1
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Viral agents (2nd section). Transfusion 2024; 64 Suppl 1:S19-S207. [PMID: 38394038 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
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2
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Gessain A, Montange T, Betsem E, Bilounga Ndongo C, Njouom R, Buseyne F. Case-Control Study of the Immune Status of Humans Infected With Zoonotic Gorilla Simian Foamy Viruses. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1724-1733. [PMID: 31822908 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic simian foamy viruses (SFVs) establish persistent infections in humans, for whom the long-term consequences for health are poorly described. In this study, we aimed to characterize blood-cell phenotypes and plasma biomarkers associated with gorilla SFV infection in humans. METHODS We used a case-control design to compare 15 Cameroonian hunters infected with gorilla SFV (cases) to 15 controls matched for age and ethnicity. A flow cytometry-based phenotypic study and quantification of plasma immune biomarkers were carried out on blood samples from all participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare cases and controls. RESULTS Cases had a significantly higher percentage of CD8 T lymphocytes than controls (median, 17.6% vs 13.7%; P = .03) but similar levels of B, natural killer, and CD4 T lymphocytes. Cases also had a lower proportion of recent CD4 thymic emigrants (10.9% vs 18.6%, P = .05), a higher proportion of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) expressing memory CD4 T lymphocytes (31.7% vs 24.7%, P = .01), and higher plasma levels of the soluble CD163 scavenger receptor (0.84 vs .59 µg/mL, P = .003) than controls. CONCLUSIONS We show, for the first time, that chronic infection with SFV is associated with T lymphocyte differentiation and monocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Montange
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Florence Buseyne
- Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3569, Paris, France
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3
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Simian Foamy Viruses in Central and South America: A New World of Discovery. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100967. [PMID: 31635161 PMCID: PMC6832937 DOI: 10.3390/v11100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are the only exogenous retrovirus to date known to infect neotropical primates (NPs). In the last decade, an increasing number of strains have been completely or partially sequenced, and molecular evolution analyses have identified an ancient co-speciation with their hosts. In this review, the improvement of diagnostic techniques that allowed the determination of a more accurate prevalence of simian FVs (SFVs) in captive and free-living NPs is discussed. Determination of DNA viral load in American primates indicates that oral tissues are the viral replicative site and that buccal swab collection can be an alternative to diagnose SFV infection in NPs. Finally, the transmission potential of NP SFVs to primate workers in zoos and primate centers of the Americas is examined.
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Eco-Epidemiological Profile and Molecular Characterization of Simian Foamy Virus in a Recently-Captured Invasive Population of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100931. [PMID: 31658739 PMCID: PMC6832254 DOI: 10.3390/v11100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) infect a wide range of Old World and Neotropical primates (NP). Unlike Old World primates, little is known about the diversity and prevalence of SFV in NP, mainly from a free-living population. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that SFV coevolved with their hosts. However, viral strains infecting Leontopithecus chrysomelas did not behave as expected for this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the eco-epidemiological profile and molecular characterization of SFV in a recently captured invasive population of L. chrysomelas located in Niteroi/RJ using buccal swab as an alternative collection method. A prevalence of 34.8% (32/92) and a mean viral load of 4.7 log copies of SFV/106 cells were observed. With respect to time since capture, SFV prevalence was significantly higher in the group of animals sampled over 6 months after capture (55.2%) than in those more recently captured (25.4%) (p = 0.005). Infected solitary animals can contribute to SFV transmission between different groups in the population. SFV strains formed two distinct clades within the SFV infecting the Cebidae family. This is the first study to use buccal swabs as a tool to study SFV diversity and prevalence in a recently free-living NP population upon recent capture.
