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Van Hee S, Alınç T, Weldegergis BT, Dicke M, Colazza S, Peri E, Jacquemyn H, Cusumano A, Lievens B. Differential effects of plant-beneficial fungi on the attraction of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis in response to Nezara viridula egg deposition. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304220. [PMID: 38771894 PMCID: PMC11108215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in defending plants against insect herbivores through both direct and indirect mechanisms. While previous research has shown that these microbes can modify the behaviour and performance of insect herbivores and their natural enemies, little is known about their effect on egg parasitoids which utilize oviposition-induced plant volatiles to locate their hosts. In this study, we investigated how root inoculation of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) with the plant-beneficial fungi Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 3097 or Trichoderma harzianum T22 influences the olfactory behaviour of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis following egg deposition by its host Nezara viridula. Olfactometer assays showed that inoculation by T. harzianum significantly enhanced the attraction of the egg parasitoid, while B. bassiana had the opposite effect. However, no variation was observed in the chemical composition of plant volatiles. Additionally, fitness-related traits of the parasitoids (wasp body size) were not altered by any of the two fungi, suggesting that fungal inoculation did not indirectly affect host quality. Altogether, our results indicate that plant inoculation with T. harzianum T22 can be used to enhance attraction of egg parasitoids, which could be a promising strategy in manipulating early plant responses against pest species and improving sustainable crop protection. From a more fundamental point of view, our findings highlight the importance of taking into account the role of microorganisms when studying the intricate interactions between plants, herbivores and their associated egg parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Van Hee
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tuğcan Alınç
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Li Z, Tong H, Ni M, Zheng Y, Yang X, Tan Y, Li Z, Jiang M. An at-leg pellet and associated Penicillium sp. provide multiple protections to mealybugs. Commun Biol 2024; 7:580. [PMID: 38755282 PMCID: PMC11099121 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Beneficial fungi are well known for their contribution to insects' adaptation to diverse habitats. However, where insect-associated fungi reside and the underlying mechanisms of insect-fungi interaction are not well understood. Here, we show a pellet-like structure on the legs of mealybugs, a group of economically important insect pests. This at-leg pellet, formed by mealybugs feeding on tomato but not by those on cotton, potato, or eggplant, originates jointly from host secretions and mealybug waxy filaments. A fungal strain, Penicillium citrinum, is present in the pellets and it colonizes honeydew. P. citrinum can inhibit mealybug fungal pathogens and is highly competitive in honeydew. Compounds within the pellets also have inhibitory activity against mealybug pathogens. Further bioassays suggest that at-leg pellets can improve the survival rate of Phenacoccus solenopsis under pathogen pressure, increase their sucking frequency, and decrease the defense response of host plants. Our study presents evidences on how a fungi-associated at-leg pellet provides multiple protections for mealybugs through suppressing pathogens and host defense, providing new insights into complex insect × fungi × plant interactions and their coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Tong
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Ni
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Tan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Jiang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Shi JH, Sun Z, Pickett JA, Hu XJ, Wang C, Liu L, Jin H, Abdelnabby H, Foba CN, Yang XQ, Chang XQ, Wang MQ. Unprecedented oviposition tactics avoid plant defences and reduce attack by parasitic wasps. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:308-318. [PMID: 37807627 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Female insects oviposit in sites suitable for the development of their offspring. The Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata is a serious pest of various crops including wheat and prefers to oviposit on withered leaves rather than on fresh plant material, which is surprisingly different from other insects. Studies here showed that this oviposition tactic enables avoidance of wheat defence against eggs and emerged larvae. Intact plants responded to M. separata egg deposition by releasing oviposition-induced plant volatiles including acetophenone, tetradecene and pentadecane after 24 h. Acetophenone was identified as quantitatively accounting for the attraction of the egg parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma chilonis). Leaf jasmonic acid levels significantly increased after M. separata laid eggs, and primed the plant against emerging larvae. In addition, newly emerged M. separata larvae adopted a fast crawling behaviour and starvation tolerance compared with other noctuid larvae, which enhanced the survival of larvae on the withered leaves. The elucidation of this complex and surprising plant-insect interaction provides the first explanation for a herbivore laying eggs on withered leaves to avoid natural enemies and live-plant defence against emerging larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Shi
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze Sun
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - John A Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Xin-Jun Hu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanan Jin
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hazem Abdelnabby
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Banha, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Caroline Ngichop Foba
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri, USA
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Chang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Lee S, Park DY, Wang X, Duan JJ, Gould JR, Kim IK, Lee S. Exploration for Asian longhorned beetle parasitoids in Korea using an improved sentinel log trap. Parasite 2023; 30:57. [PMID: 38084938 PMCID: PMC10714676 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a destructive invasive woodboring insect pest, and efforts are being made to find parasitoids for ALB biological control. Through a four-year survey in Korea using a sentinel log trap associated with host chemical cues potentially important for host finding by parasitoids, two parasitoid species were discovered attacking ALB. One species is Spathius ibarakius Belokobylskij & Maetô, which is known to also parasitize citrus longhorned beetle, Anoplophora chinensis (Forster). The other parasitoid species, whose offspring were dead before imago, could not be morphologically identified at the adult stage. We attempted molecular and morphological identification of the larvae/pupae of the unidentified parasitoid; however, only superfamily-level identification was possible. The parasitism rate recovered in the logs was 0.3% by the unidentified parasitoid in Gapyeong-gun in 2019, while it reached 29.2% by S. ibarakius in Busan city in 2022. Future efforts for exploring ALB natural enemies in the pest's native range may focus on parasitoids with high parasitism rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
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Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
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Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Young Park
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Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Xingeng Wang
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USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit Newark DE 19713 USA
| | - Jian J. Duan
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USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit Newark DE 19713 USA
| | - Juli R. Gould
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USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Otis ANGB Laboratory MA 02542 USA
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
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Division of Forest Biodiversity, National Arboretum Pocheon 11186 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Lee
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Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Xiang X, Liu S, Li H, Danso Ofori A, Yi X, Zheng A. Defense Strategies of Rice in Response to the Attack of the Herbivorous Insect, Chilo suppressalis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14361. [PMID: 37762665 PMCID: PMC10531896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilo suppressalis is a notorious pest that attacks rice, feeding throughout the entire growth period of rice and posing a serious threat to rice production worldwide. Due to the boring behavior and overlapping generations of C. suppressalis, the pest is difficult to control. Moreover, no rice variety with high resistance to the striped stem borer (SSB) has been found in the available rice germplasm, which also poses a challenge to controlling the SSB. At present, chemical control is widely used in agricultural production to manage the problem, but its effect is limited and it also pollutes the environment. Therefore, developing genetic resistance is the only way to avoid the use of chemical insecticides. This article primarily focuses on the research status of the induced defense of rice against the SSB from the perspective of immunity, in which plant hormones (such as jasmonic acid and ethylene) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play an important role in the immune response of rice to the SSB. The article also reviews progress in using transgenic technology to study the relationship between rice and the SSB as well as exploring the resistance genes. Lastly, the article discusses prospects for future research on rice's resistance to the SSB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (X.X.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (A.D.O.); (X.Y.)
