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Li Q, Shao J, Luo M, Chen D, Tang D, Shi H. BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE1 associates with and is required for cysteine protease RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION 19-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112033. [PMID: 38354753 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE1 (BSK1) interacts with pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and positively regulates plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular components involved in BSK1-mediated immune signaling remain largely unknown. To further explore the molecular mechanism underlying BSK1-mediated disease resistance, we screened two cysteine proteases, RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION 19 (RD19) and RD19-LIKE 2 (RDL2), as BSK1-binding partners. Overexpression of RD19, but not RDL2, displayed an autoimmune phenotype, presenting programmed cell death and enhanced resistance to multiple pathogens. Interestingly, RD19-mediated immune activation depends on BSK1, as knockout of BSK1 in RD19-overexpressing plants rescued their autoimmunity and abolished the increased resistance. Furthermore, we found that BSK1 plays a positive role in maintaining RD19 protein abundance in Arabidopsis. Our results provide new insights into BSK1-mediated immune signaling and reveal a potential mechanism by which BSK1 stabilizes RD19 to promote effective immune output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Desheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Deng J, Huang X, Chen J, Vanholme B, Guo J, He Y, Qin W, Zhang J, Yang W, Liu J. Shade stress triggers ethylene biosynthesis to accelerate soybean senescence and impede nitrogen remobilization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108658. [PMID: 38677188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In gramineae-soybean intercropping systems, shade stress caused by taller plants impacts soybean growth specifically during the reproductive stage. However, the effects of shade stress on soybean senescence remain largely unexplored. In this research, we applied artificial shade treatments with intensities of 75% (S75) and 50% (S50) to soybean plants at the onset of flowering to simulate the shade stress experienced by soybeans in the traditional and optimized maize-soybean intercropping systems, respectively. Compared to the normal light control, both shade treatments led to a rapid decline in the dry matter content of soybean vegetative organs and accelerated their abscission. Moreover, shade treatments triggered the degradation of chlorophyll and soluble proteins in leaves and increased the expression of genes associated with leaf senescence. Metabolic profiling further revealed that ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction were induced by shade treatment. In addition, the examination of nitrogen content demonstrated that shade treatments impeded the remobilization of nitrogen in vegetative tissues, consequently reducing the seed nitrogen harvest. It's worth noting that these negative effects were less pronounced under the S50 treatment compared to the S75 treatment. Taken together, this research demonstrates that shade stress during the reproductive stage accelerates soybean senescence and impedes nitrogen remobilization, while optimizing the field layout to improve soybean growth light conditions could mitigate these challenges in the maize-soybean intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiangqing Huang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Gent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jinya Guo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wenting Qin
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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3
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Kovacik M, Nowicka A, Zwyrtková J, Strejčková B, Vardanega I, Esteban E, Pasha A, Kaduchová K, Krautsova M, Červenková M, Šafář J, Provart NJ, Simon R, Pecinka A. The transcriptome landscape of developing barley seeds. THE PLANT CELL 2024:koae095. [PMID: 38635902 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cereal grains are an important source of food and feed. To provide comprehensive spatiotemporal information about biological processes in developing seeds of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare), we performed a transcriptomic study of the embryo, endosperm, and seed maternal tissues collected from grains 4-32 days after pollination. Weighted gene co-expression network and motif enrichment analyses identified specific groups of genes and transcription factors (TFs) potentially regulating barley seed tissue development. We defined a set of tissue-specific marker genes and families of TFs for functional studies of the pathways controlling barley grain development. Assessing selected groups of chromatin regulators revealed that epigenetic processes are highly dynamic and likely play a major role during barley endosperm development. The repressive H3K27me3 modification is globally reduced in endosperm tissues and at specific genes related to development and storage compounds. Altogether, this atlas uncovers the complexity of developmentally regulated gene expression in developing barley grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kovacik
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30 239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jana Zwyrtková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Beáta Strejčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Isaia Vardanega
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Kateřina Kaduchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Maryna Krautsova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Červenková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šafář
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Acad Sci, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Kleuter M, Yu Y, Pancaldi F, Nagtzaam M, van der Goot AJ, Trindade LM. Cell wall as a barrier for protein extraction from tomato leaves: A biochemical study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108495. [PMID: 38452451 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) leaves and stems are considered waste. Valorization of this waste can be achieved by for example the extraction of proteins. This prospect is promising but currently not feasible, since protein extraction yields from tomato leaves are low, amongst other due to the (physical) barrier formed by the plant cell walls. However, the molecular aspects of the relationship between cell wall properties and protein extractability from tomato leaves are currently not clear and thus objective of this study. To fill this knowledge gap the biochemical composition of plant cell walls was measured and related to protein extraction yields at different plant ages, leaf positions, and across different tomato accessions, including two Solanum lycopersicum cultivars and the wildtype species S. pimpinellifolium and S. pennellii. For all genotypes, protein extraction yields from tomato leaves were the highest in young tissues, with a decreasing trend towards older plant material. This decrease of protein extraction yield was accompanied by a significant increase of arabinose and galacturonic acid content and a decrease of galactose content in the cell walls of old-vs-young tissues. This resulted in strong negative correlations between protein extraction yield and the content of arabinose and galacturonic acid in the cell wall, and a positive correlation between the content of galactose and protein extraction yield. Overall, these results point to the importance of the pectin network on protein extractability, making pectin a potential breeding target for enhancing protein extractability from tomato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietheres Kleuter
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yafei Yu
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Pancaldi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mayra Nagtzaam
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Atze Jan van der Goot
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Zhou L, Yang S, Chen C, Li M, Du Q, Wang J, Yin Y, Xiao H. CaCP15 Gene Negatively Regulates Salt and Osmotic Stress Responses in Capsicum annuum L. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1409. [PMID: 37510313 PMCID: PMC10379065 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt and osmotic stress seriously restrict the growth, development, and productivity of horticultural crops in the greenhouse. The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) participate in multi-stress responses in plants. We previously demonstrated that salt and osmotic stress affect cysteine protease 15 of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (CaCP15); however, the role of CaCP15 in salt and osmotic stress responses is unknown. Here, the function of CaCP15 in regulating pepper salt and osmotic stress resistance was explored. Pepper plants were subjected to abiotic (sodium chloride, mannitol, salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, etc.) and biotic stress (Phytophthora capsici inoculation). The CaCP15 was silenced through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transiently overexpressed in pepper plants. The full-length CaCP15 fragment is 1568 bp, with an open reading frame of 1032 bp, encoding a 343 amino acid protein. CaCP15 is a senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) subfamily member containing two highly conserved domains, Inhibitor 129 and Peptidase_C1. CaCP15 expression was the highest in the stems of pepper plants. The expression was induced by salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, and was infected by Phytophthora capsici inoculation. Furthermore, CaCP15 was upregulated under salt and osmotic stress, and CaCP15 silencing in pepper enhanced salt and mannitol stress resistance. Conversely, transient overexpression of CaCP15 increased the sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress by reducing the antioxidant enzyme activities and negatively regulating the stress-related genes. This study indicates that CaCP15 negatively regulates salt and osmotic stress resistance in pepper via the ROS-scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Sizhen Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingjie Du
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanxu Yin
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Huaijuan Xiao
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Wu Y, Yao F, Wang Y, Ma L, Li X. Association of maize ( Zea mays L.) senescence with water and nitrogen utilization under different drip irrigation systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133206. [PMID: 37008479 PMCID: PMC10064151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drip irrigation is an efficient water-saving system used to improve crop production worldwide. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of maize plant senescence and its association with yield, soil water, and nitrogen (N) utilization under this system. METHODS A 3-year field experiment in the northeast plains of China was used to assess four drip irrigation systems: (1) drip irrigation under plastic film mulch (PI); (2) drip irrigation under biodegradable film mulch (BI); (3) drip irrigation incorporating straw returning (SI); and (4) drip irrigation with the tape buried at a shallow soil depth (OI), and furrow irrigation (FI) was used as the control. The plant senescence characteristic based on the dynamic process of green leaf area (GLA) and live root length density (LRLD) during the reproductive stage, and its correlation with leaf N components, water use efficiency (WUE), and N use efficiency (NUE) was investigated. RESULTS PI followed by BI achieved the highest integral GLA and LRLD, grain filling rate, and leaf and root senescence rate after silking. Greater yield, WUE, and NUE were positively associated with higher N translocation efficiency of leaf protein responding for photosynthesis, respiration, and structure under PI and BI; whereas, no significant differences were found in yield, WUE, and NUE between PI and BI. SI effectively promoted LRLD in the deeper 20- to 100-cm soil layers, prolonged the GLA and LRLD persistent durations, and reduced the leaf and root senescence rates. The remobilization of non-protein storage N was stimulated by SI, FI, and OI, which made up for the relative inadequacy of leaf N. DISCUSSION Instead of persistent GLA and LRLD durations and high translocation efficiency of non-protein storage N, fast and large protein N translocation from leaves to grains under PI and BI was found to facilitate maize yield, WUE, and NUE in the sole cropping semi-arid region, and BI was recommend considering that it can reduce plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Fanyun Yao
- Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sun Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lin R. Regulation of chloroplast protein degradation. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00049-8. [PMID: 36863685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are unique organelles that not only provide sites for photosynthesis and many metabolic processes, but also are sensitive to various environmental stresses. Chloroplast proteins are encoded by genes from both nuclear and chloroplast genomes. During chloroplast development and responses to stresses, the robust protein quality control systems are essential for regulation of protein homeostasis and the integrity of chloroplast proteome. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast protein degradation refer to protease system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the chloroplast autophagy. These mechanisms symbiotically play a vital role in chloroplast development and photosynthesis under both normal or stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, China.
