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McAleer JP. Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1167800. [PMID: 37051264 PMCID: PMC10083318 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1167800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier disruption, Th2 immune responses to skin allergens and microbial dysbiosis within affected lesions. Studies within the past decade have revealed genetic and environmental factors contributing to AD in children. Obesity is a metabolic disorder that often manifests early in life and is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, leading to skin colonization with lipophilic bacteria and intestinal colonization with pro-inflammatory species. These changes impair epithelial barriers and promote Th17 responses, which may worsen the severity of AD symptoms. While few studies have examined the contribution of microbiota in obesity-induced allergies, there is emerging evidence that PPAR-γ may be an effective therapeutic target. This review discusses the microbiome in pediatric AD, treatment with probiotics, how disease is altered by obesity and potential therapeutic effects of PPAR-γ agonists. While healthy skin contains diverse species adapted for specific niches, lesional skin is highly colonized with Staphylococcus aureus which perpetuates the inflammatory reaction. Treatments for AD should help to restore microbial diversity in the skin and intestine, as well as epithelial barrier function. Pre-clinical models have shown that PPAR-γ agonists can suppress Th17 responses, IgE production and mast cell function, while improving the epidermal barrier and microbial homeostasis. Overall, PPAR-γ agonists may be effective in a subset of patients with AD, and future studies should distinguish their metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects in order to inform the best therapies.
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Garapati C, HS. Boddu S, Jacob S, Ranch KM, Patel C, Jayachandra Babu R, Tiwari AK, Yasin H. Photodynamic Therapy: A Special Emphasis on Nanocarrier-mediated Delivery of Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Therapy. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Hao M, Ding C, Sun S, Peng X, Liu W. Chitosan/Sodium Alginate/Velvet Antler Blood Peptides Hydrogel Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing via Regulating Angiogenesis, Inflammatory Response and Skin Flora. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:4921-4938. [PMID: 36051089 PMCID: PMC9427019 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s376692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic ulcer remains a clinical challenge due to impaired angiogenesis and persistent inflammation, requiring new alternative therapies to promote tissue regeneration. Purpose In this study, chitosan/sodium alginate/velvet antler blood peptides (CS/SA/VBPs) hydrogel (CAVBPH) was fabricated and used in the treatment of skin wounds in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) for the first time. Methods VBPs were prepared by hydrolysis and ultrafiltration, and their sequences were identified using LC-MS/MS. The CAVBPH was further fabricated and characterized. A mouse model of T2D was induced by a high-sugar and high-fat diet (HSFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) injection. CAVBPH was applied topically to T2D wounds, and its effects on skin repair and potential biological mechanisms were analyzed by appearance observation, histopathological staining, bioinformatics analysis, Western blot, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Results VBPs had numerous short-chain active peptides, excellent antioxidant activity, and a low hemolysis rate. CAVBPH exhibited desirable biochemical properties and participated in the diabetic wound healing process by promoting cell proliferation (PCNA and α-SMA) and angiogenesis (capillaries and CD31) and alleviating inflammation (CD68). Mechanistically, the therapeutic effect of CAVBPH on chronic wounds might rely on activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGFA pathway and reversing the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that T2D significantly altered the diversity and structure of skin flora at the wound site. CAVBPH treatment elevated the relative abundance of beneficial microbes (e.g., Corynebacterium_1 and Lactobacillus) and reversed the structural imbalance of skin microbiota. Conclusion These results indicate that CAVBPH is a promising wound dressing, and its repair effect on diabetic wounds by regulating angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and skin flora may depend on the rich small peptides in VBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Hao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Peng
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencong Liu
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Calum H, Trøstrup H, Laulund AS, Thomsen K, Christophersen L, Høiby N, Moser C. Murine burn lesion model for studying acute and chronic wound infections. APMIS 2022; 130:477-490. [PMID: 35441434 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute wounds, such as thermal injury, and chronic wounds are challenging for patients and the healthcare system around the world. Thermal injury of considerable size induces immunosuppression, which renders the patient susceptible to wound infections, but also in other foci like the airways and urinary tract. Infected thermal lesions can progress to chronic wounds with biofilm making them more difficult to treat. While animal models have their limitations, murine wound models are still the best tool at the moment to identify strategies to overcome these challenges. Here, we present a murine burn model, which has been developed to study biofilm formation, the significance of wound healing, and for identifying novel treatment candidates. Investigating the effect of a thermal injury in mice, we observed that 48 h after introduction of the injury, the mice showed a reduction in polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) and a reduced capacity for phagocytosis and oxidative burst. Regarding the chronic wound, Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm arrested wound healing and kept the wound in an inflammatory state, but suppressing PMN function by means of the PMN factor S100A8/A9, corresponding to observations in human venous leg ulcers. Monotherapy and dual treatment with S100A8/A9 and ciprofloxacin on P. aeruginosa biofilm-infected murine wounds have been investigated. In combination, S100A8/A9 and ciprofloxacin reduced the bacterial quantity, lowered the proinflammatory response, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines after 4 days of treatment. When the treatment was prolonged, an additional prevention of resistance development was detected in all the dual-treated mice. In the present review, we provide data on using the murine model for research with the aim of better understanding pathophysiology of wounds and for identifying novel treatments for humans suffering from these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Calum
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannah Trøstrup
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Treatment, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Laulund
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Christophersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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de Souza da Fonseca A, de Paoli F, Mencalha AL. Photodynamic therapy for treatment of infected burns. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102831. [PMID: 35341978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burns are among the most debilitating and devastating forms of trauma. Such injuries are influenced by infections, causing increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant infectious agents, efficient treatment of infections in burns is a challenging issue. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach to inactivate infectious agents, including multidrug-resistant. In this review, studies on PubMed were gathered, aiming to summarize the achievements regarding the applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infected burns. A literature search was carried out for aPDT published reports assessment on bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in burns. The collected data suggest that aPDT could be a promising new approach against multidrug-resistant infectious agents. However, despite important results being obtained against bacteria, experimental and clinical studies are necessary yet on the effectiveness of aPDT against fungal and viral infections in burns, which could reduce morbidity and mortality of burned patients, mainly those infected by multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro 20211040, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 111, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro 25964004, Brazil.
