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Dedic N, Wang L, Hajos-Korcsok E, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Roostalu U, Vickers SP, Wu S, Anacker C, Synan C, Jones PG, Milanovic S, Hopkins SC, Bristow LJ, Koblan KS. TAAR1 agonists improve glycemic control, reduce body weight and modulate neurocircuits governing energy balance and feeding. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101883. [PMID: 38237896 PMCID: PMC10839149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic Syndrome, which can be induced or exacerbated by current antipsychotic drugs (APDs), is highly prevalent in schizophrenia patients. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that agonists at trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) have potential as a new treatment option for schizophrenia. Intriguingly, preclinical tudies have also identified TAAR1 as a novel regulator of metabolic control. Here we evaluated the effects of three TAAR1 agonists, including the clinical development candidate ulotaront, on body weight, metabolic parameters and modulation of neurocircuits implicated in homeostatic and hedonic feeding. METHODS Effects of TAAR1 agonists (ulotaront, RO5166017 and/or RO5263397) on body weight, food intake and/or metabolic parameters were investigated in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Body weight effects were also determined in a rat and mouse model of olanzapine-, and corticosterone-induced body weight gain, respectively. Glucose tolerance was assessed in lean and diabetic db/db mice and fasting plasma glucose and insulin examined in DIO mice. Effects on gastric emptying were evaluated in lean mice and rats. Drug-induced neurocircuit modulation was evaluated in mice using whole-brain imaging of c-fos protein expression. RESULTS TAAR1 agonists improved oral glucose tolerance by inhibiting gastric emptying. Sub-chronic administration of ulotaront in rats fed a HFD produced a dose-dependent reduction in body weight, food intake and liver triglycerides compared to vehicle controls. In addition, a more rapid reversal of olanzapine-induced weight gain and food intake was observed in HFD rats switched to ulotaront or RO5263397 treatment compared to those switched to vehicle. Chronic ulotaront administration also reduced body weight and improved glycemic control in DIO mice, and normalized corticosterone-induced body weight gain in mice. TAAR1 activation increased neuronal activity in discrete homeostatic and hedonic feeding centers located in the dorsal vagal complex and hypothalamus with concurrent activation of several limbic structures. CONCLUSION The current data demonstrate that TAAR1 agonists, as a class, not only lack APD-induced metabolic liabilities but can reduce body weight and improve glycemic control in rodent models. The underlying mechanisms likely include TAAR1-mediated peripheral effects on glucose homeostasis and gastric emptying as well as central regulation of energy balance and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA.
| | - Lien Wang
- Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Serena Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), Columbia University, NY, New York City, USA
| | - Christoph Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), Columbia University, NY, New York City, USA
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Srinivasan SS, Alshareef A, Hwang A, Byrne C, Kuosmanen J, Ishida K, Jenkins J, Liu S, Madani WAM, Hayward AM, Fabian N, Traverso G. A vibrating ingestible bioelectronic stimulator modulates gastric stretch receptors for illusory satiety. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj3003. [PMID: 38134286 PMCID: PMC10745699 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapies for obesity require invasive surgical and endoscopic interventions or high patient adherence, making it challenging for patients with obesity to effectively manage their disease. Gastric mechanoreceptors sense distension of the stomach and perform volume-dependent vagal signaling to initiate the gastric phase and influence satiety. In this study, we developed a new luminal stimulation modality to specifically activate these gastric stretch receptors to elicit a vagal afferent response commensurate with mechanical distension. We designed the Vibrating Ingestible BioElectronic Stimulator (VIBES) pill, an ingestible device that performs luminal vibratory stimulation to activate mechanoreceptors and stroke mucosal receptors, which induces serotonin release and yields a hormonal metabolic response commensurate with a fed state. We evaluated VIBES across 108 meals in swine which consistently led to diminished food intake (~40%, P < 0.0001) and minimized the weight gain rate (P < 0.05) as compared to untreated controls. Application of mechanoreceptor biology could transform our capacity to help patients suffering from nutritional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya S. Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Amro Alshareef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexandria Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ceara Byrne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes Kuosmanen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keiko Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Jenkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina Liu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wiam Abdalla Mohammed Madani
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alison M. Hayward
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Niora Fabian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Srinivasan SS, Alshareef A, Hwang A, Bryne C, Kuosmann J, Ishida K, Jenkins J, Liu S, Madani WAM, Hayward AM, Fabian N, Traverso G. A Vibrating Ingestible BioElectronic Stimulator Modulates Gastric Stretch Receptors for Illusory Satiety. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.17.549257. [PMID: 37503258 PMCID: PMC10370054 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapies for obesity either require invasive surgical or endoscopic interventions or high patient adherence, making it challenging for the nearly 42% of American adults who suffer from obesity to effectively manage their disease. Gastric mechanoreceptors sense distension of the stomach and perform volume-dependent vagal signaling to initiate the gastric phase and influence satiety. In this study, we developed a new luminal stimulation modality to specifically activate these gastric stretch receptors to elicit a vagal afferent response commensurate with mechanical distension. Here we developed the Vibrating Ingestible BioElectronic Stimulator (VIBES) pill - an ingestible device that performs luminal vibratory stimulation to activate mechanoreceptors and stroke mucosal receptors, which induces serotonin release as well as yields a hormonal metabolic response commensurate with a fed state. We evaluated VIBES across 108 meals in swine which consistently led to diminished food intake (~40%, p< 0.0001) and minimized the weight gain rate (p< 0.03) as compared to untreated controls. Application of mechanoreceptor biology could transform our capacity to help patients suffering from nutritional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya S. Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Society of Fellows, Harvard University
| | - Amro Alshareef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alexandria Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ceara Bryne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes Kuosmann
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Keiko Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joshua Jenkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina Liu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Wiam Abdalla Mohammed Madani
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alison M Hayward
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Niora Fabian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Povydysh MN, Titova MV, Ivkin DY, Krasnova MV, Vasilevskaya ER, Fedulova LV, Ivanov IM, Klushin AG, Popova EV, Nosov AM. The Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Dioscorea deltoidea, Tribulus terrestris and Panax japonicus Cell Culture Biomass in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030656. [PMID: 36771371 PMCID: PMC9918901 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, and its consequences for human health, is a huge and complicated problem that has no simple solution. The constant search for natural and safe compounds with systemic action that can be used for obesity prophylactics and treatment is hampered by the limited availability and variable quality of biomass of wild medicinal plants. Plant cell biotechnology is an alternative approach for the sustainable production of vegetative biomass or individual phytochemicals with high therapeutic potential. In this study, the suspension cell biomass of the medicinal plants, Dioscorea deltoidea Wall., Tribulus terrestris L., and Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey, produced in 20 L and 630 L bioreactors, were tested for therapeutic effects in rat models with alimentary-induced obesity. Three-month intake of water infusions of dry cell biomass (100 mg/g body weight) against the background of a hypercaloric diet reduced weight gain and the proportion of fat mass in the obese animals. In addition, cell biomass preparation reduced the intracellular dehydration and balanced the amounts of intra- and extracellular fluids in the body as determined by bioimpedance spectroscopy. A significant decrease in the glucose and cholesterol levels in the blood was also observed as a result of cell biomass administration for all species. Hypocholesterolemic activity reduced in the line P. japonicus > D. deltoidea > T. terrestris/liraglutide > intact group > control group. By the sum of parameters tested, the cell culture of D. deltoidea was considered the most effective in mitigating diet-induced obesity, with positive effects sometimes exceeding those of the reference drug liraglutide. A safety assessment of D. deltoidea cell phytopreparation showed no toxic effect on the reproductive function of the animals and their offspring. These results support the potential application of the biotechnologically produced cell biomass of medicinal plant species as safe and effective natural remedies for the treatment of obesity and related complications, particularly for the long-term treatment and during pregnancy and lactation periods when conventional treatment is often contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Povydysh
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov str. 14, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.N.P.); (M.V.T.)
| | - Maria V. Titova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.N.P.); (M.V.T.)