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Moloi SJ, Ngara R. The roles of plant proteases and protease inhibitors in drought response: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1165845. [PMID: 37143877 PMCID: PMC10151539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon exposure to drought, plants undergo complex signal transduction events with concomitant changes in the expression of genes, proteins and metabolites. For example, proteomics studies continue to identify multitudes of drought-responsive proteins with diverse roles in drought adaptation. Among these are protein degradation processes that activate enzymes and signalling peptides, recycle nitrogen sources, and maintain protein turnover and homeostasis under stressful environments. Here, we review the differential expression and functional activities of plant protease and protease inhibitor proteins under drought stress, mainly focusing on comparative studies involving genotypes of contrasting drought phenotypes. We further explore studies of transgenic plants either overexpressing or repressing proteases or their inhibitors under drought conditions and discuss the potential roles of these transgenes in drought response. Overall, the review highlights the integral role of protein degradation during plant survival under water deficits, irrespective of the genotypes' level of drought resilience. However, drought-sensitive genotypes exhibit higher proteolytic activities, while drought-tolerant genotypes tend to protect proteins from degradation by expressing more protease inhibitors. In addition, transgenic plant biology studies implicate proteases and protease inhibitors in various other physiological functions under drought stress. These include the regulation of stomatal closure, maintenance of relative water content, phytohormonal signalling systems including abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, and the induction of ABA-related stress genes, all of which are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis under water deficits. Therefore, more validation studies are required to explore the various functions of proteases and their inhibitors under water limitation and their contributions towards drought adaptation.
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Fan Q, Jespersen D. Assessing Heat Tolerance in Creeping Bentgrass Lines Based on Physiological Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:41. [PMID: 36616176 PMCID: PMC9824340 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major concern for the growth of cool-season creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Nonetheless, there is a lack in a clear and systematic understanding of thermotolerance mechanisms for this species. This study aimed to assess heat tolerance in experimental lines and cultivars to determine important physiological and biochemical traits responsible for improved tolerance, including the use of OJIP fluorescence. Ten creeping bentgrass lines were exposed to either control (20/15 °C day/night) or high temperature (38/33 °C day/night) conditions for 35 d via growth chambers at Griffin, GA. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis were performed to rank stress performance and divide lines into different groups according to their tolerance similarities, respectively. At the end of the trial, S11 729-10 and BTC032 were in the most thermotolerant group, followed by a group containing BTC011, AU Victory and Penncross. Crenshaw belonged to the most heat-sensitive group while S11 675-02 and Pure Eclipse were in the second most heat-sensitive group. The exceptional thermotolerance in S11 729-10 and BTC032 was associated with their abilities to maintain cell membrane stability and protein metabolism, plus minimize oxidative damages. Additionally, among various light-harvesting steps, energy trapping, dissipation and electron transport from QA to PQ were more heat-sensitive than electron transport from QA to final PSI acceptors. Along with the strong correlations between multiple OJIP parameters and other traits, it reveals that OJIP fluorescence could be a valuable tool for dissection of photosynthetic processes and identification of the critical steps responsible for photosynthetic declines, enabling a more targeted heat-stress screening. Our results indicated that variability in the level of heat tolerance and associated mechanisms in creeping bentgrass germplasm could be utilized to develop new cultivars with improved thermotolerance.
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Sedaghatmehr M, Stüwe B, Mueller-Roeber B, Balazadeh S. Heat shock factor HSFA2 fine-tunes resetting of thermomemory via plastidic metalloprotease FtsH6. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6394-6404. [PMID: 35705109 PMCID: PMC9578354 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants 'memorize' stressful events and protect themselves from future, often more severe, stresses. To maximize growth after stress, plants 'reset' or 'forget' memories of stressful situations, which requires an intricate balance between stress memory formation and the degree of forgetfulness. HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 21 (HSP21) encodes a small heat shock protein in plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana. HSP21 functions as a key component of thermomemory, which requires a sustained elevated level of HSP21 during recovery from heat stress. A heat-induced metalloprotease, filamentation temperature-sensitive H6 (FtsH6), degrades HSP21 to its pre-stress abundance, thereby resetting memory during the recovery phase. The transcription factor heat shock factor A2 (HSFA2) activates downstream genes essential for mounting thermomemory, acting as a positive regulator in the process. Here, using a yeast one-hybrid screen, we identify HSFA2 as an upstream transactivator of the resetting element FtsH6. Constitutive and inducible overexpression of HSFA2 increases expression of FtsH6, whereas it is drastically reduced in the hsfa2 knockout mutant. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals in planta binding of HSFA2 to the FtsH6 promoter. Importantly, overexpression of HSFA2 improves thermomemory more profoundly in ftsh6 than wild-type plants. Thus, by activating both memory-supporting and memory-resetting genes, HSFA2 acts as a cellular homeostasis factor during thermomemory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benno Stüwe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, Haus, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Marmagne A, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F. Modulation of plant nitrogen remobilization and postflowering nitrogen uptake under environmental stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153781. [PMID: 36029571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that take up nitrogen (N) from the soil for growth and development. At the postflowering stage, N that plants require for seed growth and filling derives from either root uptake or shoot remobilization. The balance between N uptake and N remobilization determines the final carbon (C) and N composition of the seed. The N uptake and N remobilization mechanisms are regulated by endogenous signals, including hormones, developmental stage, and carbon/nitrogen ratio, and by environmental factors. The cellular responses to the environment are relatively well known. However, the effects of environmental stresses on the balance between N uptake and N remobilization are still poorly understood. Thus, this study aims to analyze the impact of environmental stresses (drought, heat, darkness, triggered defense, and low nitrate) on N fluxes within plants during seed filling. Using publicly available Arabidopsis transcriptome data, expression of several marker genes involved in N assimilation, transport, and recycling was analyzed in relation to stress. Results showed that the responses of genes encoding inorganic N transporters, N assimilation, and N recycling are mainly regulated by N limitation, the genes encoding housekeeping proteases are principally sensitive to C limitation, and the response of genes involved in the transport of organic N is controlled by both C and N limitations. In addition, 15N data were used to examine the effects of severe environmental stresses on N remobilization and N uptake, and a schematic representation of the major factors that regulate the balance between N remobilization and N uptake under the stress and control conditions was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marmagne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Fabien Chardon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France.
