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Abstract
Koppel & Fainzilber review translatomics and proteomics methods for studying protein synthesis at subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Koppel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 76100 Rehovot
- Israel
| | - Mike Fainzilber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- 76100 Rehovot
- Israel
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Barger SW. Gene regulation and genetics in neurochemistry, past to future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:24-57. [PMID: 27747882 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ask any neuroscientist to name the most profound discoveries in the field in the past 60 years, and at or near the top of the list will be a phenomenon or technique related to genes and their expression. Indeed, our understanding of genetics and gene regulation has ushered in whole new systems of knowledge and new empirical approaches, many of which could not have even been imagined prior to the molecular biology boon of recent decades. Neurochemistry, in the classic sense, intersects with these concepts in the manifestation of neuropeptides, obviously dependent upon the central dogma (the established rules by which DNA sequence is eventually converted into protein primary structure) not only for their conformation but also for their levels and locales of expression. But, expanding these considerations to non-peptide neurotransmitters illustrates how gene regulatory events impact neurochemistry in a much broader sense, extending beyond the neurochemicals that translate electrical signals into chemical ones in the synapse, to also include every aspect of neural development, structure, function, and pathology. From the beginning, the mutability - yet relative stability - of genes and their expression patterns were recognized as potential substrates for some of the most intriguing phenomena in neurobiology - those instances of plasticity required for learning and memory. Near-heretical speculation was offered in the idea that perhaps the very sequence of the genome was altered to encode memories. A fascinating component of the intervening progress includes evidence that the central dogma is not nearly as rigid and consistent as we once thought. And this mutability extends to the potential to manipulate that code for both experimental and clinical purposes. Astonishing progress has been made in the molecular biology of neurochemistry during the 60 years since this journal debuted. Many of the gains in conceptual understanding have been driven by methodological progress, from automated high-throughput sequencing instruments to recombinant-DNA vectors that can convey color-coded genetic modifications in the chromosomes of live adult animals. This review covers the highlights of these advances, both theoretical and technological, along with a brief window into the promising science ahead. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Brzin M, Tennyson VM, Duffy PE. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN FROG SYMPATHETIC AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA : A Study by Electron Microscope Cytochemistry and Microgasometric Analysis with the Magnetic Diver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:215-42. [PMID: 19866698 PMCID: PMC2107049 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.31.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The localization and chemical determination of acetylcholin esterase in the frog sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia were studied by a combination of the methods of electron microscopy, histochemistry, and microgasometric analysis with the magnetic diver. The Koelle-Friedenwald copper thiocholine histochemical method was modified by eliminating the sulfide conversion and by treatment of the tissue with potassium permanganate. In fixed tissue, enzymatic activity was demonstrated on the inner surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, subsurface cisternae, and agranular reticulum of the perikaryon and axon. In briefly fixed tissue, end product appeared also at the axon-sheath and the sheath-sheath interface. Activity at the synaptic junction was most readily obtained in unfixed tissue. Isolated neurons recovered from the diver following chemical analysis were studied with the electron microscope. Cells having a high enzyme activity showed a badly ruptured or absent neural plasmalemma and sheath. In this case the measured activity was apparently due to the enzyme present in the endoplasmic reticulum. Neurons having low activity exhibited an intact plasmalemma and sheath. This may reflect the effectiveness of the neural plasmalemma and sheath as a penetration barrier. The effects of fixation on enzyme activity are discussed. Electron microscopic examination of cells following microgasometric analysis is shown to be essential for the interpretation of the biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brzin
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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Vuppalanchi D, Willis DE, Twiss JL. Regulation of mRNA transport and translation in axons. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 48:193-224. [PMID: 19582411 DOI: 10.1007/400_2009_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Movement of mRNAs into axons occurs by active transport by microtubules through the activity of molecular motor proteins. mRNAs are sequestered into granular-like particles, referred to as transport ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) that mediate transport into the axonal compartment. The interaction of mRNA binding proteins with targeted mRNA is a key event in regulating axonal mRNA localization and subsequent localized translation of mRNAs. Several growth-modulating stimuli have been shown to regulate axonal mRNA localization. These do so by activating specific intracellular signaling pathways that converge upon RNA binding proteins and other components of the transport RNP to regulate their activity specifically. Transport can be both positively and negatively regulated by individual stimuli with regard to individual mRNAs. Consequently, there is exquisite specificity for regulating the axon's composition of mRNAs and proteins that control expression in the axon. Finally, recent studies indicate that axotomy can also trigger changes in axonal mRNA composition by specifically shifting the populations of mRNAs that are transported into distal axons.