| | - Dmitry Yu. Ivkin
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov str. 14, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Marina V. Krasnova
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov str. 14, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Ekaterina R. Vasilevskaya
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia
| | - Liliya V. Fedulova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109316, Russia
| | - Igor M. Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Andrey G. Klushin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Elena V. Popova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Nosov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Baković P, Kesić M, Kolarić D, Štefulj J, Čičin-Šain L. Metabolic and Molecular Response to High-Fat Diet Differs between Rats with Constitutionally High and Low Serotonin Tone. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032169. [PMID: 36768493 PMCID: PMC9916796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining energy balance is a complex physiological function whose dysregulation can lead to obesity and associated metabolic disorders. The bioamine serotonin (5HT) is an important regulator of energy homeostasis, with its central and peripheral pools influencing energy status in opposing ways. Using sublines of rats with constitutionally increased (high-5HT) or decreased (low-5HT) whole-body 5HT tone, we have previously shown that under standard diet constitutionally higher 5HT activity is associated with increased body weight, adiposity, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Here, we investigated the response of 5HT sublines to an obesogenic diet. Consistent with previous findings, high-5HT animals fed a standard diet had poorer metabolic health. However, in response to a high-fat diet, only low-5HT animals increased body weight and insulin resistance. They also showed more pronounced changes in blood metabolic parameters and the expression of various metabolic genes in hypothalamus and adipose tissue. On the other hand, high-5HT animals appeared to be protected from major metabolic disturbances of the obesogenic diet. The results suggest that constitutionally low 5HT activity is associated with higher susceptibility to harmful effects of a high-energy diet. High-5HT subline, which developed less adverse metabolic outcomes on hypercaloric diets, may prove useful in understanding metabolically healthy obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Kesić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Kolarić
- Centre for Informatics and Computing, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Štefulj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lipa Čičin-Šain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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CX08005, a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor, Attenuated Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Microcirculation Dysfunction Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010106. [PMID: 36678603 PMCID: PMC9863901 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the common metabolic diseases characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation. Insulin resistance and microcirculation dysfunction are strongly associated with NAFLD. CX08005, an inhibitor of PTP1B with the IC50 of 0.75 ± 0.07 μM, has been proven to directly enhance insulin sensitivity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of CX08005 on hepatic lipid accumulation and microcirculation dysfunction in both KKAy mice and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. Hepatic lipid accumulation was evaluated by hepatic triglyceride determination and B-ultrasound analysis in KKAy mice. Insulin sensitivity and blood lipids were assessed by insulin tolerance test (ITT) and triglyceride (TG)/total cholesterol (TC) contents, respectively. In addition, the hepatic microcirculation was examined in DIO mice by in vivo microscopy. The results showed that CX08005 intervention significantly reduced the TG and echo-intensity attenuation coefficient in the livers of KKAy mice. Furthermore, we found that CX08005 treatment significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity, and decreased plasma TG and/or TC contents in KKAy and DIO mice, respectively. In addition, CX08005 treatment ameliorated hepatic microcirculation dysfunction in DIO mice, as evidenced by increased RBCs velocity and shear rate of the blood flow in central veins and in the interlobular veins, as well as enhanced rate of perfused hepatic sinusoids in central vein area. Additionally, CX08005 administration decreased the adhered leukocytes both in the center veins and in the hepatic sinusoids area. Taken together, CX08005 exhibited beneficial effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and microcirculation dysfunction associated with NAFLD, which was involved with modulating insulin sensitivity and leukocyte recruitment, as well as restoration of normal microcirculatory blood flow.
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Casas B, Vilén L, Bauer S, Kanebratt KP, Wennberg Huldt C, Magnusson L, Marx U, Andersson TB, Gennemark P, Cedersund G. Integrated experimental-computational analysis of a HepaRG liver-islet microphysiological system for human-centric diabetes research. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010587. [PMID: 36260620 PMCID: PMC9621595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are powerful tools for emulating human physiology and replicating disease progression in vitro. MPS could be better predictors of human outcome than current animal models, but mechanistic interpretation and in vivo extrapolation of the experimental results remain significant challenges. Here, we address these challenges using an integrated experimental-computational approach. This approach allows for in silico representation and predictions of glucose metabolism in a previously reported MPS with two organ compartments (liver and pancreas) connected in a closed loop with circulating medium. We developed a computational model describing glucose metabolism over 15 days of culture in the MPS. The model was calibrated on an experiment-specific basis using data from seven experiments, where HepaRG single-liver or liver-islet cultures were exposed to both normal and hyperglycemic conditions resembling high blood glucose levels in diabetes. The calibrated models reproduced the fast (i.e. hourly) variations in glucose and insulin observed in the MPS experiments, as well as the long-term (i.e. over weeks) decline in both glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. We also investigated the behaviour of the system under hypoglycemia by simulating this condition in silico, and the model could correctly predict the glucose and insulin responses measured in new MPS experiments. Last, we used the computational model to translate the experimental results to humans, showing good agreement with published data of the glucose response to a meal in healthy subjects. The integrated experimental-computational framework opens new avenues for future investigations toward disease mechanisms and the development of new therapies for metabolic disorders. Microphysiological systems (MPS) are powerful tools to unravel biological knowledge underlying disease. MPS provide a physiologically relevant, human-based in vitro setting, which can potentially yield better translatability to humans than current animal models and traditional cell cultures. However, mechanistic interpretation and extrapolation of the experimental results to human outcome remain significant challenges. In this study, we confront these challenges using an integrated experimental-computational approach. We present a computational model describing glucose metabolism in a previously reported MPS integrating liver and pancreas. This MPS supports a homeostatic feedback loop between HepaRG/HHSteC spheroids and pancreatic islets, and allows for detailed investigations of mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes in humans. We show that the computational model captures the complex dynamics of glucose-insulin regulation observed in the system, and can provide mechanistic insight into disease progression features, such as insulin resistance and β-cell dynamics. Furthermore, the computational model can explain key differences in temporal dynamics between MPS and human responses, and thus provides a tool for translating experimental insights into human outcome. The integrated experimental-computational framework opens new avenues for future investigations toward disease mechanisms and the development of new therapies for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Casas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Liisa Vilén
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kajsa P. Kanebratt
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Wennberg Huldt
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Magnusson
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Zuo J, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Liu J, Wu Q, Shen Y, Jin L, Wu M, Ma Z, Tong H. Sargassum fusiforme fucoidan ameliorates diet-induced obesity through enhancing thermogenesis of adipose tissues and modulating gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:728-740. [PMID: 35907465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global epidemic. Sargassum fusiforme fucoidan (Fuc) is a group of water-soluble heteropolysaccharides that exhibits a wide range of medicinal functions. It consists of l-fucose and sulfate groups, with l-fucose as the main monosaccharide. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Fuc on diet-induced obesity (DIO) in C57BL/6J female mice. Fuc significantly alleviated obesity in mice induced by high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) feeding, inhibiting body weight gain, reducing fat accumulation, and improving hepatic steatosis. In addition, Fuc significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by enhancing the phosphorylation level of AKT (at Ser473) in the adipose tissues. Mechanistically, although Fuc did not decrease the energy intake in DIO mice, it significantly increased the energy expenditure by up-regulating the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the adipose tissues. Notably, Fuc also improved the obesity-driven dysbiosis of gut microbiota and decreased the relative abundance of the obesity-related intestinal bacteria. However, Fuc was unable to alleviate DIO-induced metabolic disorders in pseudo-sterile mice. Our findings suggested that Fuc might remodel gut microbiota and exert its weight loss and hypolipidemic effects by increasing the energy expenditure, thus providing a novel perspective for treating obesity and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qifang Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yizhe Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Li Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mingjiang Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zengling Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Haibin Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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9
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Nazari S, Moosavi SMS. Temporal patterns of alterations in obesity index, lipid profile, renal function and blood pressure during the development of hypertension in male, but not female, rats fed a moderately high-fat diet. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:897-909. [PMID: 32195603 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1739713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Male Sprague-Dawley rats consuming a moderately high-fat (MHF)-diet diverge into obesity-prone (OP) with hypertension and obesity-resistant. OBJECTIVES To study the temporal inter-relationships between body-weight, obesity-index, plasma lipid-profile, renal functional parameters and systolic-pressure alterations during 10-weeks feeding MHF or normal diet to male and female rats. METHODS Body-weight, obesity-index and systolic-pressure were measured weekly, while metabolic-cage and blood-sampling protocols were performed every other week. After 10-weeks, renal excretory responses to acute salt-loading and renal autoregulation were examined. RESULTS The male-OP group had progressively increased body-weight, plasma-triglyceride and systolic-pressure from Weeks 2, 4 and 5, respectively, lower renal sodium-excretion at weeks 4-8 and finally, delayed excretory response to salt-loading and rightward and downward shifts in renal autoregulatory curves compared to all other groups. CONCLUSION Feeding the MHF-diet in male-OP rats led to a greater weight-gain and adiposity followed by the development of atherogenic-hyperlipidaemia and persistently impaired pressure-natriuresis to induce hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Nazari
- Department of Physiology, The Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Shid Moosavi
- Department of Physiology, The Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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10
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Bakr M, Shamel M, Elwahed SA, Al Ankily M. A Rat Experimental Model for Investigation of the Effect of Diabetes on Submandibular Salivary Glands Treated with Epidermal Growth Factor. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the plethora of research around the negative effects of diabetes on different body organs, this topic still attracts a lot of attention in order to find potential remedies that could counteract or reverse the damaging effect of diabetes.
Aim: In this study, we developed a reliable experimental rat model that can be used for investigation of the ability of epidermal growth factor (EFG) in restoring the normal architecture of oral tissues after being damaged by diabetes.
Methods: Eighty adult male albino rats (average weight ±220 gm) were used in the current study. Twenty rats served as control and received no treatment. Diabetes was induced in forty rats using a single injection of 65mg/kg of Streptozotocin (STZ). Out of the forty diabetic rats, twenty rats received a single daily intraperitoneal injection of EGF (10 µg/Kg) for 8 weeks. Furthermore, twenty healthy rats received the same dose of EGF and served as positive controls. The submandibular salivary glands of all rats were examined for Immunohistochemical detection of myosin in the glandular structure.
Results: The EGF treated group showed comparable myosin expression to the control group. The diabetic group revealed deterioration of all components of the submandibular salivary glands. Finally, the diabetic + EGF group has demonstrated restoration of the myosin expression levels in the submandibular salivary glands to a level that is not significantly different from healthy (non-diabetic) rats in the control group (p>0.05) and significantly higher than the diabetic group (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: The findings of the present study confirm previous studies and validates the use of our animal model as predictable experimental tool to investigate the effects of diabetes and EGF on different oral tissues. It also highlights the importance of further research investigating EGF as a promising treatment modality for restoration of the condition and functions of tissues damaged by diabetes not only in the oral cavity but also around the whole body.
