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Plasmid-Encoded Traits Vary across Environments. mBio 2023; 14:e0319122. [PMID: 36629415 PMCID: PMC9973032 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03191-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmids are key mobile genetic elements in bacterial evolution and ecology as they allow the rapid adaptation of bacteria under selective environmental changes. However, the genetic information associated with plasmids is usually considered separately from information about their environmental origin. To broadly understand what kinds of traits may become mobilized by plasmids in different environments, we analyzed the properties and accessory traits of 9,725 unique plasmid sequences from a publicly available database with known bacterial hosts and isolation sources. Although most plasmid research focuses on resistance traits, such genes made up <1% of the total genetic information carried by plasmids. Similar to traits encoded on the bacterial chromosome, plasmid accessory trait compositions (including general Clusters of Orthologous Genes [COG] functions, resistance genes, and carbon and nitrogen genes) varied across seven broadly defined environment types (human, animal, wastewater, plant, soil, marine, and freshwater). Despite their potential for horizontal gene transfer, plasmid traits strongly varied with their host's taxonomic assignment. However, the trait differences across environments of broad COG categories could not be entirely explained by plasmid host taxonomy, suggesting that environmental selection acts on the plasmid traits themselves. Finally, some plasmid traits and environments (e.g., resistance genes in human-related environments) were more often associated with mobilizable plasmids (those having at least one detected relaxase) than others. Overall, these findings underscore the high level of diversity of traits encoded by plasmids and provide a baseline to investigate the potential of plasmids to serve as reservoirs of adaptive traits for microbial communities. IMPORTANCE Plasmids are well known for their role in the transmission of antibiotic resistance-conferring genes. Beyond human and clinical settings, however, they disseminate many other types of genes, including those that contribute to microbially driven ecosystem processes. In this study, we identified the distribution of traits genetically encoded by plasmids isolated from seven broadly categorized environments. We find that plasmid trait content varied with both bacterial host taxonomy and environment and that, on average, half of the plasmids were potentially mobilizable. As anthropogenic activities impact ecosystems and the climate, investigating and identifying the mechanisms of how microbial communities can adapt will be imperative for predicting the impacts on ecosystem functioning.
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Sundarraj S, Sudarmani DNP, Samuel P, Sevarkodiyone SP. Bioremediation of hexavalent chromium by transformation of Escherichia coli DH5α with chromate reductase (ChrR) genes of Pseudomonas putida isolated from tannery effluent. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 134:lxac019. [PMID: 36626743 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), a toxic heavy metal, is a serious pollutant of tannery effluent, and its accumulation in soil and water causes severe environmental concerns of increasing public health issues. The present study focus on the isolation and identification of chromium-reducing bacteria collected from the tannery industry in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. Chromium-reducing bacteria Pseudomonas putida were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing followed by BLAST search. The plasmid with Cr(VI) reductase gene was isolated from Pseudomonas putida and transferred to E. coli DH5α for further studies. METHODS AND RESULTS The bacterial cultures were kept under controlled conditions for 72 h to observe the growth rates and bacterial resistance to chromium. When strains wild type and transformant E. coli DH5α were grown in chromium supplemented media revealed significant growth, but strains cured type Pseudomonas putida and E. coli DH5α were minimum growth. The Cr(VI) reduction employed by transformant E. coli DH5α and wild Pseudomonas putida was 42.52 ± 1.48% and 44.46 ± 0.55%, respectively. The culture supernatant of the wild Pseudomonas putida and transformant E. coli DH5α showed an increased reduction of Cr(VI) compared to cell extract supernatant and cell debris due to the extracellular activity of chromium reductase has been responsible for Cr(VI) reduction. Besides, the chromium reductase gene was confirmed in the isolated Pseudomonas putida and transformant E. coli DH5α. CONCLUSIONS Transformant bacteria could employ an alternative method for heavy metal detoxification in contaminated environments like tannery effluent and mining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Centre for Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D N P Sudarmani
- Centre for Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Samuel
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S P Sevarkodiyone
- Centre for Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ng CK, Putra SL, Kennerley J, Habgood R, Roy RA, Raymond JL, Thompson IP, Huang WE. Genetic engineering biofilms in situ using ultrasound-mediated DNA delivery. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1580-1593. [PMID: 33993638 PMCID: PMC8313276 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to directly modify native and established biofilms has enormous potential in understanding microbial ecology and application of biofilm in 'real-world' systems. However, efficient genetic transformation of established biofilms at any scale remains challenging. In this study, we applied an ultrasound-mediated DNA delivery (UDD) technique to introduce plasmid to established non-competent biofilms in situ. Two different plasmids containing genes coding for superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) and the flavin synthesis pathway were introduced into established bacterial biofilms in microfluidic flow (transformation efficiency of 3.9 ± 0.3 × 10-7 cells in biofilm) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs), respectively, both employing UDD. Gene expression and functional effects of genetically modified bacterial biofilms were observed, where some cells in UDD-treated Pseudomonas putida UWC1 biofilms expressed sfGFP in flow cells and UDD-treated Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms generated significantly (P < 0.05) greater (61%) bioelectricity production (21.9 ± 1.2 µA cm-2 ) in MFC than a wild-type control group (~ 13.6 ± 1.6 µA cm-2 ). The effects of UDD were amplified in subsequent growth under selection pressure due to antibiotic resistance and metabolism enhancement. UDD-induced gene transfer on biofilms grown in both microbial flow cells and MFC systems was successfully demonstrated, with working volumes of 0.16 cm3 and 300 cm3 , respectively, demonstrating a significant scale-up in operating volume. This is the first study to report on a potentially scalable direct genetic engineering method for established non-competent biofilms, which can be exploited in enhancing their capability towards environmental, industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kiat Ng
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P.R. China
| | - Samuel L. Putra
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
| | - Joseph Kennerley
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
| | - Robert Habgood
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
| | - Ronald A. Roy
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P.R. China
| | - Jason L. Raymond
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P.R. China
| | - Ian P. Thompson
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P.R. China
| | - Wei E. Huang
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX1 3PJUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P.R. China
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Mergeay M, Van Houdt R. Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, a historical perspective on its discovery, characterization and metal resistance. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6019867. [PMID: 33270823 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cupriavidus metallidurans, and in particular type strain CH34, became a model bacterium to study bacterial resistance to metals. Although nowadays the routine use of a wide variety of omics and molecular techniques allow refining, deepening and expanding our knowledge on adaptation and resistance to metals, these were not available at the onset of C. metallidurans research starting from its isolation in 1976. This minireview describes the early research and legacy tools used to study its metal resistance determinants, characteristic megaplasmids, ecological niches and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Mergeay
- Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Rob Van Houdt
- Microbiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Maertens L, Leys N, Matroule JY, Van Houdt R. The Transcriptomic Landscape of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 Acutely Exposed to Copper. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1049. [PMID: 32899882 PMCID: PMC7563307 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are increasingly used for biotechnological applications such as bioremediation, biorecovery, bioproduction, and biosensing. The development of strains suited for such applications requires a thorough understanding of their behavior, with a key role for their transcriptomic landscape. We present a thorough analysis of the transcriptome of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 cells acutely exposed to copper by tagRNA-sequencing. C. metallidurans CH34 is a model organism for metal resistance, and its potential as a biosensor and candidate for metal bioremediation has been demonstrated in multiple studies. Several metabolic pathways were impacted by Cu exposure, and a broad spectrum of metal resistance mechanisms, not limited to copper-specific clusters, was overexpressed. In addition, several gene clusters involved in the oxidative stress response and the cysteine-sulfur metabolism were induced. In total, 7500 transcription start sites (TSSs) were annotated and classified with respect to their location relative to coding sequences (CDSs). Predicted TSSs were used to re-annotate 182 CDSs. The TSSs of 2422 CDSs were detected, and consensus promotor logos were derived. Interestingly, many leaderless messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were found. In addition, many mRNAs were transcribed from multiple alternative TSSs. We observed pervasive intragenic TSSs both in sense and antisense to CDSs. Antisense transcripts were enriched near the 5' end of mRNAs, indicating a functional role in post-transcriptional regulation. In total, 578 TSSs were detected in intergenic regions, of which 35 were identified as putative small regulatory RNAs. Finally, we provide a detailed analysis of the main copper resistance clusters in CH34, which include many intragenic and antisense transcripts. These results clearly highlight the ubiquity of noncoding transcripts in the CH34 transcriptome, many of which are putatively involved in the regulation of metal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Maertens
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (L.M.); (N.L.)