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Giuditta A, Tai Chun J, Eyman M, Cefaliello C, Bruno AP, Crispino M. Local Gene Expression in Axons and Nerve Endings: The Glia-Neuron Unit. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:515-55. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00051.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons have complex and often extensively elongated processes. This unique cell morphology raises the problem of how remote neuronal territories are replenished with proteins. For a long time, axonal and presynaptic proteins were thought to be exclusively synthesized in the cell body, which delivered them to peripheral sites by axoplasmic transport. Despite this early belief, protein has been shown to be synthesized in axons and nerve terminals, substantially alleviating the trophic burden of the perikaryon. This observation raised the question of the cellular origin of the peripheral RNAs involved in protein synthesis. The synthesis of these RNAs was initially attributed to the neuron soma almost by default. However, experimental data and theoretical considerations support the alternative view that axonal and presynaptic RNAs are also transcribed in the flanking glial cells and transferred to the axon domain of mature neurons. Altogether, these data suggest that axons and nerve terminals are served by a distinct gene expression system largely independent of the neuron cell body. Such a local system would allow the neuron periphery to respond promptly to environmental stimuli. This view has the theoretical merit of extending to axons and nerve terminals the marginalized concept of a glial supply of RNA (and protein) to the neuron cell body. Most long-term plastic changes requiring de novo gene expression occur in these domains, notably in presynaptic endings, despite their intrinsic lack of transcriptional capacity. This review enlightens novel perspectives on the biology and pathobiology of the neuron by critically reviewing these issues.
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EDSTROM JE, EICHNER D, EDSTROM A. The ribonucleic acid of axons and myelin sheaths from Mauthner neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 61:178-84. [PMID: 13889252 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(62)90080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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SJOQVIST F. The correlation between the occurrence and localization of acetylcholinesterase-rich cell bodies in the stellate ganglion and the outflow of cholinergic sweat secretory fibres to the fore paw of the cat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 57:339-51. [PMID: 13977830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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MIANI N. ANALYSIS OF THE SOMATO-AXONAL MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN THE VAGUS AND HYPOGLOSSAL NERVES. J Neurochem 1996; 10:859-74. [PMID: 14087690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1963.tb11913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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UTAKOJI T, HSU TC. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OF ISOLATED CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYONIC SPINAL GANGLIA IN CULTURE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 158:181-201. [PMID: 14327187 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401580206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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MIANI N. PROXIMO-DISTAL MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHOLIPID IN THE AXOPLASM OF THE INTACT AND REGENERATING NEURONS. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 13:115-26. [PMID: 14302955 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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LUBINSKA L, NIEMIERKO S, ODERFELD NOWAK B, SZWARC L. BEHAVIOUR OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN ISOLATED NERVE SEGMENTS. J Neurochem 1996; 11:493-503. [PMID: 14200772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1964.tb07498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Logroscino CA, Sanguinetti C, Catalano F. Electron microscopic study of the early changes proximal to a constriction in myelinated nerve. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 1980; 4:121-5. [PMID: 7429681 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An ultrastructural study has been carried out of the changes observed proximal to a nerve constriction in rabbits. The lesion was experimentally produced with a silk ligature. Specimens were examined 24 h after ligation. Significant alterations of the ultra structure were found in sections taken at approximately 1 mm above the constriction. Examination revealed swelling of the nerve fibres due to failure of axoplasmic flow, a marked increase in the number of mitochondria, most of which showed degenerative changes and degenerative changes in the myelin sheath.
