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Onodera K, Tsuno Y, Hiraoka Y, Tanaka K, Maejima T, Mieda M. In vivo recording of the circadian calcium rhythm in Prokineticin 2 neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16974. [PMID: 37813987 PMCID: PMC10562406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokineticin 2 (Prok2) is a small protein expressed in a subpopulation of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals. Prok2 has been implicated as a candidate output molecule from the SCN to control multiple circadian rhythms. Genetic manipulation specific to Prok2-producing neurons would be a powerful approach to understanding their function. Here, we report the generation of Prok2-tTA knock-in mice expressing the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) specifically in Prok2 neurons and an application of these mice to in vivo recording of Ca2+ rhythms in these neurons. First, the specific and efficient expression of tTA in Prok2 neurons was verified by crossing the mice with EGFP reporter mice. Prok2-tTA mice were then used to express a fluorescent Ca2+ sensor protein to record the circadian Ca2+ rhythm in SCN Prok2 neurons in vivo. Ca2+ in these cells showed clear circadian rhythms in both light-dark and constant dark conditions, with their peaks around midday. Notably, the hours of high Ca2+ nearly coincided with the rest period of the behavioral rhythm. These observations fit well with the predicted function of Prok2 neurons as a candidate output pathway of the SCN by suppressing locomotor activity during both daytime and subjective daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Onodera
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuno
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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2
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Tsuno Y, Peng Y, Horike SI, Wang M, Matsui A, Yamagata K, Sugiyama M, Nakamura TJ, Daikoku T, Maejima T, Mieda M. In vivo recording of suprachiasmatic nucleus dynamics reveals a dominant role of arginine vasopressin neurons in circadian pacesetting. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002281. [PMID: 37643163 PMCID: PMC10465001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The central circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a network consisting of various types of neurons and glial cells. Individual cells have the autonomous molecular machinery of a cellular clock, but their intrinsic periods vary considerably. Here, we show that arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons set the ensemble period of the SCN network in vivo to control the circadian behavior rhythm. Artificial lengthening of cellular periods by deleting casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) in the whole SCN lengthened the free-running period of behavior rhythm to an extent similar to CK1δ deletion specific to AVP neurons. However, in SCN slices, PER2::LUC reporter rhythms of these mice only partially and transiently recapitulated the period lengthening, showing a dissociation between the SCN shell and core with a period instability in the shell. In contrast, in vivo calcium rhythms of both AVP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons in the SCN of freely moving mice demonstrated stably lengthened periods similar to the behavioral rhythm upon AVP neuron-specific CK1δ deletion, without changing the phase relationships between each other. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of AVP neurons acutely induced calcium increase in VIP neurons in vivo. These results indicate that AVP neurons regulate other SCN neurons, such as VIP neurons, in vivo and thus act as a primary determinant of the SCN ensemble period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsuno
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yubo Peng
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Horike
- Division of Integrated Omics Research, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mohan Wang
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Matsui
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kanato Yamagata
- Child Brain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro J. Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Animal Disease Model, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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3
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Morimoto T, Yoshikawa T, Nagano M, Shigeyoshi Y. Regionality of short and long period oscillators in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their manner of synchronization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276372. [PMID: 36256675 PMCID: PMC9578605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the center of the circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Many studies have suggested that there are multiple regions generating different circadian periods within the SCN, but the exact localization of the regions has not been elucidated. In this study, using a transgenic rat carrying a destabilized luciferase reporter gene driven by a regulatory element of Per2 gene (Per2::dLuc), we investigated the regional variation of period lengths in horizontal slices of the SCN. We revealed a distinct caudal medial region (short period region, SPR) and a rostro-lateral region (long period region, LPR) that generate circadian rhythms with periods shorter than and longer than 24 hours, respectively. We also found that the core region of the SCN marked by dense VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) mRNA-expressing neurons covered a part of LPR, and that the shell region of the SCN contains both SPR and the rest of the LPR. Furthermore, we observed how synchronization is achieved between regions generating distinct circadian periods in the SCN. We found that the longer circadian rhythm of the rostral region appears to entrain the circadian rhythm in the caudal region. Our findings clarify the localization of regionality of circadian periods and the mechanism by which the integrated circadian rhythm is formed in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamitsu Morimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshikawa
- Organization for International Education and Exchange, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan,* E-mail:
