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Bendis PC, Zimmerman S, Onisiforou A, Zanos P, Georgiou P. The impact of estradiol on serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine systems. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1348551. [PMID: 38586193 PMCID: PMC10998471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1348551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Estradiol, the most potent and prevalent member of the estrogen class of steroid hormones and is expressed in both sexes. Functioning as a neuroactive steroid, it plays a crucial role in modulating neurotransmitter systems affecting neuronal circuits and brain functions including learning and memory, reward and sexual behaviors. These neurotransmitter systems encompass the serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic signaling pathways. Consequently, this review examines the pivotal role of estradiol and its receptors in the regulation of these neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Through a comprehensive analysis of current literature, we investigate the multifaceted effects of estradiol on key neurotransmitter signaling systems, namely serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. Findings from rodent models illuminate the impact of hormone manipulations, such as gonadectomy, on the regulation of neuronal brain circuits, providing valuable insights into the connection between hormonal fluctuations and neurotransmitter regulation. Estradiol exerts its effects by binding to three estrogen receptors: estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled receptor (GPER). Thus, this review explores the promising outcomes observed with estradiol and estrogen receptor agonists administration in both gonadectomized and/or genetically knockout rodents, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues. Despite limited human studies on this topic, the findings underscore the significance of translational research in bridging the gap between preclinical findings and clinical applications. This approach offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between estradiol and neurotransmitter systems. The integration of evidence from neurotransmitter systems and receptor-specific effects not only enhances our understanding of the neurobiological basis of physiological brain functioning but also provides a comprehensive framework for the understanding of possible pathophysiological mechanisms resulting to disease states. By unraveling the complexities of estradiol's impact on neurotransmitter regulation, this review contributes to advancing the field and lays the groundwork for future research aimed at refining understanding of the relationship between estradiol and neuronal circuits as well as their involvement in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Christine Bendis
- Psychoneuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sydney Zimmerman
- Psychoneuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anna Onisiforou
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panos Zanos
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Psychoneuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Kalinowski D, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Kozłowska A, Równiak M. Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulation of the amygdala is altered in female mice with oestrogen receptor β deprivation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:897. [PMID: 36650256 PMCID: PMC9845293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is modulated by dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, and this modulation is altered in mood disorders. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the presence/absence of quantitative alterations in the expression of main dopaminergic and cholinergic markers in the amygdala of mice with oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) knock-out which exhibit increased anxiety, using immunohistochemistry and quantitative methods. Such alterations could either contribute to increased anxiety or be a compensatory mechanism for reducing anxiety. The results show that among dopaminergic markers, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine D2-like receptor (DA2) is significantly elevated in the amygdala of mice with ERβ deprivation when compared to matched controls, whereas the content of dopamine D1-like receptor (DA1) is not altered by ERβ knock-out. In the case of cholinergic markers, muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (AChRM1) and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChRα7) display overexpression while the content of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) remains unchanged. In conclusion, in the amygdala of ERβ knock-out female the dopaminergic and cholinergic signalling is altered, however, to determine the exact role of ERβ in the anxiety-related behaviour further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kalinowski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Bogus-Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Równiak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland
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3
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Hilz EN, Gore AC. Sex-specific Effects of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals on Brain Monoamines and Cognitive Behavior. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac128. [PMID: 35939362 PMCID: PMC9419695 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The period of brain sexual differentiation is characterized by the development of hormone-sensitive neural circuits that govern the subsequent presentation of sexually dimorphic behavior in adulthood. Perturbations of hormones by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during this developmental period interfere with an organism's endocrine function and can disrupt the normative organization of male- or female-typical neural circuitry. This is well characterized for reproductive and social behaviors and their underlying circuitry in the hypothalamus and other limbic regions of the brain; however, cognitive behaviors are also sexually dimorphic, with their underlying neural circuitry potentially vulnerable to EDC exposure during critical periods of brain development. This review provides recent evidence for sex-specific changes to the brain's monoaminergic systems (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) after developmental EDC exposure and relates these outcomes to sex differences in cognition such as affective, attentional, and learning/memory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Hilz
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Correspondence: Andrea C. Gore, PhD, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St, Box C0875, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Orsini CA, Truckenbrod LM, Wheeler AR. Regulation of sex differences in risk-based decision making by gonadal hormones: Insights from rodent models. Behav Processes 2022; 200:104663. [PMID: 35661794 PMCID: PMC9893517 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Men and women differ in their ability to evaluate options that vary in their rewards and the risks that are associated with these outcomes. Most studies have shown that women are more risk averse than men and that gonadal hormones significantly contribute to this sex difference. Gonadal hormones can influence risk-based decision making (i.e., risk taking) by modulating the neurobiological substrates underlying this cognitive process. Indeed, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone modulate activity in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and nucleus accumbens associated with reward and risk-related information. The use of animal models of decision making has advanced our understanding of the intersection between the behavioral, neural and hormonal mechanisms underlying sex differences in risk taking. This review will outline the current state of this literature, identify the current gaps in knowledge and suggest the neurobiological mechanisms by which hormones regulate risky decision making. Collectively, this knowledge can be used to understand the potential consequences of significant hormonal changes, whether endogenously or exogenously induced, on risk-based decision making as well as the neuroendocrinological basis of neuropsychiatric diseases that are characterized by impaired risk taking, such as substance use disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. Orsini
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Correspondence to: Department of Psychology & Neurology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, 108 E. Dean Keaton St., Stop A8000, Austin, TX 78712, USA. (C.A. Orsini)
| | - Leah M. Truckenbrod
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alexa-Rae Wheeler
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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Veselic S, Jocham G, Gausterer C, Wagner B, Ernhoefer-Reßler M, Lanzenberger R, Eisenegger C, Lamm C, Losecaat Vermeer A. A causal role of estradiol in human reinforcement learning. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105022. [PMID: 34273676 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The sex hormone estradiol is hypothesized to play a key role in human cognition, and reward processing specifically, via increased dopamine D1-receptor signalling. However, the effect of estradiol on reward processing in men has never been established. To fill this gap, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled study in which men (N = 100) received either a single dose of estradiol (2 mg) or a placebo. Subjects performed a probabilistic reinforcement learning task where they had to choose between two options with varying reward probabilities to maximize monetary reward. Results showed that estradiol administration increased reward sensitivity compared to placebo. This effect was observed in subjects' choices, how much weight they assigned to their previous choices, and subjective reports about the reward probabilities. Furthermore, effects of estradiol were moderated by reward sensitivity, as measured through the BIS/BAS questionnaire. Using reinforcement learning models, we found that behavioral effects of estradiol were reflected in increased learning rates. These results demonstrate a causal role of estradiol within the framework of reinforcement learning, by enhancing reward sensitivity and learning. Furthermore, they provide preliminary evidence for dopamine-related genetic variants moderating the effect of estradiol on reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastijan Veselic
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Gerhard Jocham
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Gausterer
- FDZ-Forensisches DNA Zentrallabor GmbH, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wagner
- Laboratory for Chromatographic & Spectrometric Analysis, FH JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eisenegger
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria; Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Annabel Losecaat Vermeer
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Decision Neuroscience and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Fernandes MF, Lau D, Sharma S, Fulton S. Anxiety-like behavior in female mice is modulated by STAT3 signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:391-400. [PMID: 33872705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central signaling actions of cytokines are mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3). STAT3 activation plays a pivotal role in the behavioral responses to the adiposity hormone leptin, including in midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons where it mediates the influence of leptin to diminish physical activity and running reward in male mice. Leptin also has anxiolytic effects which have been tied to the mesolimbic DA system. To assess the contribution of STAT3 signaling in mesolimbic DA neurons on feeding, mesolimbic DA tone and anxiodepressive behaviors in female mice, we generated DA-specific STAT3 knockout mice by crossing mice expressing Cre under the control of the dopamine transporter with STAT3-LoxP mice. Feeding, locomotion, wheel running, conditioned place preference for palatable food and amphetamine locomotor sensitization were unaffected by DA-specific STAT3 deletion. Conversely, knockout mice exhibited heightened anxiety-like behavior (open field test and elevated plus maze) along with increased basal and stress-induced plasma corticosterone, whereas indices of behavioral despair (forced swim and tail-suspension tasks) were unchanged. In accordance with biochemical evidence of increased D1 receptor signaling (phospho-DARPP32Thr34) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of knockout mice, local microinjections of a D1 receptor antagonist reversed the anxiogenic phenotype of knockout mice. In addition to alluding to sex differences in the signaling mechanisms mediating anxiety-like behavior, our findings suggest that activation of STAT3 in midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to the CeA dampens anxiety in a D1R-dependent manner in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Fernandes
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Canada; Physiology and Pharmacology, Canada
| | - David Lau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Canada; Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Canada; Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology (Concordia University), Canada.