| | - Flavia de Paoli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Khelmer - s/n, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil
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Janowska A, Davini G, Romanelli M, Oranges T, Iannone M, Dini V. The Association Between pH and Fluorescence as Noninvasive Diagnostic Tools in Chronic Wounds. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2021:15347346211018927. [PMID: 33998845 DOI: 10.1177/15347346211018927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MolecuLight i:X is a noninvasive, portable device that captures images, measures wound areas, and allows the evaluation of the bacterial environment in real time. The aim of the study was to correlate the different fluorescence (light green, red, cyan) and dark red-purple-black color areas with average pH values in these areas and with average wound bed score (WBS). During a 4-week period, we enrolled 43 adult patients (23 females and 20 males) with clinically infected and uninfected chronic ulcers. In our study, the mean age was 68 years old. The etiologies were 21 venous ulcers, 3 arterial ulcers, 4 vasculitis, 7 pyoderma gangrenosum, 7 traumatic ulcers, and 1 neoplastic ulcer. The average area was 16.92 cm2 and the average WBS was 9.17. A total of 16 ulcers (37%) were positive for clinical signs and symptoms of infection and 27 ulcers were negative (63%). Thirty-six ulcers emitted a single fluorescence: cyan (n = 13), red (n = 1), light green (n = 14), and dark red-purple-black (n = 8). Six wounds showed a double fluorescence area: red and cyan (n = 1) and cyan and light green (n = 5). One ulcer emitted a triple fluorescence area: red, cyan, and light green. Overall in 43 ulcers, we found 43 fluorescence and 8 dark red-purple-black color. We found significant data between pH and fluorescence. pH values on wound bed confirm in a noninvasive way the correlation between fluorescence and bacterial burden. Moreover, MolecuLight i:X is able to detect objectively the bacterial proliferation, in contrast with pH which cannot distinguish different types of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Teresa Oranges
- 9335Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Hurley CM, McClusky P, Sugrue RM, Clover JA, Kelly JE. Efficacy of a bacterial fluorescence imaging device in an outpatient wound care clinic: a pilot study. J Wound Care 2020; 28:438-443. [PMID: 31295094 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2019.28.7.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subsurface bacterial burden can be missed during standard wound examination protocols. The real-time bacterial fluorescence imaging device, MolecuLight i:X, visualises the presence of potentially harmful levels of bacteria through endogenous autofluorescence, without the need for contrast agents or contact with the patient. The intended use of the imaging device is to assist with the management of patients with wounds by enabling real-time visualisation of potentially harmful bacteria. The aim of this study was to establish the accuracy of the wound imaging device at detecting pathogenic bacteria in wounds. METHODS A single-centre, prospective observational study was conducted in Cork University Hospital in an outpatient plastic surgery wound care clinic. Patients had their wounds photographed under white and autofluorescent light with the imaging device. Auto-fluorescent images were compared with the microbiological swab results. RESULTS A total of 33 patients and 43 swabs were included, of which 95.3% (n=41) were positive for bacteria growth. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial species identified. The imaging device had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 78% at identifying pathological bacteria presence in wounds on fluorescent light imaging. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 95.4%. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. It demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% at detecting the presence of Pseudomonas spp. CONCLUSION The imaging device used could be a safe, effective, accurate and easy-to-use autofluorescent device to improve the assessment of wounds in the outpatient clinic setting. In conjunction with best clinical practice, the device can be used to guide clinicians use of antibiotics and specialised dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran M Hurley
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat McClusky
- Department of Wound Care, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ryan M Sugrue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - James A Clover
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jason E Kelly
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Nezhadi J, Eslami H, Fakhrzadeh V, Moaddab SR, Zeinalzadeh E, Kafil HS. Photodynamic therapy of infection in burn patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/mrm.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Amos-Tautua BM, Songca SP, Oluwafemi OS. Application of Porphyrins in Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:E2456. [PMID: 31277423 PMCID: PMC6650910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used to control, treat, or prevent bacterial infections, however bacterial resistance to all known classes of traditional antibiotics has greatly increased in the past years especially in hospitals rendering certain therapies ineffective. To limit this emerging public health problem, there is a need to develop non-incursive, non-toxic, and new antimicrobial techniques that act more effectively and quicker than the current antibiotics. One of these effective techniques is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This review focuses on the application of porphyrins in the photo-inactivation of bacteria. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance and some of the current 'greener' methods of synthesis of meso-phenyl porphyrins are discussed. In addition, significance and limitations of aPDT are also discussed. Furthermore, we also elaborate on the current clinical applications and the future perspectives and directions of this non-antibiotic therapeutic strategy in combating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele M Amos-Tautua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Sandile P Songca
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi S Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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Microbiome of the Skin and Gut in Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Understanding the Pathophysiology and Finding Novel Management Strategies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040444. [PMID: 30987008 PMCID: PMC6518061 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a long-standing inflammatory skin disease that is highly prevalent worldwide. Multiple factors contribute to AD, with genetics as well as the environment affecting disease development. Although AD shows signs of skin barrier defect and immunological deviation, the mechanism underlying AD is not well understood, and AD treatment is often very difficult. There is substantial data that AD patients have a disturbed microbial composition and lack microbial diversity in their skin and gut compared to controls, which contributes to disease onset and atopic march. It is not clear whether microbial change in AD is an outcome of barrier defect or the cause of barrier dysfunction and inflammation. However, a cross-talk between commensals and the immune system is now noticed, and their alteration is believed to affect the maturation of innate and adaptive immunity during early life. The novel concept of modifying skin and gut microbiome by applying moisturizers that contain nonpathogenic biomass or probiotic supplementation during early years may be a preventive and therapeutic option in high risk groups, but currently lacks evidence. This review discusses the nature of the skin and gut flora in AD, possible mechanisms of skin-gut interaction, and the therapeutic implications of microbiome correction in AD.
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Hamblin MR. Novel pharmacotherapy for burn wounds: what are the advancements. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:305-321. [PMID: 30517046 PMCID: PMC6364296 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1551880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognosis for severe burns has improved significantly over the past 50 years. Meanwhile, burns have become an affliction mainly affecting the less well-developed regions of the world. Early excision and skin grafting has led to major improvements in therapeutic outcomes. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this article is to survey the use of pharmacotherapy to treat different pathophysiological complications of burn injury. The author, herein, discusses the use of drug treatments for a number of systemic metabolic disturbances including hyperglycemia, elevated catabolism, and gluconeogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Advancements in personalized and molecular medicine will make an impact on burn therapy. Similarities between severe burns and other critically ill patients will lead to cross-fertilization between different medical specialties. Furthermore, advances in stem cells and tissue regeneration will lead to improved healing and less lifelong disability. Indeed, research in new drug therapy for burns is actively progressing for many different complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- a Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
- b Department of Dermatology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
- c Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Design and validation of an open-source modular Microplate Photoirradiation System for high-throughput photobiology experiments. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203597. [PMID: 30289930 PMCID: PMC6173374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in photobiology is currently limited by a lack of devices capable of delivering precise and tunable irradiation to cells in a high-throughput format. This limits researchers to using expensive commercially available or custom-built light sources which make it difficult to replicate, standardize, optimize, and scale experiments. Here we present an open-source Microplate Photoirradiation System (MPS) developed to enable high-throughput light experiments in standard 96 and 24-well microplates for a variety of applications in photobiology research. This open-source system features 96 independently controlled LEDs (4 LEDs per well in 24-well), Wi-Fi connected control and programmable graphical user interface (GUI) for control and programming, automated calibration GUI, and modular control and LED boards for maximum flexibility. A web-based GUI generates light program files containing irradiation parameters for groups of LEDs. These parameters are then uploaded wirelessly, stored and used on the MPS to run photoirradiation experiments inside any incubator. A rapid and semi-quantitative porphyrin metabolism assay was also developed to validate the system in wild-type fibroblasts. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence accumulation was induced by incubation with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a photosensitization method leveraged clinically to destroy malignant cell types in a process termed photodynamic therapy (PDT), and cells were irradiated with 405nm light with varying irradiance, duration and pulsation parameters. Immediately after light treatment with the MPS, subsequent photobleaching was measured in live, adherent cells in both 96-well and a 24-well microplates using a microplate reader. Results demonstrate the utility and reliability of the Microplate Photoirradiation System to irradiate cells with precise irradiance and timing parameters in order to measure PpIx photobleaching kinetics in live adherent cells and perform comparable experiments with both 24 and 96 well microplate formats. The high-throughput capability of the MPS enabled measurement of enough irradiance conditions in a single microplate to fit PpIX fluorescence to a bioexponential decay model of photobleaching, as well as reveal a dependency of photobleaching on duty-cycle-but not frequency-in a pulsed irradiance regimen.
