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Abdelhamed W, El-Kassas M. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C virus treatments: The bold and the beautiful. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:148-159. [PMID: 36461645 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most serious complications of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Recently, effective antiviral medications have made sustained viral response (SVR) or cure a realistic therapeutic goal for most chronic HCV patients. Given HCV's tumorigenic propensity, it is not surprising that achieving SVR is helpful in preventing HCC. This review briefly summarizes and discusses the existing evidence on the relationship between hepatic carcinogenesis and viral eradication by antivirals, which is mainly divided into interferon-based and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) based therapy. DAAs have changed the treatment landscape of chronic HCV, reaching high rates of SVR even in patients with advanced cirrhosis, with few contraindications and little side effects. Although some early reports suggested that DAA treatment increased the chance of HCC occurrence, more subsequent observational studies have refuted this theory. The probability of HCC recurrence after HCV eradication appears to be decreasing over time following SVR. Despite virological suppression/cure, individuals with liver cirrhosis are still at risk of HCC and should be monitored. There is a considerable need for markers/scores to predict the long-term risk of HCC in patients with HCV-related liver disease who attain SVR with direct-acting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Abdelhamed
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Nakatsuka T, Tateishi R, Koike K. Changing clinical management of NAFLD in Asia. Liver Int 2022; 42:1955-1968. [PMID: 34459096 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease, affecting approximately 25% of the world's population. Recently, because of the sedentary lifestyle and overnutrition resulting from urbanisation, the burden of NAFLD has rapidly increased in many Asian countries. Currently, the prevalence of NAFLD in Asia is approximately 30%, as is the case in many Western countries. In Asia, the prevalence and presentation of NAFLD vary widely across regions because of the substantial diversity in race, socioeconomic status and living environment. Furthermore, the dual aetiology of fatty liver, particularly with viral hepatitis in Asia, makes it complex and challenging to manage. Because Asians are likely to have central adiposity and insulin resistance, approximately 7%-20% of non-obese Asians with body mass indexes of less than 25 kg/m2 are estimated to have NAFLD. Accumulating evidence indicates that NAFLD is associated with various extrahepatic comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, in addition to liver-specific complications. Therefore, NAFLD should be managed as a multisystem disease in conjunction with metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle modification remains the basis of NAFLD management, but few patients can achieve adequate weight loss and maintain it long term. While various pharmacological agents are in phase 3 trials for steatohepatitis, Asian patients are underrepresented in most trials. This article reviews the epidemiological trends, clinical features, optimal assessment and current management practices for NAFLD in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Nakatsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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Suhail M, Sohrab SS, Kamal M, Azhar EI. Role of hepatitis c virus in hepatocellular carcinoma and neurological disorders: an overview. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913231. [PMID: 35965577 PMCID: PMC9372299 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes serious issues, affecting 71 million people globally. The most common manifestations range from chronic hepatitis to liver cirrhosis, leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. Many mechanisms are known to play an important role in HCV-induced HCC. The interaction of viral proteins with host cells results in oxidative stress damage, liver inflammation, and irregularities in signaling pathways. These results in the activation of oncogenes and metabolic disturbances, liver fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Additionally, some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and toll-like receptors have been identified and play a significant role in HCC development. This virus is also associated with impairment of the central nervous system, resulting in acute or sub-acute encephalopathy and inflammatory disorders. Neurological disorders are associated with the inflammatory responses of many cells, including microglia and astrocytes. Additionally, there are many other extrahepatic manifestations, including neurological disorders such as depression and fatigue, in 50% of infected patients. These manifestations include neuro-invasion, immune-mediated damage, neurotransmitter alterations, sensory-motor polyneuropathy, sensitivity loss, weakness of the leg, and cryoglobulinemia, which significantly results in a reduced quality of life. HCV infection may be improved using an appropriate diagnosis and direct antiviral therapy for sustained virological response. However, the success of therapy depends on the symptoms and organ damage, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies applied. Some published reports have discussed that HCV is associated with both HCC and neurological disorders. Additionally, it has also been observed that individuals with HCC also develop neurological disorders compared with individuals with HCV alone. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest information about the relationship between HCV-induced HCC and their role in neurological disorders. Additionally, we have also discussed the progress made in the diagnosis, physio-pathological mechanisms, and strong antiviral therapies developed for HCV infection and HCC, as well as the latest advancements made in the study of the neurological disorders associated with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Sayed Sartaj Sohrab,
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Enzymoics Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Yoon H, Jang KL. Hepatitis B virus X protein and hepatitis C virus core protein cooperate to repress E-cadherin expression via DNA methylation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09881. [PMID: 35832344 PMCID: PMC9272347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Elsheikh MEA, McClure CP, Tarr AW, Irving WL. Sero-reactivity to three distinct regions within the hepatitis C virus alternative reading frame protein (ARFP/core+1) in patients with chronic HCV genotype-3 infection. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:001727. [PMID: 35230930 PMCID: PMC9176264 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects more than 71 million people worldwide. The disease slowly progresses to chronic, long-term liver injury which leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 5 % of infections. The alternative reading frame protein (ARFP/core+1) is encoded by a sequence overlapping the HCV core gene in the +1 reading frame. Its role in hepatitis C pathogenesis and the viral life cycle is unclear, although some observers have related its production to disease progression and the development of HCC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ARFP is immunogenic in patients with chronic HCV genotype 3 infection and to assess whether sero-reactivity is associated with disease progression, particularly to HCC. Immunogenic epitopes within the protein were predicted by a bioinformatics tool, and three -20 aa length-peptides (ARFP-P1, ARFP-P2 and ARFP-P3) were synthesized and used in an avidin-biotin ARFP/core+1 peptide ELISA. Serum samples from 50 patients with chronic HCV genotype 3 infection, 50 genotype-1 patients, 50 HBV patients and 110 healthy controls were tested. Sero-reactivity to the ARFP peptides was also tested and compared in 114 chronic HCV genotype-3 patients subdivided on the basis of disease severity into non-cirrhotic, cirrhotic and HCC groups. Chronic HCV genotype-3 patients showed noticeable rates of reactivity to ARFP and core peptides. Seropositivity rates were 58% for ARFP-P1, 47 % for ARFP-P2, 5.9 % for ARFP-P3 and 100 % for C22 peptides. There was no significant difference between these seroreactivities between HCV genotype-3 patients with HCC, and HCV genotype-3 patients with and without liver cirrhosis. Patients with chronic HCV genotype-3 infection frequently produce antibodies against ARFP/core+1 protein. ARFP peptide reactivity was not associated with disease severity in patients with HCV genotype-3. These results support the conclusion that ARFP/core+1 is produced during HCV infection, but they do not confirm that antibodies to ARFP can indicate HCV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab E A Elsheikh
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Patrick McClure
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - William L Irving
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Infections, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Mahapatra S, Mohanty S, Mishra R, Prasad P. An overview of cancer and the human microbiome. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 191:83-139. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Feng H, Yang C, Xu F, Zhao Y, Jin T, Wei Z, Wang D, Dai C. Therapeutic efficacy of microwave coagulation versus liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: A propensity score matching analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 48:418-424. [PMID: 34509336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of resection (RES) and microwave ablation (MWA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the Milan criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2011 and 2019, 426 HCC patients within the Milan criteria were treated at our institution (RES: n = 291; MWA: n = 135). We compared overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), complications, and hospital stay in these patients using propensity score matching (PSM) and determined the prognostic factors using multivariate Cox analysis. RESULTS Following 1:1 matching using PSM, 121 patients were matched in each group. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 98.3%, 84.7%, and 69.6% for the MWA group and 96.5%, 81.8%, and 78.1% for the RES group (p = 0.667). The corresponding DFS rates for the MWA and RES groups were 81.8%, 54.4%, and 42.3% and 85.4%, 67.8%, and 57.9%, respectively (p = 0.174). The MWA group had less blood loss and shorter hospital stays (both p < 0.001) than the RES group. CONCLUSION MWA resulted in survival outcomes that were similar to those of RES for HCC within the Milan criteria. However, it had more favorable hospital stay and blood loss outcomes than RES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxin Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Tianqiang Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Zeyuan Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Dexin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Chaoliu Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China.