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Karczmar AG, Nishi S, Minota S, Kindel G. Electrophysiology, acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase of immature spinal ganglia of the rabbit--an experimental study and a review. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1980; 11:127-34. [PMID: 7364196 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(80)90021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Salpeter MM, Kasprzak H, Feng H, Fertuck H. Endplates after esterase inactivation in vivo: correlation between esterase concentration, functional response and fine structure. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1979; 8:95-115. [PMID: 438872 DOI: 10.1007/bf01206461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse sternomastoid muscles were incubated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in vivo, and the time course of recovery was studied using histochemistry, EM autoradiography and physiology. We found that: (1) the ability of the muscle to sustain tetanus in response to nerve stimulation is eliminated when the esterases at the neuromuscular junctions are saturated with DFP. This ability is regained partially when less than 10% of the DFP-binding sites have recovered. (2) There is a positive correlation between the frequency of stimulation at which the tetanic response can be maintained and the extent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) recovery. (3) Tetanic responses at fusion frequency (about 100 Hz) appear indistinguishable from controls with only about 25% of normal AChE. (4) Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) possibly of Schwann cell origin recovers more rapidly than does AChE. (5) The muscle shows fine structural changes involving Z band dissolution and the breakdown of sarcoplasmic reticulum within hours after esterase inactivation. (6) This myopathy reaches a peak at three days after esterase inactivation and is almost fully recovered by two weeks. (7) It can be eliminated if, at the time of esterase inactivation, the nerve is cut or the acetylcholine receptors at the endplate are inactivated by alpha-bungarotoxin. We suggest that the myopathy, seen after DFP, is mediated by Ca2+ fluxes due to prolonged action of acetylcholine (ACh) in the absence of esterases.
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Davis R, Koelle GB. Electron microscope localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. I. Normal ganglion. J Cell Biol 1978; 78:785-809. [PMID: 701360 PMCID: PMC2110197 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.78.3.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The distributions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the cat were determined by electron microscopy (EM) with the bis-(thioacetoxy)aurate (I), or Au(TA)2, method. Before the infusion of fixative, one of the enzymes was selectively, irreversibly inactivated in vivo, as confirmed by light microscope (LM) examination of sections of the stellate ganglion stained by the more specific copper thiocholine method. Physostigmine-treated controls, for inhibition of AChE or BuChE, were stained concomitantly with tissue for enzyme localization by the Au(TA)2 method for EM examination in each experiment. It was concluded that most of the AChE of the cat SCG is present in the plasma membranes of the preganglionic axons and their terminals, and in the dendritic and perikaryonal plasma membranes of the postsynaptic ganglion cells. BuChE is confined largely to the postsynaptic neuronal plasma membranes. Reasons for the discrepancies between the localizations found by the present direct EM observations and those deduced earlier from LM comparisons of normal and denervated SCG are discussed. It is proposed that a trophic factor released by the preganglionic terminals is probably required for the synthesis of postsynaptic neuronal AChE, and that BuChE may serve as a precursor of AChE at that site.
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Kamata Y. Study on the ultrastructure and acetylcholinesterase activity in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Pathol Int 1978; 28:393-410. [PMID: 98962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1978.tb01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous nodules obtained from seven patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were investigated by electron microscopy, and ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase activity was demonstrated in the nerve fibers of this tumor for the first time using Karnovsky's thiocholine method. The enzymatic activity was mainly found in unmyelinated fibers, exactly associated with their axonal membranes, the interspace between the apposing axonal and Schwann cell membrane, and some different mesaxons, which indicated their cholinergic nature. Almost all myelinated fibers and some unmyelinated fibers did not possess the activity. The relationship between axon and Schwann cell was quite similar to that of normal peripheral nervous system, but two striking alterations of the nerves existed: One is the dissociation of unmyelinated fibers, and the other is the degenerative changes of the axon and the myelin sheath. As the evidence of schwannian proliferation, onion bulb formations and collagen pockets were observed. Some signs of fibroblastic proliferation were also found. From the present study and the review of the literature, the probable histogenesis of this disease was discussed.