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4
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Khodaei M, Mehri S, Pour SR, Mahdavi S, Yarmohammadi F, Hayes AW, Karimi G. The protective effect of chemical and natural compounds against vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:907-919. [PMID: 35562512 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine, an alkaloid extracted from Catharanthus rosea, is a class of chemotherapy drugs that act by altering the function of the microtubules and by inhibiting mitosis. Despite its widespread application, a major adverse effect of vincristine that limits treatment duration is the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy (PN). PN presents with several symptoms including numbness, painful sensation, tingling, and muscle weakness. Vincristine-induced PN involves impaired calcium homeostasis, an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) expression. Several potential approaches to attenuate the vincristine-induced PN including the concomitant administration of chemicals with vincristine have been reported. These chemicals have a variety of pharmaceutical properties including anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and inhibition of calcium channels and calcineurin signaling pathways and increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF). This review summarized several of these compounds and the mechanisms of action that could lead to effective options in improving vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Soroush Rashid Pour
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shakiba Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Morris EL, Patton AP, Chesham JE, Crisp A, Adamson A, Hastings MH. Single-cell transcriptomics of suprachiasmatic nuclei reveal a Prokineticin-driven circadian network. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108614. [PMID: 34487375 PMCID: PMC8521297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are governed by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in which 20,000 clock cells are connected together into a powerful time‐keeping network. In the absence of network‐level cellular interactions, the SCN fails as a clock. The topology and specific roles of its distinct cell populations (nodes) that direct network functions are, however, not understood. To characterise its component cells and network structure, we conducted single‐cell sequencing of SCN organotypic slices and identified eleven distinct neuronal sub‐populations across circadian day and night. We defined neuropeptidergic signalling axes between these nodes, and built neuropeptide‐specific network topologies. This revealed their temporal plasticity, being up‐regulated in circadian day. Through intersectional genetics and real‐time imaging, we interrogated the contribution of the Prok2‐ProkR2 neuropeptidergic axis to network‐wide time‐keeping. We showed that Prok2‐ProkR2 signalling acts as a key regulator of SCN period and rhythmicity and contributes to defining the network‐level properties that underpin robust circadian co‐ordination. These results highlight the diverse and distinct contributions of neuropeptide‐modulated communication of temporal information across the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Morris
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew P Patton
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair Crisp
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- The Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Arginine Vasopressin-Containing Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Project to CSF. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0363-20.2021. [PMID: 33472866 PMCID: PMC8174031 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0363-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is well established that there are robust circadian rhythms of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the route whereby the peptide reaches the CSF is not clear. A, AVP neurons constitute the largest fraction of the SCN neuronal population. Here, we show that processes of AVP-expressing SCN neurons cross the epithelium of the 3rd ventricular wall to reach the CSF (black arrows). Additionally, we report rostro-caudal differences in AVP neuron size and demonstrate that the localization of cells expressing the clock protein PER2 extend beyond the AVP population, thereby indicating that the size of this nucleus is somewhat larger than previously understood. B, Following lateral ventricle (LV) injection of cholera toxin β subunit (CTβ ; magenta) the retrograde tracer is seen in AVP neurons of the SCN, supporting the anatomical evidence that AVP neuronal processes directly contact the CSF. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) expressing neurons form the major population in the brain’s circadian clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). They participate in inter-neuronal coupling and provide an output signal for synchronizing daily rhythms. AVP is present at high concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fluctuates on a circadian timescale. While it is assumed that rhythms in CSF AVP are of SCN origin, a route of communication between these compartments has not been delineated. Using immunochemistry (ICC) and cell filling techniques, we determine the morphology and location of AVP neurons in mouse and delineate their axonal and dendritic processes. Cholera toxin β subunit (CTβ) tracer injected into the lateral ventricle tests whether AVP neurons communicate with CSF. Most importantly, the results indicate that AVP neurons lie in close proximity to the third ventricle, and their processes cross the ventricular wall into the CSF. We also report that contrary to widely held assumptions, AVP neurons do not fully delineate the SCN borders as PER2 expression extends beyond the AVP region. Also, AVP neurons form a rostral prong originating in the SCN medial-most and ventral-most aspect. AVP is lacking in the mid-dorsal shell but does occur at the base of the SCN just above the optic tract. Finally, neurons of the rostral SCN are smaller than those lying caudally. These findings extend our understanding of AVP signaling potential, demonstrate the heterogeneity of AVP neurons, and highlight limits in using this peptide to delineate the mouse SCN.