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11
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Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, Oliveira HA, Ribas TB, Souza RO, Tsosura TVS, Matsushita DH, Ervolino E, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Chaves-Neto AH. Assessment of redox state and biochemical parameters of salivary glands in rats treated with anti-obesity drug sibutramine hydrochloride. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5833-5846. [PMID: 35556176 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of anti-obesity drug sibutramine hydrochloride (SB) on redox state and biochemical parameters in the salivary glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups (n = 8 per group): control rats treated with vehicle (C) and rats treated with SB (10 mg/kg/day) by intragastric gavage for 28 days. The parotid (PG) and submandibular (SMG) glands were processed using histomorphometric analysis, and total protein, amylase, mucin, and oxidative damage to lipids were determined by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (UA), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and AKT phosphorylation. RESULTS SB decreased the acinar area, and increased the stromal area in PG, while no effect on the morphometric parameters was observed in SMG. SB also increased oxidative damage to lipids (TBARs). The SB group showed lower total protein, amylase, TAC, UA, tGSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx than the C group in PG, while in SMG, SB decreased total protein, mucin, tGSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx. However, increased AKT phosphorylation observed in both salivary glands suggests that SB exerts low-intensity oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS SB impaired enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the salivary glands of rats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Chronic treatment with SB could mitigate salivary gland dysfunction due to disturbance of redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Arnaldo Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil
| | - Tayná Buffulin Ribas
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil
| | - Rayne Oliveira Souza
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil
| | - Thaís Verônica Saori Tsosura
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doris Hissako Matsushita
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rodovia Marechal Rondon, km 527/528, Aracatuba, São Paulo, CEP 16018-805, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFIs, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Raineri S, Sherriff JA, Thompson KSJ, Jones H, Pfluger PT, Ilott NE, Mellor J. Pharmacologically induced weight loss is associated with distinct gut microbiome changes in obese rats. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:91. [PMID: 35392807 PMCID: PMC8988407 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity, metabolic disease and some psychiatric conditions are associated with changes to relative abundance of bacterial species and specific genes in the faecal microbiome. Little is known about the impact of pharmacologically induced weight loss on distinct microbiome species and their respective gene programs in obese individuals. Methodology Using shotgun metagenomics, the composition of the microbiome was obtained for two cohorts of obese female Wistar rats (n = 10–12, total of 82) maintained on a high fat diet before and after a 42-day treatment with a panel of four investigatory or approved anti-obesity drugs (tacrolimus/FK506, bupropion, naltrexone and sibutramine), alone or in combination. Results Only sibutramine treatment induced consistent weight loss and improved glycaemic control in the obese rats. Weight loss was associated with reduced food intake and changes to the faecal microbiome in multiple microbial taxa, genes, and pathways. These include increased β-diversity, increased relative abundance of multiple Bacteroides species, increased Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio and changes to abundance of genes and species associated with obesity-induced inflammation, particularly those encoding components of the flagellum and its assembly. Conclusions Sibutramine-induced weight loss in obese rats is associated with improved metabolic health, and changes to the faecal microbiome consistent with a reduction in obesity-induced bacterially-driven inflammation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02494-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Raineri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Chronos Therapeutics Ltd., Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Julia A Sherriff
- Chronos Therapeutics Ltd., Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Kevin S J Thompson
- Chronos Therapeutics Ltd., Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Huw Jones
- Chronos Therapeutics Ltd., Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse, 1D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas E Ilott
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX2 7FY, UK
| | - Jane Mellor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK. .,Chronos Therapeutics Ltd., Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK.
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13
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Schwartzkopf CD, Hadcock JR, Liu G, Germano P, Roux J, Shea CM, Buys ES, Jones JE. Beneficial Metabolic Effects of Praliciguat, a Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator, in a Mouse Diet-Induced Obesity Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852080. [PMID: 35308230 PMCID: PMC8931041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Praliciguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator that elicits hemodynamic, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects in preclinical models of metabolic dysfunction. We assessed the metabolic effects of praliciguat in a mouse diet-induced obesity (DIO) model housed at thermoneutrality. At 6 weeks old, male C57BL/6N mice were either maintained on low-fat diet (LFD, lean mice) or placed on 60% high-fat diet (HFD, DIO mice). At 14 weeks old, the DIO mice were either maintained on HFD or switched to HFD with praliciguat (6-mg/kg). Day 28 samples were collected for biomarker analysis. In a second study under the same paradigm, indirect calorimetry was performed on days 8, 9, 20, 21, 32, and 33 and an oral lipid tolerance test (LTT) on day 38. Mice treated 28 days with praliciguat had lower levels of fasting plasma insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance) than DIO controls. In addition, energy expenditure was higher in praliciguat-treated than in DIO control mice on days 9, 20, 32, and 33; and day-38 triglycerides were lower. HFD-induced increases in gene expression of liver TNF-ɑ, lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (Pnpla3) in control DIO mice were attenuated in praliciguat-treated DIO mice. The positive metabolic effects observed in praliciguat-treated mice were associated with the restoration of liver PI3K (pAKT-Thr308) signaling, but not MAPK (pERK). In conclusion, praliciguat-treated DIO mice had increased energy utilization, improved insulin sensitivity, and lower plasma triglycerides. These results illustrate metabolic effects associated with praliciguat treatment in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guang Liu
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Peter Germano
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Juli E. Jones
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Juli E. Jones,
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14
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Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:201-223. [PMID: 34815532 PMCID: PMC8609996 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in the last half-century in the management of diseases closely integrated with excess body weight, such as hypertension, adult-onset diabetes and elevated cholesterol. However, the treatment of obesity itself has proven largely resistant to therapy, with anti-obesity medications (AOMs) often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety. Here, we provide an overview of the history of AOM development, focusing on lessons learned and ongoing obstacles. Recent advances, including increased understanding of the molecular gut-brain communication, are inspiring the pursuit of next-generation AOMs that appear capable of safely achieving sizeable and sustained body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D. Müller
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- grid.411339.d0000 0000 8517 9062Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
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15
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Huang J, Pham M, Panenka WJ, Honer WG, Barr AM. Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:891512. [PMID: 35664477 PMCID: PMC9157591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting side-effects. In the search for novel anti-obesity agents, drugs that modify central serotonergic systems have historically proven to be effective in promoting weight loss. Psilocin, which is rapidly metabolized from psilocybin, is an agonist at multiple serotonin receptors. In the present study we assessed the effects of psilocybin and a positive control (metformin) on changes in body weight in a rat model of obesity. METHODS Five groups of adult male rats were pre-conditioned with a cafeteria diet until obese (>600 g) and then treated with either psilocybin (0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg, i.p.), metformin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle control. Treatments were for 27 consecutive weekdays, and body weights and high calorie food intake were recorded daily. Fasting glucose levels were recorded after 11 days of treatment. At the end of treatment rats completed a glucose tolerance test, and multiple fat pads were dissected out to assess adiposity. RESULTS The medium dose psilocybin group had to be terminated from the study prematurely. Both the low and high dose psilocybin groups caused a significant decrease in changes in body weight compared to controls. The metformin group produced a greater decrease in change in body weight than either psilocybin groups or controls. Both high dose psilocybin and metformin decreased consumption of the high calorie diet, and exhibited decreased central adiposity. CONCLUSION Psilocybin demonstrated modest but significant effects on weight gain. Further study is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Pham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health & Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health & Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health & Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Nugent JL, Singh A, Wirth KM, Oppler SH, Hocum Stone L, Janecek JL, Sheka AC, Kizy S, Moore MEG, Staley C, Hering BJ, Ramachandran S, Ikramuddin S, Graham ML. A nonhuman primate model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy facilitates mechanistic and translational research in human obesity. iScience 2021; 24:103421. [PMID: 34877488 PMCID: PMC8633018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic significantly contributes to overall morbidity and mortality. Bariatric surgery is the gold standard treatment for obesity and metabolic dysfunction, yet the mechanisms by which it exerts metabolic benefit remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate a model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in nonhuman primates (NHP) that mimics the complexity and outcomes in humans. We also show that VSG confers weight loss and durable metabolic benefit, where equivalent caloric intake in shams resulted in significant weight gain following surgery. Furthermore, we show that VSG is associated with early, weight-independent increases in bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation with a polarization of VAT-resident immunocytes toward highly regulatory myeloid cells and Tregs. These data demonstrate that this strongly translational NHP model can be used to interrogate factors driving successful intervention to unravel the interplay between physiologic systems and improve therapies for obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Nugent
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amar Singh
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Keith M Wirth
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Scott Hunter Oppler
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Laura Hocum Stone
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jody L Janecek
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Adam C Sheka
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Scott Kizy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Meghan E G Moore
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Sabarinathan Ramachandran
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | | | - Melanie L Graham
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.,Preclinical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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17