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7
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Watson CS, Koong L, Jeng YJ, Vinas R. Xenoestrogen interference with nongenomic signaling actions of physiological estrogens in endocrine cancer cells. Steroids 2019; 142:84-93. [PMID: 30012504 PMCID: PMC6339598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nongenomic signaling by estrogens (Es), initiated near the cell membrane, provides new explanations for the potent actions of environmental chemicals that imperfectly mimic physiological Es. These pathways can affect tumor growth, stabilization, or shrinkage via a number of signaling streams such as activation/inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspases, generation of second messengers, and phospho-triggering of cyclin instability. Though prostate cancers are better known for their responsiveness to androgen deprivation, ∼17% of late stage tumors regress in response to high dose natural or pharmaceutical Es; however, the mechanisms at the cellular level are not understood. More accurate recent measurements show that estradiol (E2) levels decline in aging men, leading to the hypothesis that maintaining young male levels of E2 may prevent the growth of prostate cancers. Major contributions to reducing prostate cancer cell numbers included low E2 concentrations producing sustained ERK phospho-activation correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species causing cancer cell death, and phospho-activation of cyclin D1 triggering its rapid degradation by interrupting cell cycle progression. These therapeutic actions were stronger in early stage tumor cells (with higher membrane estrogen receptor levels), and E2 was far more effective compared to diethylstilbestrol (the most frequently prescribed E treatment). Xenoestrogens (XEs) exacerbated the growth of prostate cancer cells, and as we know from previous studies in pituitary cancer cells, can interfere with the nongenomic signaling actions of endogenous Es. Therefore, nongenomic actions of physiological levels of E2 may be important deterrents to the growth of prostate cancers, which could be undermined by the actions of XEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Luke Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rene Vinas
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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8
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Smith CT, Dang LC, Burgess LL, Perkins SF, Juan MDS, Smith DK, Cowan RL, Le NT, Kessler RM, Samanez-Larkin GR, Zald DH. Lack of consistent sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine release measured with [ 18F]fallypride PET. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:581-590. [PMID: 30350220 PMCID: PMC6401232 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sex differences in the dopaminergic response to psychostimulants could have implications for drug abuse risk and other psychopathology involving the dopamine system, but human data are limited and mixed. OBJECTIVES Here, we sought to investigate sex differences in dopamine release after oral D-amphetamine administration. METHODS We used [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the change in dopamine D2/3 receptor availability (%ΔBPND, an index of dopamine release) between placebo and D-amphetamine sessions in two independent datasets containing a total of 39 females (on either hormonal birth control n = 18, postmenopausal n = 10, or studied in the first 10 days of their menstrual cycle n = 11) and 37 males. RESULTS Using both a priori anatomical regions of interest based on previous findings and voxelwise analyses, we failed to consistently detect broad sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Nevertheless, there was limited evidence for greater right ventral striatal dopamine release in young adult males relative to similarly aged females, but this was not consistently observed across samples. Plasma estradiol did not correlate with dopamine release and this measure did not differ in females on and off hormonal birth control. CONCLUSIONS While our finding in young adults from one dataset of greater %ΔBPND in males is partially consistent with a previously published study on sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine release, our data do not support the presence of consistent widespread sex differences in this measure of dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Corresponding Author:
| | - Linh C. Dang
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - Leah L. Burgess
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - Scott F. Perkins
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - M. Danica San Juan
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - Darcy K. Smith
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN, 37212,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Nam T. Le
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Robert M. Kessler
- Department of Radiology, UAB School of Medicine, 1802 6th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | | | - David H. Zald
- Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Ave South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN, 37212
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Gebhart VM, Caldwell JD, Rodewald A, Kalyvianaki K, Kampa M, Jirikowski GF. Estrogen receptors and sex hormone binding globulin in neuronal cells and tissue. Steroids 2019; 142:94-99. [PMID: 30030052 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens exert a critical influence on neuronal tissues and cells. As demonstrated in many clinical studies, estrogens are neuroprotective to the extent that they improve prognosis for women with neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, we still do not know exactly how these effects are mediated. Fifty years ago the first estrogen receptor was found, but since then many other new pathways of estrogen action have been identified. This review describes several of these pathways of estrogen effects and provides some conclusions and correlations about these as determined by recent studies with nerve growth factor differentiated rat pheochromocytoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack D Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, SC, United States
| | | | - Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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Varmazyar R, Noori-Zadeh A, Rajaei F, Darabi S, Bakhtiyari S. 17 β-Estradiol Oxidative Stress Attenuation and Autophagy-Induced Dopaminergic Neuroprotection. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 21:1-6. [PMID: 30507082 PMCID: PMC6275422 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain stem is the main pathological
aspect of Parkinson’s disease (PD). 17 β-estradiol (E2) has neuroprotective effects on substantia nigra, however, the
underlined mechanism is not well-known. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of E2 in the ovariectomized
6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA) rat model of PD.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, all animals were ovariectomized to avoid any further bias in E2 levels
and then these ovariectomized rats were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (10 rats in each group):
ovariectomized control group (OCG), ovariectomized degeneration group receiving 25 μg of 6-OHDA into the left corpus
striatum (ODG), and ovariectomized E2 pretreatment group pretreated with 0.1 mgkg-1of 17 β-estradiol for three days prior
to the destruction of corpus striatum with 6-OHDA (OE2PTG). The apomorphine behavioral test and Nissl staining were
performed in all experimental groups. The expressions of Sequestosome-1 (P62), Unc- 51 like autophagy activating kinase
(Ulk1), and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (Lc3) genes were evaluated using reverse transcription-
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results E2 administration reduced the damages to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The motor
behavior, the number of rotations, and histological tests in the treatment group showed the cell survival improvement in
comparison with the control groups indicating that E2 can inhibit the neurodegeneration. P62 and Lc3 were expressed
in all experimental groups while Ulk1 was not expressed in ODG group. Moreover, Ulk1 was expressed after the
treatment with E2 in OE2PTG group.