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Kellogg C, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Implications of viral infection in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188622. [PMID: 34478803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the first human oncogenic virus in 1964, viruses have been studied for their potential role in aiding the development of cancer. Through the modulation of cellular pathways associated with proliferation, immortalization, and inflammation, viral proteins can mimic the effect of driver mutations and contribute to transformation. Aside from the modulation of signaling pathways, the insertion of viral DNA into the host genome and the deregulation of cellular miRNAs represent two additional mechanisms implicated in viral oncogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the role of twelve different viruses on cancer development and how these viruses utilize the abovementioned mechanisms to influence oncogenesis. The identification of specific mechanisms behind viral transformation of human cells could further elucidate the process behind cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kellogg
- REHS Program, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; BiAna San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; BiAna San Diego, CA, USA.
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Kardani K, Sadat SM, Kardani M, Bolhassani A. The next generation of HCV vaccines: a focus on novel adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:839-855. [PMID: 34114513 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1941895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considerable efforts have been made to treat and prevent acute and chronic infections caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Current treatments are unable to protect people from reinfection. Hence, there is a need for development of both preventive and therapeutic HCV vaccines. Many vaccine candidates are in development to fight against HCV, but their efficacy has so far proven limited partly due to low immunogenicity. AREAS COVERED We explore development of novel and powerful adjuvants to achieve an effective HCV vaccine. The basis for developing strong adjuvants is to understand the innate immunity pathway, which subsequently stimulates humoral and cellular immune responses. We have also investigated immunogenicity of developed adjuvants that have been used in recent studies available in online databases such as PubMed, PMC, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, etc. EXPERT OPINION Adjuvants are used as a part of vaccine formulation to boost vaccine immunogenicity and antigen delivery. Several FDA-approved adjuvants are used in licensed human vaccines. Unfortunately, no adjuvant has yet been proven to boost HCV immune responses to the extent needed for an effective vaccine. One of the promising approaches for developing an effective adjuvant is the combination of various adjuvants to trigger several innate immune responses, leading to activation of adaptive immunity.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Kardani
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accumulating evidence suggests that not only inflammation and subsequent fibrosis but also HCV itself are associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. To date, studies using transgenic mouse and cell-culture models, in which HCV proteins are expressed, indicate the direct pathogenicity of HCV, including oncogenic activity. In particular, the core protein of HCV induces excessive oxidative stress by impairing the mitochondrial electron transfer system by disrupting the function of the molecular chaperone, prohibitin. HCV also modulates intracellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, promoting the proliferation of hepatocytes. In addition, HCV induces disorders in lipid and glucose metabolism, thereby accelerating the progression of liver fibrosis and the development of HCC. Due to the development of direct-acting antivirals, which was made possible by basic research, HCV can be eradicated from almost all infected patients. However, such patients can develop HCC long after eradication of HCV, suggesting the genetic and/or epigenetic changes induced by HCV may be persistent. These results enhance our understanding of the role of HCV in hepatocarcinogenesis and will facilitate the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies for HCV-induced HCC.
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Abstract
Liver cancer is a global problem and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 85% of this cancer. In the USA, etiologies and risk factors for HCC include chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, excessive alcohol drinking, exposure to tobacco smoke, and genetic factors. Chronic HCV infection appears to be associated with about 30% of HCC. Chronic HCV infection induces multistep changes in liver, involving metabolic disorders, steatosis, cirrhosis and HCC. Liver carcinogenesis requires initiation of neoplastic clones, and progression to clinically diagnose malignancy. Tumor progression associates with profound exhaustion of tumor-antigen-specific CD8+T cells, and accumulation of PD-1hi CD8+T cells and Tregs. In this chapter, we provide a brief description of HCV and environmental/genetic factors, immune regulation, and highlight mechanisms of HCV associated HCC. We also underscore HCV treatment and recent paradigm of HCC progression, highlighted the current treatment and potential future therapeutic opportunities.