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Talavera-Mateo L, Garcia A, Santamaria ME. A comprehensive meta-analysis reveals the key variables and scope of seed defense priming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1208449. [PMID: 37546267 PMCID: PMC10398571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1208449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background When encountered with pathogens or herbivores, the activation of plant defense results in a penalty in plant fitness. Even though plant priming has the potential of enhancing resistance without fitness cost, hurdles such as mode of application of the priming agent or even detrimental effects in plant fitness have yet to be overcome. Here, we review and propose seed defense priming as an efficient and reliable approach for pathogen protection and pest management. Methods Gathering all available experimental data to date, we evaluated the magnitude of the effect depending on plant host, antagonist class, arthropod feeding guild and type of priming agent, as well as the influence of parameter selection in measuring seed defense priming effect on plant and antagonist performance. Results Seed defense priming enhances plant resistance while hindering antagonist performance and without a penalty in plant fitness. Specifically, it has a positive effect on crops and cereals, while negatively affecting fungi, bacteria and arthropods. Plant natural compounds and biological isolates have a stronger influence in plant and antagonist performance than synthetic chemicals and volatiles. Discussion This is the first meta-analysis conducted evaluating the effect of seed defense priming against biotic stresses studying both plant and pest/pathogen performance. Here, we proved its efficacy in enhancing both, plant resistance and plant fitness, and its wide range of application. In addition, we offered insight into the selection of the most suitable priming agent and directed the focus of interest for novel research.
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Assessment of the Molecular Responses of an Ancient Angiosperm against Atypical Insect Oviposition: The Case of Hass Avocados and the Tephritid Fly Anastrepha ludens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032060. [PMID: 36768387 PMCID: PMC9916504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestations cause significant economic losses in commercial fruit production worldwide. However, some plants quickly counteract the insertion of eggs by females by generating neoplasia and hindering eclosion, as is the case for Persea americana Mill., cv. Hass (Hass avocados). We followed a combined transcriptomics/metabolomics approach to identify the molecular mechanisms triggered by Hass avocados to detect and react to the oviposition of the pestiferous Anastrepha ludens (Loew). We evaluated two conditions: fruit damaged using a sterile pin (pin) and fruit oviposited by A. ludens females (ovi). We evaluated both of the conditions in a time course experiment covering five sampling points: without treatment (day 0), 20 min after the treatment (day 1), and days 3, 6, and 9 after the treatment. We identified 288 differentially expressed genes related to the treatments. Oviposition (and possibly bacteria on the eggs' surface) induces a plant hypersensitive response (HR), triggering a chitin receptor, producing an oxidative burst, and synthesizing phytoalexins. We also observed a process of cell wall modification and polyphenols biosynthesis, which could lead to polymerization in the neoplastic tissue surrounding the eggs.
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Evaluation of the Parasitism Capacity of a Thelytoky Egg Parasitoid on a Serious Rice Pest, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010012. [PMID: 36611621 PMCID: PMC9817863 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoligosita yasumatsui and Anagrus nilaparvatae are both egg parasitoids of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH). In this study, we obtained a stable strain of P. yasumatsui reproduced via thelytoky through indoor rearing and screening. We assessed the parasitism capacity of this strain on eggs of N. lugens by comparing the parasitism preference and circadian rhythm of this strain to that of A. nilaparvatae, which is proved as the dominant egg parasitoid species of BPH in rice fields. The findings indicated that both egg parasitoids could parasitize fertilized and unfertilized BPH eggs, however, with a significant preference for fertilized eggs. The daily parasitization volume of P. yasumatsui was slightly higher than that of A. nilaparvatae. Both egg parasitoids preferred parasitizing 1-3-day-old BPH eggs, but the parasitism amount of 5-6-day-old BPH eggs by P. yasumatsui is higher than that by A. nilaparvatae. The parasitism events of both species of egg parasitoid wasps occurred primarily from 7:00-15:00 and the parasitism amount at night accounted for less than 15% of the total amount. The results indicate that this strain of P. yasumatsui reproduced via thelytoky could be valuable for rice planthopper control.
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Garrido E, Boege K, Domínguez CA, Fornoni J. Priming by Insects: Differential Effects of Sympatric and Allopatric Priming upon Plant Performance and Tolerance to Herbivory. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3567. [PMID: 36559679 PMCID: PMC9784990 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to defend themselves from their multiple herbivores. Thus, being able to recognise among them and respond accordingly is fundamental for plant survival and reproduction. Defence priming prepares the plant to better or more rapidly respond to future damage; however, while it is considered an adaptive trait, to date, no studies have evaluated the extent and specificity of the priming recognition. To estimate the costs, benefits and specificity of priming, we used a highly specialist plant-insect system (Datura stramonium-Lema daturaphila) and performed a reciprocal transplant experiment with two populations where a priming stimulus (sympatric vs. allopatric) and a damage treatment (sympatric) were applied. We found no evidence of a fitness cost of priming, given that primed plants without damage showed no reduction in fitness. In contrast, our treatments affected the probability of bud abortion. That is, when damaged plants received no priming or the priming came from an allopatric insect, the likelihood of aborting the first bud was 1.9 times greater compared to plants being primed by their sympatric insect. We also found that damaged plants primed with an allopatric insect produced 14% fewer seeds compared to plants receiving a sympatric priming stimulus. Tolerance to herbivore damage was also the lowest when plants received the priming stimulus from an allopatric insect. Overall, these results suggest that, in our study system, plants recognise their local insect population reducing the negative effect of damage through a tolerance response.
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Pozebon H, Stürmer GR, Arnemann JA. Corn Stunt Pathosystem and Its Leafhopper Vector in Brazil. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1817-1833. [PMID: 36130194 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct and indirect injury caused by Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in corn is an ever-increasing concern in Brazil and other corn-producing countries of the Americas. This highly efficient vector transmits corn stunting pathogens and is of economic concern in the Neotropics, including temperate regions where epidemic outbreaks are now common. Despite the progress made so far, Brazilian corn growers continue to struggle with this pest and its associated pathosystem. In this review, we gathered relevant and updated information on the bioecology, population dynamics, and damaging potential of D. maidis. Our goal was to better understand its intimate association and complex interactions with the host crop and transmitted pathogens. Based on available scientific literature, we identified factors which explain the recent increase in D. maidis occurrence in South America, including the cultivation of corn during multiple growing seasons, overlapping of susceptible crops, and widespread use of genetically modified hybrids. The reasons for the overall inefficiency of current suppression strategies aimed at this pest are also summarized. Finally, a management program for D. maidis and corn stunt disease is proposed, combining strategies such as eradicating volunteer corn, reducing the planting period, using tolerant hybrids, and applying chemical and/or fungal insecticides. Prospects regarding the pest's status are also outlined. Overall, the information presented here will serve as a decision-making guide within Brazilian and South American corn production systems, as well as paving the way for devising novel strategies aimed at suppressing D. maidis populations and limiting the spread of corn stunt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Pozebon
- Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas André Arnemann
- Crop Protection Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Soybean CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE17 Positively Regulates Plant Resistance to Common Cutworm ( Spodoptera litura Fabricius). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415696. [PMID: 36555336 PMCID: PMC9779107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is frequently attacked by herbivorous pests throughout the growth period. Exploring anti-insect genes to improve insect resistance in soybean is an important soybean breeding goal. Here, we cloned and characterized the gene for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to insect resistance, Glyma.06g189600, which encodes CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE17 (GmCDPK17) in soybean. The pairwise sequence alignment analysis revealed that the presumed protein of GmCDPK17 shares 52.06% similarity with that of GmCDPK38, a known negative regulatory gene of insect resistance in soybean. Ectopic expression of GmCDPK17 and GmCDPK38 restored the phenotypes of the Arabidopsis insect-susceptible mutant cpk10 and insect-resistant mutant cpk28, respectively. Moreover, transgenic hairy roots of the soybean cultivar Jack were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Overexpression of GmCDPK17 increased soybean hairy root resistance to common cutworm (CCW), while RNA interference of the gene decreased soybean hairy root resistance to CCW. Sequencing data from the cultivated and wild soybeans were used to analyze the genetic diversity of GmCDPK17. This gene was subjected to domestication selection. Six and seven haplotypes (Haps) were identified in cultivated and wild soybeans, respectively. The resistance Hap1 is not widely used in cultivated soybeans and is mainly distributed at low latitudes. Accessions with resistance haplotypes of the GmCDPK17 and GmCDPK38 genes showed high resistance to CCW. Altogether, we revealed a novel positive regulatory insect resistance gene, GmCDPK17, which may further improve insect resistance in soybean.