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12
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Singh AA, Pillay P, Naicker P, Alexandre K, Malatji K, Mach L, Steinkellner H, Vorster J, Chikwamba R, Tsekoa TL. Transient proteolysis reduction of Nicotiana benthamiana-produced CAP256 broadly neutralizing antibodies using CRISPR/Cas9. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:953654. [PMID: 36061808 PMCID: PMC9433777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.953654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response is elicited by Agrobacterium infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana, including the induction and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, such as proteases. This includes the induction of the expression of several cysteine proteases from the C1 (papain-like cysteine protease) and C13 (legumain-like cysteine protease) families. This study demonstrates the role of cysteine proteases: NbVPE-1a, NbVPE-1b, and NbCysP6 in the proteolytic degradation of Nicotiana benthamiana (glycosylation mutant ΔXTFT)-produced anti-human immunodeficiency virus broadly neutralizing antibody, CAP256-VRC26.25. Three putative cysteine protease cleavage sites were identified in the fragment crystallizable region. We further demonstrate the transient coexpression of CAP256-VRC26.25 with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing vectors targeting the NbVPE-1a, NbVPE-1b, and NbCysP6 genes which resulted in a decrease in CAP256-VRC26.25 degradation. No differences in structural features were observed between the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293)-produced and ΔXTFT broadly neutralizing antibodies produced with and without the coexpression of genome-editing vectors. Furthermore, despite the presence of proteolytically degraded fragments of plant-produced CAP256-VRC26.25 without the coexpression of genome editing vectors, no influence on the in vitro functional activity was detected. Collectively, we demonstrate an innovative in planta strategy for improving the quality of the CAP256 antibodies through the transient expression of the CRISPR/Cas9 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advaita Acarya Singh
- Future Production: Chemicals Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Priyen Pillay
- Future Production: Chemicals Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Previn Naicker
- NextGen Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kabamba Alexandre
- NextGen Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kanyane Malatji
- NextGen Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Chikwamba
- Future Production: Chemicals Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tsepo L. Tsekoa
- Future Production: Chemicals Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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13
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Marín-Sanz M, Barro F. RNAi silencing of wheat gliadins alters the network of transcription factors that regulate the synthesis of seed storage proteins toward maintaining grain protein levels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:935851. [PMID: 36003813 PMCID: PMC9395171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.935851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gluten proteins are responsible for the unique viscoelastic properties of wheat dough, but they also trigger the immune response in celiac disease patients. RNA interference (RNAi) wheat lines with strongly silenced gliadins were obtained to reduce the immunogenic response of wheat. The E82 line presents the highest reduction of gluten, but other grain proteins increased, maintaining a total nitrogen content comparable to that of the wild type. To better understand the regulatory mechanisms in response to gliadin silencing, we carried out a transcriptomic analysis of grain and leaf tissues of the E82 line during grain filling. A network of candidate transcription factors (TFs) that regulates the synthesis of the seed storage proteins (SSPs), α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors, lipid transfer proteins, serpins, and starch in the grain was obtained. Moreover, there were a high number of differentially expressed genes in the leaf of E82, where processes such as nutrient availability and transport were enriched. The source-sink communication between leaf and grain showed that many down-regulated genes were related to protease activity, amino acid and sugar metabolism, and their transport. In the leaf, specific proline transporters and lysine-histidine transporters were down- and up-regulated, respectively. Overall, the silencing of gliadins in the RNAi line is compensated mainly with lysine-rich globulins, which are not related to the proposed candidate network of TFs, suggesting that these proteins are regulated independently of the other SSPs. Results reported here can explain the protein compensation mechanisms and contribute to decipher the complex TF network operating during grain filling.
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14
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Hajibarat Z, Saidi A. Senescence-associated proteins and nitrogen remobilization in grain filling under drought stress condition. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:101. [PMID: 35819732 PMCID: PMC9276853 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants use escape strategies including premature senescence and leaf reduction to cope in response to drought stress, which in turn reduces plant leaves and photosynthesis. This strategy allows the new generation (seeds) to survive under drought but, plants experience more yield loss during stress condition. The amount of damage caused by drought stress is compensated by the expression of genes involved in regulating leaf aging. Leaf senescence alters the expression of thousands of genes and ultimately affecting grain protein content, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Also, under drought stress, nitrogen in the soil will not become as much available and causes the beginning and acceleration of the senescence process of leaves. The main body of the abstract This review identified proteins signaling and functional proteins involved in senescence. Further, transcription factors and cell wall degradation enzymes (proteases) related to senescence during drought stress were surveyed. We discuss the regulatory pathways of genes as a result of the degradation of proteins during senescence process. Senescence is strongly influenced by plant hormones and environmental factors including the availability of nitrogen. During maturity or drought stress, reduced nitrogen uptake can cause nitrogen to be remobilized from leaves and stems to seeds, eventually leading to leaf senescence. Under these conditions, genes involved in chloroplast degradation and proteases show increased expression. The functional (proteases) and regulatory proteins such as protein kinases and phosphatases as well as transcription factors (AP2/ERF, NAC, WRKY, MYB, and bZIP) are involved in leaf senescence and drought stress. Short conclusion In this review, senescence-associated proteins involved in leaf senescence and regulatory and functional proteins in response to drought stress during grain filling were surveyed. The present study predicts on the role of nitrogen transporters, transcription factors and regulatory genes involved in the late stages of plant growth with the aim of understanding their mechanisms of action during grain filling stage. For a better understanding, the relevant evidence for the balance between grain filling and protein breakdown during grain filling in cereals is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hajibarat
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Saidi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Zhang L, Chu C. Selenium Uptake, Transport, Metabolism, Reutilization, and Biofortification in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:30. [PMID: 35701545 PMCID: PMC9198118 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and other animals. The human body mainly acquires Se from plant foods, especially cereal grains. Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population. Increasing the Se concentration of rice grains can increase the average human dietary Se intake. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of Se uptake, transport, subcellular distribution, retranslocation, volatilization, and Se-containing protein degradation in plants, especially rice. The strategies for improving Se concentration in rice grains by increasing Se accumulation, reducing Se volatilization, and optimizing Se form were proposed, which provide new insight into Se biofortification in rice by improving the utilization efficiency of Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhe Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Environmental Ecology, Agricultural College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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16
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Popov VN, Syromyatnikov MY, Franceschi C, Moskalev AA, Krutovsky KV, Krutovsky KV. Genetic mechanisms of aging in plants: What can we learn from them? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101601. [PMID: 35278719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants hold all records in longevity. Their aging is a complex process. In the presented review, we analyzed published data on various aspects of plant aging with focus on any inferences that could shed a light on aging in animals and help to fight it in human. Plant aging can be caused by many factors, such as telomere depletion, genomic instability, loss of proteostasis, changes in intercellular interaction, desynchronosis, autophagy misregulation, epigenetic changes and others. Plants have developed a number of mechanisms to increase lifespan. Among these mechanisms are gene duplication ("genetic backup"), the active work of telomerases, abundance of meristematic cells, capacity of maintaining the meristems permanently active and continuous activity of phytohormones. Plant aging usually occurs throughout the whole perennial life, but could be also seasonal senescence. Study of causes for seasonal aging can also help to uncover the mechanisms of plant longevity. The influence of different factors such as microbiome communities, glycation, alternative oxidase activity, mitochondrial dysfunction on plant longevity was also reviewed. Adaptive mechanisms of long-lived plants are considered. Further comparative study of the mechanisms underlying longevity of plants is necessary. This will allow us to reach a potentially new level of understanding of the aging process of plants.