Conclusion E2 prevents neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain by over-expression of Ulk1 gene and
augmenting the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Varmazyar
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farzad Rajaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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12
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Wang H, Dong X, Liu Z, Zhu S, Liu H, Fan W, Hu Y, Hu T, Yu Y, Li Y, Liu T, Xie C, Gao Q, Li G, Zhang J, Ding Z, Sun J. Resveratrol Suppresses Rotenone-induced Neurotoxicity Through Activation of SIRT1/Akt1 Signaling Pathway. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1115-1125. [PMID: 29350822 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiaoguang Dong
- Department of Orthopedic; Osteological Hospital of Yishengjian; Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Zengxun Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Shaowei Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Haili Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Wenchuang Fan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics; Yantaishan Hospital; Yantai Shandong 264025 China
| | - Yanlai Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Orthopedic; Osteological Hospital of Yishengjian; Qingdao Shandong 266100 China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Yizhao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation; Laiwu Rehabilitation Hospital; Laiwu Shandong 271100 China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Chengjia Xie
- Department of Periodontics; Stomatological Hospital of Shandong University; Shandong 250012 China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Guibao Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Zhaoxi Ding
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
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13
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Jakob K, Ehrentreich H, Holtfrerich SKC, Reimers L, Diekhof EK. DAT1-Genotype and Menstrual Cycle, but Not Hormonal Contraception, Modulate Reinforcement Learning: Preliminary Evidence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 29541062 PMCID: PMC5835510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone by genotype interactions have been widely ignored by cognitive neuroscience. Yet, the dependence of cognitive performance on both baseline dopamine (DA) and current 17ß-estradiol (E2) level argues for their combined effect also in the context of reinforcement learning. Here, we assessed how the interaction between the natural rise of E2 in the late follicular phase (FP) and the 40 base-pair variable number tandem repeat polymorphism of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) affects reinforcement learning capacity. 30 women with a regular menstrual cycle performed a probabilistic feedback learning task twice during the early and late FP. In addition, 39 women, who took hormonal contraceptives (HC) to suppress natural ovulation, were tested during the "pill break" and the intake phase of HC. The present data show that DAT1-genotype may interact with transient hormonal state, but only in women with a natural menstrual cycle. We found that carriers of the 9-repeat allele (9RP) experienced a significant decrease in the ability to avoid punishment from early to late FP. Neither homozygote subjects of the 10RP allele, nor subjects from the HC group showed a change in behavior between phases. These data are consistent with neurobiological studies that found that rising E2 may reverse DA transporter function and could enhance DA efflux, which would in turn reduce punishment sensitivity particularly in subjects with a higher transporter density to begin with. Taken together, the present results, although based on a small sample, add to the growing understanding of the complex interplay between different physiological modulators of dopaminergic transmission. They may not only point out the necessity to control for hormonal state in behavioral genetic research, but may offer new starting points for studies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jakob
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Ehrentreich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K. C. Holtfrerich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Reimers
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esther K. Diekhof
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Esther K. Diekhof,
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14
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Qiu S, Vazquez JT, Boulger E, Liu H, Xue P, Hussain MA, Wolfe A. Hepatic estrogen receptor α is critical for regulation of gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism in males. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1661. [PMID: 28490809 PMCID: PMC5431852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired estrogens action is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in animal models and humans. We sought to determine whether disruption of hepatic estrogens action in adult male mice could recapitulate aspects of the metabolic syndrome to understand the mechanistic basis for the phenotype. We found 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibited hepatic gluconeogenic genes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck-1) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and this effect was absent in mice lacking liver estrogen receptor α (Esr1) (LERKO mice). Male LERKO mice displayed elevated hepatic gluconeogenic activity and fasting hyperglycemia. We also observed increased liver lipid deposits and triglyceride levels in male LERKO mice, resulting from increased hepatic lipogenesis as reflected by increased mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (Fas) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1). ChIP assay demonstrated estradiol (E2) induced ESR1 binding to Pck-1, G6Pase, Fas and Acc1 promoters. Metabolic phenotyping demonstrated both basal metabolic rate and feeding were lower for the LERKO mice as compared to Controls. Furthermore, the respiratory exchange rate was significantly lower in LERKO mice than in Controls, suggesting an increase in lipid oxidation. Our data indicate that hepatic E2/ESR1 signaling plays a key role in the maintenance of gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Qiu
- Division of Metabolism and Pediatric Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Biological Chemistry and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Erin Boulger
- School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ping Xue
- Division of Metabolism and Pediatric Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Biological Chemistry and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mehboob Ali Hussain
- Division of Metabolism and Pediatric Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Biological Chemistry and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Wolfe
- Division of Metabolism and Pediatric Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Biological Chemistry and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Mikelman SR, Guptaroy B, Gnegy ME. Tamoxifen and its active metabolites inhibit dopamine transporter function independently of the estrogen receptors. J Neurochem 2017; 141:31-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Mikelman
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Bipasha Guptaroy
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Margaret E. Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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16
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Di Santi A, Cernera G, Rossi V, Abbondanza C, Moncharmont B, Sinisi AA, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Prostate cancer stem cells: the role of androgen and estrogen receptors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:193-208. [PMID: 26506594 PMCID: PMC4807992 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men, and androgen deprivation therapy still represents the primary treatment for prostate cancer patients. This approach, however, frequently fails and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is almost untreatable. Cancer cells are characterized by a hierarchical organization, and stem/progenitor cells are endowed with tumor-initiating activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that prostate cancer stem cells lack the androgen receptor and are, indeed, resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. In contrast, these cells express classical (α and/or β) and novel (GPR30) estrogen receptors, which may represent new putative targets in prostate cancer treatment. In the present review, we discuss the still-debated mechanisms, both genomic and non-genomic, by which androgen and estradiol receptors (classical and novel) mediate the hormonal control of prostate cell stemness, transformation, and the continued growth of prostate cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical findings obtained using new androgen receptor antagonists, anti-estrogens, or compounds such as enhancers of androgen receptor degradation and peptides inhibiting non-genomic androgen functions are also presented. These new drugs will likely lead to significant advances in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Santi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Agostino Sinisi
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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17
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Saraf MK, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. R-equol, a synthetic metabolite of the dietary estrogen daidzein, modulates the nongenomic estrogenic effects of 17β-estradiol in pituitary tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2016.1226697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Madak-Erdogan Z, Gong P, Katzenellenbogen BS. Differential utilization of nuclear and extranuclear receptor signaling pathways in the actions of estrogens, SERMs, and a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:198-206. [PMID: 26689478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens act through nuclear and extranuclear initiated pathways involving estrogen receptors (ERs) to regulate gene expression and activate protein kinases. We investigated the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase2 (ERK2) and ERα in the activities of estradiol (E2), conjugated estrogens (CEs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and a Tissue-Selective Estrogen Complex (TSEC), a combination of a SERM and CE that has a blended activity. We found that CE and individual CE components were generally less effective than E2 in ERK2 recruitment to chromatin binding sites of E2-regulated genes. Likewise, CE was much less agonistic than E2 in stimulation of proliferation of ERα-positive breast cancer cells. The SERM bazedoxifene (BZA) fully suppressed proliferation stimulated by E2 or CE and reversed gene stimulation by CE or E2, as did the antiestrogen Faslodex. Thus, the balance of biological activities mediated through nuclear ERα vs. ERK2-mediated activities is different for CE vs. E2, with CE showing lower stimulation of kinase activity. Furthermore, at the BZA to CE concentrations in TSEC, BZA antagonized CE stimulation of gene expression and proliferation programs in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. The studies provide molecular underpinnings of the different ways in which SERMs and estrogens support or antagonize one another in regulating the chromatin binding of ERα and ERK2, and modulating gene and cell activities. They illuminate how the combined actions of two classes of ER ligands (SERM and CE, present in TSEC) can achieve unique modes of regulation and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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19
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Kim SH, Madak-Erdogan Z, Bae SC, Carlson KE, Mayne CG, Granick S, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Ligand Accessibility and Bioactivity of a Hormone-Dendrimer Conjugate Depend on pH and pH History. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10326-35. [PMID: 26186415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen conjugates with a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer have shown remarkably selective regulation of the nongenomic actions of estrogens in target cells. In response to pH changes, however, these estrogen-dendrimer conjugates (EDCs) display a major morphological transition that alters the accessibility of the estrogen ligands that compromises the bioactivity of the EDC. A sharp break in dynamic behavior near pH 7 occurs for three different ligands on the surface of a PAMAM-G6 dendrimer: a fluorophore (tetramethylrhodamine [TMR]) and two estrogens (17α-ethynylestradiol and diphenolic acid). Collisional quenching and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy experiments with TMR-PAMAM revealed high ligand shielding above pH 7 and low shielding below pH 7. Furthermore, when the pH was cycled from 8.5 (conditions of ligand-PAMAM conjugation) to 4.5 (e.g., endosome/lysosome) and through 6.5 (e.g., hypoxic environment) back to pH 8.5, the 17α-ethynylestradiol- and diphenolic acid-PAMAM conjugates experienced a dramatic, irreversible loss in cell stimulatory activity; dynamic NMR studies indicated that the hormonal ligands had become occluded within the more hydrophobic core of the PAMAM dendrimer. Thus, the active state of these estrogen-dendrimer conjugates appears to be metastable. This pH-dependent irreversible masking of activity is of considerable relevance to the design of drug conjugates with amine-bearing PAMAM dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Chul Bae
- §IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | | | | | - Steve Granick
- §IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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20
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Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVII. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor and Its Pharmacologic Modulators. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:505-40. [PMID: 26023144 PMCID: PMC4485017 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are critical mediators of multiple and diverse physiologic effects throughout the body in both sexes, including the reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. As such, alterations in estrogen function play important roles in many diseases and pathophysiological conditions (including cancer), exemplified by the lower prevalence of many diseases in premenopausal women. Estrogens mediate their effects through multiple cellular receptors, including the nuclear receptor family (ERα and ERβ) and the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family (GPR30/G protein-coupled estrogen receptor [GPER]). Although both receptor families can initiate rapid cell signaling and transcriptional regulation, the nuclear receptors are traditionally associated with regulating gene expression, whereas GPCRs are recognized as mediating rapid cellular signaling. Estrogen-activated pathways are not only the target of multiple therapeutic agents (e.g., tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors) but are also affected by a plethora of phyto- and xeno-estrogens (e.g., genistein, coumestrol, bisphenol A, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). Because of the existence of multiple estrogen receptors with overlapping ligand specificities, expression patterns, and signaling pathways, the roles of the individual receptors with respect to the diverse array of endogenous and exogenous ligands have been challenging to ascertain. The identification of GPER-selective ligands however has led to a much greater understanding of the roles of this receptor in normal physiology and disease as well as its interactions with the classic estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ and their signaling pathways. In this review, we describe the history and characterization of GPER over the past 15 years focusing on the pharmacology of steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds that have been employed to unravel the biology of this most recently recognized estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine (E.R.P.) and University of New Mexico Cancer Center (E.R.P., J.B.A.), The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico (J.B.A.)
| | - Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Internal Medicine (E.R.P.) and University of New Mexico Cancer Center (E.R.P., J.B.A.), The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico (J.B.A.)
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21
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Koong LY, Watson CS. Rapid, nongenomic signaling effects of several xenoestrogens involved in early- vs. late-stage prostate cancer cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4161/23273747.2014.995003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA
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22
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Arnold C, Gispert S, Bonig H, von Wegner F, Somasundaram S, Kell CA. Dopaminergic Modulation of Cognitive Preparation for Overt Reading: Evidence from the Study of Genetic Polymorphisms. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:1539-1557. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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23
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Koong LY, Watson CS. Direct estradiol and diethylstilbestrol actions on early- versus late-stage prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2014; 74:1589-603. [PMID: 25213831 PMCID: PMC4205220 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other pharmaceutical estrogens have been used at ≥ µM concentrations to treat advanced prostate tumors, with successes primarily attributed to indirect hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis control mechanisms. However, estrogens also directly affect tumor cells, though the mechanisms involved are not well understood. METHODS LAPC-4 (androgen-dependent) and PC-3 (androgen-independent) cell viability was measured after estradiol (E2) or DES treatment across wide concentration ranges. We then examined multiple rapid signaling mechanisms at 0.1 nM E2 and 1 µM DES optima including levels of: activation (phosphorylation) for mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell-cycle proteins, and caspase 3, necroptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS LAPC-4 cells were more responsive than PC-3 cells. Robust and sustained extracellular-regulated kinase activation with E2 , but not DES, correlated with ROS generation and cell death. c-Jun N-terminal kinase was only activated in E2-treated PC-3 cells and was not correlated with caspase 3-mediated apoptosis; necroptosis was not involved. The cell-cycle inhibitor protein p16(INK4A) was phosphorylated in both cell lines by both E2 and DES, but to differing extents. In both cell types, both estrogens activated p38 kinase, which subsequently phosphorylated cyclin D1, tagging it for degradation, except in DES-treated PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin D1 status correlated most closely with disrupted cell cycling as a cause of reduced cell numbers, though other mechanisms also contributed. As low as 0.1 nM E2 effectively elicited these mechanisms, and its use could dramatically improve outcomes for both early- and late-stage prostate cancer patients, while avoiding the side effects of high-dose DES treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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24
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Fattore L, Melis M, Fadda P, Fratta W. Sex differences in addictive disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:272-84. [PMID: 24769267 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender-dependent differences in the rate of initiation and frequency of misuse of addicting drugs have been widely described. Yet, men and women also differ in their propensity to become addicted to other rewarding stimuli (e.g., sex, food) or activities (e.g., gambling, exercising). The goal of the present review is to summarize current evidence for gender differences not only in drug addiction, but also in other forms of addictive behaviours. Thus, we first reviewed studies showing gender-dependent differences in drug addiction, food addiction, compulsive sexual activity, pathological gambling, Internet addiction and physical exercise addiction. Potential risk factors and underlying brain mechanisms are also examined, with particular emphasis given to the role of sex hormones in modulating addictive behaviours. Investigations on factors allowing the pursuit of non-drug rewards to become pathological in men and women are crucial for designing gender-appropriate treatments of both substance and non-substance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience - Cagliari National Research Council of Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Italy; Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Miriam Melis
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Some chemicals used in consumer products or manufacturing (e.g. plastics, surfactants, pesticides, resins) have estrogenic activities; these xenoestrogens (XEs) chemically resemble physiological estrogens and are one of the major categories of synthesized compounds that disrupt endocrine actions. Potent rapid actions of XEs via nongenomic mechanisms contribute significantly to their disruptive effects on functional endpoints (e.g. cell proliferation/death, transport, peptide release). Membrane-initiated hormonal signaling in our pituitary cell model is predominantly driven by mERα with mERβ and GPR30 participation. We visualized ERα on plasma membranes using many techniques in the past (impeded ligands, antibodies to ERα) and now add observations of epitope proximity with other membrane signaling proteins. We have demonstrated a range of rapid signals/protein activations by XEs including: calcium channels, cAMP/PKA, MAPKs, G proteins, caspases, and transcription factors. XEs can cause disruptions of the oscillating temporal patterns of nongenomic signaling elicited by endogenous estrogens. Concentration effects of XEs are nonmonotonic (a trait shared with natural hormones), making it difficult to design efficient (single concentration) toxicology tests to monitor their harmful effects. A plastics monomer, bisphenol A, modified by waste treatment (chlorination) and other processes causes dephosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases, in contrast to having no effects as it does in genomic signaling. Mixtures of XEs, commonly found in contaminated environments, disrupt the signaling actions of physiological estrogens even more severely than do single XEs. Understanding the features of XEs that drive these disruptive mechanisms will allow us to redesign useful chemicals that exclude estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Guangzhen Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Adriana A Paulucci-Holthauzen
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells are known to develop features of dopaminergic neurons upon treatment with nerve growth factor. They express in part estrogen receptors α and β, and G-protein coupled receptor 30. Estrogens promote development of these cells and exert neuroprotective effects. Here we treated differentiated PC 12 cells with physiological concentrations of 17-β-estradiol. We observed with immunocytochemistry cytoplasmic staining for SHBG in a portion of these cells Double immunostaining for estrogen receptor-β revealed that some PC 12 cells contained both antigens. Numbers of estrogen receptor-β positive cells were significantly higher after estradiol treatment; an effect that was not altered by pretreatment of cultures with tamoxifen. With reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction we observed sex hormone binding globulin encoding transcripts indicating intrinsic expression of the steroid binding globulin. We conclude that estrogen treatment induces SHBG expression in differentiated PC12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika M Gebhart
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gustav F Jirikowski
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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27
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Bulayeva NN, Finnerty CC, Koong LY, Zivadinovic D, Alyea RA, Midoro-Horiuti T, Goldblum RM, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Seitz PK, Smith TD. Multi-well plate immunoassays for measuring signaling protein activations/deactivations and membrane vs. intracellular receptor levels. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1204:123-133. [PMID: 25182766 PMCID: PMC9159966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1346-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed fixed-cell multi-well plate immunoassays that increase the throughput and ease of quantification for questions formerly assessed by immunoblot scanning. The assays make use of the now abundant antibodies designed to recognize receptor subtypes and posttranslationally modified signaling proteins. By optimizing permeabilization and fixation conditions, mainly based on specific cell types, the assay can be adapted to the study of many different antigens of importance to hormonal and neurotransmitter signaling scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 0645 312 Basic Science Building, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA,
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28
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Non-genomic estrogen regulation of ion transport and airway surface liquid dynamics in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78593. [PMID: 24223826 PMCID: PMC3817220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male cystic fibrosis (CF) patients survive longer than females and lung exacerbations in CF females vary during the estrous cycle. Estrogen has been reported to reduce the height of the airway surface liquid (ASL) in female CF bronchial epithelium. Here we investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol on the airway surface liquid height and ion transport in normal (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) bronchial epithelial monolayers. Live cell imaging using confocal microscopy revealed that airway surface liquid height was significantly higher in the non-CF cells compared to the CF cells. 17β-estradiol (0.1–10 nM) reduced the airway surface liquid height in non-CF and CF cells after 30 min treatment. Treatment with the nuclear-impeded Estrogen Dendrimer Conjugate mimicked the effect of free estrogen by reducing significantly the airway surface liquid height in CF and non-CF cells. Inhibition of chloride transport or basolateral potassium recycling decreased the airway surface liquid height and 17β-estradiol had no additive effect in the presence of these ion transporter inhibitors. 17β-estradiol decreased bumetanide-sensitive transepithelial short-circuit current in non-CF cells and prevented the forskolin-induced increase in ASL height. 17β-estradiol stimulated an amiloride-sensitive transepithelial current and increased ouabain-sensitive basolateral short-circuit current in CF cells. 17β-estradiol increased PKCδ activity in CF and non-CF cells. These results demonstrate that estrogen dehydrates CF and non-CF ASL, and these responses to 17β-estradiol are non-genomic rather than involving the classical nuclear estrogen receptor pathway. 17β-estradiol acts on the airway surface liquid by inhibiting cAMP-mediated chloride secretion in non-CF cells and increasing sodium absorption via the stimulation of PKCδ, ENaC and the Na+/K+ATPase in CF cells.