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Lin WC, Lin YS, Chang CW, Chang CW, Wang TE, Wang HY, Chen MJ. Impact of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233212. [PMID: 32442193 PMCID: PMC7244104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents, hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment has dramatically improved. However, there are insufficient data on the benefits of DAA therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome of patients who received DAA therapy after HCC treatment. We retrospectively reviewed patients with HCV-related HCC in a single medical center, and the outcome of patients with or without DAA therapy was analyzed. In total, 107 HCC patients were enrolled, of whom 60 had received DAA therapy after treatment for HCC. There were no significant intergroup differences in age, sex, laboratory results, or tumor burden. A more advanced stage was noted in the no DAA group (P = 0.003). In the treatment modality, sorafenib was commonly prescribed in the no DAA group (P = 0.007). The DAA group had a longer overall survival (OS) time than the no DAA group (P<0.001). When stratified by Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging, the DAA group had better OS in the HCC stages 0-A and B-C (P = 0.034 and P = 0.006). There were 35 patients who received DAA therapy after curative HCC therapy. At a median follow-up of 20 months, 37.1% patients had HCC recurrence after DAA therapy. There was no statistical difference in recurrence-free survival between patients receiving and those not receiving DAA (P = 0.278). DAA therapy improved the survival outcome of HCC patients and did not increase recurrent HCC after curative therapy. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wang Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-En Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yuan Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Bai Z, Zhao X, Li C, Sheng C, Li H. EV71 virus reduces Nrf2 activation to promote production of reactive oxygen species in infected cells. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:22. [PMID: 32346399 PMCID: PMC7181592 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence closely links Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess ROS results in apoptosis and exacerbates inflammatory reactions. The Keap1-Nrf2 axis serves as an essential oxidant counteracting pathway. METHODS The present study aimed to elucidate the role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in modulating apoptosis and inflammatory reactions triggered by oxidative stress in Vero and RD cells upon EV71 infection. RESULTS Elevated ROS production was identified in EV71 infected Vero and RD cells. The percentage of dead cells and expression of inflammation-promoting cytokines were increased in these cells. EV71 infected cells also displayed reinforced Keap1 expression and abrogated Nrf2 expression. Keap1 silencing resulted in the downstream aggregation of the Nrf2 protein and heme oxygenase-1 HO-1. Keap1 silencing repressed ubiquitination and reinforced Nrf2 nuclear trafficking. Furthermore, silencing Keap1 expression repressed ROS production, cell death, and inflammatory reactions in EV71 infected RD and Vero cells. In contrast, silencing of both Keap1 and Nrf2 restored ROS production, cell death, and inflammatory reactions. Nrf2 and Keap1 modulated the stimulation of the Akt sensor and extrinsic as well as intrinsic cell death pathways, resulting in EV71-triggered cell death and inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSIONS EV71 infection can trigger ROS production, cell death, and inflammatory reactions by modulating the Nrf2 and Keap1 levels of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzi Bai
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Chuanlun Sheng
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Street, Economic Development Zone, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
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Li H, Bai Z, Li C, Sheng C, Zhao X. EV71 infection induces cell apoptosis through ROS generation and SIRT1 activation. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4321-4331. [PMID: 31898369 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have substantiated the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Normally, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe clinical manifestations and death. However, the effect of EV71 on the induction of cellular death and the interplay between ROS/SIRT1 in cell death has not been confirmed yet. In the current study, an increase in the number of apoptotic cells was observed as soon as the EV71 infection was initiated in cells and mice. Furthermore, EV71 infection also promoted a rise in the levels of three commonly known proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. During EV71-induced apoptosis in the different cell lines, ROS generation and SIRT1 downregulation were observed. Further investigations showed that the administration of ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl- l-cysteine (NAC), reduced the level of apoptosis and inflammation, reduced EV71 propagation, and increased SIRT1 expression in EV71-infected cells. In addition, combined administration of NAC and EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) restored apoptosis in the EV71-infected cells, which was reduced due to NAC. This data demonstrated that ROS generation is positively associated with EV71-induced apoptosis and inflammation, while this effect could be reversed by SIRT1 inhibition. Collectively, we have shown that EV71 induces apoptosis and inflammation by promoting ROS generation and reducing SIRT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenzi Bai
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanlun Sheng
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Infectious Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shokri S, Mahmoudvand S, Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F, Jalalian FA. Complexity on modulation of NF-κB pathways by hepatitis B and C: A double-edged sword in hepatocarcinogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14734-14742. [PMID: 30741410 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a family of master regulated dimeric transcription factors, signaling transduction pathways are active players in the cell signaling that control vital cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Nevertheless, aberrant regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathways has been associated with a significant number of human cancers. In fact, NF-κB acts as a double-edged sword in the vital cellular processes and carcinogenesis. This review provides an overview on the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathways by proteins of hepatitis B and C viruses. One of the major NF-κB events that are modulated by these viruses is the induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the central function of NF-κB in carcinogenesis, it has turned out to be a considerable therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shokri
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Taherkhani
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshadpour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalalian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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16
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Alboraie M, Youssef N, Sherief AF, Afify S, Wifi MN, Omran D, Hafez E, Omar H, Eltabbakh M, Abdellah M, El Badry M, Salaheldin M, Ahmed Y, Ali-Eldin Z, Farid A, Abdeen N, El Halwagy H, Abdalgaber M, Moaz I, Ezzat S, El Kassas M. Egyptian liver library: An indexed database for liver disease evidence in Egypt. Arab J Gastroenterol 2019; 20:109-113. [PMID: 31175077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Straub K, Husen P, Baba HA, Trippler M, Wedemeyer H, Herzer K. Promyelocytic leukemia protein deficiency leads to spontaneous formation of liver tumors in hepatitis C virus transgenic mice. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3793-3802. [PMID: 31144474 PMCID: PMC6639172 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a known risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The lack of the tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in combination with HCV fosters hepatocarcinogenesis via induction of HCC using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in a rodent model. However, the spontaneous development of malignant lesions in PML‐deficient mice with an HCV‐transgene (HCVtg) has not been investigated thus far. We crossed PML‐deficient mice with HCV transgene expressing mice and observed the animals for a period of 12 months. Livers were examined macroscopically and histologically. Gene expression analysis was performed on these samples, and compared with expression of selected genes in human samples of patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCC. In vitro studies were performed in order to analyze the selected pathways. Genetic depletion of PML in combination with HCVtg coincided with an increased hepatocyte proliferation, resulting in development of HCCs in 40% of the PML‐deficient livers. No tumor development was observed in mice with either the PML‐knockout (PML−/−) or HCVtg alone. Gene expression profiling uncovered pathways involved in cell proliferation, such as NLRP12 and RASFF6. These findings were verified in samples from human livers of patients undergoing liver transplantation for HCC. Further in vitro studies confirmed that lack of PML, NLRP12, and RASFF6 leads to increased cell proliferation. The lack of PML in combination with HCV is associated with increased cell proliferation, fostering tumor development in the liver. Our data demonstrate that PML acts as an important tumor suppressor in HCV‐dependent liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Straub