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Murray SM, Linial ML. Simian Foamy Virus Co-Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100902. [PMID: 31569704 PMCID: PMC6833048 DOI: 10.3390/v11100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs), also known as spumaretroviruses, are complex retroviruses that are seemingly nonpathogenic in natural hosts. In natural hosts, which include felines, bovines, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), a large percentage of adults are infected with FVs. For this reason, the effect of FVs on infections with other viruses (co-infections) cannot be easily studied in natural populations. Most of what is known about interactions between FVs and other viruses is based on studies of NHPs in artificial settings such as research facilities. In these settings, there is some indication that FVs can exacerbate infections with lentiviruses such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Nonhuman primate (NHP) simian FVs (SFVs) have been shown to infect people without any apparent pathogenicity. Humans zoonotically infected with simian foamy virus (SFV) are often co-infected with other viruses. Thus, it is important to know whether SFV co-infections affect human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Murray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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6
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Ledesma-Feliciano C, Troyer RM, Zheng X, Miller C, Cianciolo R, Bordicchia M, Dannemiller N, Gagne R, Beatty J, Quimby J, Löchelt M, VandeWoude S. Feline Foamy Virus Infection: Characterization of Experimental Infection and Prevalence of Natural Infection in Domestic Cats with and without Chronic Kidney Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:E662. [PMID: 31330990 PMCID: PMC6669521 DOI: 10.3390/v11070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are globally prevalent retroviruses that establish apparently apathogenic lifelong infections. Feline FV (FFV) has been isolated from domestic cats with concurrent diseases, including urinary syndromes. We experimentally infected five cats with FFV to study viral kinetics and tropism, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype, urinary parameters, and histopathology. A persistent infection of primarily lymphoid tropism was detected with no evidence of immunological or hematologic perturbations. One cat with a significant negative correlation between lymphocytes and PBMC proviral load displayed an expanded FFV tissue tropism. Significantly increased blood urea nitrogen and ultrastructural kidney changes were noted in all experimentally infected cats, though chemistry parameters were not outside of normal ranges. Histopathological changes were observed in the brain, large intestine, and other tissues. In order to determine if there is an association of FFV with Chronic Kidney Disease, we additionally screened 125 Australian pet cats with and without CKD for FFV infection and found that FFV is highly prevalent in older cats, particularly in males with CKD, though this difference was not statistically significant compared to controls. Acute FFV infection was clinically silent, and while some measures indicated mild changes, there was no overt association of FFV infection with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matteo Bordicchia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Dannemiller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Roderick Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Julia Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, 601 Vernon Tharpe Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Department of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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7
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Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120702. [PMID: 30544924 PMCID: PMC6315984 DOI: 10.3390/v10120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline foamy virus (FFV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belong to the Retroviridae family. While disease has not been reported for FFV infection, FeLV infection can cause anemia and immunosuppression (progressive infection). Co-infection with FFV/FeLV allows evaluation of the pathogenic potential and epidemiology of FFV infection in cats with FeLV pathology. Blood and buccal swab samples from 81 cats were collected in Rio de Janeiro. Plasma was serologically tested for FeLV. DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and buccal swabs was used to PCR detect FFV and FeLV. A qPCR was developed to detect and measure FFV proviral loads (pVLs) in cats. FeLV qPCR was performed using previous methods. The median log10 pVL of FFV mono-infected individuals was lower than found in FFV/FeLV co-infected cats in buccal swabs (p = 0.003). We found 78% of cats had detectable buccal FFV DNA in FFV mono-infected and FFV co-infected FeLV-progressive cats, while in FeLV-regressive cats (those without signs of disease) 22% of cats had detectable buccal FFV DNA (p = 0.004). Our results suggest that regressive FeLV infection may reduce FFV saliva transmission, the main mode of FV transmission. We did not find evidence of differences in pathogenicity in FFV mono- and -dually infected cats. In summary, we show that FVs may interact with FeLV within the same host. Our study supports the utility of cats naturally co-infected with retroviruses as a model to investigate the impact of FV on immunocompromised mammalian hosts.