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Viñas R, Watson CS. Bisphenol S disrupts estradiol-induced nongenomic signaling in a rat pituitary cell line: effects on cell functions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:352-8. [PMID: 23458715 PMCID: PMC3621186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor that imperfectly mimics the effects of physiologic estrogens via membrane-bound estrogen receptors (mERα, mERβ, and GPER/GPR30), thereby initiating nongenomic signaling. Bisphenol S (BPS) is an alternative to BPA in plastic consumer products and thermal paper. OBJECTIVE To characterize the nongenomic activities of BPS, we examined signaling pathways it evoked in GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cells alone and together with the physiologic estrogen estradiol (E2). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)- and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-specific phosphorylations were examined for their correlation to three functional responses: proliferation, caspase activation, and prolactin (PRL) release. METHODS We detected ERK and JNK phosphorylations by fixed-cell immunoassays, identified the predominant mER initiating the signaling with selective inhibitors, estimated cell numbers by crystal violet assays, measured caspase activity by cleavage of fluorescent caspase substrates, and measured PRL release by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS BPS phosphoactivated ERK within 2.5 min in a nonmonotonic dose-dependent manner (10-15 to 10-7 M). When combined with 10-9 M E2, the physiologic estrogen's ERK response was attenuated. BPS could not activate JNK, but it greatly enhanced E2-induced JNK activity. BPS induced cell proliferation at low concentrations (femtomolar to nanomolar), similar to E2. Combinations of both estrogens reduced cell numbers below those of the vehicle control and also activated caspases. Earlier activation of caspase 8 versus caspase 9 demonstrated that BPS initiates apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway, consistent with activation via a membrane receptor. BPS also inhibited rapid (≤ 1 min) E2-induced PRL release. CONCLUSION BPS, once considered a safe substitute for BPA, disrupts membrane-initiated E2-induced cell signaling, leading to altered cell proliferation, cell death, and PRL release.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, USA
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30
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Hirahara Y, Matsuda KI, Yamada H, Saitou A, Morisaki S, Takanami K, Boggs JM, Kawata M. G protein-coupled receptor 30 contributes to improved remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. Glia 2012; 61:420-31. [PMID: 23281138 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen exerts neuroprotective and promyelinating actions. The therapeutic effect has been shown in animal models of multiple sclerosis, in which the myelin sheath is specifically destroyed in the central nervous system. However, it remains unproven whether estrogen is directly involved in remyelination via the myelin producing cells, oligodendrocytes, or which estrogen receptors are involved. In this study, we found that the membrane-associated estrogen receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), also known as GPER, was expressed in oligodendrocytes in rat spinal cord and corpus callosum. Moreover, GPR30 was expressed throughout oligodendrocyte differentiation and promyelinating stages in primary oligodendrocyte cultures derived from rat spinal cords and brains. To evaluate the role of signaling via GPR30 in promyelination, a specific agonist for GPR30, G1, was administered to a rat model of demyelination induced by cuprizone treatment. Histological examination of the corpus callosum with oligodendrocyte differentiation stage-specific markers showed that G1 enhanced oligodendrocyte maturation in corpus callosum of cuprizone-treated animals. It also enhanced oligodendrocyte ensheathment of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in co-culture and myelination in cuprizone-treated animals. This study is the first evidence that GPR30 signaling promotes remyelination by oligodendrocytes after demyelination. GPR30 ligands may provide a novel therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Japan.
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Dressing GE, Alyea R, Pang Y, Thomas P. Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) mediate progestin induced antimorbidity in breast cancer cells and are expressed in human breast tumors. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:101-12. [PMID: 22350867 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) have been detected in breast cancer cells and tissues, but their roles in cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate the localization, signaling, and antiapoptotic actions of mPRs in two nuclear progesterone receptor (PR)-negative breast cancer cell lines, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-468 (MB468), and mPR expression in human breast tumor biopsies. mPRα, mPRβ, and mPRγ subtypes were detected in both cell lines as well as in breast tumor tissues from 13 individuals irrespective of nuclear steroid receptor expression. Competitive receptor binding studies with a selective PR ligand, R5020, and an mPR agonist, Org OD 02-0 confirmed the presence of functional mPRs on both cancer cell lines. Progesterone treatment of either cell line caused rapid activation of an inhibitory G protein, as well as activation of p42/44 MAP kinase. Treatment with progesterone or Org OD 02-0 significantly decreased cell death and apoptosis in response to serum starvation, whereas testosterone, 17β-estradiol, dexamethasone, and R5020 and RU486 were ineffective. Progesterone treatment of MB468 cells also increased mitochondrial membrane potential and Akt activity, but no decrease in caspase 3 activity was observed. Knockdown of mPRα expression in MB468 cells by siRNA transfection blocked the inhibitory effects of progesterone on cell death. The results indicate that progesterone can act through mPRs to inhibit apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The involvement of mPRs in the development or progression of breast tumor growth through inhibition of cell death is an intriguing possibility and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen E Dressing