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12
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Fyllas NM, Chrysafi D, Avtzis DN, Moreira X. Photosynthetic and defensive responses of two Mediterranean oaks to insect leaf herbivory. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2282-2293. [PMID: 35766868 PMCID: PMC9832970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivory is a dominant interaction across virtually all ecosystems globally and has dramatic effects on plant function such as reduced photosynthesis activity and increased levels of defenses. However, most previous work assessing the link between insect herbivory, photosynthesis and plant defenses has been performed on cultivated model plant species, neglecting a full understanding of patterns in natural systems. In this study, we performed a field experiment to investigate the effects of herbivory by a generalist foliar feeding insect (Lymantria dispar) and leaf mechanical damage on multiple leaf traits associated with defense against herbivory and photosynthesis activity on two sympatric oak species with contrasting leaf habit (the evergreen Quercus coccifera L. and the deciduous Quercus pubescens Willd). Our results showed that, although herbivory treatments and oak species did not strongly affect photosynthesis and dark respiration, these two factors exerted interactive effects. Insect herbivory and mechanical damage (vs control) decreased photosynthesis activity for Q. coccifera but not for Q. pubescens. Insect herbivory and mechanical damage tended to increase chemical (increased flavonoid and lignin concentration) defenses, but these effects were stronger for Q. pubescens. Overall, this study shows that two congeneric oak species with contrasting leaf habit differ in their photosynthetic and defensive responses to insect herbivory. While the evergreen oak species followed a more conservative strategy (reduced photosynthesis and higher physical defenses), the deciduous oak species followed a more acquisitive strategy (maintained photosynthesis and higher chemical defenses).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Despina Chrysafi
- Biodiversity Conservation Lab, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Thessaloniki 57006, Greece
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 28, Pontevedra, Galicia 36080, Spain
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13
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Hundacker J, Bittner N, Weise C, Bröhan G, Varama M, Hilker M. Pine defense against eggs of an herbivorous sawfly is elicited by an annexin-like protein present in egg-associated secretion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1033-1048. [PMID: 34713898 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Known elicitors of plant defenses against eggs of herbivorous insects are low-molecular-weight organic compounds associated with the eggs. However, previous studies provided evidence that also proteinaceous compounds present in secretion associated with eggs of the herbivorous sawfly Diprion pini can elicit defensive responses in Pinus sylvestris. Pine responses induced by the proteinaceous secretion are known to result in enhanced emission of (E)-β-farnesene, which attracts egg parasitoids killing the eggs. Here, we aimed to identify the defense-eliciting protein and elucidate its function. After isolating the defense-eliciting protein from D. pini egg-associated secretion by ultrafiltration and gel electrophoresis, we identified it by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as an annexin-like protein, which we named 'diprionin'. Further GC-MS analyses showed that pine needles treated with heterologously expressed diprionin released enhanced quantities of (E)-β-farnesene. Our bioassays confirmed attractiveness of diprionin-treated pine to egg parasitoids. Expression of several pine candidate genes involved in terpene biosynthesis and regulation of ROS homeostasis was similarly affected by diprionin and natural sawfly egg deposition. However, the two treatments had different effects on expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PR1, PR5). Diprionin is the first egg-associated proteinaceous elicitor of indirect plant defense against insect eggs described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Hundacker
- Department of Applied Zoology and Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bittner
- Department of Applied Zoology and Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Department of Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Bröhan
- Department of Applied Zoology and Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martti Varama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Hilker
- Department of Applied Zoology and Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Touch induces rapid floral closure in gentians. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:577-580. [PMID: 36546117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Sousa TCDS, Leite NA, Sant'Ana J. Responses of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Rice and Corn Plants, Fed and Oviposited by Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:697-705. [PMID: 33909277 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The search behavior and parasitism of trichogrammatids can be affected by volatile compounds emitted by plants under herbivory and/or oviposition. Our aim was to evaluate the chemotactic behavior and parasitism rates of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) females against two varieties of corn and one of rice that underwent herbivory or oviposition by Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In a glass Y-tube olfactometer, the parasitoids were given the choice between plants damaged by either herbivory or oviposition, with and without sentinel eggs, against those without damage. We also evaluated the average of parasitized eggs and the parasitoid emergence in sentinel eggs, which were next to plants that underwent herbivory contrasted with eggs next to undamaged plants. Trichogramma pretiosum was more attracted to rice and corn plants evaluated 24 h after herbivory compared to undamaged plants. Parasitoids preferred oviposited rice plants over control plants. Oviposited corn plants after 48 h were more attractive than non-oviposited plants without sentinel eggs. In the presence of sentinel eggs on the olfactometer tests, there was no difference in oviposition preference in corn. Parasitism was higher in sentinel eggs located near plants damaged by herbivory. This suggested that the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum not only uses chemical clues from rice and corn plants, damaged by herbivory, but also uses them as a strategy to search and increase parasitism in S. frugiperda eggs. However, the results of oviposition tests showed that plants of different species and varieties might respond differently to this type of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina da Silva Sousa
- Ethology and Insect Chemical Ecology Lab, Federal Univ of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Josué Sant'Ana
- Ethology and Insect Chemical Ecology Lab, Federal Univ of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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16
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Ling X, Gu S, Tian C, Guo H, Degen T, Turlings TCJ, Ge F, Sun Y. Differential Levels of Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates in the Oral Secretions of Lepidopteran Larvae Account for the Different Profiles of Volatiles. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3970-3979. [PMID: 33866678 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have evolved sophisticated defense responses to insect herbivore attack, which often involve elicitors in the insects' oral secretions. The major eliciting compounds in insect oral secretions across different species and their potency in inducing volatile emissions have not yet been fully characterized and compared. RESULTS Seven lepidopteran insects with variable duration of association with maize were selected, five species known as pests for a long time (Ostrinia furnacalis, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Mythimna separata, and Helicoverpa armigera) and two newly emerging pests (Athetis lepigone and Athetis dissimilis). Oral secretions of the newly emerging pests have the highest total contents of Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates (FACs), and their relative composition was well separated from that of the other five species in principal compound analysis. Redundancy analyses suggested that higher quantity of FACs was mainly responsible for the increases in maize volatiles, of which (E)-3,8-dimethyl-1,4,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT) were the most strongly inducible compounds. Adding FACs to the oral secretion of S. litura larvae significantly increased the emissions of TMTT and DMNT, confirming the key role of FACs in inducing volatile emissions in maize plants. Additional experiments with artificial diet spiked with linolenic acid suggested that variation in FACs is due to differences in internal FAC degradation and fatty acid excretion. CONCLUSION Compared with two newly emerging pests A. lepigone and A. dissimilis, the long-term pests could diminish the volatile emission by maize through reducing the FAC content in their oral secretions, which may lower the risk of attracting natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Degen
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Cruz-Miralles J, Cabedo-López M, Guzzo M, Ibáñez-Gual V, Flors V, Jaques JA. Plant-feeding may explain why the generalist predator Euseius stipulatus does better on less defended citrus plants but Tetranychus-specialists Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis do not. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:167-182. [PMID: 33483836 PMCID: PMC7851013 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The generalist predator Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) and the Tetranychidae-specialist predators Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot play a key role in the regulation of Tetranychus urticae Koch in Spanish citrus orchards. Previous studies have shown that sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tan.) display extreme resistance and susceptibility to T. urticae, respectively. When offered a choice between these two genotypes infested by T. urticae, E. stipulatus preferred Cleopatra mandarin, whereas the specialists did not show any preference. The present study was undertaken to check whether these preferences could be related to the feeding of E. stipulatus on the host plant and/or to differences in prey feeding on the two plants. Our results demonstrate that E. stipulatus is a zoophytophagous mite, which can engage in direct plant feeding in sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin, whereas neither N. californicus nor P. persimilis do so. Whereas Cleopatra mandarin provided a higher-quality prey/feeding substrate for E. stipulatus, which may be related to its phytophagy, no differences were observed for the two specialists. As higher constitutive and faster inducible defense against T. urticae in sour orange relative to Cleopatra mandarin plants result in sour orange supporting lower T. urticae densities and plant damage, our results demonstrate that pest regulation by specialist natural enemies may be more effective when prey feed on better defended plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Cruz-Miralles