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8
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Pinto-Santini DM, Stenbak CR, Linial ML. Foamy virus zoonotic infections. Retrovirology 2017; 14:55. [PMID: 29197389 PMCID: PMC5712078 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses (FV) are ancient complex retroviruses that differ from orthoretroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) and comprise a distinct subfamily of retroviruses, the Spumaretrovirinae. FV are ubiquitous in their natural hosts, which include cows, cats, and nonhuman primates (NHP). FV are transmitted mainly through saliva and appear nonpathogenic by themselves, but they may increase morbidity of other pathogens in coinfections. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes and discusses what is known about FV infection of natural hosts. It also emphasizes what is known about FV zoonotic infections A large number of studies have revealed that the FV of NHP, simian foamy viruses (SFV), are transmitted to humans who interact with infected NHP. SFV from a variety of NHP establish persistent infection in humans, while bovine foamy virus and feline foamy virus rarely or never do. The possibility of FV recombination and mutation leading to pathogenesis is considered. Since humans can be infected by SFV, a seemingly nonpathogenic virus, there is interest in using SFV vectors for human gene therapy. In this regard, detailed understanding of zoonotic SFV infection is highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxine L. Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., A3-205, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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9
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Muniz CP, Cavalcante LTF, Jia H, Zheng H, Tang S, Augusto AM, Pissinatti A, Fedullo LP, Santos AF, Soares MA, Switzer WM. Zoonotic infection of Brazilian primate workers with New World simian foamy virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184502. [PMID: 28931021 PMCID: PMC5606925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are retroviruses present in nearly all nonhuman primates (NHPs), including Old World primates (OWP) and New World primates (NWP). While all confirmed human infections with SFV are from zoonotic transmissions originating from OWP, little is known about the zoonotic transmission potential of NWP SFV. We conducted a longitudinal, prospective study of 56 workers occupationally exposed to NWP in Brazil. Plasma from these workers was tested using Western blot (WB) assays containing NWP SFV antigens. Genomic DNA from blood and buccal swabs was analyzed for the presence of proviral SFV sequences by three nested PCR tests and a new quantitative PCR assay. Exposure histories were obtained and analyzed for associations with possible SFV infection. Ten persons (18%) tested seropositive and two persons were seroindeterminate (3.6%) for NWP SFV. Six persons had seroreactivity over 2–3 years suggestive of persistent infection. All SFV NWP WB-positive workers reported at least one incident involving NWP, including six reporting NWP bites. NWP SFV viral DNA was not detected in the blood or buccal swabs from all 12 NWP SFV seroreactive workers. We also found evidence of SFV seroreversion in three workers suggestive of possible clearance of infection. Our findings suggest that NWP SFV can be transmitted to occupationally-exposed humans and can elicit specific humoral immune responses but infection remains well-controlled resulting in latent infection and may occasionally clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P. Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hongwei Jia
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shaohua Tang
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anderson M. Augusto
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz P. Fedullo
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André F. Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William M. Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Reid MJC, Switzer WM, Schillaci MA, Klegarth AR, Campbell E, Ragonnet-Cronin M, Joanisse I, Caminiti K, Lowenberger CA, Galdikas BMF, Hollocher H, Sandstrom PA, Brooks JI. Bayesian inference reveals ancient origin of simian foamy virus in orangutans. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:54-66. [PMID: 28274887 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) infect most nonhuman primate species and appears to co-evolve with its hosts. This co-evolutionary signal is particularly strong among great apes, including orangutans (genus Pongo). Previous studies have identified three distinct orangutan SFV clades. The first of these three clades is composed of SFV from P. abelii from Sumatra, the second consists of SFV from P. pygmaeus from Borneo, while the third clade is mixed, comprising an SFV strain found in both species of orangutan. The existence of the mixed clade has been attributed to an expansion of P. pygmaeus into Sumatra following the Mount Toba super-volcanic eruption about 73,000years ago. Divergence dating, however, has yet to be performed to establish a temporal association with the Toba eruption. Here, we use a Bayesian framework and a relaxed molecular clock model with fossil calibrations to test the Toba hypothesis and to gain a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of orangutan SFV. As with previous studies, our results show a similar three-clade orangutan SFV phylogeny, along with strong statistical support for SFV-host co-evolution in orangutans. Using Bayesian inference, we date the origin of orangutan SFV to >4.7 million years ago (mya), while the mixed species clade dates to approximately 1.7mya, >1.6 million years older than the Toba super-eruption. These results, combined with fossil and paleogeographic evidence, suggest that the origin of SFV in Sumatran and Bornean orangutans, including the mixed species clade, likely occurred on the mainland of Indo-China during the Late Pliocene and Calabrian stage of the Pleistocene, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J C Reid
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Amy R Klegarth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Ellsworth Campbell
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Manon Ragonnet-Cronin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Joanisse
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kyna Caminiti
- Centre for Biosecurity, Public Health Agency of Canada, 100 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Carl A Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Birute Mary F Galdikas
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Orangutan Foundation International, 824 S. Wellesley Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
| | - Hope Hollocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Paul A Sandstrom
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James I Brooks
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 1053 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ONK1Y 4E9, Canada
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11