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17
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Yao J, Li R, Cheng Y, Li Z. A combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of chrysanthemum provides new insights into petal senescence. PLANTA 2021; 255:22. [PMID: 34918180 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were differentially expressed in senescent petals compared with control petals. Studying petal senescence is crucial for extending the postharvest longevity of cut flowers, but petal senescence remains relatively unexplored compared to well-studied leaf senescence. In this study, a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of senescent (22 days after cutting) and control (0 day after cutting) petals was performed to investigate the molecular processes underlying petal senescence of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), an important cut flower crop worldwide. A total of 11,324 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4888 up-regulated and 6436 down-regulated genes, and 403 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 210 up-regulated and 193 down-regulated proteins, were identified at transcript and protein levels, respectively. A cross-comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data identified 257 consistent DEGs/DEPs, including 122 up-regulated and 135 down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that "cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis" is a main pathway for both DEGs and DEPs, especially for down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Functional analysis indicated that chrysanthemum genes mainly encoding putative cytochrome P450s, non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, subtilisin-like proteases, AAA-ATPases, proteins essential for cuticular wax biosynthesis, and proteins in hormone signal transduction or ubiquitination were differentially expressed at both transcript and protein levels. In addition, numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were also differentially expressed, inferring an involvement of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in petal senescence. These results provide a valuable resource of studying chrysanthemum senescence and significant insights into petal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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18
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The Papain-like Cysteine Protease HpXBCP3 from Haematococcus pluvialis Involved in the Regulation of Growth, Salt Stress Tolerance and Chlorophyll Synthesis in Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111539. [PMID: 34768970 PMCID: PMC8583958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), the most important group of cysteine proteases, have been reported to participate in the regulation of growth, senescence, and abiotic stresses in plants. However, the functions of PLCPs and their roles in stress response in microalgae was rarely reported. The responses to different abiotic stresses in Haematococcus pluvialis were often observed, including growth regulation and astaxanthin accumulation. In this study, the cDNA of HpXBCP3 containing 1515 bp open reading frame (ORF) was firstly cloned from H. pluvialis by RT-PCR. The analysis of protein domains and molecular evolution showed that HpXBCP3 was closely related to AtXBCP3 from Arabidopsis. The expression pattern analysis revealed that it significantly responds to NaCl stress in H. pluvialis. Subsequently, transformants expressing HpXBCP3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were obtained and subjected to transcriptomic analysis. Results showed that HpXBCP3 might affect the cell cycle regulation and DNA replication in transgenic Chlamydomonas, resulting in abnormal growth of transformants. Moreover, the expression of HpXBCP3 might increase the sensitivity to NaCl stress by regulating ubiquitin and the expression of WD40 proteins in microalgae. Furthermore, the expression of HpXBCP3 might improve chlorophyll content by up-regulating the expression of NADH-dependent glutamate synthases in C. reinhardtii. This study indicated for the first time that HpXBCP3 was involved in the regulation of cell growth, salt stress response, and chlorophyll synthesis in microalgae. Results in this study might enrich the understanding of PLCPs in microalgae and provide a novel perspective for studying the mechanism of environmental stress responses in H. pluvialis.
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Lee BR, Zaman R, La VH, Park SH, Kim TH. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Protein Degradation in Source Leaves, but Its High Endogenous Level Inhibits the Development of Regenerative Organs in Brassica napus. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10101993. [PMID: 34685802 PMCID: PMC8537263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory role of ethylene in the source-sink relationship for nitrogen remobilization, short-term effects of treatment with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, an ethylene inducing agent) for 10 days (EXP 1) and long-term effects at 20 days (Day 30) after treatment with 100 ppm for 10 days (EXP 2) on protein degradation and amino acid transport in foliar sprayed mature leaves of Brassica napus (cv. Mosa) were determined. In EXP 1, endogenous ethylene concentration gradually increased in response to the treated ethephon concentration, leading to the upregulation of senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression and downregulation of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB) expression. Further, the increase in ethylene concentration caused a reduction in protein, Rubisco, and amino acid contents in the mature leaves. However, the activity of protease and expression of amino acid transporter (AAP6), an amino acid transport gene, were not significantly affected or slightly suppressed between the treatments with 50 and 75 ppm. In EXP 2, the enhanced ethylene level reduced photosynthetic pigments, leading to an inhibition of flower development without any pod development. A significant increase in protease activity, confirmed using in-gel staining of protease, was also observed in the ethephon-treated mature leaves. Ethephon application enhanced the expression of four amino acid transporter genes (AAP1, AAP2, AAP4, and AAP6) and the phloem loading of amino acids. Significant correlations between ethylene level, induced by ethephon application, and the descriptive parameters of protein degradation and amino acid transport were revealed. These results indicated that an increase in ethylene upregulated nitrogen remobilization in the mature leaves (source), which was accompanied by an increase in proteolytic activity and amino acid transport, but had no benefit to pod (sink) development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Rashed Zaman
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Van Hien La
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyet Thang Commune, Thai Nguyen City 24119, Vietnam
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.); (S.-H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2126
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20
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Domínguez F, Cejudo FJ. Chloroplast dismantling in leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5905-5918. [PMID: 33959761 PMCID: PMC8760853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic plant cells, chloroplasts act as factories of metabolic intermediates that support plant growth. Chloroplast performance is highly influenced by environmental cues. Thus, these organelles have the additional function of sensing ever changing environmental conditions, thereby playing a key role in harmonizing the growth and development of different organs and in plant acclimation to the environment. Moreover, chloroplasts constitute an excellent source of metabolic intermediates that are remobilized to sink tissues during senescence so that chloroplast dismantling is a tightly regulated process that plays a key role in plant development. Stressful environmental conditions enhance the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by chloroplasts, which may lead to oxidative stress causing damage to the organelle. These environmental conditions trigger mechanisms that allow the rapid dismantling of damaged chloroplasts, which is crucial to avoid deleterious effects of toxic by-products of the degradative process. In this review, we discuss the effect of redox homeostasis and ROS generation in the process of chloroplast dismantling. Furthermore, we summarize the structural and biochemical events, both intra- and extraplastid, that characterize the process of chloroplast dismantling in senescence and in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Domínguez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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21
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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22
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Low Light/Darkness as Stressors of Multifactor-Induced Senescence in Rice Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083936. [PMID: 33920407 PMCID: PMC8069932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, as an integral part of the final development stage for plants, primarily remobilizes nutrients from the sources to the sinks in response to different stressors. The premature senescence of leaves is a critical challenge that causes significant economic losses in terms of crop yields. Although low light causes losses of up to 50% and affects rice yield and quality, its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Darkness-mediated premature leaf senescence is a well-studied stressor. It initiates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which have been implicated in chlorophyll breakdown and degradation. The molecular and biochemical regulatory mechanisms of premature leaf senescence show significant levels of redundant biomass in complex pathways. Thus, clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of low-light/dark-induced senescence may be conducive to developing strategies for rice crop improvement. This review describes the recent molecular regulatory mechanisms associated with low-light response and dark-induced senescence (DIS), and their effects on plastid signaling and photosynthesis-mediated processes, chloroplast and protein degradation, as well as hormonal and transcriptional regulation in rice.
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23
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Sueyoshi K, Ohyama T. Recent Advances in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in C3 Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E318. [PMID: 33396811 PMCID: PMC7795015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the xylem and phloem transport systems. Complex mechanisms regulate C and N metabolism to optimize plant growth, agricultural crop production, and maintenance of the agroecosystem. In this paper, we cover the recent advances in understanding C and N metabolism, regulation, and transport in plants, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms of starch metabolism in plastids and the changes in responses to environmental stress that were previously overlooked, since these changes provide an essential store of C that fuels plant metabolism and growth. We present general insights into the system biology approaches that have expanded our understanding of core biological questions related to C and N metabolism. Finally, this review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the trade-off concept that links C and N status to the plant's response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; (M.B.); (T.M.)
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Takuji Ohyama
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Clark KJ, Pang Z, Trinh J, Wang N, Ma W. Sec-Delivered Effector 1 (SDE1) of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Promotes Citrus Huanglongbing. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1394-1404. [PMID: 32986514 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0123-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sec-delivered effector 1 (SDE1) from the huanglongbing (HLB)-associated bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' was previously characterized as an inhibitor of defense-related, papain-like cysteine proteases in vitro and in planta. Here, we investigated the contributions of SDE1 to HLB progression. We found that SDE1 expression in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana caused severe yellowing in mature leaves, reminiscent of both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection symptoms and accelerated leaf senescence. Induction of senescence signatures was also observed in the SDE1-expressing A. thaliana lines. These signatures were apparent in older leaves but not in seedlings, suggesting an age-associated effect. Furthermore, independent lines of transgenic Citrus paradisi (L.) Macfadyen (Duncan grapefruit) that express SDE1 exhibited hypersusceptibility to 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Similar to A. thaliana, transgenic citrus expressing SDE1 showed altered expression of senescence-associated genes, but only after infection with 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. These findings suggest that SDE1 is a virulence factor that contributes to HLB progression, likely by inducing premature or accelerated senescence in citrus. This work provides new insight into HLB pathogenesis.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley J Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Shintre NA, Tamhane VA, Baig UI, Pund AS, Patwardhan RB, Deshpande NM. Diversity of Culturable Actinobacteria Producing Protease Inhibitors Isolated from the Intertidal Zones of Maharashtra, India. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3555-3564. [PMID: 32902705 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic diversity of culturable actinobacteria isolated from the intertidal regions of west coast of Maharashtra, India was studied using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Total of 140 actinobacterial isolates were obtained, which belonged to 14 genera, 10 families and 65 putative species with Streptomyces being the most dominant (63%) genus followed by Nocardiopsis and Micromonospora. Isolates were screened for production of extracellular protease inhibitors (PI) against three pure proteases viz. chymotrypsin, trypsin, subtilisin and a crude extracellular protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eighty percent of the isolates showed PI activity against at least one of the four proteases, majority of these belonged to genus Streptomyces. Actinobacterial diversity from two sites Ade (17° 52' N, 73° 04' E) and Harnai (17° 48' N, 73° 05' E) with varying anthropological pressure showed that more putative species diversity was obtained from site with lower human intervention i.e. Ade (Shannon's H 3.45) than from Harnai (Shannon's H 2.83), a site with more human intervention. However, in Ade, percentage of isolates not showing PI activity against any of the proteases was close to 21% and that in Harnai was close to 9%. In other words, percentage of PI producers was lower at a site with lesser human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha A Shintre
- Department of Microbiology, M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, Karve Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India
| | - Vaijayanti A Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Ulfat I Baig
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Anagha S Pund
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune (IISER-P), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Rajashree B Patwardhan
- Department of Microbiology, Haribhai V. Desai College of Commerce, Arts and Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411002, India
| | - Neelima M Deshpande
- Department of Microbiology, M.E.S. Abasaheb Garware College, Karve Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India.