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Marc Cabedo-López
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Michela Guzzo
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Victoria Ibáñez-Gual
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Jaume I, UJI, Campus del Riu Sec, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Integración Metabólica y Señalización Celular, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Josep A Jaques
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
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18
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Mujiono K, Tohi T, Sobhy IS, Hojo Y, Ho NT, Shinya T, Galis I. Ethylene functions as a suppressor of volatile production in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6491-6511. [PMID: 32697299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of ethylene in the production of rice (Oryza sativa) volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which act as indirect defense signals against herbivores in tritrophic interactions. Rice plants were exposed to exogenous ethylene (1 ppm) after simulated herbivory, which consisted of mechanical wounding supplemented with oral secretions (WOS) from the generalist herbivore larva Mythimna loreyi. Ethylene treatment highly suppressed VOCs in WOS-treated rice leaves, which was further corroborated by the reduced transcript levels of major VOC biosynthesis genes in ethylene-treated rice. In contrast, the accumulation of jasmonates (JA), known to control VOCs in higher plants, and transcript levels of primary JA response genes, including OsMYC2, were not largely affected by ethylene application. At the functional level, flooding is known to promote internode elongation in young rice via ethylene signaling. Consistent with the negative role of ethylene on VOC genes, the accumulation of VOCs in water-submerged rice leaves was suppressed. Furthermore, in mature rice plants, which naturally produce less volatiles, VOCs could be rescued by the application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene. Our data suggest that ethylene acts as an endogenous suppressor of VOCs in rice plants during development and under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadis Mujiono
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Tilisa Tohi
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Islam S Sobhy
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Nhan Thanh Ho
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
- Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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19
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Agasicles hygrophila attack increases nerolidol synthase gene expression in Alternanthera philoxeroides, facilitating host finding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16994. [PMID: 33046727 PMCID: PMC7552398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects use plant volatile compounds to find their host plants for feeding and egg deposition. The monophagous beetle Agasicles hygrophila uses a volatile (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonanetriene (DMNT) to recognize its host plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. Alternanthera philoxeroides releases DMNT in response to A. hygrophila attack and nerolidol synthase (NES) is a key enzyme in DMNT biosynthesis; however, the effect of A. hygrophila on NES expression remains unclear. In this study, the A. philoxeroides transcriptome was sequenced and six putative NES genes belonging to the terpene synthase-g family were characterized. The expression of these NES genes was assayed at different times following A. hygrophila contact, feeding or mechanical wounding. Results showed that A. hygrophila contact and feeding induced NES expression more rapidly and more intensely than mechanical wounding alone. This may account for a large release of DMNT following A. hygrophila feeding in a previous study and subsequently facilitate A. hygrophila to find host plants. Our research provides a powerful genetic platform for studying invasive plants and lays the foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between A. philoxeroides and its specialist A. hygrophila.
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20
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Shi JH, Sun Z, Hu XJ, Jin H, Foba CN, Liu H, Wang C, Liu L, Li FF, Wang MQ. Rice defense responses are induced upon leaf rolling by an insect herbivore. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:514. [PMID: 31767006 PMCID: PMC6878700 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant defense against herbivores begins with perception. The earlier plant detects the harm, the greater plant will benefit in its arm race with the herbivore. Before feeding, the larvae of the rice pest Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, initially spin silk and fold up a leaf. Rice can detect and protect itself against C. medinalis feeding. However, whether rice could perceive C. medinalis leaf rolling behavior is currently unknown. Here, we evaluated the role of leaf rolling by C. medinalis and artificial leaf rolling in rice plant defense and its indirect effect on two important C. medinalis parasitoids (Itoplectis naranyae and Apanteles sp.) through a combination of volatile profiling, gene-transcriptional and phytohormonal profiling. RESULTS Natural leaf rolling by C. medinalis resulted in an increased attraction of I. naranyae when compared to the undamaged plant after 12 h. Volatile analysis revealed that six out of a total 22 components significantly increased in the headspace of C. medinalis rolled plant when compared to undamaged plant. Principal component analysis of these components revealed similarities in the headspace of undamaged plant and artificially rolled plant while the headspace volatiles of C. medinalis rolled plant deferred significantly. Leaf rolling and feeding by C. medinalis up-regulated the plant transcriptome and a series of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) related genes. While feeding significantly increased JA level after 12 to 36 h, rolling significantly increased SA level after 2 to 12 h. Compared to artificial rolling, natural rolling significantly increased JA level after 36 h and SA level after 2 and 12 h. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that natural leaf rolling by C. medinalis can be perceived by rice plant. The detection of this behavior may serve as an early warning signal in favor of the rice plant defenses against C. medinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Jun Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanan Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Caroline Ngichop Foba
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Feng Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
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21
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Ražná K, Cagáň Ľ. The Role of MicroRNAs in Genome Response to Plant-Lepidoptera Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E529. [PMID: 31757090 PMCID: PMC6963388 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a known phenomenon of plant immune responses, involving the regulation of gene expression. The key components triggering the silencing of targeted sequences are double-stranded RNA molecules. The regulation of host-pathogen interactions is controlled by miRNA molecules, which regulate the expression of host resistance genes or the genes of the pathogen. The review focused on basic principles of RNA interference as a gene-silencing-based defense mechanism and the role of miRNA molecules in insect genomes. RNA interference as a tool for plant protection management is discussed. The review summarizes current miRNA-based biotechnology approaches for plant protection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Ražná
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ľudovít Cagáň
- Department of Plant Protection; Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
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22
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Waterman JM, Cazzonelli CI, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Simulated Herbivory: The Key to Disentangling Plant Defence Responses. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:447-458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Magalhães DM, Da Silva ITFA, Borges M, Laumann RA, Blassioli-Moraes MC. Anthonomus grandis aggregation pheromone induces cotton indirect defence and attracts the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1891-1901. [PMID: 30722044 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect-derived volatiles seem to provide reliable chemical cues that plants could employ to defend themselves. Here we investigated the effect of pheromone emission from a closely associated (Anthonomus grandis; boll weevil) and an unassociated (Tibraca limbativentris) herbivore on cotton volatile emission. Exposure to A. grandis aggregation pheromone induced cotton defence response by enhancing the emission of volatiles attractive to the natural enemy of A. grandis, the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris, but only when the pheromonal blend was complete (all four components). Individual components of A. grandis aggregation pheromone were not able to induce cotton plants to increase the release of volatiles. On the other hand, T. limbativentris sex pheromone did not induce any change in the cotton constitutive volatile profile. Our results support the hypothesis that plants are able to detect pheromones of tightly co-evolved herbivores. Moreover, A. grandis pheromone exposure induced similar volatile compounds to herbivore-induced cotton, such as linalool, (E)-ocimene, (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT), and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT). We also showed that the larval ectoparasitoid B. vulgaris relies on boll weevil's aggregation pheromone and pheromone-induced plant volatiles as kairomones to locate suitable hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martins Magalhães
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Department of Biological Control, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Izabela Thaís Fidelis Alves Da Silva
- Department of Biological Control, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Centre for Agricultural Science, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia-PB, Brazil
| | - Miguel Borges
- Department of Biological Control, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Raúl Alberto Laumann
- Department of Biological Control, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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24