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Mahmoudi H, Bahador A, Pourhajibagher M, Alikhani MY. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: An Effective Alternative Approach to Control Bacterial Infections. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:154-160. [PMID: 30809325 PMCID: PMC6378356 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available literature for in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the field of bacteriology. Methods: A review of the relevant articles carried out in PubMed and Scopus to determine the efficiency of aPDT used in the reduction of microbial infection. Thirty-one relevant documents retrieved from PubMed, Scopus by inserting "antimicrobial photodynamic therapy" and "bacterial infection" and "photodynamic therapy" keywords. Results: According to different results, aPDT can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of infectious diseases. The use of photosensitizer methylene blue, toluidine blue O (TBO), indocyanine green with light diode laser centered at (630±10 nm) and (650±10 nm) wavelengths have been shown to have significant results for the treatment of infectious diseases and bactericidal properties Conclusion: These findings suggest that, aPDT can be an efficient method in the treatment of localized and superficial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mahmoudi
- Microbiology Department, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Microbiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mofazzal Jahromi MA, Sahandi Zangabad P, Moosavi Basri SM, Sahandi Zangabad K, Ghamarypour A, Aref AR, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Nanomedicine and advanced technologies for burns: Preventing infection and facilitating wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:33-64. [PMID: 28782570 PMCID: PMC5742034 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the latest report from the World Health Organization, an estimated 265,000 deaths still occur every year as a direct result of burn injuries. A widespread range of these deaths induced by burn wound happens in low- and middle-income countries, where survivors face a lifetime of morbidity. Most of the deaths occur due to infections when a high percentage of the external regions of the body area is affected. Microbial nutrient availability, skin barrier disruption, and vascular supply destruction in burn injuries as well as systemic immunosuppression are important parameters that cause burns to be susceptible to infections. Topical antimicrobials and dressings are generally employed to inhibit burn infections followed by a burn wound therapy, because systemic antibiotics have problems in reaching the infected site, coupled with increasing microbial drug resistance. Nanotechnology has provided a range of molecular designed nanostructures (NS) that can be used in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in burns. These NSs can be divided into organic and non-organic (such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and silver NPs, respectively), and many have been designed to display multifunctional activity. The present review covers the physiology of skin, burn classification, burn wound pathogenesis, animal models of burn wound infection, and various topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing. These include biological based approaches (e.g. immune-based antimicrobial molecules, therapeutic microorganisms, antimicrobial agents, etc.), antimicrobial photo- and ultrasound-therapy, as well as nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches as a revolutionizing area. Thus, we focus on organic and non-organic NSs designed to deliver growth factors to burned skin, and scaffolds, dressings, etc. for exogenous stem cells to aid skin regeneration. Eventually, recent breakthroughs and technologies with substantial potentials in tissue regeneration and skin wound therapy (that are as the basis of burn wound therapies) are briefly taken into consideration including 3D-printing, cell-imprinted substrates, nano-architectured surfaces, and novel gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (JUMS), Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (JUMS), Jahrom, Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science (TUOMS), Tabriz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Moosavi Basri
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Sahandi Zangabad
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran; Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Ghamarypour
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir R Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, USA.
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15
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Rout B, Liu CH, Wu WC. Photosensitizer in lipid nanoparticle: a nano-scaled approach to antibacterial function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7892. [PMID: 28801673 PMCID: PMC5554217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitization-based antimicrobial therapy (PAT) is an alternative therapy aimed at achieving bacterial inactivation. Researchers use various photosensitizers to achieve bacterial inactivation. However, the most widely used approach involves the use of photosensitizers dispersed in aqueous solution, which could limit the effectiveness of photodynamic inactivation. Therefore, the approaches to encapsulate the photosensitizer in appropriate vehicles can enhance the delivery of the photosensitizer. Herein, Toluidine Blue O (TBO) was the photosensitizer, and lipid nanoparticles were used for its encapsulation. The lipid nanoparticle-based delivery system has been tailor-made for decreasing the average size and viscosity and increasing the formulation stability as well as the wettability of skin. Usage of an appropriate vehicle will also increase the cellular uptake of the photosensitizer into the bacterial cells, leading to the damage on cell membrane and genomic DNA. Evidence of effectiveness of the developed PAT on planktonic bacteria and biofilms was examined by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lipid nanoparticles protected the photosensitizer from aggregation and made the application easy on the skin as indicated in data of size distribution and contact angle. The use of lipid nanoparticles for encapsulating TBO could enhance photosensitization-based antimicrobial therapy as compared to the aqueous media for delivering photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishakh Rout
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84, Gung-Juan Road, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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16
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Calum H, Høiby N, Moser C. Mouse Model of Burn Wound and Infection: Thermal (Hot Air) Lesion-Induced Immunosuppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Calum
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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17
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Yuan Y, Liu ZQ, Jin H, Sun S, Liu TJ, Wang X, Fan HJ, Hou SK, Ding H. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy with the novel amino acid-porphyrin conjugate 4I: In vitro and in vivo studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176529. [PMID: 28493985 PMCID: PMC5426629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), as a novel and effective therapeutic modality to eradicate drug resistant bacteria without provoking multidrug resistance, has attracted increasing attention. This study examined the antimicrobial efficacy of the novel cationic amino acid-porphyrin conjugate 4I with four lysine groups against two different clinical isolated strains (drug sensitive and multidrug resistant) of the Acinetobacter baumannii species and its toxicity on murine dermal fibroblasts in vitro, as well as the therapeutic effect of PACT on acute, potentially lethal multidrug resistant strain excisional wound infections in vivo. The PACT protocol exposed 4I to illumination, exhibiting high antimicrobial efficacy on two different strains due to a high yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and non-selectivity to microorganisms. The photoinactivation effects of 4I against two different strains were dose-dependent. At 3.9 μM and 7.8 μM, PACT induced 6 log units of inactivation of sensitive and multidrug resistant strains. In contrast, 4I alone and illumination alone treatments had no visibly antimicrobial effect. Moreover, cytotoxicity tests revealed the great safety of the photosensitizer 4I in mice. In the in vivo study, we found 4I-mediated PACT was not only able to kill bacteria but also accelerated wound recovery. Compared with non-treated mice, over 2.89 log reduction of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain was reached in PACT treat mice at 24 h post-treatment. These results imply that 4I-mediated PACT therapy is an effective and safe alternative to conventional antibiotic therapy and has clinical potential for superficial drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Zi-Quan Liu
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian-Jun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking Union Medical College – Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Hao-Jun Fan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Ke Hou
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abana CM, Brannon JR, Ebbott RA, Dunigan TL, Guckes KR, Fuseini H, Powers J, Rogers BR, Hadjifrangiskou M. Characterization of blue light irradiation effects on pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28332311 PMCID: PMC5552948 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue light irradiation (BLI) is an FDA-approved method for treating certain types of infections, like acne, and is becoming increasingly attractive as an antimicrobial strategy as the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" rises. However, no study has delineated the effectiveness of BLI throughout different bacterial growth phases, especially in more BLI-tolerant organisms such as Escherichia coli. While the vast majority of E. coli strains are nonpathogenic, several E. coli pathotypes exist that cause infection within and outside the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we compared the response of E. coli strains from five phylogenetic groups to BLI with a 455 nm wavelength (BLI455 ), using colony-forming unit and ATP measurement assays. Our results revealed that BLI455 is not bactericidal, but can retard E. coli growth in a manner that is dependent on culture age and strain background. This observation is critical, given that bacteria on and within mammalian hosts are found in different phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Abana
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ebbott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taryn L Dunigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten R Guckes