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Natalie Leys
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (L.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Jean-Yves Matroule
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Rob Van Houdt
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium; (L.M.); (N.L.)
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Yajima T, Nagatomo M, Wakabayashi A, Sato M, Taguchi S, Maeda M. Bioconversion of biphenyl to a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer by Alcaligenes denitrificans A41. AMB Express 2020; 10:155. [PMID: 32845442 PMCID: PMC7450020 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)], was biosynthesized from biphenyl as the sole carbon source using Alcaligenes (currently Achromobacter) denitrificans A41. This strain is capable of degrading polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and biphenyl. This proof-of-concept of the conversion of aromatic chemicals such as the environmental pollutant PCBs/biphenyl to eco-friendly products such as biodegradable polyester PHA was inspired by the uncovering of two genes encoding PHA synthases in the A. denitrificans A41 genome. When the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio was set at 21, the cellular P(3HB-co-3HV) content in strain A41 reached its highest value of 10.1% of the cell dry weight (CDW). A two-step cultivation protocol improved the accumulation of P(3HB-co-3HV) by up to 26.2% of the CDW, consisting of 13.0 mol % 3HV when grown on minimum salt medium without nitrogen sources. The highest cellular content of P(3HB-co-3HV) (47.6% of the CDW) was obtained through the two-step cultivation of strain A41 on biphenyl as the sole carbon source. The purified copolymer had ultra-high molecular weight (weight-average molecular weight of 3.5 × 106), as revealed through gel-permeation chromatography. Based on the genomic information related to both polymer synthesis and biphenyl degradation, we finally proposed a metabolic pathway for the production of P(3HB-co-3HV) associated with the degradation of biphenyl by strain A41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taito Yajima
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawsaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nagatomo
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawsaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Aiko Wakabayashi
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawsaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawsaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taguchi
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Michihisa Maeda
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawsaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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Maertens L, Coninx I, Claesen J, Leys N, Matroule JY, Van Houdt R. Copper Resistance Mediates Long-Term Survival of Cupriavidus metallidurans in Wet Contact With Metallic Copper. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1208. [PMID: 32582116 PMCID: PMC7284064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic copper to combat bacterial proliferation in drinking water systems is being investigated as an attractive alternative to existing strategies. A potential obstacle to this approach is the induction of metal resistance mechanisms in contaminating bacteria, that could severely impact inactivation efficacy. Thus far, the role of these resistance mechanisms has not been studied in conditions relevant to drinking water systems. Therefore, we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 in contact with metallic copper in drinking water. Viability and membrane permeability were examined for 9 days through viable counts and flow cytometry. After an initial drop in viable count, a significant recovery was observed starting after 48 h. This behavior could be explained by either a recovery from an injured/viable-but-non-culturable state or regrowth of surviving cells metabolizing lysed cells. Either hypothesis would necessitate an induction of copper resistance mechanisms, since no recovery was seen in a CH34 mutant strain lacking metal resistance mechanisms, while being more pronounced when copper resistance mechanisms were pre-induced. Interestingly, no biofilms were formed on the copper surface, while extensive biofilm formation was observed on the stainless steel control plates. When CH34 cells in water were supplied with CuSO4, a similar initial decrease in viable counts was observed, but cells recovered fully after 7 days. In conclusion, we have shown that long-term bacterial survival in the presence of a copper surface is possible upon the induction of metal resistance mechanisms. This observation may have important consequences in the context of the increasing use of copper as an antimicrobial surface, especially in light of potential co-selection for metal and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Maertens
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ilse Coninx
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Claesen
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Natalie Leys
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Matroule
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Rob Van Houdt
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
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8
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Bazzi W, Abou Fayad AG, Nasser A, Haraoui LP, Dewachi O, Abou-Sitta G, Nguyen VK, Abara A, Karah N, Landecker H, Knapp C, McEvoy MM, Zaman MH, Higgins PG, Matar GM. Heavy Metal Toxicity in Armed Conflicts Potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by Selecting for Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Co-resistance Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:68. [PMID: 32117111 PMCID: PMC7008767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has become increasingly resistant to leading antimicrobial agents since the 1970s. Increased resistance appears linked to armed conflicts, notably since widespread media stories amplified clinical reports in the wake of the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Antimicrobial resistance is usually assumed to arise through selection pressure exerted by antimicrobial treatment, particularly where treatment is inadequate, as in the case of low dosing, substandard antimicrobial agents, or shortened treatment course. Recently attention has focused on an emerging pathogen, multi-drug resistant A. baumannii (MDRAb). MDRAb gained media attention after being identified in American soldiers returning from Iraq and treated in US military facilities, where it was termed "Iraqibacter." However, MDRAb is strongly associated in the literature with war injuries that are heavily contaminated by both environmental debris and shrapnel from weapons. Both may harbor substantial amounts of toxic heavy metals. Interestingly, heavy metals are known to also select for antimicrobial resistance. In this review we highlight the potential causes of antimicrobial resistance by heavy metals, with a focus on its emergence in A. baumanni in war zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Bazzi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Antoine G. Abou Fayad
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aya Nasser
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Louis-Patrick Haraoui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Dewachi
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Vinh-Kim Nguyen
- The Graduate Institute of International and Developmental Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aula Abara
- Department of Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Karah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Hannah Landecker
- Department of Sociology and Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Charles Knapp
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Megan M. McEvoy
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul G. Higgins
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ghassan M. Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, Beirut, Lebanon
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Garg N, Saroy K. Interactive effects of polyamines and arbuscular mycorrhiza in modulating plant biomass, N 2 fixation, ureide, and trehalose metabolism in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. genotypes under nickel stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3043-3064. [PMID: 31838702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient but considered toxic for plant growth when present in excess in the soil. Polyamines (PAs) and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) play key roles in alleviating metal toxicity in plants. Present study compared the roles of AM and PAs in improving rhizobial symbiosis, ureide, and trehalose (Tre) metabolism under Ni stress in Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) genotypes (Pusa 2001, AL 201). The results documented significant negative impacts of Ni on plant biomass, especially roots, more in AL 201 than Pusa 2001. Symbiotic efficiency with Rhizobium and AM declined under Ni stress, resulting in reduced AM colonization, N2 fixation, and ureide biosynthesis. This decline was proportionate to increased Ni uptake in roots and nodules. Put-reduced Ni uptake improved plant growth and functional efficiency of nodules and ureides synthesis, with higher positive effects than other PAs. However, AM inoculations were most effective in enhancing nodulation, nitrogen fixing potential, and Tre synthesis under Ni toxicity. Combined applications of AM with respective PAs, especially +Put+AM, were highly beneficial in alleviating Ni-induced nodule senescence by arresting leghemoglobin degradation and improving functional efficiency of nodules by boosting Tre metabolism, especially in Pusa 2001. The study suggested use of Put along with AM as a promising approach in imparting Ni tolerance to pigeon pea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Garg