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Marsh AK, Ambagala AP, Perciani CT, Russell JNH, Chan JK, Janes M, Antony JM, Pilon R, Sandstrom P, Willer DO, MacDonald KS. Examining the species-specificity of rhesus macaque cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) in cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121339. [PMID: 25822981 PMCID: PMC4378995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly species-specific virus that has co-evolved with its host over millions of years and thus restricting cross-species infection. To examine the extent to which host restriction may prevent cross-species research between closely related non-human primates, we evaluated experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant rhesus macaque-derived CMV (RhCMV-eGFP). Twelve cynomolgus macaques were randomly allocated to three groups: one experimental group (RhCMV-eGFP) and two control groups (UV-inactivated RhCMV-eGFP or media alone). The animals were given two subcutaneous inoculations at week 0 and week 8, and a subset of animals received an intravenous inoculation at week 23. No overt clinical or haematological changes were observed and PBMCs isolated from RhCMV-eGFP inoculated animals had comparable eGFP- and IE-1-specific cellular responses to the control animals. Following inoculation with RhCMV-eGFP, we were unable to detect evidence of infection in any blood or tissue samples up to 4 years post-inoculation, using sensitive viral co-culture, qPCR, and Western blot assays. Co-culture of urine and saliva samples demonstrated the presence of endogenous cynomolgus CMV (CyCMV) cytopathic effect, however no concomitant eGFP expression was observed. The absence of detectable RhCMV-eGFP suggests that the CyCMV-seropositive cynomolgus macaques were not productively infected with RhCMV-eGFP under these inoculation conditions. In a continued effort to develop CMV as a viral vector for an HIV/SIV vaccine, these studies demonstrate that CMV is highly restricted to its host species and can be highly affected by laboratory cell culture. Consideration of the differences between lab-adapted and primary viruses with respect to species range and cell tropism should be a priority in evaluating CMV as vaccine vector for HIV or other pathogens at the preclinical development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K. Marsh
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aruna P. Ambagala
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catia T. Perciani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Michelle Janes
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Antony
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Pilon
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David O. Willer
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly S. MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Matsen FA, Small CT, Soliven K, Engel GA, Feeroz MM, Wang X, Craig KL, Hasan MK, Emerman M, Linial ML, Jones-Engel L. A novel Bayesian method for detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation and its application to zoonotic transmission of simian foamy viruses. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003493. [PMID: 24586139 PMCID: PMC3937129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian Foamy Virus (SFV) can be transmitted from non-human primates (NHP) to humans. However, there are no documented cases of human to human transmission, and significant differences exist between infection in NHP and human hosts. The mechanism for these between-host differences is not completely understood. In this paper we develop a new Bayesian approach to the detection of APOBEC3-mediated hypermutation, and use it to compare SFV sequences from human and NHP hosts living in close proximity in Bangladesh. We find that human APOBEC3G can induce genetic changes that may prevent SFV replication in infected humans in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Matsen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Small
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Khanh Soliven
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Engel
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Xiaoxing Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Craig
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Emerman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maxine L. Linial
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Hood S, Mitchell JL, Sethi M, Almond NM, Cutler KL, Rose NJ. Horizontal acquisition and a broad biodistribution typify simian foamy virus infection in a cohort of Macaca fascicularis. Virol J 2013; 10:326. [PMID: 24180225 PMCID: PMC4228416 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses are non-pathogenic in vivo and naturally infect all species of non-human primates (NHP). Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are highly prevalent in both free ranging and captive NHP but few longitudinal studies have been performed to assess the prevalence and biodistribution of SFV within captive NHP. METHOD LTR and pol gene along with Gag antibody detection were undertaken to identify infection in a cohort of over 80 captive macaques. RESULTS The prevalence of SFV was between 64% and 94% in different groups. Access to 23 dam-infant pairs allowed us to reveal horizontal transfer as the dominant route of SFV transmission in our cohort. Further, analysis of SFV from a range of tissues and blood revealed that macaques as young as six months old can be infected and that proviral biodistribution increases with age. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data of this type for a captive cohort of cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola J Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Simian foamy virus infection of rhesus macaques in Bangladesh: relationship of latent proviruses and transcriptionally active viruses. J Virol 2013; 87:13628-39. [PMID: 24109214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01989-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are complex retroviruses that are ubiquitous in nonhuman primates (NHP) and are zoonotically transmitted to humans, presumably through NHP saliva, by licking, biting, and other behaviors. We have studied SFV in free-ranging rhesus macaques in Bangladesh. It has been previously shown that SFV in immunocompetent animals replicates to detectable levels only in superficial epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, although latent proviruses are found in most, if not all, tissues. In this study, we compare DNA sequences from latent SFV proviruses found in blood cells of 30 Bangladesh rhesus macaques to RNA sequences of transcriptionally active SFV from buccal swabs obtained from the same animals. Viral strains, defined by differences in SFV gag sequences, from buccal mucosal specimens overlapped with those from blood samples in 90% of animals. Thus, latent proviruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are, to a great extent, representative of viruses likely to be transmitted to other hosts. The level of SFV RNA in buccal swabs varied greatly between macaques, with increasing amounts of viral RNA in older animals. Evidence of APOBEC3-induced mutations was found in gag sequences derived from the blood and oral mucosa.