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Peri Husen
- Department of General‐, Visceral‐ and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Hideo A. Baba
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Martin Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Kerstin Herzer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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18
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Villani R, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in HCC Recurrence after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010049. [PMID: 30583555 PMCID: PMC6337751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is associated with a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of a direct effect of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) proteins and an indirect oncogenic effect of chronic inflammation and impaired immune response. The treatment of chronic hepatitis C markedly reduces all-cause mortality; in fact, interferon-based treatment has shown a reduction of HCC incidence of more than 70%. The recent introduction of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has completely changed the scenario of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with rates of HCV cure over 90%. However, an unexpectedly high incidence of HCC recurrence was observed in patients after DAA treatment (27% versus 0.4–2% in patients who received interferon treatment). The mechanism that underlies the high rate of tumor relapse is currently unknown and is one of the main issues in hepatology. We reviewed the possible mechanisms involved in HCC recurrence after DAA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Interferons/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocarcinogenesis Following Sustained Virological Response in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100531. [PMID: 30274202 PMCID: PMC6212901 DOI: 10.3390/v10100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the number of cases of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expected to increase over the next five years. HCC develops over the span of decades and is closely associated with fibrosis stage. HCV both directly and indirectly establishes a pro-inflammatory environment favorable for viral replication. Repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration lead to genomic instability and loss of cell cycle control. DAA therapy offers >90% sustained virological response (SVR) rates with fewer side effects and restrictions than interferon. While elimination of HCV helps to restore liver function and reverse mild fibrosis, post-SVR patients remain at elevated risk of HCC. A series of studies reporting higher than expected rates of HCC development among DAA-treated patients ignited debate over whether use of DAAs elevates HCC risk compared to interferon. However, recent prospective and retrospective studies based on larger patient cohorts have found no significant difference in risk between DAA and interferon therapy once other factors are taken into account. Although many mechanisms and pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated, our understanding of drivers specific to post-SVR hepatocarcinogenesis is still limited, and lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro experimental systems has hampered efforts to examine etiology-specific mechanisms that might serve to answer this question more thoroughly. Further research is needed to identify risk factors and biomarkers for post-SVR HCC and to develop targeted therapies based on more complete understanding of the molecules and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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20
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Catalase and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1721-1737. [PMID: 30120555 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are considered the main causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and oxidative stress accelerates the progression of NAFLD. Free fatty acids, which are elevated in the liver by obesity or insulin resistance, lead to incomplete oxidation in the mitochondria, peroxisomes, and microsomes, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the ROS generated, H2O2 is mainly produced in peroxisomes and decomposed by catalase. However, when the H2O2 concentration increases because of decreased expression or activity of catalase, it migrates to cytosol and other organelles, causing cell injury and participating in the Fenton reaction, resulting in serious oxidative stress. To date, numerous studies have been shown to inhibit the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but treatment for this disease mainly depends on weight loss and exercise. Various molecules such as vitamin E, metformin, liraglutide, and resveratrol have been proposed as therapeutic agents, but further verification of the dose setting, clinical application, and side effects is needed. Reducing oxidative stress may be a fundamental method for improving not only the progression of NAFLD but also obesity and insulin resistance. However, the relationship between NAFLD progression and antioxidants, particularly catalase, which is most commonly expressed in the liver, remains unclear. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of catalase, focusing on its potential therapeutic effects in NAFLD progression.
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21
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Amicone L, Marchetti A. Microenvironment and tumor cells: two targets for new molecular therapies of hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:24. [PMID: 29971255 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.04.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is one of the most frequent human cancer and is characterized by a high mortality rate. The aggressiveness appears strictly related to the liver pathological background on which cancer develops. Inflammation and the consequent fibro/cirrhosis, derived from chronic injuries of several origins (viral, toxic and metabolic) and observable in almost all oncological patients, represents the most powerful risk factor for HCC and, at the same time, an important obstacle to the efficacy of systemic therapy. Multiple microenvironmental cues, indeed, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis, evolution and recurrence of HCC as well as in the resistance to standard therapies observed in most of patients. The identification of altered pathways in cancer cells and of microenvironmental changes, strictly connected in pathogenic feedback loop, may permit to plan new therapeutic approaches targeting tumor cells and their permissive microenvironment, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Amicone
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marchetti
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, Coppola N, Piccirillo M, Leongito M, Azzaro R, Izzo F, Botti G. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) genotypes distribution among hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Southern Italy: a three year retrospective study. Infect Agent Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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23
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Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk: multiplex analysis of serum markers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11169. [PMID: 28894136 PMCID: PMC5593940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Individualized assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in chronic liver disease remains challenging. Serum biomarkers including cytokines may offer helpful adjuncts to standard parameters for risk prediction. Our aim was to identify markers associated with increased HCC incidence. This was a prospective cohort study of 282 patients with both viral or non-viral chronic liver disease. Baseline serum cytokines and other markers were measured in multiplex with a commercially-available Luminex-based system. Patients were followed until death or HCC diagnosis. We performed Lasso-based survival analysis to determine parameters associated with HCC development. Cytokine mean florescence intensity (MFI) was the primary predictor and HCC development the primary outcome. 25 patients developed HCC with total follow-up of 1,363 person-years. Parameters associated with increased HCC incidence were cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and soluble serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) MFI. No other molecules increased predictive power for HCC incidence. On univariate analysis, the parameters associated with HCC incidence in patients with cirrhosis were age, antiviral treatment, and high sICAM-1 MFI; on multivariate analysis, sICAM-1 remained associated with HCC development (adjusted HR = 2.75). On unbiased screening of serum cytokines and other markers in a diverse cohort, baseline sICAM-1 MFI is associated with HCC incidence.
