1
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Ünal A, Leventoğlu E, Bakkaloğlu SA. Rituximab use in paediatric nephrology practice in Türkiye: TRTX. Nephrology (Carlton) 2024; 29:259-267. [PMID: 38113869 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Rituximab (RTX) is a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody which binds directly to CD20 antigen and mediates inhibition of B cell development. Although RTX has been widely used in paediatric nephrology, there is no routine protocol for its use. In this study, paediatric nephrologists in Türkiye were asked to fill out a questionnaire to understand their practice in using RTX. This study aimed to determine common practices and clarify the uncertainties regarding the use of RTX in paediatric nephrology. METHODS This was a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort study based on data evaluating the use of RTX in paediatric nephrology practice. An online questionnaire was sent to all paediatric nephrology centers in Türkiye. The questionnaire forms included information about how many patients in total applied RTX treatment, for which indications they use RTX, and whether they made any preparations before using RTX. RESULTS According to this survey on RTX use in Türkiye, paediatric nephrologists use it most commonly in SSNS and followed by SRNS, ABMR, SLE and AAV, respectively. Dosing was highly standard but there is significant heterogeneity in pre-exposure tests and patient monitoring in the clinical practice of RTX. Also, the rate of encountering RTX-related allergic and infectious side effects at least once during the professional experience of our physicians can be quite high. CONCLUSION There is an increasing need for the preparation of a guideline on the indications for RTX use for each diagnosis, posology, and the practices to be performed before and after infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ünal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Leventoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Matuschik L, Seifert G, Lammich K, Holzner P, Tanriver Y, Fichtner-Feigl S, Walz G, Schneider J, Jänigen B. Non-antigen-specific Immunoadsorption Is a Risk Factor for Severe Postoperative Infections in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transpl Int 2024; 37:12263. [PMID: 38550626 PMCID: PMC10974667 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
ABO-incompatible (ABOi) living kidney transplantation (KTx) is an established procedure to address the demand for kidney transplants with outcomes comparable to ABO-compatible KTx. Desensitization involves the use of immunoadsorption (IA) to eliminate preformed antibodies against the allograft. This monocentric retrospective study compares single-use antigen-selective Glycosorb® ABO columns to reusable non-antigen-specific Immunosorba® immunoglobulin adsorption columns regarding postoperative infectious complications and outcome. It includes all 138 ABOi KTx performed at Freiburg Transplant Center from 2004-2020. We compare 81 patients desensitized using antigen-specific columns (sIA) to 57 patients who received IA using non-antigen-specific columns (nsIA). We describe distribution of infections, mortality and allograft survival in both groups and use Cox proportional hazards regression to test for the association of IA type with severe infections. Desensitization with nsIA tripled the risk of severe postoperative infections (adjusted HR 3.08, 95% CI: 1.3-8.1) compared to sIA. nsIA was associated with significantly more recurring (21.4% vs. 6.2%) and severe infections (28.6% vs. 8.6%), mostly in the form of urosepsis. A significantly higher proportion of patients with sIA suffered from allograft rejection (29.6% vs. 14.0%). However, allograft survival was comparable. nsIA is associated with a two-fold risk of developing a severe postoperative infection after ABOi KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matuschik
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Seifert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lammich
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Holzner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yakup Tanriver
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schneider
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Jänigen
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Section of Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Liu L, Ji X, Zhu P, Yang L, Shi J, Zhao Y, Lai X, Yu J, Fu H, Ye Y, Wu Y, Ying J, Huang H, Luo Y. Double filtration plasmapheresis combined with rituximab for donor-specific antibody desensitization in haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2023; 203:829-839. [PMID: 37621146 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) are a major cause of engraftment failure in patients receiving haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Haplo-HSCT). Double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) avoids the unnecessary loss of plasma proteins and increases the efficiency of purification. To investigate the effectiveness of the desensitization protocol including DFPP and rituximab, we conducted a nested case-control study. Thirty-three patients who had positive DSA were desensitized by the protocol and 99 patients with negative DSA were randomly matched as control. The median DSA mean fluorescence intensity values before and after DFPP treatment were 7505.88 ± 4424.38 versus 2013.29 ± 4067.22 (p < 0.001). All patients in DSA group achieved haematopoietic reconstitution and the median neutrophils and platelets engraftment times were 13 (10-21) and 13 (10-29) days respectively. Although the cumulative incidence of II-IV aGVHD (41.4% vs. 28.1%) and 3-year moderate to severe cGVHD (16.8% vs. 7.2%) were higher in DSA cohort than in the control, no statistical significance was observed. The 3-year non-relapse mortality and the overall survival were 6.39% and 72.0%, respectively, in the DSA cohort, which were comparable to the negative control. In conclusion, DFPP and rituximab could be effectively used for desensitization and overcome the negative effects of DSA in Haplo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Ji
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luxin Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huarui Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Ying