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Kiran Saroy
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Alviz-Gazitua P, Fuentes-Alburquenque S, Rojas LA, Turner RJ, Guiliani N, Seeger M. The Response of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 to Cadmium Involves Inhibition of the Initiation of Biofilm Formation, Decrease in Intracellular c-di-GMP Levels, and a Novel Metal Regulated Phosphodiesterase. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1499. [PMID: 31338076 PMCID: PMC6629876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a highly toxic heavy metal for biological systems. Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is a model strain to study heavy metal resistance and bioremediation as it is able to deal with high heavy metal concentrations. Biofilm formation by bacteria is mediated by the second messenger bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). The aim of this study was to characterize the response of C. metallidurans CH34 planktonic and biofilm cells to cadmium including their c-di-GMP regulatory pathway. Inhibition of the initiation of biofilm formation and EPS production by C. metallidurans CH34 correlates with increased concentration of cadmium. Planktonic and biofilm cells showed similar tolerance to cadmium. During exposure to cadmium an acute decrease of c-di-GMP levels in planktonic and biofilm cells was observed. Transcription analysis by RT-qPCR showed that cadmium exposure to planktonic and biofilm cells induced the expression of the urf2 gene and the mercuric reductase encoding merA gene, which belong to the Tn501/Tn21 mer operon. After exposure to cadmium, the cadA gene involved in cadmium resistance was equally upregulated in both lifestyles. Bioinformatic analysis and complementation assays indicated that the protein encoded by the urf2 gene is a functional phosphodiesterase (PDE) involved in the c-di-GMP metabolism. We propose to rename the urf2 gene as mrp gene for metal regulated PDE. An increase of the second messenger c-di-GMP content by the heterologous expression of the constitutively active diguanylate cyclase PleD correlated with an increase in biofilm formation and cadmium susceptibility. These results indicate that the response to cadmium in C. metallidurans CH34 inhibits the initiation of biofilm lifestyle and involves a decrease in c-di-GMP levels and a novel metal regulated PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alviz-Gazitua
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Bacteriana, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Ph.D. Program of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Alburquenque
- Microbial Ecology of Extreme Systems Laboratory, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Department of Chemistry, Universidad Catoìlica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Biofilm Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicolas Guiliani
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Bacteriana, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
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Adekanmbi AO, Adelowo OO, Okoh AI, Fagade OE. Metal-resistance encoding gene-fingerprints in some bacteria isolated from wastewaters of selected printeries in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2018.1561968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O. Adekanmbi
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Olawale O. Adelowo
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Obasola E. Fagade
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Yusuf I, Ahmad SA, Phang LY, Yasid NA, Shukor MY. Effective production of keratinase by gellan gum-immobilised Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 using heavy metal-free and polluted feather wastes as substrates. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:32. [PMID: 30622870 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of gellan gum-immobilised cells of the heavy metal-tolerant bacterium Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 to utilise both heavy metal-free and heavy metal-polluted feathers (HMPFs) as substrates to produce keratinase enzyme was studied. Optimisation of the media pH, incubation temperature and immobilisation parameters (bead size, bead number, gellan gum concentration) was determined for the best possible production of keratinase using the one-factor-at-a-time technique. The results showed that the immobilised cells could tolerate a broader range of heavy metal concentrations and produced higher keratinase activity at a gellan gum concentration of 0.8% (w/v), a bead size of 3 mm, bead number of 250, pH of 8 and temperature of 30 °C. The entrapped bacterium was used repeatedly for ten cycles to produce keratinase using feathers polluted with 25 ppm of Co, Cu and Ag as substrates without the need for desorption. However, its inability to tolerate/utilise feathers polluted with Hg, Pb, and Zn above 5 ppm, and Ag and Cd above 10 ppm resulted in a considerable decrease in keratinase production. Furthermore, the immobilised cells could retain approximately 95% of their keratinase production capacity when 5 ppm of Co, Cu, and Ag, and 10 ppm of As and Cd were used to pollute feathers. When the feathers containing a mixture of Ag, Co, and Cu at 25 ppm each and Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn at 5 ppm each were used as substrates, the immobilised cells maintained their operational stability and biological activity (keratinase production) at the end of 3rd and 4th cycles, respectively. The study indicates that HMPF can be effectively utilised as a substrate by the immobilised-cell system of Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 for the semi-continuous production of keratinase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yusuf
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- 3Department of Bioprocess, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nur Adeela Yasid
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yunus Shukor
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Mahawar L, Kumar R, Shekhawat GS. Evaluation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO 1) in Cd and Ni induced cytotoxicity and crosstalk with ROS quenching enzymes in two to four leaf stage seedlings of Vigna radiata. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:527-545. [PMID: 28924722 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on heme oxygenase in plants has received consideration in recent years due to its several roles in development, defense, and metabolism during various environmental stresses. In the current investigation, the role of heme oxygenase (HO) 1 was evaluated in reducing heavy metal (Cd and Ni) uptake and alleviating Cd and Ni toxicity effects in the hydroponically grown seedlings of Vigna radiata var. PDM 54. Seedlings were subjected to Cd- and Ni-induced oxidative stress independently at different concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. After 96 h (fourth day) of treatment, the stressed plants were harvested to study the cellular homeostasis and detoxification mechanism by examining the growth, stress parameters (LPX, H2O2 content), and non-enzymatic and enzymatic parameters (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaicol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT)) including HO 1. At 50 μM CdCl2 and 60 μM NiSO4, HO 1 activity was found to be highest in leaves which were 1.39 and 1.16-fold, respectively. The greatest HO 1 activity was reflected from the reduction of H2O2 content at these metal concentrations (50 μM CdCl2 and 60 μM NiSO4) which is correlated with the increasing activity of other antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX). Thus, HO 1 works within a group that generates the defense machinery for the plant's survival by scavenging ROS which is confirmed by a time-dependent study. Hence, it is concluded that seedlings of V. radiata were more tolerant towards metal-induced oxidative stress in which HO 1 is localized in its residential area (plastids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Mahawar
- Department of Botany, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Water Quality Management Group Defense Laboratory, Jodhpur, 342001, India
| | - Gyan Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Botany, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342001, India.