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Veliz CG, Criado MV, Galotta MF, Roberts IN, Caputo C. Regulation of senescence-associated protease genes by sulphur availability according to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) phenological stage. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:435-444. [PMID: 32300777 PMCID: PMC7424724 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proteases are responsible for protein degradation during leaf senescence, allowing nutrients to be redirected to sink tissues. In a previous work, we reported that sulphur deficiency produced a delay in the leaf senescence of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants, at both vegetative and reproductive stages. In this work, we analyse the effect of sulphur deficiency on the expression of several genes coding for proteases of different catalytic groups, which have been strongly associated with leaf senescence. METHODS Four independent experiments were performed in order to impose low sulphur availability conditions: one of steady-state sulphur deficiency during the vegetative stage and three of sulphur starvation during vegetative and reproductive stages. KEY RESULTS Sulphur deficiency inhibited or reduced the senescence-associated induction of seven of the eight proteases analysed. Their induction, as well as senescence and phloem amino acid remobilization, could be achieved with senescence inducers such as methyl-jasmonate (a hormonal stimulus) and darkness, but with different rates of induction dependent on each gene. Sulphur deficiency also exerted an opposite effect on the expression of two cysteine-protease genes (HvSAG12 and HvLEGU) as well as on one serine-protease gene (HvSUBT) according to leaf age and plant phenological stages. All three genes were induced in green leaves but were repressed in senescent leaves of sulphur-deficient plants at the vegetative stage. At the reproductive stage, both cysteine-proteases were only repressed in senescent leaves, while the serine-protease was induced in green and senescent leaves by sulphur deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the relevance of adequate sulphur nutrition in order to ensure leaf senescence onset and induction of protease genes, which will consequently impact on grain protein composition and quality. In addition, our results provide evidence that leaf age, plant developmental stage and the nature of the stress modulate the sulphur responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia G Veliz
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Criado
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Galotta
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irma N Roberts
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caputo
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Protective Roles of Cytosolic and Plastidal Proteasomes on Abiotic Stress and Pathogen Invasion. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070832. [PMID: 32630761 PMCID: PMC7412383 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein malfunction is typically caused by abiotic stressors. To ensure cell survival during conditions of stress, it is important for plant cells to maintain proteins in their respective functional conformation. Self-compartmentalizing proteases, such as ATP-dependent Clp proteases and proteasomes are designed to act in the crowded cellular environment, and they are responsible for degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins within the cell. During different types of stress conditions, the levels of misfolded or orphaned proteins that are degraded by the 26S proteasome in the cytosol and nucleus and by the Clp proteases in the mitochondria and chloroplasts increase. This allows cells to uphold feedback regulations to cellular-level signals and adjust to altered environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize recent findings on plant proteolytic complexes with respect to their protective functions against abiotic and biotic stressors.
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Jutras PV, Dodds I, van der Hoorn RA. Proteases of Nicotiana benthamiana: an emerging battle for molecular farming. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 61:60-65. [PMID: 31765962 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular farming increasingly uses the tobacco relative Nicotiana benthamiana for production of recombinant proteins through transient expression. Several proteins are produced efficiently with this expression platform, but yields for other proteins are often very low. These low yields are frequently due to endogenous proteases. The latest genome annotations indicate that N. benthamiana encodes for at least 1243 putative proteases that probably act redundantly and consecutively on substrates in different subcellular compartments. Here, we discuss the N. benthamiana protease repertoire that may affect recombinant protein production and recent advances in protease depletion strategies to increase recombinant protein production in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Jutras
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Isobel Dodds
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Renier Al van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK.
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Fan T, Yang W, Zeng X, Xu X, Xu Y, Fan X, Luo M, Tian C, Xia K, Zhang M. A Rice Autophagy Gene OsATG8b Is Involved in Nitrogen Remobilization and Control of Grain Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588. [PMID: 32582228 PMCID: PMC7287119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing nitrogen (N) use efficiency is a potential way to reduce excessive nitrogen application and increase yield. Autophagy is a conserved degradation system in the evolution of eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in plant development and stress response. Autophagic cores have two conjugation pathways that attach the product of autophagy-related gene 8 (ATG8) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ATG5 to ATG12, respectively, which then help with vesicle elongation and enclosure. Rice has six ATG8 genes, which have not been functionally confirmed so far. We identified the rice gene OsATG8b and characterized its role in N remobilization to affect grain quality by generating transgenic plants with its over-expression and knockdown. Our study confirmed the autophagy activity of OsATG8b through the complementation of the yeast autophagy-defective mutant scatg8 and by observation of autophagosome formation in rice. The autophagy activity is higher in OsATG8b-OE lines and lower in OsATG8b-RNAi than that in wild type (ZH11). 15N pulse-chase analysis revealed that OsATG8b-OE plants conferred higher N recycling efficiency to grains, while OsATG8b-RNAi transgenic plants exhibited lower N recycling efficiency and poorer grain quality. The autophagic role of OsATG8b was experimentally confirmed, and it was concluded that OsATG8b-mediated autophagy is involved in N recycling to grains and contributes to the grain quality, indicating that OsATG8b may be a potential gene for molecular breeding and cultivation of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changen Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuaifei Xia
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mingyong Zhang,
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Zhang J, Fengler KA, Van Hemert JL, Gupta R, Mongar N, Sun J, Allen WB, Wang Y, Weers B, Mo H, Lafitte R, Hou Z, Bryant A, Ibraheem F, Arp J, Swaminathan K, Moose SP, Li B, Shen B. Identification and characterization of a novel stay-green QTL that increases yield in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2272-2285. [PMID: 31033139 PMCID: PMC6835130 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional stay-green is a valuable trait that extends the photosynthetic period, increases source capacity and biomass and ultimately translates to higher grain yield. Selection for higher yields has increased stay-green in modern maize hybrids. Here, we report a novel QTL controlling functional stay-green that was discovered in a mapping population derived from the Illinois High Protein 1 (IHP1) and Illinois Low Protein 1 (ILP1) lines, which show very different rates of leaf senescence. This QTL was mapped to a single gene containing a NAC-domain transcription factor that we named nac7. Transgenic maize lines where nac7 was down-regulated by RNAi showed delayed senescence and increased both biomass and nitrogen accumulation in vegetative tissues, demonstrating NAC7 functions as a negative regulator of the stay-green trait. More importantly, crosses between nac7 RNAi parents and two different elite inbred testers produced hybrids with prolonged stay-green and increased grain yield by an average 0.29 megagram/hectare (4.6 bushel/acre), in 2 years of multi-environment field trials. Subsequent RNAseq experiments, one employing nac7 RNAi leaves and the other using leaf protoplasts overexpressing Nac7, revealed an important role for NAC7 in regulating genes in photosynthesis, chlorophyll degradation and protein turnover pathways that each contribute to the functional stay-green phenotype. We further determined the putative target of NAC7 and provided a logical extension for the role of NAC7 in regulating resource allocation from vegetative source to reproductive sink tissues. Collectively, our findings make a compelling case for NAC7 as a target for improving functional stay-green and yields in maize and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Kevin A. Fengler
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
- Present address:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid TropicsPatancheruIndia
| | - Nick Mongar
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Jindong Sun
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - William B. Allen
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Yang Wang
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Benjamin Weers
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Hua Mo
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Renee Lafitte
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Zhenglin Hou
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Angela Bryant
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Farag Ibraheem
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
- Botany DepartmentFaculty of ScienceMansoura UniversityEgypt
- Present address:
Mansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
| | - Jennifer Arp
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
- Present address:
Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterCreve CoeurMOUSA
| | - Kankshita Swaminathan
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
- Present address:
Hudson Alpha Institute for BiotechnologyHuntsvilleALUSA
| | | | - Bailin Li
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
| | - Bo Shen
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPontJohnstonIAUSA