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Rua R, Betsem E, Gessain A. Viral latency in blood and saliva of simian foamy virus-infected humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77072. [PMID: 24116202 PMCID: PMC3792900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are widespread retroviruses among non-human primates (NHP). SFV actively replicate in the oral cavity and can be transmitted to humans through NHP bites, giving rise to a persistent infection. We aimed at studying the natural history of SFV infection in human. We have analyzed viral load and gene expression in 14 hunters from Cameroon previously shown to be infected with a gorilla SFV strain. Viral DNA could be detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) targeting the pol-in region, in most samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (7.1 ± 6.0 SFV DNA copies/105 PBMCs) and saliva (2.4 ± 4.3 SFV DNA copies/105 cells) derived from the hunters. However, quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT)-qPCR revealed the absence of SFV viral gene expression in both PBMCs and saliva, suggesting that SFV was latent in the human samples. Our study demonstrates that a latent infection can occur in humans and persist for years, both in PBMCs and saliva. Such a scenario may contribute to the putative lack of secondary human-to-human transmissions of SFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Rua
- Department of Virology, Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Betsem
- Department of Virology, Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Department of Virology, Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Mouinga-Ondémé A, Kazanji M. Simian foamy virus in non-human primates and cross-species transmission to humans in Gabon: an emerging zoonotic disease in central Africa? Viruses 2013; 5:1536-52. [PMID: 23783811 PMCID: PMC3717720 DOI: 10.3390/v5061536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now known that all human retroviruses have a non-human primate counterpart. It has been reported that the presence of these retroviruses in humans is the result of interspecies transmission. Several authors have described the passage of a simian retrovirus, simian foamy virus (SFV), from primates to humans. To better understand this retroviral “zoonosis” in natural settings, we evaluated the presence of SFV in both captive and wild non-human primates and in humans at high risk, such as hunters and people bitten by a non-human primate, in Gabon, central Africa. A high prevalence of SFV was found in blood samples from non-human primates and in bush meat collected across the country. Mandrills were found to be highly infected with two distinct strains of SFV, depending on their geographical location. Furthermore, samples collected from hunters and non-human primate laboratory workers showed clear, extensive cross-species transmission of SFV. People who had been bitten by mandrills, gorillas and chimpanzees had persistent SFV infection with low genetic drift. Thus, SFV is presumed to be transmitted from non-human primates mainly through severe bites, involving contact between infected saliva and blood. In this review, we summarize and discuss our five-year observations on the prevalence and dissemination of SFV in humans and non-human primates in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; E-Mail:
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; E-Mail:
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui BP 923, Central African Republic
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +236-21-61-0866; Fax: +236-21-61-0109
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Switzer WM, Tang S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Shankar A, Hanson DL, Zheng H, Ayouba A, Wolfe ND, LeBreton M, Djoko CF, Tamoufe U, Esteban A, Heneine W, Peeters M, Wright LL, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Wemakoy EO, Mulembakani P, Hoff NA, Rimoin AW. Novel simian foamy virus infections from multiple monkey species in women from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrovirology 2012; 9:100. [PMID: 23217108 PMCID: PMC3524035 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic transmission of simian retroviruses in Central Africa is ongoing and can result in pandemic human infection. While simian foamy virus (SFV) infection was reported in primate hunters in Cameroon and Gabon, little is known about the distribution of SFV in Africa and whether human-to-human transmission and disease occur. We screened 3,334 plasmas from persons living in rural villages in central Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) using SFV-specific EIA and Western blot (WB) tests. PCR amplification of SFV polymerase sequences from DNA extracted from buffy coats was used to measure proviral loads. Phylogenetic analysis was used to define the NHP species origin of SFV. Participants completed questionnaires to capture NHP exposure information. Results Sixteen (0.5%) samples were WB-positive; 12 of 16 were from women (75%, 95% confidence limits 47.6%, 92.7%). Sequence