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24
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Kwak J, Choi JH, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus Core overcomes all- trans retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by inhibiting p14 expression via DNA methylation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85584-85598. [PMID: 29156743 PMCID: PMC5689633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the most biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, is known to induce p14 expression via promoter hypomethylation to activate the p14-MDM2-p53 pathway, which leads to activation of the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway and subsequent induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. In the present study, we found that hepatitis C virus (HCV) Core derived from ectopic expression or HCV infection overcomes ATRA-induced apoptosis in p53-positive hepatoma cells. For this effect, HCV Core upregulated both protein levels and enzyme activities of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3a, and DNMT3b and thereby repressed p14 expression via promoter hypermethylation, resulting in inactivation of the pathway leading to p53 accumulation in the presence of ATRA. As a result, HCV Core prevented ATRA from activating several apoptosis-related molecules, including Bax, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis, caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, complementation of p14 in the Core-expressing cells by either ectopic expression or treatment with 5-Aza-2′dC almost completely abolished the potential of HCV Core to suppress ATRA-induced apoptosis. Based on these observations, we conclude that HCV Core executes its oncogenic potential by suppressing the p53-dependent apoptosis induced by ATRA in human hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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25
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Shaker O, Alhelf M, Morcos G, Elsharkawy A. miRNA-101-1 and miRNA-221 expressions and their polymorphisms as biomarkers for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Li D, Hurria A. Age, hepatitis C virus infection, and the risk of cancer: Unlocking a complex puzzle of interactions. Cancer 2017; 123:1086-1088. [PMID: 28117891 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daneng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Arti Hurria
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California
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27
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Kwak J, Tiwari I, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core activates proteasomal activator 28γ expression via upregulation of p53 levels to control virus propagation. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:56-67. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Indira Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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28
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Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits E6AP expression via DNA methylation to escape from ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Teama SH, Agwa SH, El Sayed OA, Sayed MM, Abd El Samee A, El Nakeep S. Assessment of interleukin-28B (interferon λ3) rs12979860 C/T gene polymorphism and the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C cirrhotic patients. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/01.elx.0000515930.52529.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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30
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Pérez PS, Di Lello FA, Mullen EG, Galdame OA, Livellara BI, Gadano AC, Campos RH, Flichman DM. Compartmentalization of hepatitis C virus variants in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:371-380. [PMID: 27163636 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a major risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. HCV Core protein has been associated with the modulation of potentially oncogenic cellular processes and E2 protein has been useful in evolutive studies to analyze the diversity of HCV. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate HCV compartmentalization in tumoral, non-tumoral liver tissue and serum and to identify viral mutations potentially involved in carcinogenesis. Samples were obtained from four patients with HCC who underwent liver transplantation. Core and E2 were amplified, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenies and BaTS Test were performed to analyze viral compartmentalization and a signature sequence analysis was conducted by VESPA. The likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies showed a wide degree of compartmentalization in the different patients, ranging from total clustering to a more scattered pattern with small groups. Nevertheless, the association test showed compartmentalization for the three compartments and both viral regions tested in all the patients. Signature amino acid pattern supported the compartmentalization in three of the cases for E2 protein and in two of them for Core. Changes observed in Core included polymorphism R70Q/H previously associated with HCC. In conclusion, evidence of HCV compartmentalization in the liver of HCC patients was provided and further biological characterization of these variants may contribute to the understanding of carcinogenesis mediated by HCV infection. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Pérez
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico A Di Lello
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Omar A Galdame
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Rodolfo H Campos
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego M Flichman
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Adinolfi LE, Rinaldi L, Guerrera B, Restivo L, Marrone A, Giordano M, Zampino R. NAFLD and NASH in HCV Infection: Prevalence and Significance in Hepatic and Extrahepatic Manifestations. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060803. [PMID: 27231906 PMCID: PMC4926337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review and up to date the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and their significance in both accelerating progression of HCV-related liver disease and development of HCV-associated extrahepatic diseases. The reported mean prevalence of HCV-related NAFLD was 55%, whereas NASH was reported in 4%–10% of cases. HCV genotype 3 directly induces fatty liver deposition, namely “viral steatosis” and it is associated with the highest prevalence and degree of severity, whereas, HCV non-3 genotype infection showed lower prevalence of steatosis, which is associated with metabolic factors and insulin resistance. The host’s genetic background predisposes him or her to the development of steatosis. HCV’s impairment of lipid and glucose metabolism causes fatty liver accumulation; this seems to be a viral strategy to optimize its life cycle. Irrespective of insulin resistance, HCV-associated NAFLD, in a degree-dependent manner, contributes towards accelerating the liver fibrosis progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing liver inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, NAFLD is associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In addition, HCV-related “metabolic steatosis” impairs the response rate to interferon-based treatment, whereas it seems that “viral steatosis” may harm the response rate to new oral direct antiviral agents. In conclusion, a high prevalence of NAFLD occurs in HCV infections, which is, at least in part, induced by the virus, and that NAFLD significantly impacts progression of the liver disease, therapeutic response, and some extrahepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Barbara Guerrera
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Luciano Restivo
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Aldo Marrone
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
| | - Rosa Zampino
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80100, Italy.
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33
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Shih YL, Kuo CC, Yan MD, Lin YW, Hsieh CB, Hsieh TY. Quantitative methylation analysis reveals distinct association between PAX6 methylation and clinical characteristics with different viral infections in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:41. [PMID: 27110298 PMCID: PMC4841049 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Related to genetic alteration, frequent promoter hypermethylation is also a contributing factor in the development of human cancers. Recently, we discovered numerous novel genes that were aberrantly methylated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip array. We utilized a quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP) system for the evaluation of PAX6 methylation in 29 normal controls and 160 paired HCC tissues and their adjacent non-tumor tissues. We verified the correlation between the methylation status of PAX6 and clinical characteristics with different viral status. Results Paired-box 6 promoter methylation was observed in 39.4 %, 15.6 %, and 3.4 % in primary HCCs, adjacent non-tumors, and normal control tissues, respectively. Methylation of the PAX6 promoter region in HCCs significantly increased compared with control tissues. PAX6 was frequently methylated in HCV-positive HCC tissues (61.3 %) and rarely methylated in HBV-positive (22.1 %) and double-negative HCC tissues (33.3 %). Conclusions Our data suggests that promoter hypermethylation of PAX6 is a common event in HCCs and the association of PAX6 methylation in clinicopathological features is divergent with different viral status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0208-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lueng Shih
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chi Kuo
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Yan
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Bao Hsieh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsai-Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Spear TT, Callender GG, Roszkowski JJ, Moxley KM, Simms PE, Foley KC, Murray DC, Scurti GM, Li M, Thomas JT, Langerman A, Garrett-Mayer E, Zhang Y, Nishimura MI. TCR gene-modified T cells can efficiently treat established hepatitis C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:293-304. [PMID: 26842125 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The success in recent clinical trials using T cell receptor (TCR)-genetically engineered T cells to treat melanoma has encouraged the use of this approach toward other malignancies and viral infections. Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is being treated with a new set of successful direct anti-viral agents, potential for virologic breakthrough or relapse by immune escape variants remains. Additionally, many HCV+ patients have HCV-associated disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which does not respond to these novel drugs. Further exploration of other approaches to address HCV infection and its associated disease are highly warranted. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of PBL-derived T cells genetically engineered with a high-affinity, HLA-A2-restricted, HCV NS3:1406-1415-reactive TCR. HCV1406 TCR-transduced T cells can recognize naturally processed antigen and elicit CD8-independent recognition of both peptide-loaded targets and HCV+ human HCC cell lines. Furthermore, these cells can mediate regression of established HCV+ HCC in vivo. Our results suggest that HCV TCR-engineered antigen-reactive T cells may be a plausible immunotherapy option to treat HCV-associated malignancies, such as HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Spear
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Glenda G Callender
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Kelly M Moxley
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA
| | - Patricia E Simms
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Kendra C Foley
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - David C Murray
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Gina M Scurti
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA
| | - Mingli Li
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA
| | - Justin T Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA.,Biotherapy Center and Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael I Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29415, USA.