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7
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Mieda M. The Network Mechanism of the Central Circadian Pacemaker of the SCN: Do AVP Neurons Play a More Critical Role Than Expected? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:139. [PMID: 30858797 PMCID: PMC6397828 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the central circadian pacemaker in mammals and entrains to the environmental light/dark cycle. It is composed of multiple types of GABAergic neurons, and interneuronal communications among these neurons are essential for the circadian pacemaking of the SCN. However, the mechanisms underlying the SCN neuronal network remain unknown. This review will provide a brief overview of the current knowledge concerning the differential roles of multiple neuropeptides and neuropeptide-expressing neurons in the SCN, especially focusing on the emerging roles of arginine vasopressin-producing neurons uncovered by recent studies utilizing neuron type-specific genetic manipulations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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8
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Hannou L, Roy P, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Transcriptional control of synaptic components by the clock machinery. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:241-267. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hannou
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre‐Gabriel Roy
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research CenterHôpital du Sacré‐Cœur de Montréal (CIUSSS‐NIM) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversité de Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
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9
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Chen S, Reichert S, Singh C, Oikonomou G, Rihel J, Prober DA. Light-Dependent Regulation of Sleep and Wake States by Prokineticin 2 in Zebrafish. Neuron 2017. [PMID: 28648499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Light affects sleep and wake behaviors by providing an indirect cue that entrains circadian rhythms and also by inducing a direct and rapid regulation of behavior. While circadian entrainment by light is well characterized at the molecular level, mechanisms that underlie the direct effect of light on behavior are largely unknown. In zebrafish, a diurnal vertebrate, we found that both overexpression and mutation of the neuropeptide prokineticin 2 (Prok2) affect sleep and wake behaviors in a light-dependent but circadian-independent manner. In light, Prok2 overexpression increases sleep and induces expression of galanin (galn), a hypothalamic sleep-inducing peptide. We also found that light-dependent, Prok2-induced sedation requires prokineticin receptor 2 (prokr2) and is strongly suppressed in galn mutants. These results suggest that Prok2 antagonizes the direct wake-promoting effect of light in zebrafish, in part through the induction of galn expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sabine Reichert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chanpreet Singh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Grigorios Oikonomou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David A Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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10
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Qu Z, Zhang H, Huang M, Shi G, Liu Z, Xie P, Li H, Wang W, Xu G, Zhang Y, Yang L, Huang G, Takahashi JS, Zhang WJ, Xu Y. Loss of ZBTB20 impairs circadian output and leads to unimodal behavioral rhythms. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27657167 PMCID: PMC5033604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals display morning and evening bimodal activities in the day/night cycle. However, little is known regarding the potential components involved in the regulation of bimodal behavioral rhythms in mammals. Here, we identified that the zinc finger protein gene Zbtb20 plays a crucial role in the regulation of bimodal activities in mice. Depletion of Zbtb20 in nerve system resulted in the loss of early evening activity, but the increase of morning activity. We found that Zbtb20-deficient mice exhibited a pronounced decrease in the expression of Prokr2 and resembled phenotypes of Prok2 and Prokr2-knockout mice. Injection of adeno-associated virus-double-floxed Prokr2 in suprachiasmatic nucleus could partly restore evening activity in Nestin-Cre; Zbtb20fl/fl (NS-ZB20KO) mice. Furthermore, loss of Zbtb20 in Foxg1 loci, but intact in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, was not responsible for the unimodal activity of NS-ZB20KO mice. Our study provides evidence that ZBTB20-mediated PROKR2 signaling is critical for the evening behavioral rhythms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17171.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Moli Huang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangsen Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pancheng Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guocun Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Weiping J Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Traboulsi W, Brouillet S, Sergent F, Boufettal H, Samouh N, Aboussaouira T, Hoffmann P, Feige JJ, Benharouga M, Alfaidy N. Prokineticins in central and peripheral control of human reproduction. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 24:73-81. [PMID: 26574895 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prokineticin 1 (PROK1) and (PROK2), are two closely related proteins that were identified as the mammalian homologs of their two amphibian homologs, mamba intestinal toxin (MIT-1) and Bv8. PROKs activate two G-protein linked receptors (prokineticin receptor 1 and 2, PROKR1 and PROKR2). Both PROK1 and PROK2 have been found to regulate a stunning array of biological functions. In particular, PROKs stimulate gastrointestinal motility, thus accounting for their family name "prokineticins". PROK1 acts as a potent angiogenic mitogen, thus earning its other name, endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial factor. In contrast, PROK2 signaling pathway has been shown to be a critical regulator of olfactory bulb morphogenesis and sexual maturation. During the last decade, strong evidences established the key roles of prokineticins in the control of human central and peripheral reproductive processes. PROKs act as main regulators of the physiological functions of the ovary, uterus, placenta, and testis, with marked dysfunctions in various pathological conditions such as recurrent pregnancy loss, and preeclampsia. PROKs have also been associated to the tumor development of some of these organs. In the central system, prokineticins control the migration of GnRH neurons, a key process that controls reproductive functions. Importantly, mutations in PROK2 and PROKR2 are associated to the development of Kallmann syndrome, with direct consequences on the reproductive system. This review describes the finely tuned actions of prokineticins in the control of the central and peripheral reproductive processes. Also, it discusses future research directions for the use of these cytokines as diagnostic markers for several reproductive diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Exons
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/chemistry
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Neuropeptides/chemistry
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/agonists
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Reproduction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived/chemistry
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived/metabolism
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12
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Abstract
The SCN has long had organizational schemas imposed on it. In most, the SCN is dichotomized, with one region typically associated with the presence of vasopressin cells and the other associated with cells containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and certain afferent terminal fields. If assumed to be accurate, the schemas that have been intended to simplify and conceptually organize the known anatomy may actually interfere with the understanding of how various cell types and input pathways contribute to circadian rhythm regulation. This review describes inadequacies of existing schemas and notes several practical difficulties that undermine their usefulness. These include “static” versus “dynamic” anatomy, generalizations about SCN organization in relation to the plane or level of section, and the concept of differential density, all of which contribute to a view in which the SCN is substantially more complex than typically depicted in oversimplified line drawings. The need for accurate topographical description is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Morin
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8101, USA.
