, Nishimura T, Morita MT. Gravity sensing and signal conversion in plant gravitropism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3495-3506. [PMID: 30976802 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs control their growth orientation in response to gravity. Within gravity-sensing cells, the input (gravity sensing) and signal conversion (gravity signalling) progress sequentially. The cells contain a number of high-density, starch-accumulating amyloplasts, which sense gravity when they reposition themselves by sedimentation to the bottom of the cell when the plant organ is re-orientated. This triggers the next step of gravity signalling, when the physical signal generated by the sedimentation of the amyloplasts is converted into a biochemical signal, which redirects auxin transport towards the lower flank of the plant organ. This review focuses on recent advances in our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that underlie amyloplast sedimentation and the system by which this is perceived, and on recent progress in characterising the factors that play significant roles in gravity signalling by which the sedimentation is linked to the regulation of directional auxin transport. Finally, we discuss the contribution of gravity signalling factors to the mechanisms that control the gravitropic set-point angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Nakamura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
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