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Viñas R, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Non-genomic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2694-714. [PMID: 23066391 PMCID: PMC3447581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9082694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenoestrogens (XEs) are chemicals derived from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources that can interfere with endogenous estrogens by either mimicking or blocking their responses via non-genomic and/or genomic signaling mechanisms. Disruption of estrogens' actions through the less-studied non-genomic pathway can alter such functional end points as cell proliferation, peptide hormone release, catecholamine transport, and apoptosis, among others. Studies of potentially adverse effects due to mixtures and to low doses of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have recently become more feasible, though few so far have included actions via the non-genomic pathway. Physiologic estrogens and XEs evoke non-monotonic dose responses, with different compounds having different patterns of actions dependent on concentration and time, making mixture assessments all the more challenging. In order to understand the spectrum of toxicities and their mechanisms, future work should focus on carefully studying individual and mixture components across a range of concentrations and cellular pathways in a variety of tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Zárate S, Jaita G, Ferraris J, Eijo G, Magri ML, Pisera D, Seilicovich A. Estrogens induce expression of membrane-associated estrogen receptor α isoforms in lactotropes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41299. [PMID: 22844453 PMCID: PMC3402499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are key to anterior pituitary function, stimulating hormone release and controlling cell fate to achieve pituitary dynamic adaptation to changing physiological conditions. In addition to their classical mechanism of action through intracellular estrogen receptors (ERs), estrogens exert rapid actions via cell membrane-localized ERs (mERs). We previously showed that E2 exerts a rapid pro-apoptotic action in anterior pituitary cells, especially in lactotropes and somatotropes, through activation of mERs. In the present study, we examined the involvement of mERα in the rapid pro-apoptotic action of estradiol by TUNEL in primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized rats using a cell-impermeable E2 conjugate (E2-BSA) and an ERα selective antagonist (MPP dihydrochloride). We studied mERα expression during the estrous cycle and its regulation by gonadal steroids in vivo by flow cytometry. We identified ERα variants in the plasma membrane of anterior pituitary cells during the estrous cycle and studied E2 regulation of these mERα variants in vitro by surface biotinylation and Western Blot. E2-BSA-induced apoptosis was abrogated by MPP in total anterior pituitary cells and lactotropes. In cycling rats, we detected a higher number of lactotropes and a lower number of somatotropes expressing mERα at proestrus than at diestrus. Acute E2 treatment increased the percentage of mERα-expressing lactotropes whereas it decreased the percentage of mERα-expressing somatotropes. We detected three mERα isoforms of 66, 39 and 22 kDa. Expression of mERα66 and mERα39 was higher at proestrus than at diestrus, and short-term E2 incubation increased expression of these two mERα variants. Our results indicate that the rapid apoptotic action exerted by E2 in lactotropes depends on mERα, probably full-length ERα and/or a 39 kDa ERα variant. Expression and activation of mERα variants in lactotropes could be one of the mechanisms through which E2 participates in anterior pituitary cell renewal during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Jaita
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Eijo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Magri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kubo Y, Fukui E, Akanuma SI, Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI. Application of Membrane Permeability Evaluated in In Vitro Analyses to Estimate Blood–Retinal Barrier Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2596-605. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lee E, Sidoryk-Wêgrzynowicz M, Wang N, Webb A, Son DS, Lee K, Aschner M. GPR30 regulates glutamate transporter GLT-1 expression in rat primary astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26817-28. [PMID: 22645130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 contributes to the neuroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol (E2); however, the mechanisms associated with this protection have yet to be elucidated. Given that E2 increases astrocytic expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), which would prevent excitotoxic-induced neuronal death, we proposed that GPR30 mediates E2 action on GLT-1 expression. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the effects of G1, a selective agonist of GPR30, and GPR30 siRNA on astrocytic GLT-1 expression, as well as glutamate uptake in rat primary astrocytes, and explored potential signaling pathways linking GPR30 to GLT-1. G1 increased GLT-1 protein and mRNA levels, subject to regulation by both MAPK and PI3K signaling. Inhibition of TGF-α receptor suppressed the G1-induced increase in GLT-1 expression. Silencing GPR30 reduced the expression of both GLT-1 and TGF-α and abrogated the G1-induced increase in GLT-1 expression. Moreover, the G1-induced increase in GLT-1 protein expression was abolished by a protein kinase A inhibitor and an NF-κB inhibitor. G1 also enhanced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), as well as both NF-κB p50 and NF-κB p65 binding to the GLT-1 promoter. Finally, to model dysfunction of glutamate transporters, manganese was used, and G1 was found to attenuate manganese-induced impairment in GLT-1 protein expression and glutamate uptake. Taken together, the present data demonstrate that activation of GPR30 increases GLT-1 expression via multiple pathways, suggesting that GPR30 is worthwhile as a potential target to be explored for developing therapeutics of excitotoxic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Lee
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA.
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Benmansour S, Weaver RS, Barton AK, Adeniji OS, Frazer A. Comparison of the effects of estradiol and progesterone on serotonergic function. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:633-41. [PMID: 22225849 PMCID: PMC3307822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian hormones may contribute to the vulnerability to depression, as well as to the response to antidepressants (ADs). Previously, we reported that acute systemic treatment with estradiol or progesterone blocked the ability of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluvoxamine, to inhibit serotonin transporter function in ovariectomized rats. In this study, behavioral consequences, as well as receptor mechanisms underlying these hormonal effects, were investigated. METHODS Using the forced swimming test, the acute effect of estradiol and/or progesterone on fluvoxamine's AD-like effects was investigated. Using in vivo chronoamperometry, the effect of local application of estradiol or progesterone into the hippocampus of ovariectomized rats on serotonin (5-HT) clearance, as well as on the ability of fluvoxamine to slow 5-HT clearance, were investigated. RESULTS The decreased immobility and increased swimming caused by fluvoxamine in the forced swimming test was blocked in rats treated with estradiol and/or progesterone. Local application of estradiol, but not progesterone, slowed 5-HT clearance and both hormones blocked the ability of fluvoxamine to slow 5-HT clearance. Use of hormone receptor agonists and antagonists, revealed that the effects of estradiol are mediated by activation of membrane, as well as nuclear estrogen receptors (ER). The AD-like effect of estradiol involved ER beta and G-protein coupled receptor 30, whereas its blockade of fluvoxamine's effects was ER alpha-mediated. The effects of progesterone occurred solely by activation of intracellular progesterone receptors. CONCLUSIONS Targeting of ER beta or G-protein coupled receptor 30 might reveal a strategy to permit beneficial effects of estrogen without its deleterious effect on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Benmansour
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229-3900, USA.