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Wynn D, Deo S, Daunert S. Engineering Rugged Field Assays to Detect Hazardous Chemicals Using Spore-Based Bacterial Biosensors. Methods Enzymol 2017; 589:51-85. [PMID: 28336074 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial whole cell-based biosensors have been genetically engineered to achieve selective and reliable detection of a wide range of hazardous chemicals. Although whole-cell biosensors demonstrate many advantages for field-based detection of target analytes, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. Most notably, their often modest shelf life and need for special handling and storage make them challenging to use in situations where access to reagents, instrumentation, and expertise are limited. These problems can be circumvented by developing biosensors in Bacillus spores, which can be engineered to address all of these concerns. In its sporulated state, a whole cell-based biosensor has a remarkably long life span and is exceptionally resistant to environmental insult. When these spores are germinated for use in analytical techniques, they show no loss in performance, even after long periods of storage under harsh conditions. In this chapter, we will discuss the development and use of whole cell-based sensors, their adaptation to spore-based biosensors, their current applications, and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wynn
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sapna Deo
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.
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15
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Matilda SC, Shanthi C. Metal induced changes in trivalent chromium resistantAlcaligenes faecalisVITSIM2. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:402-412. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiny C. Matilda
- School of Bioscience and Technology; VIT University; Vellore-632014 India
| | - Chittibabu Shanthi
- School of Bioscience and Technology; VIT University; Vellore-632014 India
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Essential and Beneficial Trace Elements in Plants, and Their Transport in Roots: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:464-482. [PMID: 27687587 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The essentiality of 14 mineral elements so far have been reported in plant nutrition. Eight of these elements were known as micronutrients due to their lower concentrations in plants (usually ≤100 mg/kg/dw). However, it is still challenging to mention an exact number of plant micronutrients since some elements have not been strictly proposed yet either as essential or beneficial. Micronutrients participate in very diverse metabolic processes, including from the primary and secondary metabolism to the cell defense, and from the signal transduction to the gene regulation, energy metabolism, and hormone perception. Thus, the attempt to understand the molecular mechanism(s) behind their transport has great importance in terms of basic and applied plant sciences. Moreover, their deficiency or toxicity also caused serious disease symptoms in plants, even plant destruction if not treated, and many people around the world suffer from the plant-based dietary deficiencies or metal toxicities. In this sense, shedding some light on this issue, the 13 mineral elements (Fe, B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Si, Zn, Ni, Cl, Se, Na, Al, and Co), required by plants at trace amounts, has been reviewed with the primary focus on the transport proteins (transporters/channels) in plant roots. So, providing the compiled but extensive information about the structural and functional roles of micronutrient transport genes/proteins in plant roots.
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Truyens S, Beckers B, Thijs S, Weyens N, Cuypers A, Vangronsveld J. Cadmium-induced and trans-generational changes in the cultivable and total seed endophytic community of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:376-381. [PMID: 26577608 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trans-generational adaptation is important to respond rapidly to environmental challenges and increase overall plant fitness. Besides well-known mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications, vertically transmitted endophytic bacteria might contribute to this process. The cultivable and total endophytic communities of several generations of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds harvested from plants exposed to cadmium (Cd) or not exposed were investigated. The diversity and richness of the seed endophytic community decreased with an increasing number of generations. Aeromicrobium and Pseudonocardia were identified as indicator species in seeds from Cd-exposed plants, while Rhizobium was abundantly present in both seed types. Remarkably, Rhizobium was the only genus that was consistently detected in seeds of all generations, which suggests that the phenotypic characteristics were more important as selection criteria for which bacteria are transferred to the next plant generation than the actual genera. Production of IAA was an important trait for endophytes from both seed types, while ACC deaminase activity and Cd tolerance were mainly associated with seed endophytes from Cd-exposed plants. Understanding how different factors influence the seed endophytic community can help us to improve seed quality and plant growth through different biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Truyens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B Beckers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S Thijs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - N Weyens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - A Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - J Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Wang Q, Mao D, Luo Y. Ionic Liquid Facilitates the Conjugative Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Mediated by Plasmid RP4. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8731-8740. [PMID: 26120784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dissemination and propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is an emerging global health concern. In our previous study, the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIm][PF6]) had been proven to facilitate the dissemination of ARGs via horizontal gene transfer. In this study, we further confirm that this compound facilitates the horizontal transfer of plasmid RP4 through a conjugation mechanism and not by natural transformation. The mechanisms for [BMIm][PF6] promoting conjugative transfer are attributable to enhancing the mRNA expression levels of conjugative and global regulatory genes, as well as by inhibiting the genes that are responsible for the vertical transfer of cell growth. [BMIm][PF6] significantly enhanced the expression of the outer membrane porin proteins (OMPs) OmpC and OmpA and the corresponding mRNA expression levels of ompC and ompA genes in recipient bacteria, which contributed to pore formation and increased cell membrane permeability. The increased expression of pilin and pili allowed the donor pilus to attach to and access the recipient cells, thereby assisting cell-to-cell contact to facilitate the conjugative transfer of plasmid RP4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first insightful exploration of [BMIm][PF6] facilitating the conjugative transfer of ARGs mediated by plasmid RP4 and of several other ILs with different cations or anions that are capable of promoting plasmid transfer. It is therefore suggested that the application of some ILs in industrial processes should be carefully evaluated before their bulk emission into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- ‡College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- †School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi Luo