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
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Hlavackova E, Krenova Z, Kerekes A, Slanina P, Vlkova M. B cell subsets reconstitution and immunoglobulin levels in children and adolescents with B non-Hodgkin lymphoma after treatment with single anti CD20 agent dose included in chemotherapeutic protocols: single center experience and review of the literature. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2023. [PMID: 37227099 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2023.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RTX, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, added to chemotherapy has proven to be effective in children and adolescents with high-grade, high-risk and matured non-Hodgkin lymphoma. RTX leads to prompt CD19+ B lymphocyte depletion. However, despite preserved immunoglobulin production by long-lived plasmablasts after treatment, patients remain at risk of prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia. Further, there are few general guidelines for immunology laboratories and clinical feature monitoring after B cell-targeted therapies. The aim of this paper is to describe B cell reconstitution and immunoglobulin levels after pediatric B-NHL protocols, that included a single RTX dose and to review the literature. METHODS A retrospective single-center study on the impact of a single RTX dose included in a chemotherapeutic pediatric B Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL) treatment protocols. Immunology laboratory and clinical features were evaluated over an eight hundred days follow-up (FU) period, after completing B-NHL treatment. RESULTS Nineteen patients (fifteen Burkitt lymphoma, three Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, and one Marginal zone B cell lymphoma) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Initiation of B cell subset reconstitution occurred a median of three months after B-NHL treatment. Naïve and transitional B cells declined over the FU in contrast to the marginal zone and the switched memory B cell increase. The percentage of patients with IgG, IgA, and IgM hypogammaglobulinemia declined consistently over the FU. Prolonged IgG hypogammaglobulinemia was detectable in 9%, IgM in 13%, and IgA in 25%. All revaccinated patients responded to protein-based vaccines by specific IgG antibody production increase. Following antibiotic prophylaxes, none of the patients with hypogammaglobulinemia manifested with either a severe or opportunistic infection course. CONCLUSION The addition of a single RTX dose to the chemotherapeutic treatment protocols was not shown to increase the risk of developing secondary antibody deficiency in B-NHL pediatric patients. Observed prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia remained clinically silent. However interdisciplinary agreement on regular long-term immunology FU after anti-CD20 agent treatment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hlavackova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Krenova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Arpad Kerekes
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Slanina
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Vlkova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Böhmig GA, Halloran PF, Feucht HE. On a Long and Winding Road: Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:1027-1041. [PMID: 36944603 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Today we know that both the humoral and the cellular arm of the immune system are engaged in severe immunological challenges. A close interaction between B and T cells can be observed in most "natural" challenges, including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. The importance and power of humoral immunity are impressively demonstrated by the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Organ transplant rejection is a normal immune response to a completely "artificial" challenge. It took a long time before the multifaceted action of different immunological forces was recognized and a unified, generally accepted opinion could be formed. Here, we address prominent paradigms and paradigm shifts in the field of transplantation immunology. We identify several instances in which the transplant community missed a timely paradigm shift because essential, available knowledge was ignored. Moreover, we discuss key findings that critically contributed to our understanding of transplant immunology but sometimes developed with delay and in a roundabout way, as was the case with antibody-mediated rejection-a main focus of this article. These include the discovery of the molecular principles of histocompatibility, the recognition of the microcirculation as a key interface of immune damage, the refinement of alloantibody detection, the description of C4d as a footmark of endothelium-bound antibody, and last but not least, the developments in biopsy-based diagnostics beyond conventional morphology, which only now give us a glimpse of the enormous complexity and pathogenetic diversity of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip F Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, ATAGC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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6