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Sato K, Kuriwaki JI, Takahashi K, Saito Y, Oka JI, Otani Y, Sha Y, Nakazawa K, Sekino Y, Ohwada T. Discovery of a Tamoxifen-related compound that suppresses glial l-glutamate transport activity without interaction with estrogen receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:105-13. [PMID: 22860180 DOI: 10.1021/cn200091w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that tamoxifen suppresses l-glutamate transport activity of cultured astrocytes. Here, in an attempt to separate the l-glutamate transporter-inhibitory activity from the estrogen receptor-mediated genomic effects, we synthesized several compounds structurally related to tamoxifen. Among them, we identified two compounds, 1 (YAK01) and 3 (YAK037), which potently inhibited l-glutamate transporter activity. The inhibitory effect of 1 was found to be mediated through estrogen receptors and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, though 1 showed greatly reduced transactivation activity compared with that of 17β-estradiol. On the other hand, compound 3 exerted its inhibitory effect through an estrogen receptor-independent and MAPK-independent, but PI3K-dependent pathway, and showed no transactivation activity. Compound 3 may represent a new platform for developing novel l-glutamate transporter inhibitors with higher brain transfer rates and reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kuriwaki
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2541 Yamazaki, Noda-city, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Oka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2541 Yamazaki, Noda-city, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Sha
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Sekino
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga,
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
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Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Guptarak J. Endocrine disruption via estrogen receptors that participate in nongenomic signaling pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:44-50. [PMID: 21300151 PMCID: PMC3106143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When inappropriate (non-physiologic) estrogens affect organisms at critical times of estrogen sensitivity, disruption of normal endocrine functions can result. Non-physiologic estrogen mimetics (environmental, dietary, and pharmaceutical) can signal rapidly and potently via the membrane versions of estrogen receptors, as can physiologic estrogens. Both physiologic and non-physiologic estrogens activate multiple signaling pathways, leading to altered cellular functions (e.g. peptide release, cell proliferation or death, transport). Xenoestrogens' mimicry of physiologic estrogens is imperfect. When superimposed, xenoestrogens can alter endogenous estrogens' signaling and thereby disrupt normal signaling pathways, leading to malfunctions in many tissue types. Though these xenoestrogen actions occur rapidly via nongenomic signaling pathways, they can be sustained with continuing ligand stimulation, combinations of ligands, and signaling that perpetuates downstream, eventually also impinging on genomic regulation by controlling the activation state of transcription factors. Because via these pathways estrogens and xenoestrogens cause nonmonotonic stimulation patterns, they must be carefully tested for activity and toxicity over wide dose ranges. Nongenomic actions of xenoestrogens in combination with each other, and with physiologic estrogens, are still largely unexplored from these mechanistic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Yow-Juin Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Jutatip Guptarak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
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Strom JO, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Hormesis and Female Sex Hormones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011; 4:726-740. [PMID: 29674603 PMCID: PMC4055875 DOI: 10.3390/ph4050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone replacement after menopause has in recent years been the subject of intense scientific debate and public interest and has sparked intense research efforts into the biological effects of estrogens and progestagens. However, there are reasons to believe that the doses used and plasma concentrations produced in a large number of studies casts doubt on important aspects of their validity. The concept of hormesis states that a substance can have diametrically different effects depending on the concentration. Even though estrogens and progestagens have proven prone to this kind of dose-response relation in a multitude of studies, the phenomenon remains clearly underappreciated as exemplified by the fact that it is common practice to only use one hormone dose in animal experiments. If care is not taken to adjust the concentrations of estrogens and progestagens to relevant biological conditions, the significance of the results may be questionable. Our aim is to review examples of female sexual steroids demonstrating bidirectional dose-response relations and to discuss this in the perspective of hormesis. Some examples are highlighted in detail, including the effects on cerebral ischemia, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and anxiety. Hopefully, better understanding of the hormesis phenomenon may result in improved future designs of studies of female sexual steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Strom
- Institution of Clinical and Experimental Medicine/Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Institution of Clinical and Experimental Medicine/Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Institution of Clinical and Experimental Medicine/Department of Neurosurgery, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Institution of Clinical and Experimental Medicine/Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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The possible role of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2011; 88:879-85. [PMID: 21420980 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the effect of 17β-estradiol and two different selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and raloxifene, as well as a selective estrogen receptor alpha agonist, propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT) and a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist, diarylpropionitrile (DPN), on behavioral and biochemical alterations in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced nigral dopaminergic cell death in rats. MAIN METHODS 80 female Wister rats were used. Animals were divided into eight equal groups: Group I; Sham operated, Group II; subjected to ovariectomy (OVX), Group III; OVX rats received striatal injection of 6-OHDA, Groups IV-VIII; OVX rats received striatal injection of 6-OHDA and were injected daily with 17β-estradiol, tamoxifen, raloxifene, PPT and DPN respectively for 5days before 6-OHDA and continued for further 2weeks. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that striatal injection of 6-OHDA produced significant behavioral alteration suggestive of PD, together with significant decrease in striatal dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations. 6-OHDA-induced nigral dopaminergic cell death was characterized by oxidative stress, evidenced by significant decrease in striatal glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as apoptosis, evidenced by significant increase in nigral caspase-3 activity. Treatment with 17β-estradiol, raloxifene, PPT, but neither tamoxifen nor DPN, resulted in significant amelioration of the behavioral and biochemical alterations induced by 6-OHDA. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that estrogen and some SERMs having estrogenic agonist activity in the brain, like raloxifene, might exert beneficial effect in PD.
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Serova LI, Nostramo R, Veerasirikul M, Cappell DB, Sabban EL. Varied mechanisms of oestradiol-mediated regulation of dopamine β-hydroxylase transcription. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:168-76. [PMID: 21062376 PMCID: PMC3077094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiments performed in vivo and in cell culture have demonstrated that oestradiol induces dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) gene transcription. In the present study, we examined oestrogen-responsive elements of the rat DBH gene promoter aiming to characterise the mechanisms of oestradiol-induced DBH transcription. Various mutations and deletions of DBH promoter reporter constructs were tested for responsiveness to 17β-oestradiol (E(2) ). Mutation of the half palindromic oestrogen response element (ERE) at position -759 reduced the response to E(2) in PC12 cells co-transfected with oestrogen receptor (ER) α, indicating a functional role for this motif. In cells co-transfected with ERβ, mutations at the -759 site were unresponsive to E(2) . To characterise the additional E(2) responsive elements, mediated by ERα, the DBH promoter was truncated to the proximal 249 or 200 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site. Despite either truncation, 10 nm E(2) still elicited an approximately two-fold induction of DBH promoter activity. Mutation of a possible ERE-like sequence at -59 had no effect. The lack of a functional ERE in the proximal region of the rat DBH promoter despite E(2) -mediated DBH promoter activity, suggests regulation by a nonclassical mechanism, such as a membrane-initiated signalling pathway. Moreover, the induction of DBH promoter activity and the rise in DBH mRNA levels were observed within hours. To determine whether membrane-initiated E(2) signalling is involved in rat DBH gene transcription, a membrane impermeable E(2) conjugate, β-oestradiol-6-(O-carboxy-methyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin (E(2) BSA), was used. Incubation with E(2) -BSA induced luciferase activity and elicited a significant rise in DBH mRNA levels in the ERα transfected cells. The findings indicate two different mechanisms whereby DBH transcription is regulated by E(2) in the presence of ERα. The results implicate both genomic and membrane-initiated mechanisms, mediated by ERα, in E(2) -induced DBH gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
| | - Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
| | - Mary Veerasirikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
| | - Deborah B. Cappell
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mt Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10128 USA
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595 USA
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Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Combinations of physiologic estrogens with xenoestrogens alter ERK phosphorylation profiles in rat pituitary cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:104-12. [PMID: 20870566 PMCID: PMC3018487 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are potent nongenomic phospho-activators of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). A major concern about the toxicity of xenoestrogens (XEs) is potential alteration of responses to physiologic estrogens when XEs are present simultaneously. OBJECTIVES We examined estrogen-induced ERK activation, comparing the abilities of structurally related XEs (alkylphenols and bisphenol A) to alter ERK responses induced by physiologic concentrations (1 nM) of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3). METHODS We quantified hormone/mimetic-induced ERK phosphorylations in the GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cell line using a plate immunoassay, comparing effects with those on cell proliferation and by estrogen receptor subtype-selective ligands. RESULTS Alone, these structurally related XEs activate ERKs in an oscillating temporal pattern similar (but not identical) to that with physiologic estrogens. The potency of all estrogens was similar (active between femtomolar and nanomolar concentrations). XEs potently disrupted physiologic estrogen signaling at low, environmentally relevant concentrations. Generally, XEs potentiated (at the lowest, subpicomolar concentrations) and attenuated (at the highest, picomolar to 100 nM concentrations) the actions of the physiologic estrogens. Some XEs showed pronounced nonmonotonic responses/inhibitions. The phosphorylated ERK and proliferative responses to receptor-selective ligands were only partially correlated. CONCLUSIONS XEs are both imperfect potent estrogens and endocrine disruptors; the more efficacious an XE, the more it disrupts actions of physiologic estrogens. This ability to disrupt physiologic estrogen signaling suggests that XEs may disturb normal functioning at life stages where actions of particular estrogens are important (e.g., development, reproductive cycling, pregnancy, menopause).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl S. Watson