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Zhen X, Xu F, Zhang W, Li N, Li X. Overexpression of rice gene OsATG8b confers tolerance to nitrogen starvation and increases yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223011. [PMID: 31553788 PMCID: PMC6760796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important element required for plant growth and development, which also affects plant yield and quality. Autophagy, a conserved pathway in eukaryotes, degrades and recycles cellular components, thus playing an important role in N remobilization. However, only a few autophagy genes related to N remobilization in rice (Oryza sativa) have been reported. Here, we identified a core autophagy gene in rice, OsATG8b, with increased expression levels under N starvation conditions. It was investigated the function of OsATG8b by generating three independent homozygous 35S-OsATG8b transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. The overexpression of OsATG8b significantly enhanced autophagic flux in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. It was also showed that over-expressing OsATG8b promoted growth and development of Arabidopsis, in which the rosette leaves were larger than those of the wild type (WT), and the yield increased significantly by 25.25%. In addition, the transgenic lines accumulated more N in seeds than in the rosette leaves. Further examination revealed that overexpression of OsATG8b could effectively alleviate the growth inhibition of transgenic Arabidopsis under nitrogen (N) stress. N partitioning studies revealed that nitrogen-harvest index (NHI) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were significantly increased in the transgenic Arabidopsis, as well as the 15N-tracer experiments revealing that the remobilization of N to seeds in the OsATG8b-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis was high and more than WT. Based on our findings, we consider OsATG8b to be a great candidate gene to increase NUE and yield, especially under suboptimal field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhen
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (FX); (WZ)
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (FX); (WZ)
| | - Nan Li
- Shen Yang Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang, China
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32
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Bruand C, Meilhoc E. Nitric oxide in plants: pro- or anti-senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4419-4427. [PMID: 30868162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a regulated process of tissue degeneration that can affect any plant organ and consists of the degradation and remobilization of molecules to other growing tissues. Senescent organs display changes at the microscopic level as well as modifications to internal cellular structure and differential gene expression. A large number of factors influencing senescence have been described including age, nutrient supply, and environmental interactions. Internal factors such as phytohormones also affect the timing of leaf senescence. A link between the senescence process and the production of nitric oxide (NO) in senescing tissues has been known for many years. Remarkably, this link can be either a positive or a negative correlation depending upon the organ. NO can be both a signaling or a toxic molecule and is known to have multiple roles in plants; this review considers the duality of NO roles in the senescence process of two different plant organs, namely the leaves and root nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bruand
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, INSA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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33
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Buet A, Costa ML, Martínez DE, Guiamet JJ. Chloroplast Protein Degradation in Senescing Leaves: Proteases and Lytic Compartments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:747. [PMID: 31275332 PMCID: PMC6593067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is characterized by massive degradation of chloroplast proteins, yet the protease(s) involved is(are) not completely known. Increased expression and/or activities of serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metalloproteases were detected in senescing leaves, but these studies have not provided information on the identities of the proteases responsible for chloroplast protein breakdown. Silencing some senescence-associated proteases has delayed progression of senescence symptoms, yet it is still unclear if these proteases are directly involved in chloroplast protein breakdown. At least four cellular pathways involved in the traffic of chloroplast proteins for degradation outside the chloroplast have been described (i.e., "Rubisco-containing bodies," "senescence-associated vacuoles," "ATI1-plastid associated bodies," and "CV-containing vesicles"), which differ in their dependence on the autophagic machinery, and the identity of the proteins transported and/or degraded. Finding out the proteases involved in, for example, the degradation of Rubisco, may require piling up mutations in several senescence-associated proteases. Alternatively, targeting a proteinaceous protein inhibitor to chloroplasts may allow the inhibitor to reach "Rubisco-containing bodies," "senescence-associated vacuoles," "ATI1-plastid associated bodies," and "CV-containing vesicles" in essentially the way as chloroplast-targeted fluorescent proteins re-localize to these vesicular structures. This might help to reduce proteolytic activity, thereby reducing or slowing down plastid protein degradation during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Buet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Lorenza Costa
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana E Martínez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan J Guiamet
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE, CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Yu J, Zhen X, Li X, Li N, Xu F. Increased Autophagy of Rice Can Increase Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:584. [PMID: 31134120 PMCID: PMC6514234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating), a conserved pathway in eukaryotes, which is designed to handle cytoplasmic material in bulk and plays an important role in the remobilization of nutrient, such as nitrogen (N) under suboptimal nutrient conditions. Here, we identified a core component of an autophagy gene in rice (Oryza sativa), OsATG8a, with increased expression levels under N starvation conditions. Overexpression of OsATG8a significantly enhanced the level of autophagy and the number of effective tillers in the transgenic rice. In addition, the transgenic lines accumulated more N in grains than in the dry remains and the yield was significantly increased under normal N conditions. Further N allocation studies revealed that the nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) significantly increased. Otherwise, under suboptimal N conditions, overexpression of OsATG8a did not seem to have any effect on yield and NUE, but NUpE was still improved significantly. Based on our findings, we consider OsATG8a to be a great candidate gene to increase NUE and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province – Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province – Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province – Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shenyang Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province – Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Gomez-Sanchez A, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Santamaria ME, Arbona V, Lopez-Gonzalvez A, Garcia A, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Martinez M, Diaz I. Repression of drought-induced cysteine-protease genes alters barley leaf structure and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2143-2155. [PMID: 30452688 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To survive under water deficiency, plants alter gene expression patterns, make structural and physiological adjustments, and optimize the use of water. Rapid degradation and turnover of proteins is required for effective nutrient recycling. Here, we examined the transcriptional responses of the C1A cysteine protease family to drought in barley and found that four genes were up-regulated in stressed plants. Knock-down lines for the protease-encoding genes HvPap-1 and HvPap-19 showed unexpected changes in leaf cuticle thickness and stomatal pore area. The efficiency of photosystem II and the total amount of proteins were almost unaltered in stressed transgenic plants while both parameters decreased in stressed wild-type plants. Although the patterns of proteolytic activities in the knock-down lines did not change, the amino acid accumulation increased in response to drought, concomitant with a higher ABA content. Whilst jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-Ile concentrations increased in stressed leaves of the wild-type and the HvPap-1 knock-down lines, their levels were lower in the HvPap-19 knock-down lines, suggesting the involvement of a specific hormone interaction in the process. Our data indicate that the changes in leaf cuticle thickness and stomatal pore area had advantageous effects on leaf defense against fungal infection and mite feeding mediated by Magnaporthe oryzae and Tetranychus urticae, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gomez-Sanchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Avda. Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Avda. Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Arbona
- Ecofisiologia i Biotecnologia, Dpt. Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I - Campus Riu Sec, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Angeles Lopez-Gonzalvez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Garcia
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Avda. Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal - Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Avda. Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Vorster BJ, Cullis CA, Kunert KJ. Plant Vacuolar Processing Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:479. [PMID: 31031794 PMCID: PMC6473326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteomes contain hundreds of proteases divided into different families based on evolutionary and functional relationship. In particular, plant cysteine proteases of the C1 (papain-like) and C13 (legumain-like) families play key roles in many physiological processes. The legumain-like proteases, also called vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), perform a multifunctional role in different plant organs and during different stages of plant development and death. VPEs are similar to animal caspases, and although caspase activity was identified in plants almost 40 years ago, there still remains much research to be done to gain a complete understanding of their various roles and functions in plants. Here we not only summarize the current existing knowledge of plant VPEs, including recent developments in the field, but also highlight the future prospective areas to be investigated to obtain a more detailed understanding of the role of VPEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend Juan Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Cullis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Karl J. Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Buono RA, Hudecek R, Nowack MK. Plant proteases during developmental programmed cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2097-2112. [PMID: 30793182 PMCID: PMC7612330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are among the key regulators of most forms of programmed cell death (PCD) in animals. Many PCD processes have also been associated with protease expression or activation in plants, However, functional evidence for the roles and actual modes of action of plant proteases in PCD remains surprisingly limited. In this review, we provide an update on protease involvement in the context of developmentally regulated plant PCD. To illustrate the diversity of protease functions, we focus on several prominent developmental PCD processes, including xylem and tapetum maturation, suspensor elimination, endosperm degradation, and seed coat formation, as well as plant senescence processes. Despite the substantial advances in the field, protease functions are often only correlatively linked to developmental PCD, and the specific molecular roles of proteases in many developmental PCD processes remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrade Buono