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hubaida Fuseini
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Vanderbilt Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bridget R Rogers
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Shi B, Bangayan NJ, Curd E, Taylor PA, Gallo RL, Leung DYM, Li H. The skin microbiome is different in pediatric versus adult atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1233-1236. [PMID: 27474122 PMCID: PMC5235385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baochen Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Nathanael J Bangayan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Emily Curd
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif; UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
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20
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Roy DC, Tomblyn S, Isaac KM, Kowalczewski CJ, Burmeister DM, Burnett LR, Christy RJ. Ciprofloxacin-loaded keratin hydrogels reduce infection and support healing in a porcine partial-thickness thermal burn. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:657-68. [PMID: 27238250 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Current therapies include silver-based creams and dressings, which display limited antimicrobial effectiveness and impair healing. The need exists for a topical, point-of-injury antibiotic treatment that provides sustained antimicrobial activity without impeding wound repair. Fitting this description are keratin-based hydrogels, which are fully biocompatible and support the slow-release of antibiotics. Here we develop a porcine model of an infected partial-thickness burn to test the effects of ciprofloxacin-loaded keratin hydrogels on infection and wound healing. Partial-thickness burns were inoculated with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in infections that persisted for >2 weeks that exceeded 10(5) and 10(6) cfu per gram of tissue, respectively. Compared to silver sulfadiazine, ciprofloxacin-loaded keratin hydrogel treatment significantly reduced the amount of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in the burn by >99% on days 4, 7, 11, and 15 postinjury. Further, burns treated with ciprofloxacin-loaded keratin hydrogels exhibited similar healing patterns as uninfected burns with regards to reepithelialization, macrophage recruitment, and collagen deposition and remodeling. The ability of keratin hydrogels to deliver antibiotics to fight infection and support healing of partial-thickness burns make them a strong candidate as a first-line burn therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Roy
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,KeraNetics, LLC, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Kameel M Isaac
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Christine J Kowalczewski
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.,KeraNetics, LLC, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David M Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | | | - Robert J Christy
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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21
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Managa M, Amuhaya EK, Nyokong T. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy activity of (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(4-carboxyphenycarbonoimidoyl)phenyl)porphyrinato) chloro gallium(III). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 151:867-874. [PMID: 26184471 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
(5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-(4-carboxyphenycarbonoimidoyl)phenyl)porphyrinato) chloro gallium(III) (complex 1) was conjugated to platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) (represented as 1-PtNPs). The resulting conjugate showed 18 nm red shift in the Soret band when compared to 1 alone. Complex 1 and 1-PtNPs showed promising photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in solution where the log reductions obtained were 4.92, 3.76, and 3.95, respectively for 1-PtNPs. The singlet oxygen quantum yields obtained were higher at 0.56 for 1-PtNPs in DMF while that of 1 was 0.52 in the same solvent. This resulted in improved PACT activity for 1-PtNPs compared to 1 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthumuni Managa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Edith K Amuhaya
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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22
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Egozi D, Baranes-Zeevi M, Ullmann Y, Gilhar A, Keren A, Matanes E, Berdicevsky I, Krivoy N, Zilberman M. Biodegradable soy wound dressings with controlled release of antibiotics: Results from a guinea pig burn model. Burns 2015; 41:1459-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines visible light and photosensitizing dyes. Different animal models have been used to test PDT for cancer, infectious disease and cardiovascular disease. Mouse models of tumours include subcutaneous, orthotopic, syngeneic, xenograft, autochthonous and genetically modified. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb visible light to give the excited singlet state, followed by the long-lived triplet state that can undergo photochemistry. In the presence of ambient oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals are formed that are able to kill cancer cells, inactivate microbial pathogens and destroy unwanted tissue. Although there are already several clinically approved PSs for various disease indications, many studies around the world are using animal models to investigate the further utility of PDT. The present review will cover the main groups of animal models that have been described in the literature. Cancer comprises the single biggest group of models including syngeneic mouse/rat tumours that can either be subcutaneous or orthotopic and allow the study of anti-tumour immune response; human tumours that need to be implanted in immunosuppressed hosts; carcinogen-induced tumours; and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop cancer (often by pathways similar to those in patients). Infections are the second biggest class of animal models and the anatomical sites include wounds, burns, oral cavity, ears, eyes, nose etc. Responsible pathogens can include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. A smaller and diverse group of miscellaneous animal models have been reported that allow PDT to be tested in ophthalmology, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, dermatology and wound healing. Successful studies using animal models of PDT are blazing the trail for tomorrow's clinical approvals.
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24
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Zilberman M, Egozi D, Shemesh M, Keren A, Mazor E, Baranes-Zeevi M, Goldstein N, Berdicevsky I, Gilhar A, Ullmann Y. Hybrid wound dressings with controlled release of antibiotics: Structure-release profile effects and in vivo study in a guinea pig burn model. Acta Biomater 2015; 22:155-63. [PMID: 25922303 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, wound dressings have evolved from a crude traditional gauze dressing to tissue-engineered scaffolds. Many types of wound dressing formats are commercially available or have been investigated. We developed and studied hybrid bilayer wound dressings which combine a drug-loaded porous poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) top layer with a spongy collagen sublayer. Such a structure is very promising because it combines the advantageous properties of both layers. The antibiotic drug gentamicin was incorporated into the top layer for preventing and/or defeating infections. In this study, we examined the effect of the top layer's structure on the gentamicin release profile and on the resulting in vivo wound healing. The latter was tested on a guinea pig burn model, compared to the neutral non-adherent dressing material Melolin® (Smith & Nephew) and Aquacel® Ag (ConvaTec). The release kinetics of gentamicin from the various studied formulations exhibited burst release values between 8% and 38%, followed by a drug elution rate that decreased with time and lasted for at least 7 weeks. The hybrid dressing, with relatively slow gentamicin release, enabled the highest degree of wound healing (28%), which is at least double that obtained by the other dressing formats (8-12%). It resulted in the lowest degree of wound contraction and a relatively low amount of inflammatory cells compared to the controls. This dressing was found to be superior to hybrid wound dressings with fast gentamicin release and to the neat hybrid dressing without drug release. Since this dressing exhibited promising results and does not require frequent bandage changes, it offers a potentially valuable concept for treating large infected burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Zilberman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Dana Egozi
- Dept. of Plastic Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maoz Shemesh
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Aviad Keren
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Dept. of Plastic Surgery and the Burn Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eytan Mazor
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maya Baranes-Zeevi
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nyra Goldstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Dept. of Plastic Surgery and the Burn Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israela Berdicevsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yehuda Ullmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Dept. of Plastic Surgery and the Burn Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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25
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Wu YC, Smith M, Chu A, Lindvere-Teene L, Starr D, Tapang K, Shekhman R, Wong O, Linden R, DaCosta RS. Handheld fluorescence imaging device detects subclinical wound infection in an asymptomatic patient with chronic diabetic foot ulcer: a case report. Int Wound J 2015; 13:449-53. [PMID: 25907362 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a significant burden to global patient and health care infrastructures, and there is a need for better methods of early wound diagnosis and treatment. Traditional diagnosis of chronic wound infection by pathogenic bacteria, using clinical signs and symptoms, is based on visual inspection under white light and microbiological sampling (e.g. swabbing and/or biopsy) of the wound, which are subjective and suboptimal. Diagnosing microbial infection based on traditional clinical signs and symptoms in wounds of asymptomatic patients is especially challenging at the bedside. Bacteria are invisible to the unaided eye and wound sampling for diagnostic testing can cause unacceptable delays in diagnosis and treatment. To address this problem, we developed a new prototype handheld, portable fluorescence imaging device that enables non-contact, real-time, high-resolution visualisation of pathogenic bacteria and tissues in wounds. Herein, we report the clinical use of this imaging device in detecting subsurface heavy bacterial load and subclinical local infection in an asymptomatic 50-year-old patient with a non-healing diabetic foot ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao C Wu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marlie Smith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashley Chu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liis Lindvere-Teene