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13
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Burton KJ, Li X, Li B, Cheng MY, Urbanski HF, Zhou QY. Expression of prokineticin 2 and its receptor in the macaque monkey brain. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:191-9. [PMID: 26818846 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1125361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been indicated as an output signaling molecule for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock. Most of these studies were performed with nocturnal animals, particularly mice and rats. In the current study, the PK2 and its receptor, PKR2, was cloned from a species of diurnal macaque monkey. The macaque monkey PK2 and PKR2 were found to be highly homologous to that of other mammalian species. The mRNA expression of PK2 and PKR2 in the macaque brain was examined by in situ hybridization. The expression patterns of PK2 and PKR2 in the macaque brain were found to be quite similar to that of the mouse brain. Particularly, PK2 mRNA was shown to oscillate in the SCN of the macaque brain in the same phase and with similar amplitude with that of nocturnal mouse brain. PKR2 expression was also detected in known primary SCN targets, including the midline thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. In addition, we detected the expression of PKR2 mRNA in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) of both macaque and mouse brains. As a likely SCN to dorsal raphe projection has previously been indicated, the expression of PKR2 in the raphe nuclei of both macaque and mouse brain signifies a possible role of DR as a previously unrecognized primary SCN projection target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Burton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Xiaohan Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Baoan Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Henryk F Urbanski
- b Division of Neuroscience , Oregon National Primate Research Center , Beaverton , OR , USA
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , CA , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Because of its increasing prevalence and morbi-mortality, obesity is a major health problem. Obesity etiology includes a combination of excess dietary calories and decreased physical activity, coupled with either predisposing genetic factors or metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. Adipose tissue secretes several metabolically important proteins known as 'adipokines' that play a major role in obesity and insulin resistance. High levels of a newly identified group of adipokines, called prokineticins, have been found in obese adipose tissues. Prokineticins are peptide hormones released principally from macrophages and reproductive organs. They act on the G protein-coupled receptors PKR1 and PKR2. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge of the role of prokineticins and their receptors in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS The principal biological effect of prokineticins in the central nervous system is the control of food intake. Nevertheless, peripheral biological effects of prokineticin are associated with increasing insulin sensitivity and suppressing the adipose tissue expansion. SUMMARY We outline the biological significance of the central and peripheral effects of prokineticins, and the potential of their receptors as targets for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Mieda M, Ono D, Hasegawa E, Okamoto H, Honma KI, Honma S, Sakurai T. Cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN are critical for interneuronal coupling regulating circadian behavior rhythm. Neuron 2015; 85:1103-16. [PMID: 25741730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals, is a network structure composed of multiple types of neurons. Here, we report that mice with a Bmal1 deletion specific to arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons showed marked lengthening in the free-running period and activity time of behavior rhythms. When exposed to an abrupt 8-hr advance of the light/dark cycle, these mice reentrained faster than control mice did. In these mice, the circadian expression of genes involved in intercellular communications, including Avp, Prokineticin 2, and Rgs16, was drastically reduced in the dorsal SCN, where AVP neurons predominate. In slices, dorsal SCN cells showed attenuated PER2::LUC oscillation with highly variable and lengthened periods. Thus, Bmal1-dependent oscillators of AVP neurons may modulate the coupling of the SCN network, eventually coupling morning and evening behavioral rhythms, by regulating expression of multiple factors important for the network property of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ono
- Photonic Bioimaging Section, Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Emi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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Logan RW, Williams WP, McClung CA. Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:387-412. [PMID: 24731209 DOI: 10.1037/a0036268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are prominent in many physiological and behavioral functions. Circadian disruptions either by environmental or molecular perturbation can have profound health consequences, including the development and progression of addiction. Both animal and humans studies indicate extensive bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and drugs of abuse. Addicted individuals display disrupted rhythms, and chronic disruption or particular chronotypes may increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. Moreover, polymorphisms in circadian genes and an evening chronotype have been linked to mood and addiction disorders, and recent efforts suggest an association with the function of reward neurocircuitry. Animal studies are beginning to determine how altered circadian gene function results in drug-induced neuroplasticity and behaviors. Many studies suggest a critical role for circadian rhythms in reward-related pathways in the brain and indicate that drugs of abuse directly affect the central circadian pacemaker. In this review, we highlight key findings demonstrating the importance of circadian rhythms in addiction and how future studies will reveal important mechanistic insights into the involvement of circadian rhythms in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Wilbur P Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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McCabe MJ, Gaston-Massuet C, Gregory LC, Alatzoglou KS, Tziaferi V, Sbai