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Mika K, Szafarz M, Sapa J, Kotańska M. Influence of betahistine repeated administration on a weight gain and selected metabolic parameters in the model of excessive eating in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111892. [PMID: 34229247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to search for a promising therapeutic target or small molecules that can control excessive eating since limiting the intake of foods, especially tasty ones, could be effective in the treatment or prevention of obesity. Some studies indicate betahistine as an unique drug having the ability to ameliorate, for example, antipsychotic-induced weight gain. This study aimed to determine whether repeated administration of betahistine (histamine H1R agonist and H3R antagonist) could be beneficial in reducing the intake of tasty foods or the body's response to overeating via mechanisms such as by influencing the levels of hormones involved in the regulation of food intake or the levels of selected metabolic parameters. Studies were performed in the excessive eating model in rats, which perfectly illustrates the harmful high-caloric intake from freely available tasty products rich in sugar and fat. Our results indicated that repeated administration of betahistine to rats caused lower gain of body mass compared to the control rats fed palatable feed. Interestingly, betahistine treatment increased the consumption of cheese, which is a source of histamine. Although betahistine did not prevent the development of metabolic disorders, such as reduced glucose tolerance, in test animals, it significantly increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which could certainly be considered beneficial. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the effect of repeated administration of betahistine on satiety, gastrointestinal disorders, and the preference for histamine-containing foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
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18
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Kotańska M, Mika K, Szafarz M, Kubacka M, Müller CE, Sapa J, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Effects of GPR18 Ligands on Body Weight and Metabolic Parameters in a Female Rat Model of Excessive Eating. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030270. [PMID: 33809564 PMCID: PMC8002110 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR18 has been proposed to play a role in the progression of metabolic disease and obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of selective GRP18 ligands (the antagonists PSB-CB5 and PSB-CB27 and the agonist PSB-KK1415) on body mass and the development of metabolic disorders commonly accompanying obesity. Experiments were carried out on female Wistar rats. In order to determine the anorectic activity of the investigated ligands, their effect on food and water intake in a model of excessive eating was assessed. Lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels as well as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in plasma were also evaluated. Potential side effects were examined in rat models of pica behavior and conditioned taste aversion. Animals treated with different ligands gained significantly less weight than rats from the obese control group. Effects of GPR18 antagonists on food intake and body weight were specific and unrelated to visceral illness, stress or changes in spontaneous activity. However, the GPR18 agonist is likely to affect body weight by inducing gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea. The presented preliminary data support the idea that the search for selective GPR18 antagonists for the treatment of obesity might be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-12-6205530
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland;
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (K.M.); (M.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
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Szczepańska K, Pockes S, Podlewska S, Höring C, Mika K, Latacz G, Bednarski M, Siwek A, Karcz T, Nagl M, Bresinsky M, Mönnich D, Seibel U, Kuder KJ, Kotańska M, Stark H, Elz S, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Structural modifications in the distal, regulatory region of histamine H 3 receptor antagonists leading to the identification of a potent anti-obesity agent. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113041. [PMID: 33261900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of 4-pyridylpiperazine derivatives with varying regulatory region substituents proved to be potent histamine H3 receptor (H3R) ligands in the nanomolar concentration range. The most influential modification that affected the affinity toward the H3R appeared by introducing electron-withdrawing moieties into the distal aromatic ring. In order to finally discuss the influence of the characteristic 4-pyridylpiperazine moiety on H3R affinity, two Ciproxifan analogues 2 and 3 with a slight modification in their basic part were obtained. The replacement of piperazine in 3 with piperidine in compound 2, led to slightly reduced affinity towards the H3R (Ki = 3.17 and 7.70 nM, respectively). In fact, 3 showed the highest antagonistic properties among all compounds in this series, hence affirming our previous assumptions, that the 4-pyridylpiperazine moiety is the key element for suitable interaction with the human histamine H3 receptor. While its structural replacement to piperidine is also tolerated for H3R binding, the heteroaromatic 4-pyridyl moiety seems to be essential for proper ligand-receptor interaction. The putative protein-ligand interactions responsible for their high affinity were demonstrated using molecular modeling techniques. Furthermore, selectivity, intrinsic activity at the H3R, as well as drug-like properties of ligands were evaluated using in vitro methods. Moreover, pharmacological in vivo test results of compound 9 (structural analogue of Abbott's A-331440) clearly indicate that it may affect the amount of calories consumed, thus act as an anorectic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szczepańska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Steffen Pockes
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland; Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, Kraków, 31-343, Poland
| | - Carina Höring
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Karcz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Martin Nagl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Merlin Bresinsky
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denise Mönnich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulla Seibel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kamil J Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sigurd Elz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, 30-688, Poland.
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Integrative analysis of physiological responses to high fat feeding with diffusion tensor images and neurochemical profiles of the mouse brain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1203-1214. [PMID: 33574566 PMCID: PMC8159736 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity proceeds with important physiological and microstructural alterations in the brain, but the precise relationships between the diet and feeding status, its physiological responses, and the observed neuroimaging repercussions, remain elusive. Here, we implemented a mouse model of high fat diet (HFD) feeding to explore specific associations between diet, feeding status, phenotypic and endocrine repercussions, and the resulting microstructural and metabolic alterations in the brain, as detected by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurochemical metabolic profiling. Methods Brain DTI images were acquired from adult male C57BL6/J mice after 6 weeks of HFD, or standard diet (SD) administrations, both under the fed, and overnight fasted conditions. Metabolomic profiles of the cortex (Ctx), hippocampus (Hipc), and hypothalamus (Hyp) were determined by 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) spectroscopy, in cerebral biopsies dissected after microwave fixation. Mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA) maps, and HRMAS profiles were complemented with determinations of phenotypic alterations and plasma levels of appetite-related hormones, measured by indirect calorimetry and multiplex assays, respectively. We used Z-score and alternating least squares scaling (ALSCAL) analysis to investigate specific associations between diet and feeding status, physiological, and imaging parameters. Results HFD induced significant increases in body weight and the plasma levels of glucose and fatty acids in the fed and fasted conditions, as well as higher cerebral MD (Ctx, Hipc, Hyp), FA (Hipc), and mobile saturated fatty acids resonances (Ctx, Hipc, Hyp). Z-score and ASLCAL analysis identified the precise associations between physiological and imaging variables. Conclusions The present study reveals that diet and feeding conditions elicit prominent effects on specific imaging and spectroscopic parameters of the mouse brain that can be associated to the alterations in phenotypic and endocrine variables. Together, present results disclose a neuro-inflammatory response to HFD, characterized primarily by vasogenic edema and compensatory responses in osmolyte concentrations.
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Xiong Z, Xiong W, Xiao W, Yuan C, Shi J, Huang Y, Wang C, Meng X, Chen Z, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. NNT-induced tumor cell "slimming" reverses the pro-carcinogenesis effect of HIF2a in tumors. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e264. [PMID: 33463050 PMCID: PMC7803359 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIF2a and lipid accumulation play key roles in the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Tumor cell "slimming" is a new concept in which tumor cells with abnormal lipids efficiently consume lipids to inhibit tumor progression without producing additional ATP. However, their respective regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this study is uncovering the links between these three key elements of ccRCC to elucidate new mechanisms of ccRCC metabolic abnormalities and providing a basis for new drug development for ccRCC. METHODS Bioinformatics screening and analyses were performed in ccRCC according to TCGA-KIRC database. qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay, western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, and other biological methods were used to explore and verify related pathways. Various cell line models and animal models were used to perform related functional experiments. RESULTS Screening based on sequencing data after HIF2a knockdown and three independent mitochondrial metabolism-related gene sets showed that nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) was a mediator between HIF2a and tumor cells "slimming." Further research showed that NNT had significant prognostic predictive value and was downregulated in ccRCC. It is regulated by HIF2a and can significantly activate lipid browning-mediated tumor cell "slimming." Mechanistic investigations indicated that HIF2a enhanced the expression of miR-455-5p via binding to HIF2a-related response elements in the miR-455-5p promoter, which suppresses NNT expression by binding to its 3' untranslated region. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a novel mechanism by which HIF2a decreased NNT level through a microRNA that suppressed tumor cell "slimming," resulting in the progression of ccRCC. This mechanism provides a fresh perspective of lipid accumulation in ccRCC and may help target novel strategies for the treatment of tumors with abnormal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of NephrologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Changfei Yuan
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiangui Meng
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhixian Chen
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic BiologySchool of Basic MedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Institute of UrologyUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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McCarthy M, Brown T, Alarcon A, Williams C, Wu X, Abbott RD, Gimble J, Frazier T. Fat-On-A-Chip Models for Research and Discovery in Obesity and Its Metabolic Comorbidities. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:586-595. [PMID: 32216545 PMCID: PMC8196547 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic and its associated comorbidities present a looming challenge to health care delivery throughout the world. Obesity is characterized as a sterile inflammatory process within adipose tissues leading to dysregulated secretion of bioactive adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, as well as systemic metabolic dysfunction. The majority of current obesity research has focused primarily on preclinical animal models in vivo and two-dimensional cell culture models in vitro. Neither of these generalized approaches is optimal due to interspecies variability, insufficient accuracy with respect to predicting human outcomes, and failure to recapitulate the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. Consequently, there is a growing demand and need for more sophisticated microphysiological systems to reproduce more physiologically accurate human white and brown/beige adipose depots. To address this research need, human and murine cell lines and primary cultures are being combined with bioscaffolds to create functional 3D environments that are suitable for metabolically active adipose organoids in both static and perfusion bioreactor cultures. The development of these technologies will have considerable impact on the future pace of discovery for novel small molecules and biologics designed to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome and obesity in humans. Furthermore, when these adipose tissue models are integrated with other organ systems they will have applicability to obesity-related disorders such as diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. Impact statement The current review article summarizes the advances made within the organ-onchip field, as it pertains to adipose tissue models of obesity and obesity-related syndromes, such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. As humanized 3D adipose-derived constructs become more accessible to the research community, it is anticipated that they will accelerate and enhance the drug discovery pipeline for obesity, diabetes, and metabolic diseases by reducing the preclinical evaluation process and improving predictive accuracy. Such developments, applications, and usages of existing technologies can change the paradigm of personalized medicine and create substantial progress in our approach to modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore Brown