analysis detected SFV in three women originating from Angolan colobus or red-tailed monkeys; both monkeys are hunted frequently in DRC. NHP exposure varied and infected women lived in distant villages suggesting a wide and potentially diverse distribution of SFV infections across DRC. Plasmas from 22 contacts of 8 WB-positive participants were all WB negative suggesting no secondary viral transmission. Proviral loads in the three women ranged from 14 – 1,755 copies/105 cells. Conclusions Our study documents SFV infection in rural DRC for the first time and identifies infections with novel SFV variants from Colobus and red-tailed monkeys. Unlike previous studies, women were not at lower risk for SFV infection in our population, providing opportunities for spread of SFV both horizontally and vertically. However, limited testing of close contacts of WB-positive persons did not identify human-to-human transmission. Combined with the broad behavioral risk and distribution of NHPs across DRC, our results suggest that SFV infection may have a wider geographic distribution within DRC. These results also reinforce the potential for an increased SFV prevalence throughout the forested regions of Africa where humans and simians co-exist. Our finding of endemic foci of SFV infection in DRC will facilitate longitudinal studies to determine the potential for person-to-person transmissibility and pathogenicity of these zoonotic retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Switzer
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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18
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Huang F, Wang H, Jing S, Zeng W. Simian foamy virus prevalence in Macaca mulatta and zookeepers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:591-3. [PMID: 22236106 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The simian foamy virus (SFV) has been reported to be transmissible among humans occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. Nevertheless, epidemiological and genotypic data on the SFV in Macaca mulatta and zookeepers in China are limited. In the present study, SFV proviral DNA was detected in 74 blood samples from M. mulatta and 12 saliva specimens from zookeepers by nested polymerase chain reaction. A total of 29 blood samples from M. mulatta (29/74, 39.19%) and two saliva specimens from zookeepers (2/12, 16.67%) were positive. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that these SFV strains shared the highest homology with Macaca fascicularis (93.4%). The two SFV strains infected human beings, and shared the highest homology of 98.6% with each other as well as 90.8-99.5% with M. mulatta. The investigation revealed the high prevalence of the SFV in M. mulatta in China and its zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huixuan Wang
- Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, China
| | - Shenrong Jing
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Weikun Zeng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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19
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Brooks J, Lycett-Lambert K, Caminiti K, Merks H, McMillan R, Sandstrom P. No evidence of cross-species transmission of mouse retroviruses to animal workers exposed to mice. Transfusion 2011; 52:317-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Atreya C, Nakhasi H, Mied P, Epstein J, Hughes J, Gwinn M, Kleinman S, Dodd R, Stramer S, Walderhaug M, Ganz P, Goodrich R, Tibbetts C, Asher D. FDA workshop on emerging infectious diseases: evaluating emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) for transfusion safety. Transfusion 2011; 51:1855-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Perkins HA, Busch MP. Transfusion-associated infections: 50 years of relentless challenges and remarkable progress. Transfusion 2010; 50:2080-99. [PMID: 20738828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert A Perkins
- Blood Systems Research Institute, Blood Centers of the Pacific, University of California, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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22
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Abstract
Foamy viruses, distantly related to the major subfamily of Retroviruses, Orthoretroviruses that include oncoviruses (for example, murine leukemia virus (MLV)) and lentiviruses (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)), are endemic in mammalian species, but not in human populations. Humans infected by accidental or occupational exposure remain well. The virus is not transmitted to others, nor is it associated with any disease. These features added to its broad host range, efficient transduction of progenitor cells and an integration profile less likely to induce insertional mutagenesis, make these viruses attractive as vectors. Long-term reversal of disease phenotype in dogs with the genetic defect, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, by foamy virus vector therapy strengthens the case for their clinical exploitation.