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Danielle Starr
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kim Tapang
- The Judy Dan Treatment and Research Center, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Olive Wong
- The Judy Dan Treatment and Research Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ron Linden
- The Judy Dan Treatment and Research Center, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph S DaCosta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Elsner JJ, Kraitzer A, Grinberg O, Zilberman M. Highly porous drug-eluting structures: from wound dressings to stents and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:239-70. [PMID: 23507890 PMCID: PMC3568110 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For many biomedical applications, there is need for porous implant materials. The current article focuses on a method for preparation of drug-eluting porous structures for various biomedical applications, based on freeze drying of inverted emulsions. This fabrication process enables the incorporation of any drug, to obtain an "active implant" that releases drugs to the surrounding tissue in a controlled desired manner. Examples for porous implants based on this technique are antibiotic-eluting mesh/matrix structures used for wound healing applications, antiproliferative drug-eluting composite fibers for stent applications and local cancer treatment, and protein-eluting films for tissue regeneration applications. In the current review we focus on these systems. We show that the release profiles of both types of drugs, water-soluble and water-insoluble, are affected by the emulsion's formulation parameters. The former's release profile is affected mainly through the emulsion stability and the resulting porous microstructure, whereas the latter's release mechanism occurs via water uptake and degradation of the host polymer. Hence, appropriate selection of the formulation parameters enables to obtain desired controllable release profile of any bioactive agent, water-soluble or water-insoluble, and also fit its physical properties to the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Elsner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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27
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Abstract
Severe thermal injury induces immunosuppression, involving all parts of the immune system, especially when large fractions of the total body surface area are affected. An animal model was established to characterize the burn-induced immunosuppression. In our novel mouse model a 6 % third-degree burn injury was induced with a hot-air blower. The third-degree burn was confirmed histologically. At 48 h, a decline in the concentration of peripheral blood leucocytes was observed in the group of mice with burn wound. The reduction was ascribed to the decline in concentration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes and monocytes. When infecting the skin with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a dissemination of bacteria was observed only in the burn wound group. Histological characterization of the skin showed an increased polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes dominated inflammation in the group of mice with infected burn wound compared with the burn wound only group. The burn mouse model resembles the clinical situation and provides an opportunity to examine or develop new strategies like new antibiotics and immune therapy, in handling burn wound victims much.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Calum
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Caminos DA, Durantini EN. Synthesis of asymmetricallymeso-substituted porphyrins bearing amino groups as potential cationic photodynamic agents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel asymmetrically meso-substituted porphyrins bearing amino groups have been synthesized as precursors of cationic photodynamic agents. The amphiphilic character of these porphyrins was increased by the presence of a high lipophilic trifluoromethyl group. Different patterns of porphyrin structures were obtained from meso-4-[(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl] dipyrromethane 1, which was formed by the condensation of 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy) benzaldehyde with a large excess of pyrrole. This reaction takes place at high temperature with a yield of 59%. This reaction was also attempted under acid-catalyzed condensation at room temperature. However, under these conditions, the amino group reduces the catalyst and the reaction does not take place. To obtain porphyrins, dipyrromethane 1 was condensed with aldehydes in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid ( TFA ) under different conditions. First, 1 reacted with 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde in dichloromethane catalyzed by TFA (∼4 times TFA /1 molar ratio) to obtain 6.2% of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)porphyrin ( A4-porphyrin). Under similar conditions, reaction of 1 with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde produces 5,15-di(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)-10,20-di(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin ( A2B2- porphyrin ) with a 4.8% yield. This procedure also yields a mixture of porphyrins, which were formed due to acidolysis of 1. When a minor amount of TFA was used in acetonitrile, the yield of A2B2-porphyrin was very poor (∼0.4%). On the other hand, condensation of 1 with 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde and 4-(3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy)benzaldehyde catalyzed by TFA (∼2 times TFA /1 molar ratio) in acetonitrile yields 9.3% of 5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-[3- N , N -dimethylaminopropoxy]phenyl)porphyrin ( A3B-porphyrin ). A2B2and A4porphyrins were also isolated with 6.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Finally, exhaustive methylation of amino porphyrins produces cationic sensitizers (>94% yield). Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies of these sensitizers were compared in N , N -dimethylformamide. In these porphyrins, the cationic centers are isolated from the porphyrin ring by a propoxy bridge. Thus, the cationic charges have minimal influence on the photophysical properties of the sensitizers. In addition, this chain provides a higher mobility of the charge, which could facilitate interaction with the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. These amphiphilic cationic porphyrins are promising photosensitizers with potential applications in bacterial inactivation by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N. Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Bayarmaa B, Bayarmaa B, Shim YK. Photodynamic inactivation of wound-associated bacteria with new troponyl (pyro)pheophobides. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of light activated agent, methyl (pyro)pheophorbide-a, which bears non-aromatic cyclic compound, excited with red light from a LED on the viability of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli was investigated. All species were susceptible to killing by photosensitization and photodynamic effect was dependent on both the chemical structure and concentration. However, E. coli was not susceptible to concentrations used to obtain a significant kill with the Gram-positive bacteria upon irradiation. To more closely mimic the conditions of wounds, photodynamic therapy was carried out on S. aureus, which is the most important organism that can cause a range of mild to severe infections in skin and burn wounds, in the presence of human blood plasma and human serum albumin, representing a wound fluid model. Results indicate that microorganisms could be successfully photoinactivated by tropolone methyl (pyro)pheophorbide-a derivatives when suspended in phosphate buffered saline. However, changing the medium into 4.5% and 7% HSA/PBS solutions reduced the effectiveness of lethal photosensitization of bacteria. The same results were obtained with human blood plasma. Also, the mechanism of bacterial cell inactivation by a sensitizer and light was studied with reactive oxygen species scavengers. Further evidence of the involvement of singlet oxygen is provided by the protective effect of the singlet oxygen scavenger, sodium azide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bold Bayarmaa
- PDT Research Institute, Department of Nano Systems Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Barkhuu Bayarmaa
- PDT Research Institute, Department of Nano Systems Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, Department of Nano Systems Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
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Dai T, Kharkwal GB, Tanaka M, Huang YY, Bil de Arce VJ, Hamblin MR. Animal models of external traumatic wound infections. Virulence 2011; 2:296-315. [PMID: 21701256 DOI: 10.4161/viru.2.4.16840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in traumatic wound care and management, infections remain a leading cause of mortality,morbidity and economic disruption in millions of wound patients around the world. Animal models have become standard tools for studying a wide array of external traumatic wound infections and testing new antimicrobial strategies. RESULTS Animal models of external traumatic wound infections reported by different investigators vary in animal species used, microorganism strains, the number of microorganisms applied, the size of the wounds and for burn infections, the length of time the heated object or liquid is in contact with the skin. METHODS This review covers experimental infections in animal models of surgical wounds, skin abrasions, burns, lacerations,excisional wounds and open fractures. CONCLUSIONS As antibiotic resistance continues to increase,more new antimicrobial approaches are urgently needed.These should be tested using standard protocols for infections in external traumatic wounds in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