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudecek
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Wang H, Schippers JHM. The Role and Regulation of Autophagy and the Proteasome During Aging and Senescence in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040267. [PMID: 30987024 PMCID: PMC6523301 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and senescence in plants has a major impact on agriculture, such as in crop yield, the value of ornamental crops, and the shelf life of vegetables and fruits. Senescence represents the final developmental phase of the leaf and inevitably results in the death of the organ. Still, the process is completely under the control of the plant. Plants use their protein degradation systems to maintain proteostasis and transport or salvage nutrients from senescing organs to develop reproductive parts. Herein, we present an overview of current knowledge about the main protein degradation pathways in plants during senescence: The proteasome and autophagy. Although both pathways degrade proteins, autophagy appears to prevent aging, while the proteasome functions as a positive regulator of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wang
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Poret M, Chandrasekar B, van der Hoorn RAL, Déchaumet S, Bouchereau A, Kim TH, Lee BR, Macquart F, Hara-Nishimura I, Avice JC. A Genotypic Comparison Reveals That the Improvement in Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency in Oilseed Rape Leaves Is Related to Specific Patterns of Senescence-Associated Protease Activities and Phytohormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 30778361 PMCID: PMC6369165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an oleoproteaginous crop characterized by low N use efficiency (NUE) that is mainly related to a weak Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency (NRE) during the sequential leaf senescence of the vegetative stages. Based on the hypothesis that proteolysis efficiency is crucial for the improvement of leafNRE, our objective was to characterize key senescence-associated proteolytic mechanisms of two genotypes (Ténor and Samouraï) previously identified with contrasting NREs. To reach this goal, biochemical changes, protease activities and phytohormone patterns were studied in mature leaves undergoing senescence in two genotypes with contrasting NRE cultivated in a greenhouse under limiting or ample nitrate supply. The genotype with the higher NRE (Ténor) possessed enhanced senescence processes in response to nitrate limitation, and this led to greater degradation of soluble proteins compared to the other genotype (Samouraï). This efficient proteolysis is associated with (i) an increase in serine and cysteine protease (CP) activities and (ii) the appearance of new CP activities (RD21-like, SAG12-like, RD19-like, cathepsin-B, XBCP3-like and aleurain-like proteases) during senescence induced by N limitation. Compared to Samouraï, Ténor has a higher hormonal ratio ([salicylic acid] + [abscisic acid])/([cytokinins]) that promotes senescence, particularly under low N conditions, and this is correlated with the stronger protein degradation and serine/CP activities observed during senescence. Short statement: The improvement in N recycling during leaf senescence in a genotype of Brassica napus L. characterized by a high nitrogen remobilization efficiency is related to a high phytohormonal ratio ([salicylic acid] + [abscisic acid])/([cytokinins]) that promotes leaf senescence and is correlated with an increase or the induction of specific serine and cysteine protease activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Poret
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR INRA–UCBN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions N.C.S., FED 4277 Normandie Végétal, Caen, France
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sylvain Déchaumet
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Flavien Macquart
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR INRA–UCBN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions N.C.S., FED 4277 Normandie Végétal, Caen, France
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University Okamoto, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR INRA–UCBN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions N.C.S., FED 4277 Normandie Végétal, Caen, France
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Asad MAU, Zakari SA, Zhao Q, Zhou L, Ye Y, Cheng F. Abiotic Stresses Intervene with ABA Signaling to Induce Destructive Metabolic Pathways Leading to Death: Premature Leaf Senescence in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E256. [PMID: 30634648 PMCID: PMC6359161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses trigger premature leaf senescence by affecting some endogenous factors, which is an important limitation for plant growth and grain yield. Among these endogenous factors that regulate leaf senescence, abscisic acid (ABA) works as a link between the oxidase damage of cellular structure and signal molecules responding to abiotic stress during leaf senescence. Considering the importance of ABA, we collect the latest findings related to ABA biosynthesis, ABA signaling, and its inhibitory effect on chloroplast structure destruction, chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, and photosynthesis reduction. Post-translational changes in leaf senescence end with the exhaustion of nutrients, yellowing of leaves, and death of senescent tissues. In this article, we review the literature on the ABA-inducing leaf senescence mechanism in rice and Arabidopsis starting from ABA synthesis, transport, signaling receptors, and catabolism. We also predict the future outcomes of investigations related to other plants. Before changes in translation occur, ABA signaling that mediates the expression of NYC, bZIP, and WRKY transcription factors (TFs) has been investigated to explain the inducing effect on senescence-associated genes. Various factors related to calcium signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and protein degradation are elaborated, and research gaps and potential prospects are presented. Examples of gene mutation conferring the delay or induction of leaf senescence are also described, and they may be helpful in understanding the inhibitory effect of abiotic stresses and effective measures to tolerate, minimize, or resist their inducing effect on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad Ullah Asad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shamsu Ado Zakari
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210000, China.
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Morrell R, Sadanandom A. Dealing With Stress: A Review of Plant SUMO Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1122. [PMID: 31620153 PMCID: PMC6759571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The SUMO system is a rapid dynamic post-translational mechanism employed by eukaryotic cells to respond to stress. Plant cells experience hyperSUMOylation of substrates in response to stresses such as heat, ethanol, and drought. Many SUMOylated proteins are located in the nucleus, SUMOylation altering many nuclear processes. The SUMO proteases play two key functions in the SUMO cycle by generating free SUMO; they have an important role in regulating the SUMO cycle, and by cleaving SUMO off SUMOylated proteins, they provide specificity to which proteins become SUMOylated. This review summarizes the broad literature of plant SUMO proteases describing their catalytic activity, domains and structure, evolution, localization, and response to stress and highlighting potential new areas of research in the future.
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Fan K, Zhang Q, Liu M, Ma L, Shi Y, Ruan J. Metabolomic and transcriptional analyses reveal the mechanism of C, N allocation from source leaf to flower in tea plant (Camellia sinensis. L). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:200-208. [PMID: 30537607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tea flowering in late autumn competes for a large amount of nitrogen and carbohydrates, potentially undermines the storage of these resources in vegetative organs, and negatively influences the subsequent spring tea yield and quality. The mechanism underlying the re-allocation N and carbohydrate from source leaf to flower in tea plant has not been clearly understood. In this study, 15N allocation, changes in metabolomics, and gene expression in flower buds, flowers, and adjacent leaves were characterized. Total N content of the adjacent leaves significantly decreased during flowering while such a decrease could be reversed by flower bud removal. Foliar-applied 15N in the adjacent leaves markedly decreased and was readily allocated to flowers. Metabolomic analysis revealed that most sugars and benzoic acid increased by more than two-fold whereas theanine, Gln, Arg, Asp, and Asn decreased when flower buds fully opened to become flowers. In this process, Gly, Pro, and cellobiose in the adjacent leaves increased considerably whereas sucrose, galactose, benzoic acid, and many fatty acids decreased. Removal of flower buds reversed or alleviated the above decreases and led to an increase of Asn in the leaves. The expression of genes associated with autophagy (ATG5, ATG9, ATG12, ATG18), sucrose transporters (SUT1, SUT2, SUT4), amino acids permease (AAP6, AAP7, AAP8), glutamine synthetase (GS1;1, GS1;2, GS1;3), and asparagine synthetase (ASN1, ASN2) was significantly up-regulated in leaves during the flowering process and was strongly modulated by the removal of flower buds. The overall results demonstrated that leaves are the ready source providing N and carbohydrates in flowering and a series of genes related to autophagy, protein degradation, turn-over of amino acids, and phloem loading for transport are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Meiya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 31008, China.