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrea Alarcon
- LaCell LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Xiying Wu
- LaCell LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rosalyn D. Abbott
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gimble
- LaCell LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Trivia Frazier
- LaCell LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Obatala Sciences, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Lizarbe B, Campillo B, Guadilla I, López-Larrubia P, Cerdán S. Magnetic resonance assessment of the cerebral alterations associated with obesity development. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2135-2151. [PMID: 32703110 PMCID: PMC7585928 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20941263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a current threat to health care systems, affecting approximately 13% of the world's adult population, and over 18% children and adolescents. The rise of obesity is fuelled by inadequate life style habits, as consumption of diets rich in fats and sugars which promote, additionally, the development of associated comorbidities. Obesity results from a neuroendocrine imbalance in the cerebral mechanisms controlling food intake and energy expenditure, including the hypothalamus and the reward and motivational centres. Specifically, high-fat diets are known to trigger an early inflammatory response in the hypothalamus that precedes weight gain, is time-dependent, and eventually extends to the remaining appetite regulating regions in the brain. Multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) methods are currently available to characterize different features of cerebral obesity, including diffusion weighted, T2 and volumetric imaging and 1H and 13C spectroscopic evaluations. In particular, consistent evidences have revealed increased water diffusivity and T2 values, decreased grey matter volumes, and altered metabolic profiles and fluxes, in the brain of animal models and in obese humans. This review provides an integrative interpretation of the physio-pathological processes associated with obesity development in the brain, and the MRI and MRS methods implemented to characterize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Basilio Campillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Guadilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
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DeBari MK, Abbott RD. Adipose Tissue Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Models, and Importance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176030. [PMID: 32825788 PMCID: PMC7503256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in adipocyte volume and tissue mass due to obesity can result in inflammation, further dysregulation in adipose tissue function, and eventually adipose tissue fibrosis. Like other fibrotic diseases, adipose tissue fibrosis is the accumulation and increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Adipose tissue fibrosis has been linked to decreased insulin sensitivity, poor bariatric surgery outcomes, and difficulty in weight loss. With the rising rates of obesity, it is important to create accurate models for adipose tissue fibrosis to gain mechanistic insights and develop targeted treatments. This article discusses recent research in modeling adipose tissue fibrosis using in vivo and in vitro (2D and 3D) methods with considerations for biomaterial selections. Additionally, this article outlines the importance of adipose tissue in treating other fibrotic diseases and methods used to detect and characterize adipose tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. DeBari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Rosalyn D. Abbott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gutiérrez-Camacho LR, Kormanovski A, Del Carmen Castillo-Hernández M, Guevara-Balcázar G, Lara-Padilla E. Alterations in glutathione, nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine levels following exercise and/or hyperbaric oxygen treatment in mice with diet-induced diabetes. Biomed Rep 2020; 12:222-232. [PMID: 32257185 PMCID: PMC7100140 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to oxidative stress, affects the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) in tissues and also regulates important physiological processes. The levels of nitrosative stress, assessed by measuring the levels of 3-nitrotirosina (3NT) as well as the bioavailability of NO are modulated by exercise and hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exercise and HBO on the levels of NO, 3NT and GSH in tissues of various organs obtained from diabetic mice. Female mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet to induce diabetes. Mice with diabetes were subjected to exercise and/or HBO. Initial and final concentrations of NO, 3NT and GSH were assessed in the muscle, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, brain, visceral adipose, thoracic aorta and small intestine. Diabetes did not affect initial values of NO, although it significantly increased the levels of 3NT. The basal level of GSH in the diabetic group was lower than or comparable to that of the control group in the majority of the organs assessed. A negative correlation was observed between 3NT and GSH levels in the initial values of all tissues of the control group only, whereas all pathological tissues showed a positive correlation between NO and GSH. There was an increase or a stabilization of GSH levels in the majority of the organs in all treated mice despite the increase in nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Kormanovski
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | | | | | - Eleazar Lara-Padilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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Are the Hydantoin-1,3,5-triazine 5-HT 6R Ligands a Hope to a Find New Procognitive and Anti-Obesity Drug? Considerations Based on Primary In Vivo Assays and ADME-Tox Profile In Vitro. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244472. [PMID: 31817628 PMCID: PMC6943527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the 5-HT6 serotonin receptor is an important target giving both agonists and antagonists similar therapeutic potency in the treatment of topic CNS-diseases, no 5-HT6R ligand has reached the pharmaceutical market yet due to the too narrow chemical space of the known 5-HT6R agents and insufficient “drugability.” Recently, a new group of non-indole and non-sulfone hydantoin-triazine 5-HT6R ligands was found, where 3-((4-amino-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)methyl)-5-methyl-5-(naphthalen-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (KMP-10) was the most active member. This study is focused on wider pharmacological and “druglikeness” characteristics for KMP-10. A computer-aided insight into molecular interactions with 5-HT6R has been performed. “Druglikeness” was examined using an eight-test panel in vitro, i.e., a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), and Caco-2 permeability-, P-glycoprotein (Pgp) affinity-, plasma protein binding-, metabolic stability- and drug–drug interaction-assays, as well as mutagenicity- and HepG2-hepatotoxicity risk tests. Behavioral studies in vivo, i.e., elevated plus-maze (EPM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, were performed. Extended studies on the influence of KMP-10 on rats’ metabolism, including biochemical tests, were conducted in vivo. Results indicated significant anxiolytic and precognitive properties, as well as some anti-obesity properties in vivo, and it was found to satisfy the “druglikeness” profile in vitro for KMP-10. The compound seems to be a good lead-structure and candidate for wider pharmacological studies in search for new CNS-drugs acting via 5-HT6R.
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Ballard CR, Galvão TF, Cazarin CB, Maróstica MR. Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Fruit Extracts on Diet-Induced Obesity in Rodents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3484-3497. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666191010170100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background::Obesity is a complex condition of high prevalence and cost to the public health system. Recent research has demonstrated the potential of natural products, such as polyphenol-rich fruit extracts, for use in the treatment of obesity. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the metabolic effects of polyphenol-rich fruit extracts on diet-induced obesity (DIO) in rodents.Methods:We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases to identify preclinical studies that assessed polyphenol-rich fruit extracts compared to placebo on DIO in rodents in December 2018. Two researchers selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of studies. Meta-analyses of standardized mean difference (SMD) of outcomes were calculated in Stata 11, and causes of heterogeneity were assessed by meta-regression.Results:We included 14 studies in the systematic review and 13 studies with 21 matched groups in the metaanalysis. Polyphenol-rich fruit extracts reduced the total body weight gain (SMD = -1.48; confidence interval: - 1.95, -1.01), energy intake (SMD = -0.42; -0.67, -0.17), visceral adipose tissue (SMD = -0.96; -1.25, -0.66), triglycerides (SMD = -1.00; -1.39, -0.62), cholesterol (SMD = -1.18, -1.66, -0.69), LDL- c (SMD = -1.15; -1.65, - 0.65), fasting glucose (SMD = -1.05; -1.65, -0.46), and fasting insulin (SMD = -1.40; -1.80, -1.00) when compared to vehicle.Conclusion:Polyphenol-rich fruit extract had positive effects on weight gain, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance at different doses, and fruit source in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia R. Ballard
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tais F. Galvão
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cinthia B.B. Cazarin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mário R. Maróstica
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Niranjan SB, Belwalkar SV, Tambe S, Venkataraman K, Mookhtiar KA. Recombinant irisin induces weight loss in high fat DIO mice through increase in energy consumption and thermogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:422-429. [PMID: 31522816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irisin is known to be an important metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. The aims of the present study are to assess the role of mouse Irisin in obesity and energy metabolism and its glucose and lipid-lowering effects in a high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice model. METHODS DIO mice were treated with recombinant murine Irisin or vehicle, and parameters such as body weight, feed intake, glucose, and lipid levels, obesity, energy consumption, and insulin sensitivity were assessed. mRNA and protein levels of UCP1 and different thermogenesis biomarker were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, in tissues and major metabolic organs. RESULTS Irisin decreased body weight and whole-body fat mass in DIO mice in a dose dependent manner due to marked increases in total energy expenditure. It also lowered blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels and possibly reversed hepatic steatosis. Irisin improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in DIO mice along with body weight reduction and adiposity. Gene expression of UCP1 in different organs (adipose tissue and major organs, i.e., liver, kidney, heart, brain, and spleen) have suggested the role of irisin is global. Gene expression profile of different biomarkers in spleen suggest a profound role of Irisin in inflammation. Liver tissue have also shown significant increase of UCP1 expression in dose dependent manner which suggest a role of irisin in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay B Niranjan
- Department of Invitro Pharmacology, Eurofins Advinus Pvt Limited, Bangalore, India.
| | | | - Suhas Tambe
- Department of Toxicology, Eurofins Advinus Pvt Limited, Bangalore, India.