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Homor G, Kása P. Acetylcholinesterase resynthesis after DFP poisoning; histochemical and biochemical study. Acta Histochem 1978; 62:293-301. [PMID: 83776 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(78)80095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DFP (0.4 to 2.0 mg/kg) was injected into the rat spinal ganglion leads to N. ischiadicus model system and examinations were made of the AChE inhibitory affect and the influence on the transport and resynthesis of the enzyme. It was concluded that the intraganglionically administered DFP inhibits the enzyme activity of the pseudo-unipolar large ganglion cells, but the specific ChE remains in some of the small neurones. Autoradiographically, 3H-DFP could be demonstrated at the same morphological sites as the AChE histochemically. The labelled material migrates from the perikaryon towards the axon terminal by slow transport (10 mm/24 h). The intraganglionically administered DFP inhibits (96%) the AChE activity of the spinal ganglion. However, the enzyme activity of the ganglion cells begins to return 3 h later, and in 12 h it has attained 27% of the original activity. The enzyme undergoing transport from the perikaryon displays a proximo-distal gradient in the axon, and hence the results do not support the hypothesis of local axonal synthesis of AChE.
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Holmes MJ, Turner CJ, Fried JA, Cooper E, Diamond J. Neuronal transport in salamander nerves and its blockade by colchicine. Brain Res 1977; 136:31-43. [PMID: 73402 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal transport and the effects of colchicine on it has been studied in salamander spinal nerves. Cholinesterase (ChE) accumulation above the cut region of a nerve at 12.5 degrees C was shown to depend upon two processes. One caused a transient increase which declined to zero by 24 h; the other was explained by axoplasmic transport. At 22 degrees C the transient change was not observed, but the rate of accumulation attributable to transport increased. The Q10 for this transport over the range 12.5 degrees C--22 degrees C is approximately three. The ChE accumulation in the sensory component of the mixed nerve was about equal to that in the motor. The rate of fast axoplasmic transport of labeled leucine was 56 mm/day at 22 degrees C; if ChE moves at the same rate, then only 7% of the total enzyme is carried by fast axoplasmic transport. The transport of ChE was reduced by at least 50% when nerves were bathed in a 75 mM solution of colchicine for 30 min; this treatment is known not to cause subsequent degeneration of these nerves. The rate of slow flow of labeled material after bathing the nerve trunk in tritiated colchicine was found to be approximately 0.5 mm/day.
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Srinivasan R, Karczmar AG, Bernsohn J. Rat brain acetylcholinesterase and its isoenzymes after intracerebral administration of DFP. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:2739-45. [PMID: 1008897 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ranish NA, Dettbarn W. Effects of paraoxon on axoplasmic transport of cholinesterase in rat sciatic nerve. Exp Neurol 1976; 53:620-32. [PMID: 63385 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(76)90143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kracke GR, Beringer T, Koenig E. The sarcolemmal membrane: selective solubilization of sarcolemma from evacuated myofiber bundles. Exp Neurol 1975; 46:32-43. [PMID: 162796 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Villegas GM, Villegas J. Acetylcholinesterase localization in the giant nerve fiber of the squid. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1974; 46:149-63. [PMID: 4360302 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(74)80028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rosenberg P, Kremzner LT, Mccreery D, Willette RE. Inhibition of choline acetyltransferase activity in squid giant axon. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 268:49-60. [PMID: 5018280 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Welsch F, Schmidt DE, Dettbarn WD. Acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases in motor and sensory nerves of the bull frog. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:847-56. [PMID: 4536889 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Satake M. Some aspects of protein metabolism of the neuron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1972; 15:189-213. [PMID: 4570281 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carlsson CA, Bolander P, Sjöstrand J. Changes in axonal transport during regeneration of feline ventral roots. J Neurol Sci 1971; 14:75-93. [PMID: 4107533 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(71)90131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pannese E, Luciano L, Iurato S, Reale E. Cholinesterase activity in spinal ganglia neuroblasts: a histochemical study at the electron microscope. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 36:46-67. [PMID: 5568360 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tennyson VM, Brzin M. The appearance of acetylcholinesterase in the dorsal root neuroblast of the rabbit embryo. A study by electron microscope cytochemistry and microgasometric analysis with the magnetic diver. J Cell Biol 1970; 46:64-80. [PMID: 5459012 PMCID: PMC2108073 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.46.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nine day old embryo, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is found in the reticulum, i.e. the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex, of a few cells in the neural crest. When the neurite first enters the neural tube, reticulum-bound enzyme is present also in the varicosity of the growth cone of the bipolar neuroblast. At later stages, AChE in the neuroblast has a dual distribution; in addition to the reticulum, activity also appears at the axolemmal surface. The axolemmal activity is found initially on the distal portions of axons in the posterior fasciculus and then progressively appears along the nerve roots in a distal to proximal direction. Very little reticulum-bound enzyme is present within the axon proper. After the 13th day the levels of AChE activity in the posterior fasciculus greatly exceed those in the dorsal root or in the ganglion. Enzymatic activity in the dorsal root equals or exceeds that in the posterior fasciculus by day 16, and both areas are considerably more active than the ganglion.