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35
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Lee SA, Kim J, Sim J, Kim SG, Kook YH, Park CG, Kim HR, Kim BJ. A telomerase-derived peptide regulates reactive oxygen species and hepatitis C virus RNA replication in HCV-infected cells via heat shock protein 90. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:156-62. [PMID: 26828270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GV1001, a synthetic peptide derived from human telomerase, has a range of diverse biological activities, including an antioxidant function. Here, we investigated the role of GV1001 in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected Huh7.5 (JFH-1) cells. We showed that GV1001 inhibited the production of ROS with decreased MAP kinase signaling. Interestingly, GV1001 lost its antioxidant activity as ROS levels decreased, resulting in a reduction in extracellular heat shock protein 90 (eHSP90) as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was blocked or knocked-down. GV1001 binds to eHSP90 and is delivered into the cell by endocytosis via LRP1. Endocytosed GV1001 finally suppressed ROS generation, presumably by hindering the interaction between eHSP90 and NADPH oxidase (NOX). Importantly, GV1001 suppressed HCV RNA replication in JFH-1 cells by inhibiting the binding of HSP90 to FKBP8, a member of the FK506-binding protein family. We also found that HSP90 expression was high in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Therefore, our data suggest that GV1001 may be a good therapeutic agent by controlling HCV RNA replication, as well as by preferentially targeting cells under conditions of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Ae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Sim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyune Kim
- Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Ohkoshi S, Hirono H, Watanabe K, Hasegawa K, Yano M. Contributions of transgenic mouse studies on the research of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2834-2840. [PMID: 26668695 PMCID: PMC4670955 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse technology has enabled the investigation of the pathogenic effects, including those on development, immunological reactions and carcinogenesis, of viral genes directly in living organism in a real-time manner. Although viral hepatocarcinogenesis comprises multiple sequences of pathological events, that is, chronic necroinflammation and the subsequent regeneration of hepatocytes that induces the accumulation of genetic alterations and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the direct action of viral proteins also play significant roles. The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus X and hepatitis C virus (HCV) core genes has been extensively studied by virtue of their functions as a transactivator and a steatosis inducer, respectively. In particular, the mechanism of steatosis in HCV infection and its possible association with HCC has been well studied using HCV core gene transgenic mouse models. Although transgenic mouse models have remarkable advantages, they are intrinsically accompanied by some drawbacks when used to study human diseases. Therefore, the results obtained from transgenic mouse studies should be carefully interpreted in the context of whether or not they are well associated with human pathogenesis.
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Mileo AM, Mattarocci S, Matarrese P, Anticoli S, Abbruzzese C, Catone S, Sacco R, Paggi MG, Ruggieri A. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates pRb2/p130 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines through promoter methylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:140. [PMID: 26576645 PMCID: PMC4650920 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronically evolving disease and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), albeit the mechanism of HCC induction by HCV is still controversial. The nucleocapsid (core) protein of HCV has been shown to be directly implicated in cellular transformation and immortalization, enhancing the effect of oncogenes and decreasing the one of tumor suppressor genes, as RB1 and its protein product pRB. With the aim of identifying novel molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte transformation by HCV, we examined the effect of HCV core protein on the expression of the whole Retinoblastoma (RB) family of tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130. Methods We used a model system consisting of the HuH-7, HCV-free, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and of the HuH-7-CORE cells derived from the former and constitutively expressing the HCV core protein. We determined pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA amount of the respective genes RB1, RBL1 and RBL2, RBL2 promoter activity and methylation as well as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and 3b (DNMT3b) expression level. The effect of pRb2/p130 over-expression on the HCV core-expressing HuH-7-CORE cells was also evaluated. Results We found that the HCV core protein expression down-regulated pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA levels in HuH-7-CORE cells by inducing promoter hyper-methylation with the concomitant up-regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3b expression. When pRb2/p130 expression was artificially re-established in HuH-7-CORE cells, cell cycle analysis outlined an accumulation in the G0/G1 phase, as expected. Conclusions HCV core appears indeed able to significantly down-regulate the expression and the function of two out of three RB family tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb and pRb2/p130. The functional consequences at the level of cell cycle regulation, and possibly of more complex cell homeostatic processes, may represent a plausible molecular mechanism involved in liver transformation by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Catone
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, 56124 Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Al-Kubaisy WAAQ, Obaid KJ, Noor NAM, Ibrahim NSBN, Al-Azawi AAK. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and genotyping among hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Baghdad. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:7725-30. [PMID: 25292053 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause for cancer death in the world, now being especially linked to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This case-control study consisting of 65 HCC patients and 82 patients with other malignant tumours as controls was conducted to determine the association of HCV markers with HCC. Serum of each participant was obtained for detection of HCV Ab and RNA by DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA). Twenty six per cent (26.0%) of HCC patients had positive anti-HCV which was significantly greater than the control group (p=0.001). HCC patients significantly have a risk of exposure to HCV infection almost 3 times than the control group (OR=2.87, 95% C.I=1.1-7). Anti-HCV seropositive rate was significantly (p=0.03) higher among old age HCC patients and increases with age. Males with HCC significantly showed to have more than 9 times risk of exposure to HCV infection (OR=9.375, 95 % CI=1.299-67.647) than females. HCV-RNA seropositive rate was (70.8%) significantly higher among HCC patients compared to (22.2%) the control group (p=0.019). The most prevalent genotype (as a single or mixed pattern of infection) was HCV- 1b. This study detected a significantly higher HCV seropositive rate of antibodies and RNA in HCC patients.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The interaction of HCV with its human host is complex and multilayered; stemming in part from the fact that HCV is a RNA virus with no ability to integrate in the host's genome. Direct and indirect mechanisms of HCV-induced HCC include activation of multiple host pathways such as liver fibrogenic pathways, cellular and survival pathways, interaction with the immune and metabolic systems. Host factors also play a major role in HCV-induced HCC as evidenced by genomic studies identifying polymorphisms in immune, metabolic, and growth signaling systems associated with increased risk of HCC. Despite highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents, the morbidity and incidence of liver-related complications of HCV, including HCC, is likely to persist in the near future. Clinical markers to selectively identify HCV subjects at higher risk of developing HCC have been reported however they require further validation, especially in subjects who have experienced sustained virological response. Molecular biomarkers allowing further refinement of HCC risk are starting to be implemented in clinical platforms, allowing objective stratification of risk and leading to individualized therapy and surveillance for HCV individuals. Another role for molecular biomarker-based stratification could be enrichment of HCC chemoprevention clinical trials leading to smaller sample size, shorter trial duration, and reduced costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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40