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Centre for BioSeparation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Volz AC, Omengo B, Gehrke S, Kluger PJ. Comparing the use of differentiated adipose-derived stem cells and mature adipocytes to model adipose tissue in vitro. Differentiation 2019; 110:19-28. [PMID: 31568881 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of human adipose tissue may serve as beneficial alternatives to animal models to study basic biological processes, identify new drug targets, and as soft tissue implants. With this approach, we aimed to evaluate adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) and mature adipocytes (MA) comparatively for the application in the in vitro setup of adipose tissue constructs to imitate native adipose tissue physiology. We used human primary MAs and human ASCs, differentiated for 14 days, and encapsulated them in collagen type I hydrogels to build up a three-dimensional (3D) adipose tissue model. The maintenance of the models was analyzed after seven days based on a viability staining. Further, the expression of the adipocyte specific protein perilipin A and the release of leptin and glycerol were evaluated. Gene transcription profiles of models based on dASCs and MAs were analyzed with regard to native adipose tissue. Compared to MAs, dASCs showed an immature differentiation state. Further, gene transcription of MAs suggests a behavior closer to native tissue in terms of angiogenesis, which supports MAs as preferred cell type. In contrast to native adipose tissue, genes of de novo lipogenesis and tissue remodeling were upregulated in the in vitro attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Volz
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstrasse 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany; University of Hohenheim, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Birgit Omengo
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandra Gehrke
- Research & Development, Research Special Skincare, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, 20253, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Juliane Kluger
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstrasse 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Cell and Tissue Engineering, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Chrysin mitigated obesity by regulating energy intake and expenditure in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10:577-585. [PMID: 33134134 PMCID: PMC7588347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Chrysin is a flavonoid found in plant extracts from Passiflora species, honey and propolis. It has demonstrated anti-adipogenic activity in vitro but there are no studies substantiating the anti-obesity activity of chrysin in vivo. Experimental procedure The pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory potential of chrysin was determined by preliminary in silico screening and further confirmed by in vitro PL inhibitory assay and oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The effect of chrysin on acute feed intake and sucrose preference test was determined in normal rats. Obesity was induced by feeding of high fructose diet (HFD) to the rats. The rats were divided into six groups: normal control, HFD control, orlistat and three doses of chrysin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference/thoracic circumference (AC/TC) ratio, calorie intake, adiposity index, fecal cholesterol, locomotor activity and histopathology of the adipose tissue of the rats were evaluated. Results Chrysin showed good affinity to PL with competitive type of inhibition. It significantly reduced serum triglycerides in OFTT. Chrysin also significantly reduced acute feed intake and sucrose preference in rats. Chrysin significantly decreased the body weight, BMI, AC/TC ratio, adiposity index, calorie intake while it significantly increased the fecal cholesterol and locomotor activity of the rats. Chrysin was found to reduce the size of the adipocytes when compared to the HFD control group. Conclusion Thus, chrysin exerted anti-obesity effect by inhibiting PL, reducing sucrose preference, reducing calorie intake and increasing the locomotor activity of rats.
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Key Words
- AC/TC, ratio-abdominal circumference to thoracic circumference ratio
- AUC, area under the curve
- Adipose tissue
- BMI, body mass index
- C100, chrysin 100 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- C25, chrysin 25 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- C50, chrysin 50 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- GLP, 1-glucagon like peptide 1
- HFD, high fructose diet
- Locomotion
- NC, normal control
- OFTT, oral fat tolerance test
- Orli, orlistat
- PL, pancreatic lipase
- Pancreatic lipase
- SEM, standard error of mean
- Sucrose preference
- TG, triglycerides
- VC, vehicle control
- p-NPP, p-nitrophenyl palmitate
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Singh H, Pragasam SJ, Venkatesan V. Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Metabolic Syndrome: Lessons from Animal Models. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:481-489. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181130142642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical conditions that synergistically
increase the risk of heart diseases and diabetes. The current treatment strategy for metabolic syndrome
focuses on treating its individual components. A highly effective agent for metabolic syndrome has yet
to be developed. To develop a target for metabolic syndrome, the mechanism encompassing different
organs - nervous system, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue - needs to be understood.
Many animal models have been developed to understand the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome.
Promising molecular targets have emerged while characterizing these animals. Modulating these targets
is expected to treat some components of metabolic syndrome.
Objective:
o discuss the emerging molecular targets in an animal model of metabolic syndrome.
Methods:
A literature search was performed for the retrieval of relevant articles.
Conclusion:
Multiple genes/pathways that play important role in the development of Metabolic Syndrome
are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Singh
- Stem Cell Research/Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Samuel Joshua Pragasam
- Stem Cell Research/Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, India
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Xiong Z, Xiao W, Bao L, Xiong W, Xiao H, Qu Y, Yuan C, Ruan H, Cao Q, Wang K, Song Z, Wang C, Hu W, Ru Z, Tong J, Cheng G, Xu T, Meng X, Shi J, Chen Z, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. Tumor Cell "Slimming" Regulates Tumor Progression through PLCL1/UCP1-Mediated Lipid Browning. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801862. [PMID: 31131187 PMCID: PMC6523368 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of abnormal lipid accumulation in cancer development and progression, but the mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, it is demonstrated that phospholipase C-like 1/uncoupling protein 1 (PLCL1)/(UCP1)-mediated lipid browning promotes tumor cell "slimming" and represses tumor progression. By screening three independent lipid metabolism-related gene sets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and analyzing the TCGA database, it is found that PLCL1 predicted a poor prognosis and was downregulated in ccRCC. Restoration of PLCL1 expression in ccRCC cells significantly represses tumor progression and reduces abnormal lipid accumulation. Additionally, a phenomenon called tumor cell "slimming," in which tumor cell volume is reduced and lipid droplets are transformed into tiny pieces, is observed. Further studies show that PLCL1 promotes tumor cell "slimming" and represses tumor progression through UCP1-mediated lipid browning, which consumes lipids without producing ATP energy. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that PLCL1 improves the protein stability of UCP1 by influencing the level of protein ubiquitination. Collectively, the data indicate that lipid browning mediated by PLCL1/UCP1 promotes tumor cell "slimming" and consumes abnormal lipid accumulation, which represses the progression of ccRCC. Tumor cell "slimming" offers a promising new concept and treatment modality against tumor development and progression.
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Ji Y, Park S, Chung Y, Kim B, Park H, Huang E, Jeong D, Jung HY, Kim B, Hyun CK, Holzapfel WH. Amelioration of obesity-related biomarkers by Lactobacillus sakei CJLS03 in a high-fat diet-induced obese murine model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6821. [PMID: 31048785 PMCID: PMC6497927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progresses in clinical diagnostic analyses have demonstrated the decisive influence of host gut microbiota on the status of metabolic disorders. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota, in particular, are considered as a key biomarker, both of communication between gut microbiota and the host, and of impact on host metabolic homeostasis. Microbiota modulation and concomitant anti-obesity effects of probiotics have been reported by different researchers. However, the underlying modulatory functions of probiotics on gut microbiota towards host metabolic homeostasis are still not fully understood. In this study, the impact of Lactobacillus sakei CJLS03 (isolated from Korean kimchi) on obesity-related biomarkers was investigated using a diet-induced obese mouse model. Body weight increase, SCFAs, the gut microbiota and various obesity-associated biomarkers were significantly and beneficially influenced by L. sakei CJLS03 administration compared to the control groups. Analytical data on faecal samples support the role of the colonic microbial population in SCFA production. The composition of the latter may be influenced by modulation of the distal gastro-intestinal microbiota by putative probiotics such as L. sakei CJLS03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosep Ji
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Chung
- CJ Blossom Park, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryung Park
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchong Huang
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Jeong
- CJ Blossom Park, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoe-Yune Jung
- Department of Life Science, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjoon Kim
- CJ Blossom Park, 42, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kee Hyun
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm H Holzapfel
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
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Devan SRK, Arumugam S, Shankar G, Poosala S. Differential sensitivity of chronic high-fat-diet-induced obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 29:553-563. [PMID: 30076779 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is reported to be increasing owing to the high intake of dietary fat and is a predisposing risk factor with associated complex metabolic syndromes in the human population. Preclinical rodent models play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity and development of new treatment strategies for humans. High-fat-diet (HFD)-induced rodents are used for chronic obesity models owing to their quick adaptation to high-fat diets and rapid body weight gain and different rats (Wistar Sprague-Dawley and Lewis) have been used by various researchers. However, the selection of appropriate stock contributes to the translation of clinically linked disease phenotypes to preclinical animal models.MethodsThe study was conducted using two commonly used rat stocks Hsd:Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Crl:Charles River (CD) to develop a chronic high-fat-diet-induced obesity model (DIO) to explore the underlying mechanisms of obesity and its utilization in drug discovery and development during preclinical stages. In addition two high-fat diets of different composition were evaluated (D12327; 40% kcal fat and D12492; 60% kcal fat) for their potential to induce obesity using these two stocks.ResultsA differential sensitivity to HFD was observed in body weight gain fat mass composition and obesity-linked symptoms such as impaired glucose tolerance insulin and leptin levels. The comparative research findings of Hsd:SD and Crl:CD rat stocks suggested that Crl:CD rats are more prone to diet-induced obesity and its associated complications.ConclusionsCrl:CD rats were found to be a suitable model for obesity over Hsd:SD when considering the important hallmarks of metabolic disorders that may be utilized for obesity-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakthi R K Devan