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Douma JC, Anten NPR. Touch and plant defence: volatile communication with neighbours. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:371-374. [PMID: 30615187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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25
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Li J, Liu S, Guo K, Zhang F, Qiao H, Chen J, Yang M, Zhu X, Xu R, Xu C, Chen J. Plant-mediated competition facilitates a phoretic association between a gall mite and a psyllid vector. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:325-337. [PMID: 30341476 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phoretic associations between mites and insects commonly occur in patchy and ephemeral habitats. As plants provide stable habitats for herbivores, herbivorous mites are rarely dependent on other animals for phoretic dispersal. However, a phoretic gall mite, Aceria pallida, which is found on plants, seasonally attaches to a herbivorous insect, Bactericera gobica, for overwintering survival. After detachment, the gall mite shares a habitat with its vector and is likely to compete with this vector for plant resources. However, excessive competition works against the sustainability of the seasonal phoretic association. How the gall mite, as an obligate phoretic mite, balances this relationship with its vector during the growing season to achieve phoresy is unknown. Here, the plant-mediated interspecific interaction between the gall mite and the psyllid after detachment was studied in the laboratory and field. The laboratory results showed that infestation by the gall mite had detrimental effects on the survival and development of psyllid nymphs. Meanwhile, the mite population and the gall size were also adversely affected. The results from the field showed that the mean densities of the mite galls and psyllids were lower in the mixed-species infestation treatment than in the single-species infestation treatment across the investigation period. However, the interspecific interaction between the gall mite and the psyllid decreased rather than accelerated leaf abscission caused by the psyllid, which promoted the persistence of the psyllid population and then indirectly contributed to phoretic association. Our results suggest that the plant-mediated competition between the phoretic gall mite and its vector after detachment facilitates the maintenance of the phoretic association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sai Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haili Qiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengke Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiu Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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García Gonzalez J, Giraldo Jaramillo M, Roberto Spotti Lopes J. Undetected Infection by Maize Bushy Stunt Phytoplasma Enhances Host-Plant Preference to Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:396-402. [PMID: 29438484 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant pathogenic bacteria can induce changes in infected plants favoring the insect vector behavior and biology. The study aimed to determine the effect of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP) postinoculation period on the host plant preference and transmission efficiency by the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis DeLong & Wolcott, 1923 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). In a series of choice tests, D. maidis preference was measured as settling and oviposition on healthy maize plants versus infected maize plants showing early disease symptoms, advanced symptoms, or no symptoms. Finally, transmission efficiency of D. maidis was measured when the vector previously acquired the phytoplasma from asymptomatic source plants at different postinoculation periods. D. maidis adults preferred to settle and to oviposit on healthy than on symptomatic infected plants with advanced disease symptoms, and preferred asymptomatic plants over symptomatic ones. MBSP transmission by D. maidis was positively correlated with the postinoculation period of the source plant. Results suggest an MBSP modulation for D. maidis preference on asymptomatic infected maize plants in the early stages of the crop, allowing the pathogen an undetected transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisol Giraldo Jaramillo
- Entomology Department, National Center for Coffee Crop Research, CENICAFE. Manizales (Caldas-Colombia), Carretera antigua Chinchina-Manizales km 4, Manizales Caldas, Colombia
| | - João Roberto Spotti Lopes
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Avenida Padua Dias, Brazil
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27
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Plants eavesdrop on cues produced by snails and induce costly defenses that affect insect herbivores. Oecologia 2018; 186:703-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Turlings TCJ, Erb M. Tritrophic Interactions Mediated by Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles: Mechanisms, Ecological Relevance, and Application Potential. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:433-452. [PMID: 29324043 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies are an integral part of all terrestrial ecosystems. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play a key role in these interactions, as they can attract predators and parasitoids to herbivore-attacked plants. Thirty years after this discovery, the ecological importance of the phenomena is widely recognized. However, the primary function of HIPVs is still subject to much debate, as is the possibility of using these plant-produced cues in crop protection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions from an ecological as well as a mechanistic perspective. This overview focuses on the main gaps in our knowledge of tritrophic interactions, and we argue that filling these gaps will greatly facilitate efforts to exploit HIPVs for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
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29
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Luo S, Zhang X, Wang J, Jiao C, Chen Y, Shen Y. Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:111-131. [PMID: 32291026 DOI: 10.1071/fp16318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuitian Luo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinfei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunyang Jiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Liu M, Zhou F, Pan X, Zhang Z, Traw MB, Li B. Specificity of herbivore-induced responses in an invasive species, Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed). Ecol Evol 2017; 8:59-70. [PMID: 29321851 PMCID: PMC5756832 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory‐induced responses in plants can both negatively affect subsequently colonizing herbivores and mitigate the effect of herbivory on the host. However, it is still less known whether plants exhibit specific responses to specialist and generalist herbivores in non‐secondary metabolite traits and how specificity to specialists and generalists differs between invasive and native plant populations. We exposed an invasive plant, Alternanthera philoxeroides, to Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae; specialist), Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae; generalist), manual clipping, or application of exogenous jasmonic acid and examined both the specificity of elicitation in traits of fitness (e.g., aboveground biomass), morphology (e.g., root:shoot ratio), and chemistry (e.g., C/N ratio and lignin), and specificity of effect on the subsequent performance of A. hygrophila and S. litura. Then, we assessed variation of the specificity between invasive and native populations (USA and Argentina, respectively). The results showed S. litura induced higher branching intensity and specific leaf area but lower C/N ratio than A. hygrophila, whereas A. hygrophila induced higher trichome density than S. litura. The negative effect of induction on subsequent larval growth was greater for S. litura than for A. hygrophila. Invasive populations had a weaker response to S. litura than to A. hygrophila in triterpenoid saponins and C/N ratio, while native populations responded similarly to these two herbivores. The specific effect on the two herbivores feeding on induced plants did not vary between invasive and native populations. Overall, we demonstrate specificity of elicitation to specialist and generalist herbivores in non‐secondary metabolite traits, and that the generalist is more susceptible to induction than the specialist. Furthermore, chemical responses specific to specialist and generalist herbivores only exist in the invasive populations, consistent with an evolutionary change in specificity in the invasive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Liu
- Institute of Biodiversity Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Institute of Biodiversity Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoyun Pan
- Institute of Biodiversity Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Institute of Biodiversity Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Fudan University Shanghai China
| | | | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biodiversity Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Fudan University Shanghai China
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31
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Huang J, Zhang PJ, Zhang J, Tang YY. An ant-coccid mutualism affects the behavior of the parasitoid Aenasius bambawalei, but not that of the ghost ant Tetramorium bicarinatum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5175. [PMID: 28701713 PMCID: PMC5507978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualisms between honeydew-producing insects and ants change the emission of volatiles from plants, but whether such changes alter the behaviors of ants that tend honeydew-producing insects or wasps that parasitize honeydew-producing insects remain unknown. This study compared the behavioral responses of the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum and the parasitoid wasp Aenasius bambawalei to odors from cotton plants infested with the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis or infested with the mealybug and the ant, which tends the mealybug. The ant could not distinguish between the volatiles from plants infested with the mealybug alone and those from plants infested with the mealybug and the ant. Likewise, naïve wasps failed to distinguish between volatiles from the two treatments. In contrast, experienced wasps preferred volatiles from plants infested with the mealybug and the ant. Volatile analysis showed that the amounts of MeSA were increased and those of methyl nicotinate were decreased when plants were infested by the mealybug and the ant rather than when plants were uninfested or were infested by the mealybug alone. Thus, the mutualism between the mealybug and ant changed the volatiles emitted by cotton plants such that the attraction of A. bambawalei (but not that of the ant) to the plants was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Flower Research and Development Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202, China.