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Dai T, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Hashmi JT, Kurup DB, Hamblin MR. Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections. RECENT PATENTS ON ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2010; 5:124-51. [PMID: 20429870 PMCID: PMC2935806 DOI: 10.2174/157489110791233522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Throughout most of history, serious burns occupying a large percentage of body surface area were an almost certain death sentence because of subsequent infection. A number of factors such as disruption of the skin barrier, ready availability of bacterial nutrients in the burn milieu, destruction of the vascular supply to the burned skin, and systemic disturbances lead to immunosuppression combined together to make burns particularly susceptible to infection. In the 20th century the introduction of antibiotic and antifungal drugs, the use of topical antimicrobials that could be applied to burns, and widespread adoption of early excision and grafting all helped to dramatically increase survival. However the relentless increase in microbial resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobials has led to a renewed search for alternative approaches to prevent and combat burn infections. This review will cover patented strategies that have been issued or filed with regard to new topical agents, preparations, and methods of combating burn infections. Animal models that are used in preclinical studies are discussed. Various silver preparations (nanocrystalline and slow release) are the mainstay of many approaches but antimicrobial peptides, topical photodynamic therapy, chitosan preparations, new iodine delivery formulations, phage therapy and natural products such as honey and essential oils have all been tested. This active area of research will continue to provide new topical antimicrobials for burns that will battle against growing multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R China
| | - Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Javad T. Hashmi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Divya B. Kurup
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Photodynamic therapy for localized infections--state of the art. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 6:170-88. [PMID: 19932449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over 100 years ago by observing the killing of microorganisms when harmless dyes and visible light were combined in vitro. Since then it has primarily been developed as a treatment for cancer, ophthalmologic disorders and in dermatology. However, in recent years interest in the antimicrobial effects of PDT has revived and it has been proposed as a therapy for a large variety of localized infections. This revival of interest has largely been driven by the inexorable increase in drug resistance among many classes of pathogen. Advantages of PDT include equal killing effectiveness regardless of antibiotic resistance, and a lack of induction of PDT resistance. Disadvantages include the cessation of the antimicrobial effect when the light is turned off, and less than perfect selectivity for microbial cells over host tissue. This review will cover the use of PDT to kill or inactivate pathogens in ex vivo tissues and in biological materials such as blood. PDT has been successfully used to kill pathogens and even to save life in several animal models of localized infections such as surface wounds, burns, oral sites, abscesses and the middle ear. A large number of clinical studies of PDT for viral papillomatosis lesions and for acne refer to its antimicrobial effect, but it is unclear how important this microbial killing is to the overall therapeutic outcome. PDT for periodontitis is a rapidly growing clinical application and other dental applications are under investigation. PDT is being clinically studied for other dermatological infections such as leishmaniasis and mycobacteria. Antimicrobial PDT will become more important in the future as antibiotic resistance is only expected to continue to increase.
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Tavares A, Carvalho CMB, Faustino MA, Neves MGPMS, Tomé JPC, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha Â, Gomes NCM, Alves E, Almeida A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: study of bacterial recovery viability and potential development of resistance after treatment. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:91-105. [PMID: 20161973 PMCID: PMC2817925 DOI: 10.3390/md8010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged in the clinical field as a potential alternative to antibiotics to treat microbial infections. No cases of microbial viability recovery or any resistance mechanisms against it are yet known. 5,10,15-tris(1-Methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin triiodide (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF) was used as photosensitizer. Vibrio fischeri and recombinant Escherichia coli were the studied bacteria. To determine the bacterial recovery after treatment, Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF (5.0 microM) was added to bacterial suspensions and the samples were irradiated with white light (40 W m(-2)) for 270 minutes. Then, the samples were protected from light, aliquots collected at different intervals and the bioluminescence measured. To assess the development of resistance after treatment, bacterial suspensions were exposed to white light (25 minutes), in presence of 5.0 microM of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF (99.99% of inactivation) and plated. After the first irradiation period, surviving colonies were collected from the plate and resuspended in PBS. Then, an identical protocol was used and repeated ten times for each bacterium. The results suggest that aPDT using Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF represents a promising approach to efficiently destroy bacteria since after a single treatment these microorganisms do not recover their viability and after ten generations of partially photosensitized cells neither of the bacteria develop resistance to the photodynamic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Tavares
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Carla M. B. Carvalho
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Maria A. Faustino
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
- * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(A.A.);
(M.G.P.M.S.N.); Tel.: +351 234 370784; +351 234 370713
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(C.M.B.C.);
(M.A.F.);
(J.P.C.T.);
(A.C.T.);
(J.A.S.C.)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Newton C. M. Gomes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Eliana Alves
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mails:
(A.T.);
(A.C.);
(N.C.M.G.);
(E.A.)
- * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails:
(A.A.);
(M.G.P.M.S.N.); Tel.: +351 234 370784; +351 234 370713
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Zolfaghari PS, Packer S, Singer M, Nair SP, Bennett J, Street C, Wilson M. In vivo killing of Staphylococcus aureus using a light-activated antimicrobial agent. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:27. [PMID: 19193212 PMCID: PMC2642833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The widespread problem of antibiotic resistance in pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus has prompted the search for new antimicrobial approaches. In this study we report for the first time the use of a light-activated antimicrobial agent, methylene blue, to kill an epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA-16) strain in two mouse wound models. Results Following irradiation of wounds with 360 J/cm2 of laser light (670 nm) in the presence of 100 μg/ml of methylene blue, a 25-fold reduction in the number of viable EMRSA was seen. This was independent of the increase in temperature of the wounds associated with the treatment. Histological examination of the wounds revealed no difference between the photodynamic therapy (PDT)-treated wounds and the untreated wounds, all of which showed the same degree of inflammatory infiltration at 24 hours. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that PDT is effective at reducing the total number of viable EMRSA in a wound. This approach has promise as a means of treating wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microbes as well as for the elimination of such organisms from carriage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parjam S Zolfaghari
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK.
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Gilaberte Y, Frias MP, Coscojuela C, Ferrer C, González S. Antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy on infected cutaneous neoplasias. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:1241-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lethal photosensitization of wound-associated microbes using indocyanine green and near-infrared light. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:111. [PMID: 18593460 PMCID: PMC2516521 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in resistance to antibiotics among disease-causing bacteria necessitates the development of alternative antimicrobial approaches such as the use of light-activated antimicrobial agents (LAAAs). Light of an appropriate wavelength activates the LAAA to produce cytotoxic species which can then cause bacterial cell death via loss of membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, the inactivation of essential enzymes, and/or exertion of mutagenic effects due to DNA modification. In this study, the effect of the LAAA indocyanine green excited with high or low intensity light (808 nm) from a near-infrared laser (NIR) on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Results All species were susceptible to killing by the LAAA, the bactericidal effect being dependent on both the concentration of indocyanine green and the light dose. Indocyanine green photosensitization using both high (1.37 W cm-2) and low (0.048 W cm-2) intensity NIR laser light was able to achieve reductions of 5.6 log10 (>99.99%) and 6.8 log10 (>99.99%) in the viable counts of Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes (using starting concentrations of 106–107 CFU ml-1). Kills of 99.99% were obtained for P. aeruginosa (initial concentration 108–109 CFU ml-1) photosensitized by the high intensity light (1.37 W cm-2); while a kill of 80% was achieved using low intensity irradiation (0.07 W cm-2). The effects of L-tryptophan (a singlet oxygen scavenger) and deuterium oxide (as an enhancer of the life span of singlet oxygen) on the survival of Staph. aureus was also studied. L-tryptophan reduced the proportion of Staph. aureus killed; whereas deuterium oxide increased the proportion killed suggesting that singlet oxygen was involved in the killing of the bacteria. Conclusion These findings imply that indocyanine green in combination with light from a near-infrared laser may be an effective means of eradicating bacteria from wounds and burns.