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India, Phone: +91 80 6633 4245
| | - Surendar Arumugam
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Suresh Poosala
- Bristol-Myers Squibb India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400013, India
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Gomaa AA, El-Sers DA, Al-Zokeim NI, Gomaa MA. Amelioration of experimental metabolic syndrome induced in rats by orlistat and Corchorus olitorius leaf extract; role of adipo/cytokines. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:281-291. [PMID: 30362563 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of Corchorus olitorius (C. olitorius) leaf extract in the prevention of metabolic syndrome induced in rats by high-fat diet (HFD) and compare it with that of orlistat. METHODS Phytochemical analysis was performed. Effect of orlistat and C. olitorius extract on lipase activity and acute food intake were investigated. Body weight, biochemical parameters and histopathological examination were demonstrated. KEY FINDINGS Corchorus olitorius extract inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity, but orlistat was more potent. Cumulative food intake has not changed by the tested agents. In obese rats, C. olitorius or orlistat significantly decreased weight gain and visceral white adipose tissue. They exhibited a significant reduction in serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, free fatty acids, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), insulin and leptin levels of obese rat groups while high density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin levels were significantly increased by them. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed that C. olitorius was more effective than orlistat in the alleviating of steatosis and adipocyte hypertrophy shown in obese control rats. CONCLUSIONS Corchorus olitorius is effective as orlistat in preventing obesity, hyperlipidaemia, steatosis and insulin resistance. These actions may be mediated by inhibiting of lipase activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and leptin resistance along with increasing of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dalia A El-Sers
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nahla I Al-Zokeim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Gomaa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Rojas JM, Bolze F, Thorup I, Nowak J, Dalsgaard CM, Skydsgaard M, Berthelsen LO, Keane KA, Søeborg H, Sjögren I, Jensen JT, Fels JJ, Offenberg HK, Andersen LW, Dalgaard M. The Effect of Diet-induced Obesity on Toxicological Parameters in the Polygenic Sprague-Dawley Rat Model. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:777-798. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318803557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Bolze
- Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Inger Thorup
- Toxicopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jette Nowak
- Toxicopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Majken Dalgaard
- Early Regulatory Toxicology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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Kotańska M, Lustyk K, Bucki A, Marcinkowska M, Śniecikowska J, Kołaczkowski M. Idalopirdine, a selective 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist, reduces food intake and body weight in a model of excessive eating. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:733-740. [PMID: 29297106 PMCID: PMC5956042 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, from early childhood onwards, is a common societal problem. The overconsumption of sweet, salty and high-fat products are the main factors that cause excessive weight gain. It is therefore necessary to search for new drugs that affect satiety centers and reduce the sense of hunger and caloric intake. It has been suggested that the blockade of 5-HT6 receptors may reduce food intake, and since idalopirdine is a clinically tested, selective 5HT6 receptor antagonist, it was chosen to be examined in animal models of obesity. The activity of idalopirdine was measured in the rat model of excessive eating. Animals were on a high caloric diet that consisted of milk chocolate with nuts, cheese, salted peanuts and condensed milk. During a four-week experiment, the rats had constant access to standard feed and water ad libitum. Idalopirdine was administered intraperitoneally at a dose 5 mg/kg b.w./day. To establish whether idalopirdine would effectively suppress the rebound hyperphagia that accompanies refeeding, it was administered after a 20 h food deprivation period. Pica behavior was evaluated after the administration of idalopirdine to confirm that the suppression of food intake was not caused by visceral illness. The effect of the four-week treatment with idalopirdine on the amount of peritoneal adipose tissue, and on lipid and carbohydrate profiles in rats was also examined. The statistical significance was calculated using the one-way ANOVA post-hoc Tukey Multiple Comparison Test or the two-way ANOVA post-hoc Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test. Idalopirdine significantly reduced caloric intake and prevented the development of obesity in tested animals. Rats, that received idalopirdine, had a smaller amount of adipose tissue in the peritoneum as well as lower glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in comparison to the control group. Moreover, an anorectic action was not caused by abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea. The obtained results indicate that idalopirdine reduces caloric intake and could be considered for further tests as a potential treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Śniecikowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- Adamed Ltd., Pieńków 149, 05-152, Czosnów, Poland
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Klingelhutz AJ, Gourronc FA, Chaly A, Wadkins DA, Burand AJ, Markan KR, Idiga SO, Wu M, Potthoff MJ, Ankrum JA. Scaffold-free generation of uniform adipose spheroids for metabolism research and drug discovery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:523. [PMID: 29323267 PMCID: PMC5765134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction is critical to the development of type II diabetes and other metabolic diseases. While monolayer cell culture has been useful for studying fat biology, 2D culture often does not reflect the complexity of fat tissue. Animal models are also problematic in that they are expensive, time consuming, and may not completely recapitulate human biology because of species variation. To address these problems, we have developed a scaffold-free method to generate 3D adipose spheroids from primary or immortal human or mouse pre-adipocytes. Pre-adipocytes self-organize into spheroids in hanging drops and upon transfer to low attachment plates, can be maintained in long-term cultures. Upon exposure to differentiation cues, the cells mature into adipocytes, accumulating large lipid droplets that expand with time. The 3D spheroids express and secrete higher levels of adiponectin compared to 2D culture and respond to stress, either culture-related or toxin-associated, by secreting pro-inflammatory adipokines. In addition, 3D spheroids derived from brown adipose tissue (BAT) retain expression of BAT markers better than 2D cultures derived from the same tissue. Thus, this model can be used to study both the maturation of pre-adipocytes or the function of mature adipocytes in a 3D culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Francoise A Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anna Chaly
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David A Wadkins
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anthony J Burand
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen R Markan
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Idiga
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,High Throughput Screening Core Facility at University of Iowa (UIHTS), University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- University of Iowa Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Effects of coconut oil on glycemia, inflammation, and urogenital microbial parameters in female Ossabaw mini-pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179542. [PMID: 28704429 PMCID: PMC5509134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty percent of American women are obese and at risk for type II diabetes, impaired immune function, and altered microbiome diversity, thus impacting overall health. We investigated whether obesity induced by an excess calorie, high fat diet containing hydrogenated fats, fructose, and coconut oil (HFD) altered glucose homeostasis, peripheral immunity, and urogenital microbial dynamics. We hypothesized that HFD would cause hyperglycemia, increase peripheral inflammation, and alter urogenital microbiota to favor bacterial taxonomy associated with inflammation. We utilized female Ossabaw mini-pigs to model a ‘thrifty’ metabolic phenotype associated with increased white adipose tissue mass. Pigs were fed HFD (~4570 kcal/pig/day) or lean (~2000 kcal/pig/day) diet for a total of 9 estrous cycles (~6 months). To determine the effect of cycle stage on cytokines and the microbiome, animals had samples collected during cycles 7 and 9 on certain days of the cycle: D1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 18. Vaginal swabs or cervical flushes assessed urogenital microbiota. Systemic fatty acids, insulin, glucose, and cytokines were analyzed. Pig weights and morphometric measurements were taken weekly. Obese pigs had increased body weight, length, heart and belly girth but similar glucose concentrations. Obese pigs had decreased cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10), arachidonic acid and plasma insulin, but increased levels of vaccenic acid. Obese pigs had greater urogenital bacterial diversity, including several taxa known for anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, induction of obesity did not induce inflammation but shifted the microbial communities within the urogenital tract to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We postulate that the coconut oil in the HFD oil may have supported normal glucose homeostasis and modulated the immune response, possibly through regulation of microbial community dynamics and fatty acid metabolism. This animal model holds promise for the study of how different types of obesity and high fat diets may affect metabolism, immune phenotype, and microbial dynamics.
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Hypervulnerability of the adolescent prefrontal cortex to nutritional stress via reelin deficiency. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:961-971. [PMID: 27843148 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overconsumption of high-fat diets (HFDs) can critically affect synaptic and cognitive functions within telencephalic structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely unknown. Here we show that adolescence is a sensitive period for the emergence of prefrontal cognitive deficits in response to HFD. We establish that the synaptic modulator reelin (RELN) is a critical mediator of this vulnerability because (1) periadolescent HFD (pHFD) selectively downregulates prefrontal RELN+ cells and (2) augmenting mPFC RELN levels using transgenesis or prefrontal pharmacology prevents the pHFD-induced prefrontal cognitive deficits. We further identify N-methyl-d-aspartate-dependent long-term depression (NMDA-LTD) at prefrontal excitatory synapses as a synaptic signature of this association because pHFD abolishes NMDA-LTD, a function that is restored by RELN overexpression. We believe this study provides the first mechanistic insight into the vulnerability of the adolescent mPFC towards nutritional stress, such as HFDs. Our findings have primary relevance to obese individuals who are at an increased risk of developing neurological cognitive comorbidities, and may extend to multiple neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders in which RELN deficiency is a common feature.