- Address correspondence to C.S. Watson, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0645 USA. Telephone/fax: (409) 772-2383. E-mail:
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Bourque M, Dluzen DE, Di Paolo T. Male/Female differences in neuroprotection and neuromodulation of brain dopamine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:35. [PMID: 22654803 PMCID: PMC3356083 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a sex difference in Parkinson's disease (PD) is observed as related to several variables, including susceptibility of the disease, age at onset, and symptoms. These differences between men and women represent a significant characteristic of PD, which suggest that estrogens may exert beneficial effects against the development and the progression of the disease. This paper reviews the neuroprotective and neuromodulator effects of 17β-estradiol and progesterone as compared to androgens in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) system of both female and male rodents. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice model of PD and methamphetamine toxicity faithfully reproduce the sex differences of PD in that endogenous estrogen levels appear to influence the vulnerability to toxins targeting the NSDA system. Exogenous 17β-estradiol and/or progesterone treatments show neuroprotective properties against NSDA toxins while androgens fail to induce any beneficial effect. Sex steroid treatments show male and female differences in their neuroprotective action against methamphetamine toxicity. NSDA structure and function, as well as the distribution of estrogen receptors, show sex differences and may influence the susceptibility to the toxins and the response to sex steroids. Genomic and non-genomic actions of 17β-estradiol converge to promote survival factors and the presence of both estrogen receptors α and β are critical to 17β-estradiol neuroprotective action against MPTP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL)Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
| | - Dean E. Dluzen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine and PharmacyRootstown, OH, USA
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL)Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Thérèse Di Paolo, Molecular Endocrinology and Genomic Research Center, Centre de recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 4G2. e-mail:
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Galankin T, Shekunova E, Zvartau E. Estradiol lowers intracranial self-stimulation thresholds and enhances cocaine facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Horm Behav 2010; 58:827-34. [PMID: 20736014 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Women initiate cocaine use at a younger age and have more complications (e.g., higher rates of major or minor depression) related to cocaine use than men. It has been proposed that estrogens play an important role in these sex differences. The addictive potential of psychoactive drugs can be measured in rats via a rewarding intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. The rate-independent method of ICSS allows researchers to assess the "pure" rewarding effect of cocaine without influence of nonspecific motor reactions. The present study aimed to estimate effects of estradiol and a combination of estradiol and cocaine on ICSS in ovariectomized female rats. 17-β-estradiol (5μg/animal/day, 2 days) produced a long-lasting gradual lowering of the thresholds for ICSS. The ability of estradiol to decrease thresholds for ICSS has never been shown previously. Combination of 17-β-estradiol and cocaine (5.0mg/kg, 5 days) produced a greater effect on ICSS thresholds than the effect of either compound alone. No tolerance or sensitization to cocaine developed during the study. Present findings suggest estradiol increases sensitivity of the brain reward system in rats, which may have an important implication in understanding sex differences in cocaine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey Galankin
- Pavlov State Medical University, Institute of Pharmacology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Jeng YJ, Kochukov M, Watson CS. Combinations of physiologic estrogens with xenoestrogens alter calcium and kinase responses, prolactin release, and membrane estrogen receptor trafficking in rat pituitary cells. Environ Health 2010; 9:61. [PMID: 20950447 PMCID: PMC2967504 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenoestrogens such as alkylphenols and the structurally related plastic byproduct bisphenol A have recently been shown to act potently via nongenomic signaling pathways and the membrane version of estrogen receptor-α. Though the responses to these compounds are typically measured individually, they usually contaminate organisms that already have endogenous estrogens present. Therefore, we used quantitative medium-throughput screening assays to measure the effects of physiologic estrogens in combination with these xenoestrogens. METHODS We studied the effects of low concentrations of endogenous estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone) at 10 pM (representing pre-development levels), and 1 nM (representing higher cycle-dependent and pregnancy levels) in combinations with the same levels of xenoestrogens in GH3/B6/F10 pituitary cells. These levels of xenoestrogens represent extremely low contamination levels. We monitored calcium entry into cells using Fura-2 fluorescence imaging of single cells. Prolactin release was measured by radio-immunoassay. Extracellular-regulated kinase (1 and 2) phospho-activations and the levels of three estrogen receptors in the cell membrane (ERα, ERβ, and GPER) were measured using a quantitative plate immunoassay of fixed cells either permeabilized or nonpermeabilized (respectively). RESULTS All xenoestrogens caused responses at these concentrations, and had disruptive effects on the actions of physiologic estrogens. Xenoestrogens reduced the % of cells that responded to estradiol via calcium channel opening. They also inhibited the activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular-regulated kinases at some concentrations. They either inhibited or enhanced rapid prolactin release, depending upon concentration. These latter two dose-responses were nonmonotonic, a characteristic of nongenomic estrogenic responses. CONCLUSIONS Responses mediated by endogenous estrogens representing different life stages are vulnerable to very low concentrations of these structurally related xenoestrogens. Because of their non-classical dose-responses, they must be studied in detail to pinpoint effective concentrations and the directions of response changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mikhail Kochukov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Watson CS, Alyea RA, Cunningham KA, Jeng YJ. Estrogens of multiple classes and their role in mental health disease mechanisms. Int J Womens Health 2010; 2:153-66. [PMID: 21072308 PMCID: PMC2971739 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender and sex hormones can influence a variety of mental health states, including mood, cognitive development and function, and vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases and brain damage. Functions of neuronal cells may be altered by estrogens depending upon the availability of different physiological estrogenic ligands; these ligands and their effects vary with life stages, the genetic or postgenetic regulation of receptor levels in specific tissues, or the intercession of competing nonphysiological ligands (either intentional or unintentional, beneficial to health or not). Here we review evidence for how different estrogens (physiological and environmental/dietary), acting via different estrogen receptor subtypes residing in alternative subcellular locations, influence brain functions and behavior. We also discuss the families of receptors and transporters for monoamine neurotransmitters and how they may interact with the estrogenic signaling pathways.
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Wang D, Hu L, Zhang G, Zhang L, Chen C. G protein-coupled receptor 30 in tumor development. Endocrine 2010; 38:29-37. [PMID: 20960099 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen plays several important physiological and pathological functions in not only reproductive system but many other systems as well. Its transcriptional activation has been traditionally described as being mediated by classic nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs). It is however established recently that a novel functional estrogen transmembrane receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), modulates both rapid non-genomic events and genomic transcriptional events of estrogen. It has been demonstrated that GPR30 promotes the progress of estrogen-related tumors through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Effects mediated by GPR30 are maintained when classic ERs are absent or blocked. In addition, GPR30 is involved in drug resistance, which is often occurring during cancer treatments. All these new findings strongly imply that GPR30 may be an important therapeutic target for estrogen-related tumors. Simultaneously blocking both GPR30 and classic ERs may be a better strategy for the treatment of estrogen-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Sichuan (Sichuan Cancer Hospital), Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Kolkova Z, Noskova V, Ehinger A, Hansson S, Casslen B. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER, GPR 30) in normal human endometrium and early pregnancy decidua. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:743-51. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Burai R, Ramesh C, Shorty M, Curpan R, Bologa C, Sklar LA, Oprea T, Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB. Highly efficient synthesis and characterization of the GPR30-selective agonist G-1 and related tetrahydroquinoline analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2252-9. [PMID: 20401403 DOI: 10.1039/c001307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The GPR30 agonist probe G-1 and structural analogs were efficiently synthesized using multicomponent or stepwise Sc(III)-catalyzed aza-Diels-Alder cyclization. Optimization of solvent and reaction temperature provided enhanced endo-diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Burai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry MSC 3C, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
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Ramesh C, Nayak TK, Burai R, Dennis MK, Hathaway HJ, Sklar LA, Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB. Synthesis and characterization of iodinated tetrahydroquinolines targeting the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1004-14. [PMID: 20041667 DOI: 10.1021/jm9011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of iodo-substituted tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolines was synthesized as potential targeted imaging agents for the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30. The affinity and specificity of binding to GPR30 versus the classical estrogen receptors ER alpha/beta and functional responses associated with ligand-binding were determined. Selected iodo-substituted tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolines exhibited IC(50) values lower than 20 nM in competitive binding studies with GPR30-expressing human endometrial cancer cells. These compounds functioned as antagonists of GPR30 and blocked estrogen-induced PI3K activation and calcium mobilization. The tributylstannyl precursors of selected compounds were radiolabeled with (125)I using the iodogen method. In vivo biodistribution studies in female ovariectomized athymic (NCr) nu/nu mice bearing GPR30-expressing human endometrial tumors revealed GPR30-mediated uptake of the radiotracer ligands in tumor, adrenal, and reproductive organs. Biodistribution and quantitative SPECT/CT studies revealed structurally related differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles, target tissue uptake, and metabolism of the radiolabeled compounds as well as differences in susceptibility to deiodination. The high lipophilicity of the compounds adversely affects the in vivo biodistribution and clearance of these radioligands and suggests that further optimization of this parameter may lead to improved targeting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA
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