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Frizell M, Hasselgren PO, Sjöstrand J. Axoplasmic transport of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the vagus and hypoglossal nerve of the rabbit. Exp Brain Res 1970; 10:526-31. [PMID: 4194264 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Austin L, James KA. Rates of regeneration of acetylcholinesterase in rat brain subcellular fractions following DFP inhibition. J Neurochem 1970; 17:705-7. [PMID: 5422555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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Guth L. Effect of immobilization on sole-plate and background cholinesterase of rat skeletal muscle. Exp Neurol 1969; 24:508-13. [PMID: 5799199 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(69)90153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Edström A, Edström JE, Hökfelt T. Sedimentation analysis of ribonucleic acid extracted from isolated Mauthner nerve fibre components. J Neurochem 1969; 16:53-66. [PMID: 5776612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1969.tb10343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tewari HB, Rajbanshi VK. On the topographical differences in the localization of alkaline and acid phosphatases in nerves of teleosts Saccobranchus fossilis and Mystus seenghala. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1968; 13:229-37. [PMID: 5693483 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nichols CW, Koelle GB. Comparison of the localization of acetylcholinesterase and non-specific cholinesterase activities in mammalian and avian retinas. J Comp Neurol 1968; 133:1-16. [PMID: 4181137 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901330102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tewari HB, Tyagi HR. On the alkaline phosphatase activity amongst the constituents of the eye of Culotes versicolor in light and dark environments. Exp Eye Res 1968; 7:200-4. [PMID: 5646609 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(68)80067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Giuditta A, Dettbarn WD, Brzin M. Protein synthesis in the isolated giant axon of the squid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:1284-7. [PMID: 5242241 PMCID: PMC224864 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.4.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Singer M, Green MR. Autoradiographic studies of uridine incorporation in peripheral nerve of the newt, Triturus. J Morphol 1968; 124:321-44. [PMID: 5657935 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051240306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gordon MK, Bench KG, Deanin GG, Gordon MW. Histochemical and biochemical study of synaptic lysosomes. Nature 1968; 217:523-7. [PMID: 5641103 DOI: 10.1038/217523a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Schlaepfer WW. Acetylcholinesterase activity of motor and sensory nerve fibers in the spinal nerve roots of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 88:441-56. [PMID: 5722598 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fischer S, Litvak S. The incorporation of microinjected 14C-amino acids into TCA insoluble fractions of the giant axon of the squid. J Cell Physiol 1967; 70:69-74. [PMID: 5584615 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040700110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rose S, Glow PH. Denervation effects on the presumed de novo synthesis of muscle cholinesterase and the effects of acetylcholine availability on retinal cholinesterase. Exp Neurol 1967; 18:267-75. [PMID: 4381902 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(67)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nichols CW, Koelle GB. Acetylcholinesterase: method for demonstration in amacrine cells of rabbit retina. Science 1967; 155:477-8. [PMID: 6015699 DOI: 10.1126/science.155.3761.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the inner plexiform layer of the rabbit retina was not affected detectably by prior section of the optic nerve. After the animals were treated with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, acetylcholinesterase reappeared in the somata of the amacrine cells and in certain cells of the ganglion cell layer before it reappeared in the inner plexiform fibers. This confirms the normal presence of acetylcholinesterase at the former site. The possible role of acetylcholine in intraretinal transmission is considered.
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Rahmann H. [Autoradiographic studies on the RNA metabolism in the optic tectum of Brachydanio rerio Ham. Buch. (Cyprinidae, Pisces)]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1967; 11:205-15. [PMID: 5605242 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Silver A. Cholinesterases of the central nervous system with special reference to the cerebellum. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1967; 10:57-109. [PMID: 4866322 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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