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Samaroo D, Vinodu M, Chen X, Drain CM. meso-Tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin as an efficient platform for combinatorial synthesis and the selection of new photodynamic therapeutics using a cancer cell line. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 9:998-1011. [PMID: 17877415 PMCID: PMC2535813 DOI: 10.1021/cc070067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The four para fluoro groups on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin (TPPF20) are known to react with a variety of nucleophiles, but the reaction conditions for this substitution reaction depend on the nature of the nucleophiles, e.g. primary amines versus thiols. Glycosylated derivatives of this core porphyrin have been shown to be effective photodynamic agents in the induction of necrosis or apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. The present report demonstrates that TPPF20 can be used as a core platform to efficiently generate a variety of solution-phase combinatorial libraries. The focused combinatorial libraries have substituents that are chosen from a set of motifs known to bind biopolymers such as DNA, be taken up by cancer cells, or to render the compounds amphipathic. Incubation of a breast cancer cell line with these solution-phase libraries, followed by cell lyses and extraction, affords a selection assay. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of the extracts allows identification of the molecules taken up by the cells. Cell binding assays of the winning compounds synthesized directly indicate that both glycosylation and amphipathicity are key properties since neither tetraglycosylated porphyrins nor those with four polar groups are selected to the same extent. In addition, photodynamic efficacy was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Samaroo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Mikki Vinodu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
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Jori G, Fabris C, Soncin M, Ferro S, Coppellotti O, Dei D, Fantetti L, Chiti G, Roncucci G. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of microbial infections: basic principles and perspective applications. Lasers Surg Med 2007; 38:468-81. [PMID: 16788934 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be endowed with several favorable features for the treatment of infections originated by microbial pathogens, including a broad spectrum of action, the efficient inactivation of antibiotic-resistant strains, the low mutagenic potential, and the lack of selection of photoresistant microbial cells. Therefore, intensive studies are being pursued in order to define the scope and field of application of this approach. RESULTS Optimal cytocidal activity against a large variety of bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens has been found to be typical of photosensitizers that are positively charged at physiological pH values (e.g., for the presence of quaternarized amino groups or the association with polylysine moieties) and are characterized by a moderate hydrophobicity (n-octanol/water partition coefficient around 10). These photosensitizers in a micromolar concentration can induce a >4-5 log decrease in the microbial population after incubation times as short as 5-10 minutes and irradiation under mild experimental conditions, such as fluence-rates around 50 mW/cm2 and irradiation times shorter than 15 minutes. CONCLUSIONS PDT appears to represent an efficacious alternative modality for the treatment of localized microbial infections through the in situ application of the photosensitizer followed by irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded infected area. Proposed clinical fields of interest of antimicrobial PDT include the treatment of chronic ulcers, infected burns, acne vulgaris, and a variety of oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Jori
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Caminos DA, Durantini EN. A simple experiment to show photodynamic inactivation of bacteria on surfaces. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 35:64-69. [PMID: 21591058 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
New suitable approaches were investigated to visualize the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of bacteria immobilized on agar surfaces. The PDI capacities of a cationic photosensitizer (5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin) and an anionic photosensitizer (5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin) were analyzed on a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli following two procedures. In Experiment I, the E. coli cells were grown as lawn on agar surface containing the sensitizers spread in a small area (10 nmol in ∼0.6 cm(2) ). After irradiation with visible light (10 min, 90 milliwatts/cm(2) ), no cells were grown in the area containing the cationic porphyrin. In Experiment II, small colonies (∼2-mm diameter) of E. coli on agar were treated with a solution of sensitizer (10 nmol) and irradiated with visible light for 3 h. Overnight incubation at 37 °C shows a growth delay of E. coli colonies treated with the cationic photosensitizer. In contrast, the anionic porphyrin did not produce appreciable photodamage. These experiments could be either used in an undergraduate project for natural science advance students or used for a postgraduate practical training course. This methodology illustrates the application of PDI to treat bacteria growing as localized foci of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Caminos DA, Durantini EN. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli immobilized on agar surfaces by a tricationic porphyrin. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4253-9. [PMID: 16481175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic activity of 5,10,15-tris[4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl]-20-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin iodide (A3B3+) has been studied in vitro on a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli immobilized on agar surfaces. The results obtained for the tricationic A3B3+ porphyrin were compared with those of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin p-tosylate (TTAP4+), which is a standard active sensitizer established to eradicate E. coli in cellular suspension. The photobleaching of these porphyrins in solution was evaluated by decay in absorbance and in fluorescence. In both cases, a higher photostability was found for A3B3+ than for TTAP4+. Photodynamic inactivation capacities of these sensitizers were analyzed in E. coli cells immobilized on agar surfaces. Small colonies were treated with different amount of sensitizer (0-14 nmol) and irradiated with visible light for 3h. The light source used was either a projector or midday sun. The A3B3+ porphyrin produced a growth delay of E. coli colonies on agar surfaces. Similar result was obtained irradiating only one isolated colony through an optical fiber. Under these conditions, A3B3+ porphyrin shows a high activity to inactivate localized bacterial cells. The higher photodynamic activity of A3B3+ was confirmed by mechanical spreading of the colonies before treatment. This procedure produces complete inactivation of E. coli cells on the agar surface. Therefore, tricationic A3B3+ porphyrin is an interesting sensitizer with potential applications in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria growing as localized foci of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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The potential for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of localized infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:247-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Caminos DA, Spesia MB, Durantini EN. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli by novel meso-substituted porphyrins by 4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 5:56-65. [PMID: 16395428 DOI: 10.1039/b513511g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of novel cationic porphyrins, with different pattern of meso-substitution by 4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl (A) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (B) groups, have been studied in both solution bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. In these sensitizers, the cationic groups are separated from the macrocycle ring by a propoxy spacer. Thus, the charges have a high mobility and a minimal influence on photophysical properties of the porphyrin. These compounds produce singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Delta(g)), with quantum yields of approximately 0.41-0.53 in N,N-dimethylformamide. In methanol, the l-tryptophan photodecomposition increases with the number of cationic charges in the sensitizer. In vitro investigations show that cationic porphyrins are rapidly bound to E. coli cells in approximately 5 min. A higher binding was found for A3B3+ porphyrin, which is tightly bound to cells still after three washing steps. Photosensitized inactivation of E. coli cellular suspensions follows the order: A3B3+ > A44+>> ABAB2+ > AB3+. Under these conditions, a negligible effect was found for 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4(4-)) that characterizes an anionic sensitizer. Also, the results obtained for these new cationic porphyrins were compared with those of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammonium phenyl)porphyrin (TTAP4+), which is a standard active sensitizer established to eradicate E. coli. The photodynamic activity of TTAP4+ is quite similar to that produced by A4(4+). Studies in an anoxic condition indicate that oxygen is necessary for the mechanism of action of photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. The higher photodynamic activity of A3B3+ was confirmed by growth delay experiments. Photodynamic inactivation capacities of these sensitizers were also evaluated in E. coli cells immobilized on agar surfaces. Under these conditions, A3B3+ porphyrin retains a high activity to inactivate localized bacterial cells. Therefore, tricationic porphyrin A3B3+ is an interesting sensitizer with potential applications in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria in liquid suspensions or on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Lambrechts SAG, Demidova TN, Aalders MCG, Hasan T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus infected burn wounds in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:503-9. [PMID: 15986057 PMCID: PMC3071043 DOI: 10.1039/b502125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rise of multiply antibiotic resistant bacteria has led to searches for novel antimicrobial therapies to treat infections. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential candidate; it uses the combination of a photosensitizer with visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that lead to cell death. We used PDT mediated by meso-mono-phenyl-tri(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin (PTMPP) to treat burn wounds in mice with established Staphylococcus aureus infections The third degree burn wounds were infected with bioluminescent S. aureus. PDT was applied after one day of bacterial growth by adding a 25% DMSO/500 microM PTMPP solution to the wound followed by illumination with red light and periodic imaging of the mice using a sensitive camera to detect the bioluminescence. More than 98% of the bacteria were eradicated after a light dose of 210 J cm(-2) in the presence of PTMPP. However, bacterial re-growth was observed. Light alone or PDT both delayed the wound healing. These data suggest that PDT has the potential to rapidly reduce the bacterial load in infected burns. The treatment needs to be optimized to reduce wound damage and prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A. G. Lambrechts