- ‡College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Monsieurs P, Hobman J, Vandenbussche G, Mergeay M, Van Houdt R. Response of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 to Metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20594-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Chen M, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Zheng C, Zhang X. Analysis of gene expression provides insights into the mechanism of cadmium tolerance in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:290-7. [PMID: 25344309 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans plays a critical role in metal solubilization in the biomining industry, and occupies an ecological niche characterized by high acidity and high concentrations of toxic heavy metal ions. In order to investigate the possible metal resistance mechanism, the cellular distribution of cadmium was tested. The result indicated that Cd(2+) entered the cells upon initial exposure resulting in increased intracellular concentrations, followed by its excretion from the cells during subsequent growth and adaptation. Sequence homology analyses were used to identify 10 genes predicted to participate in heavy metal homeostasis, and the expression of these genes was investigated in cells cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of toxic divalent cadmium (Cd(2+)). The results suggested that one gene (cmtR A.f ) encoded a putative Cd(2+)/Pb(2+)-responsive transcriptional regulator; four genes (czcA1 A.f , czcA2 A.f , czcB1 A.f ; and czcC1 A.f ) encoded heavy metal efflux proteins for Cd(2+); two genes (cadA1 A.f and cadB1 A.f ) encoded putative cation channel proteins related to the transport of Cd(2+). No significant enhancement of gene expression was observed at low concentrations of Cd(2+) (5 mM) and most of the putative metal resistance genes were up-regulated except cmtR A.f , cadB3 A.f ; and czcB1 A.f at higher concentrations (15 and 30 mM) according to real-time polymerase chain reaction. A model was developed for the mechanism of resistance to cadmium ions based on homology analyses of the predicted genes, the transcription of putative Cd(2+) resistance genes, and previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Biological Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, People's Republic of China,
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Environmental applications of photoluminescence-based biosensors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 19475374 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
For monitoring and treatment of soil and water, environmental scientists and engineers require measurements of the concentration of chemical contaminants. Although laboratory-based methods relying on gas or liquid chromatography can yield very accurate measurements, they are also complex, time consuming, expensive, and require sample pretreatment. Furthermore, they are not readily adapted for in situ measurements.Sensors are devices that can provide continuous, in situ measurements, ideally without the addition of reagents. A biosensor incorporates a biological component coupled to a transducer, which translates the interaction between the analyte and the biocomponent into a signal that can be processed and reported. A wide range of transducers have been employed in biosensors, the most common of which are electrochemical and optical. In this contribution, we focus on photoluminescence-based biosensors of potential use in the applications described above.Following a review of photoluminescence and a discussion of the optoelectronic hardware part of these biosensor systems, we provide explanations and examples of optical biosensors for specific chemical groups: hydrocarbons and alcohols, halogenated organics, nitro-, phospho-, sulfo-, and other substituted organics, and metals and other inorganics. We also describe approaches that have been taken to describe chemical mixtures as a whole (biological oxygen demand and toxicity) since most environmental samples contain mixtures of unknown (and changing) composition. Finally, we end with some thoughts on future research directions that are necessary to achieve the full potential of environmental biosensors.
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Liu J, Hua ZS, Chen LX, Kuang JL, Li SJ, Shu WS, Huang LN. Correlating microbial diversity patterns with geochemistry in an extreme and heterogeneous environment of mine tailings. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3677-86. [PMID: 24727268 PMCID: PMC4054149 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00294-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular surveys have advanced our understanding of the forces shaping the large-scale ecological distribution of microbes in Earth's extreme habitats, such as hot springs and acid mine drainage. However, few investigations have attempted dense spatial analyses of specific sites to resolve the local diversity of these extraordinary organisms and how communities are shaped by the harsh environmental conditions found there. We have applied a 16S rRNA gene-targeted 454 pyrosequencing approach to explore the phylogenetic differentiation among 90 microbial communities from a massive copper tailing impoundment generating acidic drainage and coupled these variations in community composition with geochemical parameters to reveal ecological interactions in this extreme environment. Our data showed that the overall microbial diversity estimates and relative abundances of most of the dominant lineages were significantly correlated with pH, with the simplest assemblages occurring under extremely acidic conditions and more diverse assemblages associated with neutral pHs. The consistent shifts in community composition along the pH gradient indicated that different taxa were involved in the different acidification stages of the mine tailings. Moreover, the effect of pH in shaping phylogenetic structure within specific lineages was also clearly evident, although the phylogenetic differentiations within the Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Firmicutes were attributed to variations in ferric and ferrous iron concentrations. Application of the microbial assemblage prediction model further supported pH as the major factor driving community structure and demonstrated that several of the major lineages are readily predictable. Together, these results suggest that pH is primarily responsible for structuring whole communities in the extreme and heterogeneous mine tailings, although the diverse microbial taxa may respond differently to various environmental conditions.
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Bacterial mechanisms for Cr(VI) resistance and reduction: an overview and recent advances. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 59:321-32. [PMID: 24470188 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromium pollution is increasing incessantly due to continuing industrialization. Of various oxidation states, Cr(6+) is very toxic due to its carcinogenic and mutagenic nature. It also has deleterious effects on different microorganisms as well as on plants. Many species of bacteria thriving in the Cr(6+)-contaminated environments have evolved novel strategies to cope with Cr(6+) toxicity. Generally, decreased uptake or exclusion of Cr(6+) compounds through the membranes, biosorption, and the upregulation of genes associated with oxidative stress response are some of the resistance mechanisms in bacterial cells to overcome the Cr(6+) stress. In addition, bacterial Cr(6+) reduction into Cr(3+) is also a mechanism of specific significance as it transforms toxic and mobile chromium derivatives into reduced species which are innocuous and immobile. Ecologically, the bacterial trait of reductive immobilization of Cr(6+) derivatives is of great advantage in bioremediation. The present review is an effort to underline the bacterial resistance and reducing mechanisms to Cr(6+) compounds with recent development in order to garner a broad perspective.
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White C, Tancos M, Lytle DA. Microbial community profile of a lead service line removed from a drinking water distribution system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5557-61. [PMID: 21652741 PMCID: PMC3147460 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02446-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A corroded lead service line was removed from a drinking water distribution system, and the microbial community was profiled using 16S rRNA gene techniques. This is the first report of the characterization of a biofilm on the surface of a corroded lead drinking water service line. The majority of phylotypes have been linked to heavy-metal-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin White
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA.
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Micro-algal biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:581-97. [PMID: 21626188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fighting against water pollution requires the ability to detect pollutants for example herbicides or heavy metals. Micro-algae that live in marine and fresh water offer a versatile solution for the construction of novel biosensors. These photosynthetic microorganisms are very sensitive to changes in their environment, enabling the detection of traces of pollutants. Three groups of micro-algae are described in this paper: chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, and diatoms.