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23
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24
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Williams DK, Khan AS. Role of neutralizing antibodies in controlling simian foamy virus transmission and infection. Transfusion 2010; 50:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Khan AS. Simian foamy virus infection in humans: prevalence and management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:569-80. [PMID: 19485797 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are highly prevalent in all nonhuman primate species and can infect humans following occupational and non-occupational exposure to infected animals and their tissues, blood or body fluids. Virus transmission results in a stable, persistent infection that seems to be latent. SFV infections are thus far nonpathogenic, with no evidence of adverse clinical outcome in their natural nonhuman primate hosts or by experimental injection in animals and upon cross-species transmission in humans. Since the emergence of pathogenic viruses from nonpathogenic viruses upon cross-species infection is well-documented for several retroviruses, it is prudent to take necessary precautions to deter SFV infections in humans. These steps will help prevent the emergence of a novel pathogen and reduce the risk of transmission of another potential pathogenic human retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifa S Khan
- Laboratory of Retrovirus Research, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Morozov VA, Leendertz FH, Junglen S, Boesch C, Pauli G, Ellerbrok H. Frequent foamy virus infection in free-living chimpanzees of the Taï National Park (Côte d'Ivoire). J Gen Virol 2009; 90:500-506. [PMID: 19141461 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.003939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses are frequently found in non-human primates and apes in captivity. However, data on simian foamy virus (SFV) infection in apes from the wild are limited. Necropsy specimens were collected from 14 West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) from three communities in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. PCR analysis revealed SFV-related int- and env-specific sequences in 12/14 chimpanzees. Two young chimpanzees were not infected. Plasma from 'PCR-positive' chimpanzees reacted against Pr71/74(gag) in Western blot analysis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of all analysed sequences with SFVcpz previously identified from the other P. troglodytes verus, although interestingly the sequences were diverse and no grouping according to a particular animal community was observed. The body compartments of two infected animals were examined and found to contain SFV sequences. Frequent SFV infections in chimpanzees from this area significantly increase the potential risk of zoonotic transmission to rural populations through direct contact, hunting and consumption of bush meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 Deutscher Platz, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, 20 Nordufer, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 Deutscher Platz, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, 20 Nordufer, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 6 Deutscher Platz, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Pauli
- Robert Koch Institute, 20 Nordufer, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Greger M. The Human/Animal Interface: Emergence and Resurgence of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 33:243-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410701647594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Switzer WM, Garcia AD, Yang C, Wright A, Kalish ML, Folks TM, Heneine W. Coinfection with HIV-1 and simian foamy virus in West Central Africans. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1389-93. [PMID: 18444796 DOI: 10.1086/587493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent infection with zoonotic simian foamy virus (SFV) has been reported among HIV-negative primate hunters in rural Cameroon. Plasma samples obtained from urban commercial sex workers (CSWs; n = 139), patients with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 41), and blood donors (n = 179) in the Democratic Republic of Congo [formerly known as Zaire] and Cameroon were tested for SFV and HIV-1 infection. One CSW and one blood donor were found to be seropositive for both SFV and HIV-1, thereby documenting what are, to our knowledge, the first reported cases of dual SFV and HIV infection. The findings of the present study suggest opportunities for bloodborne and sexual transmission of SFV and highlight the importance of defining the clinical consequences of dual infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Switzer
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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29
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Replication in a superficial epithelial cell niche explains the lack of pathogenicity of primate foamy virus infections. J Virol 2008; 82:5981-5. [PMID: 18400853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00367-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are ancient retroviruses that are ubiquitous in nonhuman primates (NHPs). While FVs share many features with pathogenic retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, FV infections of their primate hosts have no apparent pathological consequences. Paradoxically, FV infections of many cell types in vitro are rapidly cytopathic. Previous work has shown that low levels of proviral DNA are found in most tissues of naturally infected rhesus macaques, but these proviruses are primarily latent. In contrast, viral RNA, indicative of viral replication, is restricted to tissues of the oral mucosa, where it is abundant. Here, we perform in situ hybridization on tissues from rhesus macaques naturally infected with simian FV (SFV). We show that superficial differentiated epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, many of which appear to be shedding from the tissue, are the major cell type in which SFV replicates. Thus, the innocuous nature of SFV infection can be explained by replication that is limited to differentiated superficial cells that are short-lived and shed into saliva. This finding can also explain the highly efficient transmission of FVs among NHPs.
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30
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Gessain A, Calattini S. Emergence of simian foamy viruses in humans: facts and unanswered questions. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of viral pathogens that have emerged in humans are considered to have originated in animals. Simian viral infections of humans represent an increasing public health concern. This is well illustrated by retroviruses such as HIV-1/2 and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1, which have a unique ability to cross species, adapt to a new host and spread. In this short review, we will present the currently available data on the transmission of the simian foamy retroviruses (SFVs) to humans. Indeed, recent data indicate the presence of these exogenous retroviruses, of the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily and of the Spumavirus genus, in individuals occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates (animal caretaker, veterinarian, zoo worker) and in individuals having contact with apes and monkeys, such as hunters in Central Africa. The main unanswered questions concerning the natural history of such SFVs in humans, for instance, their magnitude and geographical distribution, their interhuman transmissibility and their disease association and pathogenicity are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS URA 3015, Département de Virologie. Bâtiment Lwoff. Institut Pasteur, 25–28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Sara Calattini
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS URA 3015, Département de Virologie. Bâtiment Lwoff. Institut Pasteur, 25–28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France. Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Medical Virology Section, 10, Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To address the activation and replicative activity of HERV-K102 in vivo associated with HIV viremia. DESIGN AND METHODS Initially serology was performed on HERV-K102 specific envelope peptides to determine if HERV-K102 may become activated with HIV viremia. Before developing a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, we first determined whether plasma associated particles contained DNA or RNA genomes in a pilot study which surprisingly revealed predominantly DNA genomes. A relative, ddCt qPCR ratio method was then devised to detect excess levels of HERV-K102 pol DNA templates over genomic levels which served as a surrogate marker to reliably index the level of particles found in plasma. RESULTS Both the peptide serology and ddCt qPCR excess ratio methods suggested the activation of HERV-K102 in about 70-80% of HIV viremic cases whereas only 2-3% of normal healthy adults had marginally activated HERV-K102 (P < 0.0001). Moreover, by digestion with dUTPase we were able to confirm that the vast majority of excess DNA template in plasma related to cDNA production rather than representing genomic copies. CONCLUSIONS Our work uniquely suggests the common activation of HERV-K102 with HIV viremia and may be first to directly demonstrate HERV-K102 cDNA production in vivo. The potential implications of the induction of HERV-K102 activation and replication for the prevention and control of HIV are discussed.