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Ma G, Shi X, Zou Q, Tian D, An X, Zhu K. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals dynamic changes during daylily flower senescence. PLANTA 2018; 248:859-873. [PMID: 29943113 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-related metabolic biological processes and metabolic pathways as well as invertase, protease, and ribosomal proteins may be critical regulators controlling the circadian rhythm and ephemeral properties of daylily flowers. Daylily is a familiar perennial flower. The daylily flower opens at dawn and withers away at night. Flower longevity in almost all daylily varieties from opening to fading is less than 24 h. In the past decades, the physiological changes and genetic responses to senescence in daylily flowers have been reported. However, the main metabolic pathways and biological processes involved in daylily flower senescence and the proteins involved in premature senility of daylily flowers are poorly understood. Herein, we identified differences between the proteomes of four developmental stages (s1-s4) of daylily flowers using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic methods. A total of 445 proteins (containing at least two unique peptides) were identified, and differentially expressed proteins (upregulation ≥ 1.5 or downregulation ≤ 0.67, P value ≤ 0.05) were detected between these stages in the following numbers: 58 (s2/s1), 59 (s3/s1), 31 (s3/s2), 64 (s4/s1), 52 (s4/s2), and 29 (s4/s3). Protein functions and classifications were analyzed based on GO, KEGG, and COG, and expressive hierarchical cluster analysis and functional enrichment analysis for differentially expressed proteins were carried out. A comparison of the late stages (s3 and s4) with the early stage (s1) revealed that the sugar (hexose, monosaccharide, and glucose) metabolic process GO category was the most enriched, and sugar (galactose, pentose, starch, and sucrose) metabolism pathways constituted the most enriched KEGG category. Finally, the potential research value of invertase, protease, and ribosomal proteins for revealing the mechanism underlying the circadian rhythm and ephemeral properties of daylily flowers are discussed. These data and analyses provide new insight into the senescence mechanism of daylily flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Ma
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingcheng Zou
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danqing Tian
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia An
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhu
- Floriculture Research and Development Center of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kamranfar I, Xue GP, Tohge T, Sedaghatmehr M, Fernie AR, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B. Transcription factor RD26 is a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming during dark-induced senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1543-1557. [PMID: 29659022 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a key process in plants that culminates in the degradation of cellular constituents and massive reprogramming of metabolism for the recovery of nutrients from aged leaves for their reuse in newly developing sinks. We used molecular-biological and metabolomics approaches to identify NAC transcription factor (TF) RD26 as an important regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis thaliana. RD26 directly activates CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION (CV), encoding a protein crucial for chloroplast protein degradation, concomitant with an enhanced protein loss in RD26 overexpressors during senescence, but a reduced decline of protein in rd26 knockout mutants. RD26 also directly activates LKR/SDH involved in lysine catabolism, and PES1 important for phytol degradation. Metabolic profiling revealed reduced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in RD26 overexpressors, accompanied by the induction of respective catabolic genes. Degradation of lysine, phytol and GABA is instrumental for maintaining mitochondrial respiration in carbon-limiting conditions during senescence. RD26 also supports the degradation of starch and the accumulation of mono- and disaccharides during senescence by directly enhancing the expression of AMY1, SFP1 and SWEET15 involved in carbohydrate metabolism and transport. Collectively, during senescence RD26 acts by controlling the expression of genes across the entire spectrum of the cellular degradation hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Kamranfar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gang-Ping Xue
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food Flagship, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mastoureh Sedaghatmehr
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Broda M, Millar AH, Van Aken O. Mitophagy: A Mechanism for Plant Growth and Survival. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:434-450. [PMID: 29576328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a conserved cellular process that is important for autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population. Mitophagy also appears to occur in plants and has roles in development, stress response, senescence, and programmed cell death. However, many of the genes that control mitophagy in yeast and animal cells are absent from plants, and no plant proteins marking defunct mitochondria for autophagic degradation are yet known. New insights implicate general autophagy-related proteins in mitophagy, affecting the senescence of plant tissues. Mitophagy control and its importance for energy metabolism, survival, signaling, and cell death in plants are discussed. Furthermore, we suggest mitochondrial membrane proteins containing ATG8-interacting motifs, which might serve as mitophagy receptor proteins in plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Broda
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Wu L, Wang S, Tian L, Wu L, Li M, Zhang J, Li P, Zhang W, Chen Y. Comparative proteomic analysis of the maize responses to early leaf senescence induced by preventing pollination. J Proteomics 2018; 177:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Safavi-Rizi V, Franzaring J, Fangmeier A, Kunze R. Divergent N Deficiency-Dependent Senescence and Transcriptome Response in Developmentally Old and Young Brassica napus Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:48. [PMID: 29449851 PMCID: PMC5799827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the spring oilseed rape (OSR) cultivar 'Mozart' grown under optimal N supply (NO) or mild N deficiency (NL) the transcriptome changes associated with progressing age until early senescence in developmentally old lower canopy leaves (leaf #4) and younger higher canopy leaves (leaf #8) were investigated. Twelve weeks old NO and NL plants appeared phenotypically and transcriptomically identical, but thereafter distinct nutrition-dependent differences in gene expression patterns in lower and upper canopy leaves emerged. In NO leaves #4 of 14-week-old compared to 13-week-old plants, ∼600 genes were up- or downregulated, whereas in NL leaves #4 ∼3000 genes were up- or downregulated. In contrast, in 15-week-old compared to 13-week-old upper canopy leaves #8 more genes were up- or downregulated in optimally N-supplied plants (∼2000 genes) than in N-depleted plants (∼750 genes). This opposing effect of N depletion on gene regulation was even more prominent among photosynthesis-related genes (PSGs). Between week 13 and 14 in leaves #4, 99 of 110 PSGs were downregulated in NL plants, but none in NO plants. In contrast, from weeks 13 to 16 in leaves #8 of NL plants only 11 PSGs were downregulated in comparison to 66 PSGs in NO plants. Different effects of N depletion in lower versus upper canopy leaves were also apparent in upregulation of autophagy genes and NAC transcription factors. More than half of the regulated NAC and WRKY transcription factor, autophagy and protease genes were specifically regulated in NL leaves #4 or NO leaves #8 and thus may contribute to differences in senescence and nutrient mobilization in these leaves. We suggest that in N-deficient plants the upper leaves retain their N resources longer than in amply fertilized plants and remobilize them only after shedding of the lower leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Franzaring
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Fangmeier
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Liu H, Hu M, Wang Q, Cheng L, Zhang Z. Role of Papain-Like Cysteine Proteases in Plant Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1717. [PMID: 30564252 PMCID: PMC6288466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCP) are prominent peptidases found in most living organisms. In plants, PLCPs was divided into nine subgroups based on functional and structural characterization. They are key enzymes in protein proteolysis and involved in numerous physiological processes. In this paper, we reviewed the updated achievements of physiological roles of plant PLCPs in germination, development, senescence, immunity, and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Menghui Hu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zaibao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zaibao Zhang,
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Zhang S, Zhi H, Li W, Shan J, Tang C, Jia G, Tang S, Diao X. SiYGL2 Is Involved in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence and Photosystem II Efficiency in Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 30233633 PMCID: PMC6131628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A yellow-green leaf mutant was isolated from EMS-mutagenized lines of Setaria italica variety Yugu1. Map-based cloning revealed the mutant gene is a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana AtEGY1. EGY1 (ethylene-dependent gravitropism-deficient and yellow-green 1) is an ATP-independent metalloprotease (MP) that is required for chloroplast development, photosystem protein accumulation, hypocotyl gravitropism, leaf senescence, and ABA signal response in A. thaliana. However, the function of EGY1 in monocotyledonous C4 plants has not yet been described. The siygl2 mutant is phenotypically characterized by chlorotic organs, premature senescence, and damaged PS II function. Sequence comparisons of the AtEGY1 and SiYGL2 proteins reveals the potential for SiYGL2 to encode a partially functional protein. Phenotypic characterization and gene expression analysis suggested that SiYGL2 participates in the regulation of chlorophyll content, leaf senescence progression, and PS II function. Additionally, our research will contribute to further characterization of the mechanisms regulating leaf senescence and photosynthesis in S. italica, and in C4 plants in general.
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Abstract
As a representative form of plant senescence, leaf senescence has received the most attention during the last two decades. In this chapter we summarize the initiation of leaf senescence by various internal and external signals, the progression of senescence including switches in gene expression, as well as changes at the biochemical and cellular levels during leaf senescence. Impacts of leaf senescence in agriculture and genetic approaches that have been used in manipulating leaf senescence of crop plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Ali
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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