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Seo YL, Heo S, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core protein overcomes H2O2-induced apoptosis by downregulating p14 expression via DNA methylation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:822-832. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Lan Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhee Heo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Tiwari I, Yoon MH, Park BJ, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus core protein induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocytes by upregulating E12/E47 levels. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:131-8. [PMID: 25817725 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of E-cadherin is a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an essential component of cancer progression to more aggressive phenotypes characterized by tumor dedifferentiation, infiltration, and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism for E-cadherin downregulation in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. In this study, we found that ectopic expression of HCV core protein or infection with HCV in human hepatocytes upregulated the levels of the transcriptional repressors, E12 and E47, resulting in inactivation of the E-cadherin promoter, containing E-box motifs, and subsequent repression of its expression. E12/E47 knock-down almost completely abolished the potential of HCV core protein to repress E-cadherin expression. HCV core protein inhibited ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of E12/E47 without affecting their expression at the transcriptional level. E12/E47 upregulation ultimately led to EMT in human hepatocytes, as demonstrated by morphological changes, altered expression levels of EMT markers, including E-cadherin, plakoglobin, and fibronectin, and increased capacity for cell detachment and migration. In conclusion, HCV core protein represses E-cadherin expression by upregulating E12/E47 levels to induce EMT in HCV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Abbas SH, Khan MZUI, Ijaz M, Hussain SJA. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma to the pelvis and vertebrae in a patient with chronic hepatitis 'C' with unknown primary. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr2014207249. [PMID: 25701832 PMCID: PMC4336888 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A 54-year-old man infected with hepatitis C virus presented to us with pain in the right iliac fossa radiating to the back and right thigh for the past 2 months. Imaging of the abdomen and pelvis was performed, which revealed a soft tissue mass adherent to right iliac blade and right ala of sacrum. Trucut biopsy of the mass was performed and immunohistochemical stains Glypican-3 and Hep-par 1 were used for histopathological analysis, which diagnosed the mass as hepatocellular carcinoma. This is a unique case of metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma to the bone in which imaging of the liver did not show any primary lesion. Liver function tests showed that aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were twice the normal range with a high viral load and significantly raised serum α-fetoprotein. The patient was treated with intravenous 5-flourouracil and radiotherapy as a palliative measure with only moderate clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hussain Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Cheng ML, Weng SF, Kuo CH, Ho HY. Enterovirus 71 induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation that is required for efficient replication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113234. [PMID: 25401329 PMCID: PMC4234665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is an important host factor determining the outcome of infectious disease. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become an important endemic disease in Southeast Asia and China. We have previously shown that oxidative stress promotes viral replication, and progeny virus induces oxidative stress in host cells. The detailed mechanism for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in infected cells remains elusive. In the current study, we demonstrate that mitochondria were a major ROS source in EV71-infected cells. Mitochondria in productively infected cells underwent morphologic changes and exhibited functional anomalies, such as a decrease in mitochondrial electrochemical potential ΔΨm and an increase in oligomycin-insensitive oxygen consumption. Respiratory control ratio of mitochondria from infected cells was significantly lower than that of normal cells. The total adenine nucleotide pool and ATP content of EV71-infected cells significantly diminished. However, there appeared to be a compensatory increase in mitochondrial mass. Treatment with mito-TEMPO reduced eIF2α phosphorylation and viral replication, suggesting that mitochondrial ROS act to promote viral replication. It is plausible that EV71 infection induces mitochondrial ROS generation, which is essential to viral replication, at the sacrifice of efficient energy production, and that infected cells up-regulate biogenesis of mitochondria to compensate for their functional defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiue-Fen Weng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Kuo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Office of Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Hoshida Y, Fuchs BC, Bardeesy N, Baumert TF, Chung RT. Pathogenesis and prevention of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2014; 61:S79-90. [PMID: 25443348 PMCID: PMC4435677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major aetiologic agents that causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by generating an inflammatory, fibrogenic, and carcinogenic tissue microenvironment in the liver. HCV-induced HCC is a rational target for cancer preventive intervention because of the clear-cut high-risk condition, cirrhosis, associated with high cancer incidence (1% to 7% per year). Studies have elucidated direct and indirect carcinogenic effects of HCV, which have in turn led to the identification of candidate HCC chemoprevention targets. Selective molecular targeted agents may enable personalized strategies for HCC chemoprevention. In addition, multiple experimental and epidemiological studies suggest the potential value of generic drugs or dietary supplements targeting inflammation, oxidant stress, or metabolic derangements as possible HCC chemopreventive agents. While the successful use of highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents will make important inroads into reducing long-term HCC risk, there will remain an important role for HCC chemoprevention even after viral cure, given the persistence of HCC risk in persons with advanced HCV fibrosis, as shown in recent studies. The successful development of cancer preventive therapies will be more challenging compared to cancer therapeutics because of the requirement for larger and longer clinical trials and the need for a safer toxicity profile given its use as a preventive agent. Molecular biomarkers to selectively identify high-risk population could help mitigate these challenges. Genome-wide, unbiased molecular characterization, high-throughput drug/gene screening, experimental model-based functional analysis, and systems-level in silico modelling are expected to complement each other to facilitate discovery of new HCC chemoprevention targets and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States.
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM Unité 1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, and Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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Lonardo A, Adinolfi LE, Restivo L, Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, Baldelli E, Nascimbeni F, Loria P. Pathogenesis and significance of hepatitis C virus steatosis: An update on survival strategy of a successful pathogen. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7089-7103. [PMID: 24966582 PMCID: PMC4064057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a successful pathogen on the grounds that it exploits its host’s metabolism to build up viral particles; moreover it favours its own survival by inducing chronic disease and the development of specific anatomic changes in the infected organ. Steatosis, therefore, is associated with HCV infection by necessity rather than by chance alone. Approximately 6% of HCV patients have steatohepatitis. Interestingly, HCV steatosis occurs in the setting of multiple metabolic abnormalities (hyperuricemia, reversible hypocholesterolemia, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and expansion of visceral adipose tissue) collectively referred to as “hepatitis C-associated dysmetabolic syndrome” (HCADS). General, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-like, mechanisms of steatogenesis (including increased availability of lipogenic substrates and de novo lipogenesis; decreased oxidation of fatty substrates and export of fatty substrates) are shared by all HCV genotypes. However, genotype 3 seemingly amplifies such steatogenic molecular mechanisms reported to occur in NAFLD via more profound changes in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and phosphatase and tensin homologue. HCV steatosis has a remarkable clinical impact in as much as it is an acknowledged risk factor for accelerated fibrogenesis; for impaired treatment response to interferon and ribavirin; and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent data, moreover, suggest that HCV-steatosis contributes to premature atherogenesis via both direct and indirect mechanisms. In conclusion, HCV steatosis fulfills all expected requirements necessary to perpetuate the HCV life cycle. A better understanding of the physiology of HCADS will likely result in a more successful handling of disease with improved antiviral success rates.