O, Rondard P, Masumoto KH, Nagano M, Shigeyoshi Y, Pfeifer M, Hulse T, Buchanan CR, Pitteloud N, Martinez-Barbera JP, Dattani MT. Variations in PROKR2, but not PROK2, are associated with hypopituitarism and septo-optic dysplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E547-57. [PMID: 23386640 PMCID: PMC3612801 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Loss-of-function mutations in PROK2 and PROKR2 have been implicated in Kallmann syndrome (KS), characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Recent data suggest overlapping phenotypes/genotypes between KS and congenital hypopituitarism (CH), including septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). OBJECTIVE We screened a cohort of patients with complex forms of CH (n = 422) for mutations in PROK2 and PROKR2. RESULTS We detected 5 PROKR2 variants in 11 patients with SOD/CH: novel p.G371R and previously reported p.A51T, p.R85L, p.L173R, and p.R268C-the latter 3 being known functionally deleterious variants. Surprisingly, 1 patient with SOD was heterozygous for the p.L173R variant, whereas his phenotypically unaffected mother was homozygous for the variant. We sought to clarify the role of PROKR2 in hypothalamopituitary development through analysis of Prokr2(-/-) mice. Interestingly, these revealed predominantly normal hypothalamopituitary development and terminal cell differentiation, with the exception of reduced LH; this was inconsistent with patient phenotypes and more analogous to the healthy mother, although she did not have KS, unlike the Prokr2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The role of PROKR2 in the etiology of CH, SOD, and KS is uncertain, as demonstrated by no clear phenotype-genotype correlation; loss-of-function variants in heterozygosity or homozygosity can be associated with these disorders. However, we report a phenotypically normal parent, homozygous for p.L173R. Our data suggest that the variants identified herein are unlikely to be implicated in isolation in these disorders; other genetic or environmental modifiers may also impact on the etiology. Given the phenotypic variability, genetic counseling may presently be inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCabe
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London (UCL)-Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Li JD, Hu WP, Zhou QY. The circadian output signals from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 199:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ren P, Zhang H, Qiu F, Liu YQ, Gu H, O'Dowd DK, Zhou QY, Hu WP. Prokineticin 2 regulates the electrical activity of rat suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20263. [PMID: 21687716 PMCID: PMC3110640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide signaling plays roles in coordinating cellular activities and maintaining robust oscillations within the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Prokineticin2 (PK2) is a signaling molecule from the SCN and involves in the generation of circadian locomotor activity. Prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), a receptor for PK2, has been shown to be expressed in the SCN. However, very little is known about the cellular action of PK2 within the SCN. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PK2 on spontaneous firing and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) using whole cell patch-clamp recording in the SCN slices. PK2 dose-dependently increased spontaneous firing rates in most neurons from the dorsal SCN. PK2 acted postsynaptically to reduce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic function within the SCN, and PK2 reduced the amplitude but not frequency of mIPSCs. Furthermore, PK2 also suppressed exogenous GABA-induced currents. And the inhibitory effect of PK2 required PKC activation in the postsynaptic cells. Our data suggest that PK2 could alter cellular activities within the SCN and may influence behavioral and physiological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyu Gu
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Diane K. O'Dowd
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Wang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Jacobson O, Weiss ID, Niu G, Balboni G, Congiu C, Onnis V, Kiesewetter DO, Lattanzi R, Salvadori S, Chen X. Prokineticin receptor 1 antagonist PC-10 as a biomarker for imaging inflammatory pain. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:600-7. [PMID: 21421710 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and its ligand Bv8 were shown to be expressed in inflammation-induced pain and by tumor-supporting fibroblasts. Blocking this receptor might prove useful for reducing pain and for cancer therapy. However, there is no method to quantify the levels of these receptors in vivo. METHODS A nonpeptidic PKR1 antagonist, N-{2-[5-(4-fluoro-benzyl)-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-4,6-dioxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazin-2-ylamino]-ethyl}-guanidine, which contains a free guanidine group, was labeled with (18)F by reacting the guanidine function with N-succinimidyl-4-(18)F-fluorobenzoate to give the guanidinyl amide N-(4-(18)F-fluoro-benzoyl)-N'-{2-[5-(4-fluoro-benzyl)-1-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-4,6-dioxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,3,5]triazin-2-ylamino]-ethyl}-guanidine ((18)F-PC-10). Inflammation was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous injection of complete Freund adjuvant in the paw. The mice were imaged with (18)F-PC-10, (18)F-FDG, and (64)Cu-pyruvaldehyde bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-PTSM) at 24 h after complete Freund adjuvant injection using a small-animal PET device. RESULTS (18)F-PC-10 was synthesized with a radiochemical yield of 16% ± 3% (decay-corrected). (18)F-PC-10 accumulated specifically in the inflamed paw 4- to 5-fold more than in the control paw. Compared with (18)F-PC-10, (18)F-FDG and (64)Cu-PTSM displayed higher accumulation in the inflamed paw but also had higher accumulation in the control paw, demonstrating a reduced signal-to-background ratio. (18)F-PC-10 also accumulated in PKR1-expressing organs, such as the salivary gland and gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION (18)F-PC-10 can be used to image PKR1, a biomarker of the inflammation process. However, the high uptake of (18)F-PC-10 in the gastrointestinal tract, due to specific uptake and the metabolic processing of this highly lipophilic molecule, would restrict its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Silveira LFG, Trarbach EB, Latronico AC. Genetics basis for