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Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M. Essential roles and hazardous effects of nickel in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 214:125-167. [PMID: 21913127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0668-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With the world's ever increasing human population, the issues related to environmental degradation of toxicant chemicals are becoming more serious. Humans have accelerated the emission to the environment of many organic and inorganic pollutants such as pesticides, salts, petroleum products, acids, heavy metals, etc. Among different environmental heavy-metal pollutants, Ni has gained considerable attention in recent years, because of its rapidly increasing concentrations in soil, air, and water in different parts of the world. The main mechanisms by which Ni is taken up by plants are passive diffusion and active transport. Soluble Ni compounds are preferably absorbed by plants passively, through a cation transport system; chelated Ni compounds are taken up through secondary, active-transport-mediated means, using transport proteins such as permeases. Insoluble Ni compounds primarily enter plant root cells through endocytosis. Once absorbed by roots, Ni is easily transported to shoots via the xylem through the transpiration stream and can accumulate in neonatal parts such as buds, fruits, and seeds. The Ni transport and retranslocation processes are strongly regulated by metal-ligand complexes (such as nicotianamine, histidine, and organic acids) and by some proteins that specifically bind and transport Ni. Nickel, in low concentrations, fulfills a variety of essential roles in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Therefore, Ni deficiency produces an array of effects on growth and metabolism of plants, including reduced growth, and induction of senescence, leaf and meristem chlorosis, alterations in N metabolism, and reduced Fe uptake. In addition, Ni is a constituent of several metallo-enzymes such as urease, superoxide dismutase, NiFe hydrogenases, methyl coenzyme M reductase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, acetyl coenzyme-A synthase, hydrogenases, and RNase-A. Therefore, Ni deficiencies in plants reduce urease activity, disturb N assimilation, and reduce scavenging of superoxide free radical. In bacteria, Ni participates in several important metabolic reactions such as hydrogen metabolism, methane biogenesis, and acetogenesis. Although Ni is metabolically important in plants, it is toxic to most plant species when present at excessive amounts in soil and in nutrient solution. High Ni concentrations in growth media severely retards seed germinability of many crops. This effect of Ni is a direct one on the activities of amylases, proteases, and ribonucleases, thereby affecting the digestion and mobilization of food reserves in germinating seeds. At vegetative stages, high Ni concentrations retard shoot and root growth, affect branching development, deform various plant parts, produce abnormal flower shape, decrease biomass production, induce leaf spotting, disturb mitotic root tips, and produce Fe deficiency that leads to chlorosis and foliar necrosis. Additionally, excess Ni also affects nutrient absorption by roots, impairs plant metabolism, inhibits photosynthesis and transpiration, and causes ultrastructural modifications. Ultimately, all of these altered processes produce reduced yields of agricultural crops when such crops encounter excessive Ni exposures.
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Olsson-Francis K, VAN Houdt R, Mergeay M, Leys N, Cockell CS. Microarray analysis of a microbe-mineral interaction. GEOBIOLOGY 2010; 8:446-456. [PMID: 20718869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The weathering of volcanic minerals makes a significant contribution to the global silicate weathering budget, influencing carbon dioxide drawdown and long-term climate control. Basalt rocks may account for over 30% of the global carbon dioxide drawdown in silicate weathering. Micro-organisms are known to play a role in rock weathering yet the genomics and genetics of biological rock weathering are unknown. We apply DNA microarray technology to determine putative genes involved in weathering using the heavy metal-resistant organism, Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34; in particular we investigate the sequestering of iron. The results show that the bacterium does not depend on siderophores. Instead, the up-regulation of porins and transporters which are employed concomitantly with genes associated with biofilm formation suggests that novel passive and active iron uptake systems are involved. We hypothesize that these mechanisms induce rock weathering by changes in chemical equilibrium at the microbe-mineral interface, reducing the saturation state of iron. We also demonstrate that low concentrations of metals in the basalt induce heavy metal-resistant genes. Some of the earliest environments on the Earth were volcanic. Therefore, these results not only elucidate the mechanisms by which micro-organisms might have sequestered nutrients on the early Earth but also provide an explanation for the evolution of multiple heavy metal resistance genes long before the creation of contaminated industrial biotopes by human activity.
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De Las Heras A, Carreño CA, Martínez-García E, De Lorenzo V. Engineering input/output nodes in prokaryotic regulatory circuits. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:842-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Janssen PJ, Van Houdt R, Moors H, Monsieurs P, Morin N, Michaux A, Benotmane MA, Leys N, Vallaeys T, Lapidus A, Monchy S, Médigue C, Taghavi S, McCorkle S, Dunn J, van der Lelie D, Mergeay M. The complete genome sequence of Cupriavidus metallidurans strain CH34, a master survivalist in harsh and anthropogenic environments. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10433. [PMID: 20463976 PMCID: PMC2864759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria in the environment have adapted to the presence of toxic heavy metals. Over the last 30 years, this heavy metal tolerance was the subject of extensive research. The bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans strain CH34, originally isolated by us in 1976 from a metal processing factory, is considered a major model organism in this field because it withstands milli-molar range concentrations of over 20 different heavy metal ions. This tolerance is mostly achieved by rapid ion efflux but also by metal-complexation and -reduction. We present here the full genome sequence of strain CH34 and the manual annotation of all its genes. The genome of C. metallidurans CH34 is composed of two large circular chromosomes CHR1 and CHR2 of, respectively, 3,928,089 bp and 2,580,084 bp, and two megaplasmids pMOL28 and pMOL30 of, respectively, 171,459 bp and 233,720 bp in size. At least 25 loci for heavy-metal resistance (HMR) are distributed over the four replicons. Approximately 67% of the 6,717 coding sequences (CDSs) present in the CH34 genome could be assigned a putative function, and 9.1% (611 genes) appear to be unique to this strain. One out of five proteins is associated with either transport or transcription while the relay of environmental stimuli is governed by more than 600 signal transduction systems. The CH34 genome is most similar to the genomes of other Cupriavidus strains by correspondence between the respective CHR1 replicons but also displays similarity to the genomes of more distantly related species as a result of gene transfer and through the presence of large genomic islands. The presence of at least 57 IS elements and 19 transposons and the ability to take in and express foreign genes indicates a very dynamic and complex genome shaped by evolutionary forces. The genome data show that C. metallidurans CH34 is particularly well equipped to live in extreme conditions and anthropogenic environments that are rich in metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Janssen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Belgian Nuclear Research Center SCK*CEN, Mol, Belgium.
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Verma T, Garg S, Ramteke P. Genetic correlation between chromium resistance and reduction inBacillus brevisisolated from tannery effluent. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1425-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Diels L, Van Roy S, Taghavi S, Van Houdt R. From industrial sites to environmental applications with Cupriavidus metallidurans. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2009; 96:247-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-009-9361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Gikas P. Single and combined effects of nickel (Ni(II)) and cobalt (Co(II)) ions on activated sludge and on other aerobic microorganisms: a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 159:187-203. [PMID: 18394791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (N(II)) and cobalt (Co(II)) are often encountered in wastewaters. As conventional wastewater treatment may only partially remove nickel and cobalt, a large fraction of the above metals is released to the aquatic environment. Both metals have been identified as micronutrients, at trace concentrations; however, they are both microbial growth inhibitors, at relatively high concentrations. On the other hand, the combined effects (e.g.: growth stimulation or toxicity) of the above metals have been found to differ from the summation of the effects which occur when the metals are applied individually. Moreover, a number of environmental factors (e.g.: pH, biomedium composition, biomass concentration, presence of other heavy metals) can affect the microbial toxicity of the above metallic species. The present review discusses, in a systematic way, the individual and joint effects of the above heavy metals to the growth of microorganisms grown under aerobic conditions, with focus on the growth of activated sludge. Data on multi-metal toxicity are particularly useful in establishing criteria for heavy metal tolerance levels in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Gikas
- Ministry of Environmental Planning and Public Works, General Secretariat of Public Works, Special Service of Public Works for Greater Athens Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, and Central Water Agency, Varvaki 12, Athens 11474, Greece.