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Reshi ML, Su YC, Hong JR. RNA Viruses: ROS-Mediated Cell Death. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:467452. [PMID: 24899897 PMCID: PMC4034720 DOI: 10.1155/2014/467452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious. The main thrust of this review is to investigate the role of ROS in ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus pathogenesis. Much evidences has accumulated over the past decade, suggesting that patients infected with RNA viruses are under chronic oxidative stress. Changes to the body's antioxidant defense system, in relation to SOD, ascorbic acid, selenium, carotenoids, and glutathione, have been reported in various tissues of RNA-virus infected patients. This review focuses on RNA viruses and retroviruses, giving particular attention to the human influenza virus, Hepatitis c virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the aquatic Betanodavirus. Oxidative stress via RNA virus infections can contribute to several aspects of viral disease pathogenesis including apoptosis, loss of immune function, viral replication, inflammatory response, and loss of body weight. We focus on how ROS production is correlated with host cell death. Moreover, ROS may play an important role as a signal molecule in the regulation of viral replication and organelle function, potentially providing new insights in the prevention and treatment of RNA viruses and retrovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Che Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Fierro NA, Gonzalez-Aldaco K, Torres-Valadez R, Martinez-Lopez E, Roman S, Panduro A. Immunologic, metabolic and genetic factors in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3443-3456. [PMID: 24707127 PMCID: PMC3974511 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate disease progression during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the response to treatment are not clearly identified. Numerous studies have demonstrated that a strong host immune response against HCV favors HCV clearance. In addition, genetic factors and metabolic machinery, particularly cholesterol modulation, are involved in HCV infection. It is likely that the interplay between all of these factors contributes to the outcome of HCV infection. In recent years, the world has experienced its largest epidemic of obesity. Mexico and the United States are the leading sufferers from this epidemic at the global level. Obesity is associated with the development of numerous pathologies including hypercholesterolemia which is one of the eight most important risk factors for mortality in Mexico. This may be related to the course of HCV infection in this population. Here, we focus on the urgent need to study the progression of HCV infection in relation to ethnic characteristics. Discoveries are discussed that hold promise in identifying immune, metabolic and genetic factors that, in conjunction, could be therapeutic targets or predictors of the progression of HCV infection.
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Alcohol induced hepatic degeneration in a hepatitis C virus core protein transgenic mouse model. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4126-41. [PMID: 24608925 PMCID: PMC3975388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become a major public health issue. It is prevalent in most countries. HCV infection frequently begins without clinical symptoms, before progressing to persistent viremia, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the majority of patients (70% to 80%). Alcohol is an independent cofactor that accelerates the development of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate ethanol-induced hepatic changes in HCV core-Tg mice and mutant core Tg mice. Wild type (NTG), core wild-Tg mice (TG-K), mutant core 116-Tg mice (TG-116) and mutant core 99-Tg mice (TG-99) were used in this investigation. All groups were given drinking water with 10% ethanol and 5% sucrose for 13 weeks. To observe liver morphological changes, we performed histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Histopathologically, NTG, TG-K and TG-116 mice showed moderate centrilobular necrosis, while severe centrilobular necrosis and hepatocyte dissociation were observed in TG-99 mice with increasing lymphocyte infiltration and piecemeal necrosis. In all groups, a small amount of collagen fiber was found, principally in portal areas. None of the mice were found to have myofibroblasts based on immunohistochemical staining specific for α-SMA. CYP2E1-positive cells were clearly detected in the centrilobular area in all groups. In the TG-99 mice, we also observed cells positive for CK8/18, TGF-β1 and phosphorylated (p)-Smad2/3 and p21 around the necrotic hepatocytes in the centrilobular area (p < 0.01). Based on our data, alcohol intake induced piecemeal necrosis and hepatocyte dissociation in the TG-99 mice. These phenomena involved activation of the TGF-β1/p-Smad2/3/p21 signaling pathway in hepatocytes. Data from this study will be useful for elucidating the association between alcohol intake and HCV infection.
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Higgs MR, Chouteau P, Lerat H. 'Liver let die': oxidative DNA damage and hepatotropic viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:991-1004. [PMID: 24496828 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections by the hepatotropic viruses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that more than 700,000 individuals per year die from HCC, and around 80 % of HCC is attributable to HBV or HCV infection. Despite the clear clinical importance of virus-associated HCC, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Oxidative stress, in particular DNA lesions associated with oxidative damage, play a major contributory role in carcinogenesis, and are strongly linked to the development of many cancers, including HCC. A large body of evidence demonstrates that both HBV and HCV induce hepatic oxidative stress, with increased oxidative DNA damage being observed both in infected individuals and in murine models of infection. Here, we review the impact of HBV and HCV on the incidence and repair of oxidative DNA damage. We begin by giving a brief overview of oxidative stress and the repair of DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress. We then review in detail the evidence surrounding the mechanisms by which both viruses stimulate oxidative stress, before focusing on how the viral proteins themselves may perturb the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage, impacting upon genome stability and thus hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Higgs
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Hervé Lerat
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
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Chen BB, Shih IL, Wu CH, Hsu C, Chen CH, Shih TTF, Liu KL, Liang PC. Comparison of characteristics and transarterial chemoembolization outcomes in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and different viral etiologies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 25:371-8. [PMID: 24468045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine any differences in patient characteristics and outcomes after transarterial chemoembolization between different viral etiologies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 201 patients undergoing first-time transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable HCC from January to December 2009. The patients were divided into four groups: hepatitis B virus (HBV) only (n = 104), hepatitis C virus (HCV) only (n = 63), HBV and HCV (n = 10), and no viral hepatitis (n = 24). The clinical and laboratory data were obtained from electronic medical records, and imaging findings obtained before transarterial chemoembolization were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to assess the impact of HBV or HCV status, clinical characteristics, and imaging results on overall survival. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 28.3 months ± 16.2, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates were 74.1%, 59.7%, and 53.2%. Patients with HBV had a significant association with younger age (P = .001), higher male-to-female ratio (P = .003), lower alanine aminotransferase levels (P = .018), higher albumin levels (P = .009), and multifocal tumors at diagnosis (P = .04) compared with patients with HCV. Patients with both HBV and HCV had significantly higher serum bilirubin levels compared with the other groups (P = .002). No significant difference was found in overall survival among the different hepatitis groups (P = .943). Multivariate analysis showed that statistically significant determinants for overall survival were Child-Pugh class (P = .002), Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage (P < .001), tumor size (P < .001), and distribution (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Viral etiology has no correlation with the outcome of patients with HCC undergoing transarterial chemoembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Bin Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - I-Lun Shih
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - Chih-Horng Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - Chiun Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - Tiffany Ting-Fang Shih
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - Kao-Lang Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100
| | - Po-Chin Liang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan S. Road, Taipei, Taiwan 100.
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