| | - Peng-Jun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Flower Research and Development Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202, China
| | - Ya-Yuan Tang
- Flower Research and Development Centre, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202, China
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32
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Karban R. Tradeoff between resistance induced by volatile communication and over-topping vertical growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1309491. [PMID: 28402157 PMCID: PMC5586358 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1309491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants commonly respond to reliable cues about herbivores by inducing greater defenses. Defenses are assumed to incur costs for plants when they are not needed. Sagebrush responds to volatile cues from experimentally clipped neighbors to induce resistance against chewing herbivores. Rather than experiencing costs, sagebrush seedlings that responded to dishonest cues were previously found to have increased survival and established plants that responded produced more inflorescences and new lateral branches. Here I report that young sagebrush plants that responded to cues added less vertical growth than controls that were not presented with volatile cues. This tradeoff between induced resistance and vertical, overtopping growth may allow agronomists to increase defense without sacrificing desirable traits. Overtopping growth is often beneficial for wild plants but often detrimental in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- CONTACT Richard Karban Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Ederli L, Brunetti C, Centritto M, Colazza S, Frati F, Loreto F, Marino G, Salerno G, Pasqualini S. Infestation of Broad Bean ( Vicia faba) by the Green Stink Bug ( Nezara viridula) Decreases Shoot Abscisic Acid Contents under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:959. [PMID: 28642773 PMCID: PMC5463057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The response of broad bean (Vicia faba) plants to water stress alone and in combination with green stink bug (Nezara viridula) infestation was investigated through measurement of: (1) leaf gas exchange; (2) plant hormone titres of abscisic acid (ABA) and its metabolites, and of salicylic acid (SA); and (3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of experimentally water-stressed broad-bean plants on N. viridula performance in terms of adult host-plant preference, and nymph growth and survival. Water stress significantly reduced both photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs ), while infestation by the green stink bug had no effects on photosynthesis but significantly altered partitioning of ABA between roots and shoots. Leaf ABA was decreased and root ABA increased as a result of herbivore attack, under both well-watered and water-deprived conditions. Water stress significantly impacted on SA content in leaves, but not on H2O2. However, infestation of N. viridula greatly increased both SA and H2O2 contents in leaves and roots, which suggests that endogenous SA and H2O2 have roles in plant responses to herbivore infestation. No significant differences were seen for green stink bug choice between well-watered and water-stressed plants. However, for green stink bug nymphs, plant water stress promoted significantly lower weight increases and significantly higher mortality, which indicates that highly water-stressed host plants are less suitable for N. viridula infestation. In conclusion two important findings emerged: (i) association of water stress with herbivore infestation largely changes plant response in terms of phytohormone contents; but (ii) water stress does not affect the preference of the infesting insects, although their performance was impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ederli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of ItalySesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of ItalySesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Frati
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of ItalySesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
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34
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Frati F, Cusumano A, Conti E, Colazza S, Peri E, Guarino S, Martorana L, Romani R, Salerno G. Foraging behaviour of an egg parasitoid exploiting plant volatiles induced by pentatomids: the role of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3326. [PMID: 28533974 PMCID: PMC5437855 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several phases of herbivorous insect attack including feeding and oviposition are known to induce plant defenses. Plants emit volatiles induced by herbivores to recruit insect parasitoids as an indirect defense strategy. So far, volatiles induced by herbivore walking and their putative role in the foraging behavior of egg parasitoids have not been investigated. In this paper we studied the response of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis toward volatiles emitted by Vicia faba plants as consequence of the walking activity of the host Nezara viridula. Olfactometer bioassays were carried out to evaluate wasp responses to plants in which the abaxial or the adaxial surfaces were subjected to walking or/and oviposition. Results showed that host female walking on the abaxial but not on the adaxial surface caused a repellence effect in T. basalis 24 h after plant treatment. The emission of active volatiles also occurred when the leaf was turned upside-down, indicating a specificity of stress localization. This specificity was supported by the results, which showed that oviposition combined with feeding elicit the induction of plant volatiles, attracting the parasitoid, when the attack occurred on the abaxial surface. Analyses of plant volatile blends showed significant differences between the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Frati
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eric Conti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Guarino
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Martorana
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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35
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Mauch-Mani B, Baccelli I, Luna E, Flors V. Defense Priming: An Adaptive Part of Induced Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:485-512. [PMID: 28226238 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves the defensive capacity of plants. This phenomenon is marked by an enhanced activation of induced defense mechanisms. Stimuli from pathogens, beneficial microbes, or arthropods, as well as chemicals and abiotic cues, can trigger the establishment of priming by acting as warning signals. Upon stimulus perception, changes may occur in the plant at the physiological, transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic levels. This phase is called the priming phase. Upon subsequent challenge, the plant effectively mounts a faster and/or stronger defense response that defines the postchallenge primed state and results in increased resistance and/or stress tolerance. Priming can be durable and maintained throughout the plant's life cycle and can even be transmitted to subsequent generations, therefore representing a type of plant immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Mauch-Mani
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; ,
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; ,
| | - Estrella Luna
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
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36
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Abstract
Plant susceptibility to herbivore attack is determined not just by the suite of defenses present in different tissues of the plant, but also by the capabilities of the herbivore for tolerating, circumventing, or disarming the defenses. This article reviews the elaborate behaviors exhibited by leaf-chewing insects that appear to function specifically to deactivate hostplant defenses. Shortcomings in our understanding and promising areas for future research are highlighted. Behaviors covered include vein cutting, trenching, girdling, leaf clipping, and application of fluids from exocrine glands. Many of these behaviors have a widespread distribution, having evolved independently in multiple insect lineages. Insects utilizing the behaviors include significant agricultural, horticultural, and forestry pests, as well as numerous species important in natural ecosystems. Behavioral, ecological, and phylogenetic studies have documented the importance of the behaviors and their ancient history, but the molecular analysis of how the behaviors affect plant physiology has scarcely begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Dussourd
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, 72035;
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37
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Silva R, Walter GH, Wilson LJ, Furlong MJ. Effect of the postfeeding interval on olfactory responses of thrips to herbivore-induced cotton plants. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:881-892. [PMID: 26172119 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the responses of 3 thrips species, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, F. occidentalis Pergrande, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to herbivore-damaged and undamaged cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales: Malvaceae]) at a range of time intervals following damage by adult Tetranychus urticae (Koch), adult T. ludeni (Zacher) (Acari: Tetranychidae) or Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in olfactometer assays. The intensity/frequency of the response of thrips to herbivore-induced plants decreased with time and ultimately disappeared in all cases; however, the rate at which the response declined was related to the herbivore species that inflicted the damage. All 3 species of thrips were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae for longer than they were to plants damaged by T. ludeni. The duration for which damaged plants remained attractive was also affected by the degree of damage inflicted on cotton seedlings. For example, F. schultzei was attracted to plants damaged by a higher density of two-spotted spider mites (100/plant) for much longer than to plants damaged by a lower density of these mites (50/plant). The results reinforce previous studies that demonstrate that arrangement of variables influences the responses of thrips to their herbivore-induced cotton host plants. Results also show that these responses are variable in time following herbivore damage to cotton plants, which further demonstrates how difficult it is to generalize about the functional significance of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis J Wilson