GnRH-dependent pubertal disorders in humans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:30-8. [PMID: 20188792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human puberty is triggered by the reemergence of GnRH pulsatile secretion, with progressive activation of gonadal function. Several mutations have been identified in an increasing number of genes that influence the onset of puberty. Mutations in GNRH1, KISS1R and GNRHR genes cause normosmic IHH, interfering with the normal synthesis, secretion or action of GnRH. More recently, mutations in TAC3 and TACR3 genes, which encode neurokinin B and its receptor, have been implicated in normosmic IHH, although their precise functions in reproduction remain unclear. Mutations in KAL1, FGFR1, FGF8, PROK2 and PROKR2 are related to disruption of the development and migration of GnRH neurons, thereby resulting in Kallmann syndrome, a complex genetic condition characterized by isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and olfactory abnormalities. Furthermore, mutations in CHD7 gene, a major gene involved in the etiology of CHARGE syndrome, were also described in some patients with Kallmann syndrome and normosmic IHH. Notably, the evidence of association of some of the genes implicated with GnRH neurons development and migration with both Kallmann syndrome and normosmic IHH, blurring the simplest clinical distinction between ontogenic and purely functional defects in the axis. Digenic or oligogenic inheritance of IHH has also been described, illustrating the extraordinary genetic heterogeneity of IHH. Interestingly, rare gain-of-function mutations of the genes encoding the kisspeptin and its receptor were recently associated with central precocious puberty phenotype, indicating that the premature activation of the reproductive axis may be also caused by genetic mutations. These discoveries have yielded significant insights into the current knowledge of this important life transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ferreira Gontijo Silveira
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42 da Disciplina de Endocrinologia do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Irwin RP, Allen CN. GABAergic signaling induces divergent neuronal Ca2+ responses in the suprachiasmatic nucleus network. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1462-75. [PMID: 19821838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication between gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons facilitates light-induced phase changes and synchronization of individual neural oscillators within the SCN network. We used ratiometric Ca(2+) imaging techniques to record changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) to study the role of GABA in interneuronal communication and the response of the SCN neuronal network to optic nerve stimulations that mimic entraining light signals. Stimulation of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) evoked divergent Ca(2+) responses in neurons that varied regionally within the SCN with a pattern that correlated with those evoked by pharmacological GABA applications. GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor agonists and antagonists were used to evaluate components of the GABA-induced changes in [Ca(2+)](i). Application of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist gabazine induced changes in baseline [Ca(2+)](i) in a direction opposite to that evoked by GABA, and similarly altered the RHT stimulation-induced Ca(2+) response. GABA application induced Ca(2+) responses varied in time and region within the SCN network. The NKCC1 cotransporter blocker, bumetanide, and L-type calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, attenuated the GABA-induced rise of [Ca(2+)](i). These results suggest that physiological GABA induces opposing effects on [Ca(2+)](i) based on the chloride equilibrium potential, and may play an important role in neuronal Ca(2+) balance, synchronization and modulation of light input signaling in the SCN network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Irwin
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology (CROET), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Zhang C, Truong KK, Zhou QY. Efferent projections of prokineticin 2 expressing neurons in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7151. [PMID: 19784373 PMCID: PMC2747004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus is the predominant circadian clock in mammals. To function as a pacemaker, the intrinsic timing signal from the SCN must be transmitted to different brain regions. Prokineticin 2 (PK2) is one of the candidate output molecules from the SCN. In this study, we investigated the efferent projections of PK2-expressing neurons in the SCN through a transgenic reporter approach. Using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse line, in which the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter gene expression was driven by the PK2 promoter, we were able to obtain an efferent projections map from the EGFP-expressing neurons in the SCN. Our data revealed that EGFP-expressing neurons in the SCN, hence representing some of the PK2-expressing neurons, projected to many known SCN target areas, including the ventral lateral septum, medial preoptic area, subparaventricular zone, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and paraventricular thalamic nucleus. The efferent projections of PK2-expressing neurons supported the role of PK2 as an output molecule of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly K. Truong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:281-306. [PMID: 19695288 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The daily sleep-wake cycle is perhaps the most dramatic overt manifestation of the circadian timing system, and this is especially true for the monophasic sleep-wake cycle of humans. Considerable recent progress has been made in elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep and arousal, and more generally, of circadian rhythmicity in behavioral and physiological systems. This paper broadly reviews these mechanisms from a functional neuroanatomical and neurochemical perspective, highlighting both historical and recent advances. In particular, I focus on the neural pathways underlying reciprocal interactions between the sleep-regulatory and circadian timing systems, and the functional implications of these interactions. While these two regulatory systems have often been considered in isolation, sleep-wake and circadian regulation are closely intertwined processes controlled by extensively integrated neurobiological mechanisms.