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35
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Wasi S, Jeelani G, Ahmad M. Biochemical characterization of a multiple heavy metal, pesticides and phenol resistant Pseudomonas fluorescens strain. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:1348-1355. [PMID: 18164050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 isolate was found to be resistant to some major water pollutants namely Cd2+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, BHC, 2,4-D, mancozeb and phenols up to a concentration four times to the normal levels occurring in the highly pollulated regions. Curing experiment brought about the loss of one or more resistance markers indicating the plasmid born resistance. Plasmid profile of SM1 strain showed the presence of one DNA band of 43.6 kb. This Plasmid was isolated from SM1 strain and introduced into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha with a transformation frequency of 6.7 x 10(-4)transformants/recipient cell. The test SM1 strain was also capable of biotransforming Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is less toxic compounds. Present studies further indicated that the test SM1 strain was not only resistant to 2,4-D, phenols and catechol but also capable of bioremediating these toxicants quite efficiently. Moreover, studies with inhibitors like sodium azide, 2,4-DNP and chloramphenicol suggested that the major mechanism for the bioremediation of the heavy metals other than Cr6+ would be the biosorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Wasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh 202002, India
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36
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Siunova TV, Anokhina TO, Mashukova AV, Kochetkov VV, Boronin AM. Rhizosphere strain of Pseudomonas chlororaphis capable of degrading naphthalene in the presence of cobalt/nickel. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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37
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De la Iglesia R, Castro D, Ginocchio R, van der Lelie D, González B. Factors influencing the composition of bacterial communities found at abandoned copper-tailings dumps. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:537-44. [PMID: 16478493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect that copper residues exert on bacterial communities and the ability of bacteria to colonize different microhabitats in abandoned tailing dumps. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique, a culture-independent molecular approach based on PCR amplification of ribosomal genes, to compare the structure of the bacterial communities from samples taken at two nearby located abandoned tailing dumps found in the Mediterranean-climate area of central Chile. Our results show that elevated available copper content in tailings has a strong effect on the bacterial community composition, but that other factors like pH and organic matter content also play an important role in the structure of these communities. We also found that the number of abundant bacteria in these samples was significantly lower than in soils not exposed to metal pollution. CONCLUSIONS In addition to bioavailable copper, bacterial communities found in copper-tailings dumps are also affected by several other environmental factors. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This first report on environmental factors influencing microbial communities in copper-tailings dumps will help to devise appropriate restoration procedures in this type of polluted habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De la Iglesia
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Bell JML, Philp JC, Kuyukina MS, Ivshina IB, Dunbar SA, Cunningham CJ, Anderson P. Methods evaluating vanadium tolerance in bacteria isolated from crude oil contaminated land. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 58:87-100. [PMID: 15177907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into bacterial responses to vanadium are rare, and in this study were initiated by isolating cultures from crude oil contaminated soil from Russia and Saudi Arabia. Addition of vanadyl sulphate and vanadium pentoxide created acid conditions in the media whilst sodium metavanadate and sodium orthovanadate produced neutral and alkaline effects, respectively. Buffers were introduced for wider comparison of the sample set treatments and to distinguish between the effects of pH and compound toxicity. This study has resulted in the creation of protocols for the pH stabilisation of media containing vanadium compounds and revealed that, although vanadium salts demonstrated some toxic effects, as revealed by MIC and bioluminescence decay tests, the effects were mainly due to pH rather than inherent toxicity of the metal. Capacity for sorption of vanadium to biomass was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M L Bell
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Scotland, UK
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39
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Abstract
It is difficult to over-state the importance of Zn(II) in biology. It is a ubiquitous essential metal ion and plays a role in catalysis, protein structure and perhaps as a signal molecule, in organisms from all three kingdoms. Of necessity, organisms have evolved to optimise the intracellular availability of Zn(II) despite the extracellular milieu. To this end, prokaryotes contain a range of Zn(II) import, Zn(II) export and/or binding proteins, some of which utilise either ATP or the chemiosmotic potential to drive the movement of Zn(II) across the cytosolic membrane, together with proteins that facilitate the diffusion of this ion across either the outer or inner membranes of prokaryotes. This review seeks to give an overview of the systems currently classified as altering Zn(II) availability in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayle K Blencowe
- Cardiff School of Biosciences (2), Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, P.O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
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40
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Mergeay M, Monchy S, Vallaeys T, Auquier V, Benotmane A, Bertin P, Taghavi S, Dunn J, van der Lelie D, Wattiez R. Ralstonia metallidurans, a bacterium specifically adapted to toxic metals: towards a catalogue of metal-responsive genes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003; 27:385-410. [PMID: 12829276 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia metallidurans, formerly known as Alcaligenes eutrophus and thereafter as Ralstonia eutropha, is a beta-Proteobacterium colonizing industrial sediments, soils or wastes with a high content of heavy metals. The type strain CH34 carries two large plasmids (pMOL28 and pMOL30) bearing a variety of genes for metal resistance. A chronological overview describes the progress made in the knowledge of the plasmid-borne metal resistance mechanisms, the genetics of R. metallidurans CH34 and its taxonomy, and the applications of this strain in the fields of environmental remediation and microbial ecology. Recently, the sequence draft of the genome of R. metallidurans has become available. This allowed a comparison of these preliminary data with the published genome data of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, which harbors a megaplasmid (of 2.1 Mb) carrying some metal resistance genes that are similar to those found in R. metallidurans CH34. In addition, a first inventory of metal resistance genes and operons across these two organisms could be made. This inventory, which partly relied on the use of proteomic approaches, revealed the presence of numerous loci not only on the large plasmids pMOL28 and pMOL30 but also on the chromosome. It suggests that metal-resistant Ralstonia, through evolution, are particularly well adapted to the harsh environments typically created by extreme anthropogenic situations or biotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Mergeay
- Laboratories for Microbiology and Radiobiology, Belgium Nuclear Research Center, SCK/CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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41