- Cotton Research Unit, CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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38
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Michereff MFF, Borges M, Aquino MFS, Laumann RA, Mendes Gomes ACM, Blassioli-Moraes MC. The influence of volatile semiochemicals from stink bug eggs and oviposition-damaged plants on the foraging behaviour of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:663-71. [PMID: 27296010 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During host selection, physical and chemical stimuli provide important cues that modify search behaviours of natural enemies. We evaluated the influence of volatiles released by eggs and egg extracts of the stink bug Euschistus heros and by soybean plants treated with the eggs and egg extracts on Telenomus podisi foraging behaviour. Responses to volatiles were evaluated in Y-tube olfactometers after exposure to (1) one egg cluster for 24 h; (2) plants with eggs laid by the stink bug, tested at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment; (3) plants with eggs laid artificially, tested at 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment; and (4) plants treated with acetone or hexane extracts of eggs. Telenomus podisi was attracted to volatiles emitted by one egg cluster and to acetone extracts of one egg cluster, but not to air or acetone controls. There were no responses to odours of plants treated with eggs or egg extracts. Analysis of acetone extracts of egg clusters by gas chromatography revealed the major components were saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid. Our results suggest that one egg cluster and the acetone extract of one egg cluster contain volatile compounds that can modify T. podisi foraging behaviour, and that the amounts of these compounds, probably together with some minor compounds, are important for host recognition by T. podisi. Also, the oviposition damage or egg extracts on the plant did not elicit indirect defences that attracted Telenomus podisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F F Michereff
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
| | - M Borges
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
| | - M F S Aquino
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
| | - R A Laumann
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Cenargen),Brasília,Brazil
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39
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Hilker M, Fatouros NE. Resisting the onset of herbivore attack: plants perceive and respond to insect eggs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:9-16. [PMID: 27267276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants can respond to attack by herbivorous insects very soon after herbivores start producing a new generation by depositing eggs onto their leaves. Egg-induced plant responses may result in killing the attacker in its egg stage. However, if the eggs do survive, they can also prime feeding-induced plant defenses against the larvae hatching from eggs. In this paper we focus first on egg-induced plant responses that resemble hypersensitive responses (HR) to phytopathogens and lead to egg desiccation or detachment from plants. We then summarize the current knowledge about egg-mediated effects on feeding-induced plant defenses against larvae. Finally, we discuss the insect species specificity of plant responses to eggs and the variability of insect susceptibility to these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Wielkopolan B, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Three-way interaction among plants, bacteria, and coleopteran insects. PLANTA 2016; 244:313-32. [PMID: 27170360 PMCID: PMC4938854 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Coleoptera, the largest and the most diverse Insecta order, is characterized by multiple adaptations to plant feeding. Insect-associated microorganisms can be important mediators and modulators of interactions between insects and plants. Interactions between plants and insects are highly complex and involve multiple factors. There are various defense mechanisms initiated by plants upon attack by herbivorous insects, including the development of morphological structures and the synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites and volatiles. In turn, herbivores have adapted to feeding on plants and further sophisticated adaptations to overcome plant responses may continue to evolve. Herbivorous insects may detoxify toxic phytocompounds, sequester poisonous plant factors, and alter their own overall gene expression pattern. Moreover, insects are associated with microbes, which not only considerably affect insects, but can also modify plant defense responses to the benefit of their host. Plants are also frequently associated with endophytes, which may act as bioinsecticides. Therefore, it is very important to consider the factors influencing the interaction between plants and insects. Herbivorous insects cause considerable damage to global crop production. Coleoptera is the largest and the most diverse order in the class Insecta. In this review, various aspects of the interactions among insects, microbes, and plants are described with a focus on coleopteran species, their bacterial symbionts, and their plant hosts to demonstrate that many factors contribute to the success of coleopteran herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wielkopolan
- Department of Agrophages' Forecasting Methods and Agricultural Economic, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
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41
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Ling Y, Weilin Z. Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of rice resistance to planthopper. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1559-72. [PMID: 26979747 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive review on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms governing rice-planthopper interactions, aiming to contribute substantial planthopper control and facilitate breeding for resistance to planthoppers in rice. The rice planthopper is the most destructive pest of rice and a substantial threat to rice production. The brown planthopper (BPH), white-backed planthopper (WBPH) and small brown planthopper (SBPH) are three species of delphacid planthoppers and important piercing-sucking pests of rice. Host-plant resistance has been recognized as the most practical, economical and environmentally friendly strategy to control planthoppers. Until now, at least 30, 14 and 34 major genes/quantitative trait loci for resistance to BPH, WBPH and SBPH have been identified, respectively. Recent inheritance and molecular mapping of gene analysis showed that some planthopper-resistance genes in rice derived from different donors aggregate in clusters, while resistance to these three species of planthoppers in a single donor is governed not by any one dominant gene but by multiple genes. Notably, Bph14, Bph26, Bph3 and Bph29 were successfully identified as BPH-resistance genes in rice. Biological and chemical studies on the feeding of planthoppers indicate that rice plants have acquired various forms of defence against planthoppers. Between the rice-planthopper interactions, rice plants defend against planthoppers through activation the salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance but not jasmonate-dependent hormone response pathways. Transgenic rice for the planthopper-resistance mechanism shows that jasmonate and its metabolites function diversely in rice's resistance to planthopper. Understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance in rice will contribute to the substantial control of such pests and facilitate breeding for rice's resistance to planthopper more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ling
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Blvd, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Weilin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Blvd, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Firtzlaff V, Oberländer J, Geiselhardt S, Hilker M, Kunze R. Pre-exposure of Arabidopsis to the abiotic or biotic environmental stimuli "chilling" or "insect eggs" exhibits different transcriptomic responses to herbivory. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28544. [PMID: 27329974 PMCID: PMC4916510 DOI: 10.1038/srep28544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can retain information about environmental stress and thus, prepare themselves for impending stress. In nature, it happens that environmental stimuli like ‘cold’ and ‘insect egg deposition’ precede insect herbivory. Both these stimuli are known to elicit transcriptomic changes in Arabidposis thaliana. It is unknown, however, whether they affect the plant’s anti-herbivore defence and feeding-induced transcriptome when they end prior to herbivory. Here we investigated the transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis to feeding by Pieris brassicae larvae after prior exposure to cold or oviposition. The transcriptome of plants that experienced a five-day-chilling period (4 °C) was not fully reset to the pre-chilling state after deacclimation (20 °C) for one day and responded differently to herbivory than that of chilling-inexperienced plants. In contrast, when after a five-day-lasting oviposition period the eggs were removed, one day later the transcriptome and, consistently, also its response to herbivory resembled that of egg-free plants. Larval performance was unaffected by previous exposure of plants to cold and to eggs, thus indicating P. brassicae tolerance to cold-mediated plant transcriptomic changes. Our results show strong differences in the persistence of the plant’s transcriptomic state after removal of different environmental cues, and consequently differential effects on the transcriptomic response to later herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Firtzlaff