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Bittman EL. Vasopressin: more than just an output of the circadian pacemaker? Focus on "Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 296:R821-3. [PMID: 19109364 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90991.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jethwa PH, I'Anson H, Warner A, Prosser HM, Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Ebling FJP. Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1968-79. [PMID: 18417646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genes encoding prokineticin 2 polypeptide (Prok2) and its cognate receptor (Prokr2/Gpcr73l1) are widely expressed in both the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its hypothalamic targets, and this signaling pathway has been implicated in the circadian regulation of behavior and physiology. We have previously observed that the targeted null mutation of Prokr2 disrupts circadian coordination of cycles of locomotor activity and thermoregulation. We have now observed spontaneous but sporadic bouts of torpor in the majority of these transgenic mice lacking Prokr2 signaling. During these torpor bouts, which lasted for up to 8 h, body temperature and locomotor activity decreased markedly. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production also decreased, and there was a decrease in respiratory quotient. These spontaneous torpor bouts generally began toward the end of the dark phase or in the early light phase when the mice were maintained on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle and persisted when mice were exposed to continuous darkness. Periods of food deprivation (16-24 h) induced a substantial decrease in body temperature in all mice, but the duration and depth of hypothermia was significantly greater in mice lacking Prokr2 signaling compared with heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Likewise, when tested in metabolic cages, food deprivation produced greater decreases in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in the transgenic mice than controls. We conclude that Prokr2 signaling plays a role in hypothalamic regulation of energy balance, and loss of this pathway results in physiological and behavioral responses normally only detected when mice are in negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti H Jethwa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Baba K, Ono D, Honma S, Honma KI. A TTX-sensitive local circuit is involved in the expression of PK2 and BDNF circadian rhythms in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:909-16. [PMID: 18279366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The roles of a local circuit of electrophysiological activity were examined in the expression of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the adult mouse. The neuronal activity of cultured SCN was suppressed with tetrodotoxin (TTX), an Na+ channel blocker, and the circadian rhythms in mRNA level were assessed for 13 genes by in situ hybridization. SCN slices were cultured for 3 days and TTX was applied at the peak phase of Per1 expression rhythm. The SCN slices were examined at 4-h intervals up to 32 h after TTX application. The circadian rhythms in the expression of clock genes, Per1, Per2, Bmal1 and Cry1, and of clock-associated genes, Dec1, Dec2, Rev-erbalpha, Rev-erbbeta and DBP, were not affected by TTX treatment. By contrast, TTX completely abolished the circadian rhythm in the BDNF mRNA level and substantially damped the rhythm in PK2. The circadian rhythm in the AVP mRNA level was not changed significantly by TTX. These findings indicate that input through Na+-channel-dependent electrophysiological activity is not necessary for the expression of the circadian rhythms of clock and clock-associated genes, but necessary for full expression of the circadian rhythms of BDNF and PK2 in the SCN. A TTX-sensitive circuit is involved in the expression of BDNF and PK2 circadian rhythms in the mouse SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenkichi Baba
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Abstract
Secreted peptides have been implicated in diverse physiological functions. Prokineticins are a pair of regulatory peptides that signal through two highly homologous G protein-coupled receptors. Prokineticins possess a unique structural motif of five disulfide bonds and conserved N-terminal stretches. Diverse biological functions, ranging from development to adult physiology, have been attributed to prokineticins. Herein we provide an overview of current knowledge of this interesting pair of regulatory peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Y Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Negri L, Lattanzi R, Giannini E, Melchiorri P. Bv8/Prokineticin proteins and their receptors. Life Sci 2007; 81:1103-16. [PMID: 17881008 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Bv8/Prokineticins (PKs) are a new family of peptides identified in frog, fish, reptiles and mammals that signal through two highly homologous G-protein coupled receptors, PKR1 and PKR2. Bv8/PK proteins possess a unique structural motif comprising five disulfide bonds and a completely conserved N-terminal hexapeptide sequence that is essential for the peptide's biological activities. Over the past few years, several biological functions of Bv8/PK proteins have been elucidated. This review considers all the published data on the action and physiological role of this new biological system implicated in angiogenesis and neurogenesis, in reproduction and cancer and in regulating physiological functions that underly circadian rhythms, such as the sleep/wake cycle, hormone secretion and ingestive behaviors. The high expression level of human Bv8/PK2 in bone marrow, lymphoid organs and leukocytes suggested an involvement of these peptides in hematopoiesis and in inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes. Our review highlights the role of the Bv8/PK and their receptor system in setting the pain threshold under normal and pathological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/chemistry