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Mayer KA, Budde K, Jilma B, Doberer K, Böhmig GA. Emerging drugs for antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation: a focus on phase II & III trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:151-167. [PMID: 35715978 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is a leading cause of kidney allograft failure. Its therapy continues to be challenge, and no treatment has been approved for the market thus far. AREAS COVERED In this article, we discuss the pathophysiology and phenotypic presentation of ABMR, the current level of evidence to support the use of available therapeutic strategies, and the emergence of tailored drugs now being evaluated in systematic clinical trials. We searched PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov and Citeline's Pharmaprojects for pertinent information on emerging anti-rejection strategies, laying a focus on phase II and III trials. EXPERT OPINION Currently, we rely on the use of apheresis for alloantibody depletion and intravenous immunoglobulin (referred to as standard of care), preferentially in early active ABMR. Recent systematic trials have questioned the benefits of using the CD20 antibody rituximab or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. However, there are now several promising treatment approaches in the pipeline, which are being trialed in phase II and III studies. These include interleukin-6 antagonism, CD38-targeting antibodies, and selective inhibitors of complement. On the basis of the information that has emerged so far, it seems that innovative treatment strategies for clinical use in ABMR may be available within the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Mayer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Budde
- Department of Nephrology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin Doberer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg A Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Otani IM, Lehman HK, Jongco AM, Tsao LR, Azar AE, Tarrant TK, Engel E, Walter JE, Truong TQ, Khan DA, Ballow M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Lu H, Kwan M, Barmettler S. Practical guidance for the diagnosis and management of secondary hypogammaglobulinemia: A Work Group Report of the AAAAI Primary Immunodeficiency and Altered Immune Response Committees. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1525-1560. [PMID: 35176351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia (SHG) is characterized by reduced immunoglobulin levels due to acquired causes of decreased antibody production or increased antibody loss. Clarification regarding whether the hypogammaglobulinemia is secondary or primary is important because this has implications for evaluation and management. Prior receipt of immunosuppressive medications and/or presence of conditions associated with SHG development, including protein loss syndromes, are histories that raise suspicion for SHG. In patients with these histories, a thorough investigation of potential etiologies of SHG reviewed in this report is needed to devise an effective treatment plan focused on removal of iatrogenic causes (eg, discontinuation of an offending drug) or treatment of the underlying condition (eg, management of nephrotic syndrome). When iatrogenic causes cannot be removed or underlying conditions cannot be reversed, therapeutic options are not clearly delineated but include heightened monitoring for clinical infections, supportive antimicrobials, and in some cases, immunoglobulin replacement therapy. This report serves to summarize the existing literature regarding immunosuppressive medications and populations (autoimmune, neurologic, hematologic/oncologic, pulmonary, posttransplant, protein-losing) associated with SHG and highlights key areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M Otani
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Heather K Lehman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Artemio M Jongco
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, NY
| | - Lulu R Tsao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Antoine E Azar
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Elissa Engel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Fla; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston
| | - Tho Q Truong
- Divisions of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver
| | - David A Khan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Mark Ballow
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Morsani College of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg
| | | | - Huifang Lu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Mildred Kwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Sara Barmettler
- Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
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8
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Bertacchi M, Parvex P, Villard J. Antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation in children; therapy challenges and future potential treatments. Clin Transplant 2022; 36:e14608. [PMID: 35137982 PMCID: PMC9286805 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) remains one of the most critical problems in renal transplantation, with a significant impact on patient and graft survival. In the United States, no treatment has received FDA approval jet. Studies about treatments of AMR remain controversial, limited by the absence of a gold standard and the difficulty in creating large, multi‐center studies. These limitations emerge even more in pediatric transplantation because of the limited number of pediatric studies and the occasional use of some therapies with unknown and poorly documented side effects. The lack of recommendations and the unsharp definition of different forms of AMR contribute to the challenging management of the therapy by pediatric nephrologists. In an attempt to help clinicians involved in the care of renal transplanted children affected by an AMR, we rely on the latest recommendations of the Transplantation Society (TTS) for the classification and treatment of AMR to describe treatments available today and potential new treatments with a particular focus on the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma Parvex
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean Villard