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Rajan Premkumar J, Rosen R, Belkin S, Lev O. Sol–gel luminescence biosensors: Encapsulation of recombinant E. coli reporters in thick silicate films. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Leth S, Maltoni S, Simkus R, Mattiasson B, Corbisier P, Klimant I, Wolfbeis O, Csöregi E. Engineered Bacteria Based Biosensors for Monitoring Bioavailable Heavy Metals. ELECTROANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200201)14:1<35::aid-elan35>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Shakoori AR, Muneer B. Copper-resistant bacteria from industrial effluents and their role in remediation of heavy metals in wastewater. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 47:43-50. [PMID: 11980269 DOI: 10.1007/bf02818564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Six copper-resistant bacterial strains were isolated from wastewater of tanneries of Kasur and Rohi Nala. Two strains tolerated copper at 380 mg/L, four up to 400 mg/L. Three strains were identified as members of the genus Salmonella; one strain was identified as Streptococcus pyrogenes, one as Vagococcus fluvialis and the last was identified as Escherichia coli. The pH and temperature optimum for two of them were 7.0 and 30 degrees C, respectively; four strains had corresponding optima at 7.5 and 37 degrees C, respectively. All bacterial isola-tes showed resistance against Ag+ (280-350 mg/L), Co2+ (200-420), CrVI (280-400), Cd2+ (250-350), Hg2+ (110-200), Mn2+ (300-380), Pb2+ (300-400), Sn2+ (480-520) and Zn2+ (300-450). Large-sized plasmids (> 20 kb), were detected in all of the strains. After the isolates were cured of plasmids with ethidium bromide, the efficiency of curing was estimated in the range of 60-90%. Reference strain of E. coli was transformed with the plasmids of the bacterial isolates which grew in Luria-Bertani medium containing 100 mg/L Cu2+. The capability to adsorb and afterwards accumulate Cu2+ inside their cells was assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer; all bacterial cells had the ability to adsorb 50-80% of the Cu2+ and accumulate 30-45% Cu2+ inside them after 1 d of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Shakoori
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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44
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Verma T, Srinath T, Gadpayle RU, Ramteke PW, Hans RK, Garg SK. Chromate tolerant bacteria isolated from tannery effluent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2001; 78:31-35. [PMID: 11265785 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of metal tolerant and antibiotic resistant organisms was investigated in tannery effluent. Seventy-seven isolates comprising heterotrophs (41) and coliforms (36) which were tolerant to chromate level of > 50 microg/ml were selected for detailed study. The majority of the coliforms were resistant to higher levels of chromate (200 microg/ml) whereas around 3% of the heterotrophs were resistant to Cr6+ at a level of > 150 microg/ml. All chromate tolerant heterotrophs were also tolerant to Cu2+ (100%) whereas only 58.53% coliforms were tolerant to Cu2+. Except in the case of Cd2+ a higher number of heterotrophs were found tolerant to other heavy metals tested. Both groups of isolates were found sensitive to mercury. Resistance to cephaloridine was more abundant (P < 0.001) in coliforms as compared to heterotrophs. On the other hand a significantly higher number (P < 0.01) of heterotrophs showed resistance to streptomycin and carbencillin. All coliforms were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Around 80%) and 31.70% of coliforms and heterotrophs exhibited a relationship to the combination of metals and antibiotics. Both heterotrophs and coliforms tolerant to Hg2+ were also resistant to polymixin-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Verma
- Photobiology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India
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45
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Daunert S, Barrett G, Feliciano JS, Shetty RS, Shrestha S, Smith-Spencer W. Genetically engineered whole-cell sensing systems: coupling biological recognition with reporter genes. Chem Rev 2000; 100:2705-38. [PMID: 11749302 DOI: 10.1021/cr990115p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Daunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055
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Lehmann M, Riedel K, Adler K, Kunze G. Amperometric measurement of copper ions with a deputy substrate using a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 15:211-9. [PMID: 11286339 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The first microbial biosensor to detect Cu2+ by an amperometric method has been developed. For this purpose, recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are suitable as the microbial component. These strains contain plasmids with the Cu2+-inducible promoter of the CUP1-gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fused to the lacZ-gene from E. coli. On this sensor the CUP1 promoter is first induced by the Cu2+-containing probe and subsequently lactose is used as a deputy substrate to make the measurement. If Cu2+ is present in the sample, these recombinant strains are able to utilize lactose as a carbon source, which leads to alterations in the oxygen consumption of the cells. The sensor measured Cu2+ in a concentration range between 0.5 and 2 mM CuSO4. In addition, an indirect amperometric measurement principle was developed which allows the detection of samples containing Cu2+ and fast biodegradable substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lehmann
- Institut fuer Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, Germany
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47
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Ghosh A, Singh A, Ramteke PW, Singh VP. Characterization of large plasmids encoding resistance to toxic heavy metals in Salmonella abortus equi. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:6-11. [PMID: 10872795 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella abortus equi vaccine strains were found to be resistant to high levels of toxic heavy metals--arsenic, chromium, cadmium, and mercury. The two strains 157 and 158 were resistant to ampicillin also. Curing of these strains resulted in loss of one or more resistance marker indicating plasmid borne resistance. Plasmid profile of strain 157 showed presence of three plasmids of 85, 54, and 0.1 Kb, whereas 158 strain showed presence of 85 Kb and 2 Kb plasmids. Plasmids were isolated from strain 157 and introduced into E. coli DH5alpha with a transformation efficiency of 2 x 10(3) transformants/microg DNA. Interestingly the transformants were resistant to antibiotics, heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Hg) and was also able to utilize citrate, a trait specific to Salmonella species. We report and establish for the first time the transferable large plasmids encoding resistance to various heavy metals, antibiotics and biochemical nature of S. abortus equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India.
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48
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Clément P, Springael D, González B. Deletions of mob and tra pJP4 transfer functions after mating of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 (pJP4) with Escherichia coli harboring F'::Tn10. Can J Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/w00-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One-tenth of Escherichia coli transconjugants resulting from the transfer of the catabolic plasmid pJP4 from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 to E. coli XL1Blue, contained pJP4 derivatives with deletions (~15-30 kb). The occurrence of these deletions is probably associated with the presence of Tn10 in the recipient. DNA endonuclease restriction analysis of the pJP4 deletion derivatives showed the absence of SphI and EcoRI fragments previously reported to hybridize with IncP Tra DNA probes. Moreover, these pJP4 deletion derivatives are not able to self-transfer, nor are they able to be mobilized. Accordingly, these pJP4 deletion derivatives lack transfer functions.Key words: pJP4, mobilization functions, deletion.
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Szpirer C, Top E, Couturier M, Mergeay M. Retrotransfer or gene capture: a feature of conjugative plasmids, with ecological and evolutionary significance. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 12):3321-3329. [PMID: 10627031 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-12-3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Szpirer
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Prokaryotes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, IBMM, B-6041-Gosselies, Belgium1
| | - Eva Top
- Laboratory for Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium2
| | - Martine Couturier
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Prokaryotes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, IBMM, B-6041-Gosselies, Belgium1
| | - Max Mergeay
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Radioactive Waste & Clean-up Division, Center of Studies for Nuclear Energy, SCK/CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium4
- Environmental Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO, B-2400 Mol, Belgium3
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Prokaryotes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, IBMM, B-6041-Gosselies, Belgium1
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50
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Subsurface interactions of actinide species and microorganisms: Implications for the bioremediation of actinide-organic mixtures. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02347481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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