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Neuropeptides/chemistry
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived/chemistry
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Negri
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", University "La Sapienza", P.le A: Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Prosser HM, Bradley A, Chesham JE, Ebling FJP, Hastings MH, Maywood ES. Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:648-53. [PMID: 17202262 PMCID: PMC1761911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606884104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain's principal circadian pacemaker, coordinates adaptive daily cycles of behavior and physiology, including the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. The cellular mechanism sustaining SCN circadian timing is well characterized, but the neurochemical pathways by which SCN neurons coordinate circadian behaviors remain unknown. SCN transplant studies suggest a role for (unidentified) secreted factors, and one potential candidate is the SCN neuropeptide prokineticin 2 (Prok2). Prok2 and its cognate prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2/Gpcr73l1) are widely expressed in both the SCN and its neural targets, and Prok2 is light-regulated. Hence, they may contribute to cellular timing within the SCN, entrainment of the clock, and/or they may mediate circadian output. We show that a targeted null mutation of Prokr2 disrupts circadian coordination of the activity cycle and thermoregulation. Specifically, mice lacking Prokr2 lost precision in timing the onset of nocturnal locomotor activity; and under both a light/dark cycle and continuous darkness, there was a pronounced temporal redistribution of activity away from early to late circadian night. Moreover, the coherence of circadian behavior was significantly reduced, and nocturnal body temperature was depressed. Entrainment by light is not, however, dependent on Prokr2, and bioluminescence real-time imaging of organotypical SCN slices showed that the mutant SCN is fully competent as a circadian oscillator. We conclude that Prokr2 is not necessary for SCN cellular timekeeping or entrainment, but it is an essential link for coordination of circadian behavior and physiology by the SCN, especially in defining the onset and maintenance of circadian night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydn M. Prosser
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna E. Chesham
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Francis J. P. Ebling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Hastings
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth S. Maywood
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Neurobiology Division, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Secreted peptides play broad regulatory roles in brain function and elsewhere in the body. Prokineticins are a pair of newly identified regulatory peptides that signal through two highly homologous G protein-coupled receptors. Prokineticins possess a unique structural motif of five disulfide bonds and a completely conserved N-terminal hexapeptide sequence that is essential to biological activity. Diverse biological functions, including roles in development and cell differentiation, have been assigned to the prokineticins. A network of genes, subject to various transcriptional factors, may functionally converge on the prokineticins as regulatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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Li JD, Hu WP, Boehmer L, Cheng MY, Lee AG, Jilek A, Siegel JM, Zhou QY. Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J Neurosci 2006; 26:11615-23. [PMID: 17093083 PMCID: PMC2713041 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3679-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks drive daily rhythms in virtually all organisms. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is recognized as the master clock that synchronizes central and peripheral oscillators to evoke circadian rhythms of diverse physiology and behavior. How the timing information is transmitted from the SCN clock to generate overt circadian rhythms is essentially unknown. Prokineticin 2 (PK2), a clock-controlled gene that encodes a secreted protein, has been indicated as a candidate SCN clock output signal that regulates circadian locomotor rhythm. Here we report the generation and analysis of PK2-null mice. The reduction of locomotor rhythms in PK2-null mice was apparent in both hybrid and inbred genetic backgrounds. PK2-null mice also displayed significantly reduced rhythmicity for a variety of other physiological and behavioral parameters, including sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, circulating glucocorticoid and glucose levels, as well as the expression of peripheral clock genes. In addition, PK2-null mice showed accelerated acquisition of food anticipatory activity during a daytime food restriction. We conclude that PK2, acting as a SCN output factor, is important for the maintenance of robust circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Da Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Wang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Lisa Boehmer
- Neurobiology Research 151A3, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Sepulveda, Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343, and
| | - Michelle Y. Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Alex G. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Alexander Jilek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Kepler-University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jerome M. Siegel
- Neurobiology Research 151A3, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Sepulveda, Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343, and
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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