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Schillaci M, Jones-Engel L, Engel G, Fuentes A. Characterizing the threat to the blood supply associated with nonoccupational exposure to emerging simian retroviruses. Transfusion 2007; 48:398-401. [PMID: 18028266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schillaci
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Boneva RS, Switzer WM, Spira TJ, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Cong ME, Lam L, Heneine W, Folks TM, Chapman LE. Clinical and virological characterization of persistent human infection with simian foamy viruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:1330-7. [PMID: 18184074 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates (NHPs) can be persistently infected with simian foamy virus (SFV). The clinical significance and person-to-person transmissibility of zoonotic SFV infection is unclear. Seven SFV-infected men responded to annual structured interviews and provided whole blood, oral, and urogenital specimens for study. Wives were tested for SFV infection. Proviral DNA was consistently detected by PCR in PBMCs of infected men and inconsistently in oral or urogenital samples. SFV was infrequently cultured from their PBMCs and throat swabs. Despite this and a long period of intimate exposure (median 20 years), wives were SFV negative. Most participants reported nonspecific symptoms and diseases common to aging. However, one of two persons with mild thrombocytopenia had clinically asymptomatic nonprogressive, monoclonal natural killer cell lymphocytosis of unclear relationship to SFV. All participants worked with NHPs before 1988 using mucocutaneous protection inconsistently; 57% described percutaneous injuries involving the infecting NHP species. SFV likely transmits to humans through both percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposures to NHP body fluids. Limited follow-up has not identified SFV-associated illness and secondary transmission among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumiana S. Boneva
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - William M. Switzer
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHH-STP), CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Thomas J. Spira
- Immunology Branch, DASTLR, NCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- International Laboratory Branch, Global AIDS Program, NCHHSTP, CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Vinod B. Bhullar
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- National Center for Prevention, Detection and Containment of Infectious Diseases, CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Vedapuri Shanmugam
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- International Laboratory Branch, Global AIDS Program, NCHHSTP, CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Mian-Er Cong
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHH-STP), CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Lee Lam
- Immunology Branch, DASTLR, NCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Office of the Director, NCHHSTP, CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Walid Heneine
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHH-STP), CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Thomas M. Folks
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHH-STP), CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | - Louisa E. Chapman
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research (DASTLR), National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30333
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, CCID, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Jones-Engel L, Steinkraus KA, Murray SM, Engel GA, Grant R, Aggimarangsee N, Lee BPYH, May C, Schillaci MA, Somgird C, Sutthipat T, Vojtech L, Zhao J, Linial ML. Sensitive assays for simian foamy viruses reveal a high prevalence of infection in commensal, free-ranging Asian monkeys. J Virol 2007; 81:7330-7. [PMID: 17475645 PMCID: PMC1933339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00343-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FV) are retroviruses that naturally infect many hosts, including most nonhuman primates (NHPs). Zoonotic infection by primate FV has been documented in people in Asia who reported contact with free-ranging macaques. FV transmission in Asia is a concern, given abundant human-NHP contact, particularly at monkey temples and in urban settings. We have developed three assays capable of detecting the presence of FV in Asian NHP species that are commensal with humans: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot assays using recombinant viral Gag protein, and an indicator cell line that can detect macaque FV. The recombinant ELISA correlates very well with the presence of FV sequences detected by PCR. We have used these assays to demonstrate both that FV is highly prevalent among free-ranging NHPs and that seroconversion occurs at a young age in these animals. These assays should also prove useful for large-scale analysis of the prevalence of FV infections in human populations in Asia that are commensal with free-ranging NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jones-Engel
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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