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Heal DJ, Hallam M, Prow M, Gosden J, Cheetham S, Choi YK, Tarazi F, Hutson P. Dopamine and μ-opioid receptor dysregulation in the brains of binge-eating female rats - possible relevance in the psychopathology and treatment of binge-eating disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:770-783. [PMID: 28376679 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult, female rats given irregular, limited access to chocolate develop binge-eating behaviour with normal bodyweight and compulsive/perseverative and impulsive behaviours similar to those in binge-eating disorder. We investigated whether (a) dysregulated central nervous system dopaminergic and opioidergic systems are part of the psychopathology of binge-eating and (b) these neurotransmitter systems may mediate the actions of drugs ameliorating binge-eating disorder psychopathology. Binge-eating produced a 39% reduction of striatal D1 receptors with 22% and 23% reductions in medial and lateral caudate putamen and a 22% increase of striatal μ-opioid receptors. There was no change in D1 receptor density in nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex or dorsolateral frontal cortex, striatal D2 receptors and dopamine reuptake transporter sites, or μ-opioid receptors in frontal cortex. There were no changes in ligand affinities. The concentrations of monoamines, metabolites and estimates of dopamine (dopamine/dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ratio) and serotonin/5-hydroxyindolacetic acid ratio turnover rates were unchanged in striatum and frontal cortex. However, turnover of dopamine and serotonin in the hypothalamus was increased ~20% and ~15%, respectively. Striatal transmission via D1 receptors is decreased in binge-eating rats while μ-opioid receptor signalling may be increased. These changes are consistent with the attenuation of binge-eating by lisdexamfetamine, which increases catecholaminergic neurotransmission, and nalmefene, a μ-opioid antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong K Choi
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Frank Tarazi
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Peter Hutson
- 3 Shire Development Inc., Lexington, MA, USA.,4 Neurobiology, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA, USA
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Vickers SP, Goddard S, Brammer RJ, Hutson PH, Heal DJ. Investigation of impulsivity in binge-eating rats in a delay-discounting task and its prevention by the d-amphetamine prodrug, lisdexamfetamine. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:784-797. [PMID: 28372478 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117691672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Freely-fed, female, rats were trained in a two-lever, delay-discounting task: one lever delivered a single chocolate-flavoured pellet immediately and the other a three-pellet reward after increasing delay (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 s). Rats were divided into two groups (i.e. binge-eating rats given irregular, limited access to chocolate in addition to normal chow and controls maintained on normal chow). Both groups exhibited increased preference for the immediate reward as the delay interval was lengthened. The discounting rate was significantly greater in binge-eating rats than non-binge-eating controls, especially as the behaviour became more established indicating that increased impulsivity and intolerance of delayed reward are part of the psychopathology of binge-eating. Lisdexamfetamine (0.8 mg/kg, orally ( d-amphetamine base)) reversed the reduced preference of binge-eating rats for larger rewards at delay intervals of 4 s, 8 s and 32 s and across all sessions. Lisdexamfetamine-treated binge-eating rats consumed the same number of pellets as vehicle-treated, binge-eating rats and non-binge-eating controls eliminating the possibility lisdexamfetamine's actions on appetite or satiety mediated its effects on operant responding for food pellets in delay-discounting. In summary, binge-eating rats showed increased impulsive choice compared with non-binge-eating controls that was reversed by lisdexamfetamine, complementing results showing lisdexamfetamine reduced impulsiveness scores in patients with binge-eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter H Hutson
- 2 Shire Development Inc., Lexington, MA, USA.,Current address: Teva Pharmaceuticals, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
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Gennemark P, Trägårdh M, Lindén D, Ploj K, Johansson A, Turnbull A, Carlsson B, Antonsson M. Translational Modeling to Guide Study Design and Dose Choice in Obesity Exemplified by AZD1979, a Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonist. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:458-468. [PMID: 28556607 PMCID: PMC5529746 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the translational modeling used in the discovery of AZD1979, a melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonist aimed for treatment of obesity. The model quantitatively connects the relevant biomarkers and thereby closes the scaling path from rodent to man, as well as from dose to effect level. The complexity of individual modeling steps depends on the quality and quantity of data as well as the prior information; from semimechanistic body‐composition models to standard linear regression. Key predictions are obtained by standard forward simulation (e.g., predicting effect from exposure), as well as non‐parametric input estimation (e.g., predicting energy intake from longitudinal body‐weight data), across species. The work illustrates how modeling integrates data from several species, fills critical gaps between biomarkers, and supports experimental design and human dose‐prediction. We believe this approach can be of general interest for translation in the obesity field, and might inspire translational reasoning more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gennemark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Trägårdh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.,University of Warwick, School of Engineering, Coventry, UK
| | - D Lindén
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - K Ploj
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Turnbull
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - B Carlsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Antonsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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Yin Y. A “Backward” Bayesian Method for Determination of Criteria for Making Go/No-Go Decisions in the Early Phases. Stat Biopharm Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2016.1256228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin
- Parexel International, Durham, NC
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45
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Rodgers R. Bench to bedside in appetite research: Lost in translation? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Guindon J, Ruiz M, Tejero ME, Hubbard G, Martinez-de-Villarreal LE, Barrera-Saldaña HA, Dick EJ, Comuzzie AG, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE. The endocannabinoid system in the baboon (Papio spp.) as a complex framework for developmental pharmacology. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 58:23-30. [PMID: 27327781 PMCID: PMC5897907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of marijuana (exogenous cannabinoid) almost doubled in adults during last decade. Consumption of exogenous cannabinoids interferes with the endogenous cannabinoid (or "endocannabinoid" (eCB)) system (ECS), which comprises N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), endocannabinoid receptors (cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), encoded by CNR1 and CNR2, respectively), and synthesizing/degrading enzymes (FAAH, fatty-acid amide hydrolase; MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase; DAGL-α, diacylglycerol lipase-alpha). Reports regarding the toxic and therapeutic effects of pharmacological compounds targeting the ECS are sometimes contradictory. This may be caused by the fact that structure of the eCBs varies in the species studied. OBJECTIVES First: to clone and characterize the cDNAs of selected members of ECS in a non-human primate (baboon, Papio spp.), and second: to compare those cDNA sequences to known human structural variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes). MATERIALS AND METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene products from baboon tissues were transformed into Escherichia coli. Amplicon-positive clones were sequenced, and the obtained sequences were conceptually translated into amino-acid sequences using the genetic code. RESULTS Among the ECS members, CNR1 was the best conserved gene between humans and baboons. The phenotypes associated with mutations in the untranslated regions of this gene in humans have not been described in baboons. One difference in the structure of CNR2 between humans and baboons was detected in the region with the only known clinically relevant polymorphism in a human receptor. All of the differences in the amino-acid structure of DAGL-α between humans and baboons were located in the hydroxylase domain, close to phosphorylation sites. None of the differences in the amino-acid structure of MAGL observed between baboons and humans were located in the area critical for enzyme function. CONCLUSION The evaluation of the data, obtained in non-human primate model of cannabis-related developmental exposure should take into consideration possible evolutionary-determined species-specific differences in the CB1R expression, CB2R transduction pathway, and FAAH and DAGLα substrate-enzyme interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Genética, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Josee Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marco Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Tejero
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gene Hubbard
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Hugo A Barrera-Saldaña
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Singh A, Pezeshki A, Zapata RC, Yee NJ, Knight CG, Tuor UI, Chelikani PK. Diets enriched in whey or casein improve energy balance and prevent morbidity and renal damage in salt-loaded and high-fat-fed spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 37:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Middlemiss JE, McEniery CM. Feeling the pressure: (patho) physiological mechanisms of weight gain and weight loss in humans. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:226-236. [PMID: 27760999 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an ongoing global epidemic and has adverse consequences for cardiovascular health. Obesity is often associated with hypertension, which is, itself, a common condition and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although animal models of obesity have provided extensive data on the links between obesity and hypertension, a greater understanding of the pathways linking obesity and hypertension in humans is likely to assist translation of animal data, and may, itself, identify important treatment strategies. Ultimately, this could have a substantial impact on human health, both at an individual and population level. The current review will focus specifically on studies of experimental weight gain and weight loss in humans and the following key areas, which are strongly related to blood pressure: cardiovascular function, autonomic nervous system function, metabolic function and the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Middlemiss
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmel M McEniery
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Metabolic Damage Presents Differently in Young and Early-Aged C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. INT J GERONTOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Holubová M, Zemenová J, Mikulášková B, Panajotova V, Stöhr J, Haluzík M, Kuneš J, Železná B, Maletínská L. Palmitoylated PrRP analog decreases body weight in DIO rats but not in ZDF rats. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:85-96. [PMID: 26906745 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anorexigenic neuropeptides produced and acting in the brain have the potential to decrease food intake and ameliorate obesity, but are ineffective after peripheral application, owing to a limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. We have designed lipidized analogs of prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP), which is involved in energy balance regulation as demonstrated by obesity phenotypes of both Prrp-knockout and Prrp receptor-knockout mice. The aim of this study was to characterize the subchronic effect of a palmitoylated PrRP analog in two rat models of obesity and diabetes: diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats and leptin receptor-deficient Zucker diabetic (ZDF) rats. In the rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO), a two-week intraperitoneal treatment with palmitoylated PrRP lowered food intake by 24% and body weight by 8%. This treatment also improved glucose tolerance and tended to decrease leptin levels and adipose tissue masses in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, in ZDF rats, the same treatment with palmitoylated PrRP lowered food intake but did not significantly affect body weight or glucose tolerance, probably in consequence of severe leptin resistance due to a nonfunctional leptin receptor. Our data indicate a good efficacy of lipidized PrRP in DIO rats. Thus, the strong anorexigenic, body weight-reducing, and glucose tolerance-improving effects make palmitoylated PrRP an attractive candidate for anti-obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zemenová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Mikulášková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Institute of PhysiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Martin Haluzík
- First Faculty of MedicineCharles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Institute of PhysiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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