- Laser Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Street, Boston, MA, 02114-2698, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Street, Boston, MA, 02114-2698, USA
- Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurice C. G. Aalders
- Laser Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Street, Boston, MA, 02114-2698, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Street, Boston, MA, 02114-2698, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- ; Fax: (617) 726-8566; Tel: (617) 726-6182
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Spesia MB, Lazzeri D, Pascual L, Rovera M, Durantini EN. Photoinactivation ofEscherichia coliusing porphyrin derivatives with different number of cationic charges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:289-95. [PMID: 15907451 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins, 5-[4-(trimethylammonium)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin iodide 1, 5,10-di(4-methylphenyl)-15,20-di(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin iodide 2 and 5-(4-trifluorophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin iodide 3, have been investigated in both homogeneous medium bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on a typical gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies were compared in N,N-dimethylformamide. Fluorescence quantum yields (varphiF) of 0.10, 0.06 and 0.08 were calculated for porphyrins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Deltag), production was evaluated using 9,10-dimethylanthracene yielding values of 0.66, 0.36 and 0.42 for porphyrins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Guanosine 5'-monophosphate was used as biological substrate model. Similar decomposition of guanosine 5'-monophosphate was obtained using these cationic porphyrins as sensitizer. In biological medium, photosensitized inactivation of E. coli was analyzed using cells without and with one washing step. E. coli cultures were treated with sensitizer at 37 degrees C for 30 min in dark. In both procedures, a higher photoinactivation of cells (>99.999%) was found for cells treated with 10 microM of tricationic porphyrin 3 and irradiated for 5 min with visible light. Porphyrins 1 and 2 only show an important photodamage when the cells are irradiated without washing step. These results indicated that the tetracationic porphyrin 3 could be a promising sensitizer with potential applications in the photoinactivation of bacterial cells by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Spesia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:436-50. [PMID: 15122361 PMCID: PMC3071049 DOI: 10.1039/b311900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1325] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. PDT has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the PS can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. PDT has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro, but its use to treat infections in animal models or patients has not, as yet, been much developed. It is known that Gram-(-) bacteria are resistant to PDT with many commonly used PS that will readily lead to phototoxicity in Gram-(+) species, and that PS bearing a cationic charge or the use of agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane will increase the efficacy of killing Gram-(-) organisms. All the available evidence suggests that multi-antibiotic resistant strains are as easily killed by PDT as naive strains, and that bacteria will not readily develop resistance to PDT. Treatment of localized infections with PDT requires selectivity of the PS for microbes over host cells, delivery of the PS into the infected area and the ability to effectively illuminate the lesion. Recently, there have been reports of PDT used to treat infections in selected animal models and some clinical trials: mainly for viral lesions, but also for acne, gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori and brain abcesses. Possible future clinical applications include infections in wounds and burns, rapidly spreading and intractable soft-tissue infections and abscesses, infections in body cavities such as the mouth, ear, nasal sinus, bladder and stomach, and surface infections of the cornea and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Lazzeri D, Rovera M, Pascual L, Durantini EN. Photodynamic Studies and Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli Using meso-Substituted Cationic Porphyrin Derivatives with Asymmetric Charge Distribution¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-03-08-ra-105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Skaar EP, Gaspar AH, Schneewind O. IsdG and IsdI, heme-degrading enzymes in the cytoplasm of Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:436-43. [PMID: 14570922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus requires iron for growth and utilizes heme as a source of iron during infection. Staphylococcal surface proteins capture hemoglobin, release heme from hemoglobin and transport this compound across the cell wall envelope and plasma membrane into the bacterial cytoplasm. Here we show that Staphylococcus aureus isdG and isdI encode cytoplasmic proteins with heme binding properties. IsdG and IsdI cleave the tetrapyrrol ring structure of heme in the presence of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, thereby releasing iron. Further, IsdI complements the heme utilization deficiency of a Corynebacterium ulcerans heme oxygenase mutant, demonstrating in vivo activity of this enzyme. Although Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus anthracis encode homologues of IsdG and IsdI, these proteins are not found in other bacteria or mammals. Thus, it appears that bacterial pathogens evolved different strategies to retrieve iron from scavenged heme molecules and that staphylococcal IsdG and IsdI represent examples of bacterial heme-oxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Skaar
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Bowler PG, Duerden BI, Armstrong DG. Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:244-69. [PMID: 11292638 PMCID: PMC88973 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.2.244-269.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1108] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of dermal wounds are colonized with aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that originate predominantly from mucosal surfaces such as those of the oral cavity and gut. The role and significance of microorganisms in wound healing has been debated for many years. While some experts consider the microbial density to be critical in predicting wound healing and infection, others consider the types of microorganisms to be of greater importance. However, these and other factors such as microbial synergy, the host immune response, and the quality of tissue must be considered collectively in assessing the probability of infection. Debate also exists regarding the value of wound sampling, the types of wounds that should be sampled, and the sampling technique required to generate the most meaningful data. In the laboratory, consideration must be given to the relevance of culturing polymicrobial specimens, the value in identifying one or more microorganisms, and the microorganisms that should be assayed for antibiotic susceptibility. Although appropriate systemic antibiotics are essential for the treatment of deteriorating, clinically infected wounds, debate exists regarding the relevance and use of antibiotics (systemic or topical) and antiseptics (topical) in the treatment of nonhealing wounds that have no clinical signs of infection. In providing a detailed analysis of wound microbiology, together with current opinion and controversies regarding wound assessment and treatment, this review has attempted to capture and address microbiological aspects that are critical to the successful management of microorganisms in wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bowler
- ConvaTec Global Development Center, Deeside, Flintshire, United Kingdom.
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Bhatti M, MacRobert A, Henderson B, Shepherd P, Cridland J, Wilson M. Antibody-targeted lethal photosensitization of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2615-8. [PMID: 10991833 PMCID: PMC90124 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.10.2615-2618.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis is susceptible to killing by toluidine blue O (TBO) when irradiated with light from a helium-neon (HeNe) laser. The aim of this study was to determine whether a TBO-antibody conjugate (Ab-TBO) could be used to specifically target P. gingivalis to lethal photosensitization in the presence of Streptococcus sanguis or human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). When a mixture of P. gingivalis and S. sanguis was exposed to 4 microg of TBO/ml and irradiated with HeNe laser light, there were 1.5- and 4.0-log(10)-unit reductions in the viable counts, respectively. In contrast, when TBO was conjugated with a murine monoclonal antibody against P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide, the reductions in viable counts of P. gingivalis and S. sanguis amounted to 5.0 and 0.1 log(10) units, respectively. Lethal photosensitization of P. gingivalis in the presence of HGFs using unconjugated TBO resulted in a 0.7-log(10)-unit reduction in P. gingivalis viable counts and a 99% reduction in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]Tdr) by the HGFs. In contrast, when the Ab-TBO conjugate was used, there was a 100% reduction in P. gingivalis viable counts but no significant reduction in the incorporation of [(3)H]Tdr by HGFs. These results demonstrate that specific targeting of P. gingivalis can be achieved using TBO conjugated to a monoclonal antibody raised against a cell surface component of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhatti
- Department of Microbiology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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