- Institute of Biology-Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, D-12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Oberländer
- Institute of Biology-Applied Genetics/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geiselhardt
- Institute of Biology-Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, D-12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology-Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, D-12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Institute of Biology-Applied Genetics/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Khaling E, Li T, Holopainen JK, Blande JD. Elevated Ozone Modulates Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emissions of Brassica nigra and Alters a Tritrophic Interaction. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:368-81. [PMID: 27167383 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants damaged by herbivores emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are used by parasitoids for host location. In nature, however, plants are exposed to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses of varying intensities, which may affect tritrophic interactions. Here, we studied the effects of ozone exposure and feeding by Pieris brassicae larvae on the VOCs emitted by Brassica nigra and the effects on oriented flight of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We also investigated the oriented flight of C. glomerata in a wind-tunnel with elevated ozone levels. Herbivore-feeding induced the emission of several VOCs, while ozone alone had no significant effect. However, exposure to 120 ppb ozone, followed by 24 hr of herbivore-feeding, induced higher emissions of all VOCs as compared to herbivore-feeding alone. In accordance, herbivore-damaged plants elicited more oriented flights than undamaged plants, whereas plants exposed to 120 ppb ozone and 24 hr of herbivore-feeding elicited more oriented flights than plants subjected to herbivore-feeding alone. Ozone enrichment of the wind-tunnel air appeared to negatively affect orientation of parasitoids at 70 ppb, but not at 120 ppb. These results suggest that the combination of ozone and P. brassicae-feeding modulates VOC emissions, which significantly influence foraging efficiency of C. glomerata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Khaling
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Plants collectively produce hundreds of thousands of specialized metabolites that are not required for growth or development. Each species has a qualitatively unique profile, with variation among individuals, growth stages, and tissues. By the 1950s, entomologists began to recognize the supreme importance of these metabolites in shaping insect herbivore communities. Plant defense theories arose to address observed patterns of variation, but provided few testable hypotheses because they did not distinguish clearly among proximate and ultimate causes. Molecular plant-insect interaction research has since revealed the sophistication of plant metabolic, developmental, and signaling networks. This understanding at the molecular level, rather than theoretical predictions, has driven the development of new hypotheses and tools and pushed the field forward. We reflect on the utility of the functional perspective provided by the optimal defense theory, and propose a conceptual model of plant defense as a series of layers each at a different level of analysis, illustrated by advances in the molecular ecology of plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; ,
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; ,
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Impacts of Induction of Plant Volatiles by Individual and Multiple Stresses Across Trophic Levels. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Becker C, Desneux N, Monticelli L, Fernandez X, Michel T, Lavoir AV. Effects of Abiotic Factors on HIPV-Mediated Interactions between Plants and Parasitoids. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:342982. [PMID: 26788501 PMCID: PMC4692980 DOI: 10.1155/2015/342982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to constitutively emitted plant volatiles (PV), herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) are specifically emitted by plants when afflicted with herbivores. HIPV can be perceived by parasitoids and predators which parasitize or prey on the respective herbivores, including parasitic hymenoptera. HIPV act as signals and facilitate host/prey detection. They comprise a blend of compounds: main constituents are terpenoids and "green leaf volatiles." Constitutive emission of PV is well known to be influenced by abiotic factors like temperature, light intensity, water, and nutrient availability. HIPV share biosynthetic pathways with constitutively emitted PV and might therefore likewise be affected by abiotic conditions. However, the effects of abiotic factors on HIPV-mediated biotic interactions have received only limited attention to date. HIPV being influenced by the plant's growing conditions could have major implications for pest management. Quantitative and qualitative changes in HIPV blends may improve or impair biocontrol. Enhanced emission of HIPV may attract a larger number of natural enemies. Reduced emission rates or altered compositions, however, may render blends imperceptible to parasitoides and predators. Predicting the outcome of these changes is highly important for food production and for ecosystems affected by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Becker
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Lucie Monticelli
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Xavier Fernandez
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Thomas Michel
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Fotirić Akšić MM, Dabić DČ, Gašić UM, Zec GN, Vulić TB, Tešić ŽL, Natić MM. Polyphenolic Profile of Pear Leaves with Different Resistance to Pear Psylla (Cacopsylla pyri). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7476-7486. [PMID: 26278376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The European pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is one of the most serious arthropod pests of pear. Since proper control of this pest is essential, better understanding of the complex plant-pest relationship is mandatory. This research deals with constitutive polyphenolic profiles in leaves of 22 pear cultivars of diverse origin (P. communis, P. pyrifolia, and P. pyrifolia × P. communis) and different resistance to psylla. The study was designed to show which differences in the polyphenolic profile of leaves from resistant and susceptible pear cultivars could be utilized as information in subsequent breeding programs. The results demonstrated that the leaves of Oriental pear cultivars contained much higher amounts of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, aesculin, and naringin, that, together with detected 3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-hexoside, apigenin, apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, and hispidulin, indicated a clear difference between the species and might represent phenolics responsible for psylla resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragana Č Dabić
- Innovation Center, Faculty of Chemistry Ltd, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš M Gašić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordan N Zec
- University of Belgrade , Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia
| | - Todor B Vulić
- University of Belgrade , Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia
| | - Živoslav Lj Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja M Natić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Tamiru A, Khan ZR, Bruce TJ. New directions for improving crop resistance to insects by breeding for egg induced defence. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 9:51-55. [PMID: 32846708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant defence responses to insect oviposition, including tritrophic interactions with natural enemies of herbivores, have rarely been targeted in crop breeding programmes. Emission of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract natural enemies early on at the egg-laying stage of herbivore attack could provide timely biological control of pests and deter subsequent oviposition. This is needed in an agroecological context where the third trophic level often does not keep pace with the growth rate of pests. Our very recent data, using maize as an example, show that herbivore egg induced volatile emission is very rare in commercial hybrids but common in farmer selected landraces. Strategies for crop genetic improvement to enhance such responses to insect attack are considered.
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49
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Wurst S, Ohgushi T. Do plant‐ and soil‐mediated legacy effects impact future biotic interactions? Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wurst
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS) Functional Biodiversity Freie Universität Berlin Königin‐Luise‐Str. 1‐3 14195 Berlin Germany
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50
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Yamawo A, Tokuda M, Katayama N, Yahara T, Tagawa J. Ant-Attendance in Extrafloral Nectar-Bearing Plants Promotes Growth and Decreases the Expression of Traits Related to Direct Defenses. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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