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Luterbacher F, Bernard F, Baleydier F, Ranza E, Jandus P, Blanchard-Rohner G. Case Report: Persistent Hypogammaglobulinemia More Than 10 Years After Rituximab Given Post-HSCT. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773853. [PMID: 35003091 PMCID: PMC8727997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that targets B cells-from the immature pre-B-cell stage in the bone marrow to mature circulating B cells-while preserving stem cells and plasma cells. It is used to treat autoimmune diseases, hematological malignancies, or complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Its safety profile is acceptable; however, a subset of patients can develop persistent hypogammaglobulinemia and associated severe complications, especially in pediatric populations. We report the unrelated cases of two young men aged 17 and 22, presenting with persistent hypogammaglobulinemia more than 7 and 10 years after treatment with RTX, respectively, and administered after HSCT for hemolytic anemia and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, respectively. Both patients' immunological workups showed low levels of total immunoglobulin, vaccine antibodies, and class switched-memory B cells but an increase in naive B cells, which can also be observed in primary immunodeficiencies such as those making up common variable immunodeficiency. Whole exome sequencing for one of the patients failed to detect a pathogenic variant causing a Mendelian immunological disorder. Annual assessments involving interruption of immunoglobulin replacement therapy each summer failed to demonstrate the recovery of endogenous immunoglobulin production or normal numbers of class switched-memory B cells 7 and 10 years after the patients' respective treatments with RTX. Although the factors that may lead to prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia after rituximab treatment (if necessary) remain unclear, a comprehensive immunological workup before treatment and long-term follow-up are mandatory to assess long-term complications, especially in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Luterbacher
- The Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanette Bernard
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Baleydier
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Genetic Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Jandus
- Immunology and Allergology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Geraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Pediatric Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, General Pediatrics Division, Department for Women, Children, and Teenagers, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Lee B, Cho JY, Han HS, Yoon YS, Lee HW, Lee JS, Kim M, Choi Y. Long-term outcomes of emergency ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation using a modified desensitization protocol for highly sensitized patients with acute liver failure: A case report. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2021; 25:571-574. [PMID: 34845134 PMCID: PMC8639309 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2021.25.4.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is no established desensitization protocol for liver transplantation (LT), desensitization usually entails treatment with rituximab, plasmapheresis, splenectomy, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusion together with a local graft. The desensitization protocol is usually initiated 2 to 3 weeks before transplantation. Therefore, patients with acute liver failure warranting urgent LT are usually ineligible for ABO-incompatible (ABOi) LT. For these reasons, several attempts have been made to abridge the desensitization protocol and extend the indication for ABOi living donor LT (LDLT). Here we report a 40-year-old female diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B and acute-on-chronic liver failure (model for end-stage liver disease score, 31). In the absence of a suitable compatible liver donor, emergency ABOi LT was planned using a modified desensitization protocol. The preoperative isoagglutinin (IA) titer was 1 : 1,024 and the preoperative T- and B-cell cross-matches were positive. The patient received a single dose of rituximab (375 mg/m2) and IVIG (0.8 g/kg) was administered from the anhepatic phase until three days after transplantation. Although the patient developed acute cellular rejection in the early stages after LT, she has maintained a stable graft function, even after 5 years. In summary, a modified desensitization protocol consisting of rituximab and IVIG is a feasible strategy for highly sensitized patients with elevated IA titers indicated for urgent LDLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jai Young Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoo-Seok Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jun Suh Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Moonhwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - YoungRok Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Sinha R, Agrawal N, Xue Y, Chanchlani R, Pradhan S, Raina R, Marks SD. Use of rituximab in paediatric nephrology. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:1058-1065. [PMID: 34112638 PMCID: PMC8543203 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody capable of depleting B cell populations by targeting the CD20 antigen expressed on the cell surface. Its use in oncology, initially in B cell lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, predates its current utility in various fields of medicine wherein it has become one of the safest and most effective antibody-based therapies. It was subsequently found to be effective for rheumatological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Over the past decade, rituximab has generated a lot of interest in nephrology and has become an emerging or accepted therapy for multiple renal conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, vasculitis, nephrotic syndrome and in different scenarios before and after kidney transplantation. This review outlines its current use in paediatric nephrology practice, focusing on the knowledge required for general paediatricians who may be caring for children prescribed this medication and reviewing them on a shared care basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Sinha
- ICH, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Nirav Agrawal
- Department of Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuanxin Xue
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahul Chanchlani
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subal Pradhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Post Graduate Institute of Paediatrics(SVPPGIP), Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Department of Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK .,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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12
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Hou YC, Lu KC, Kuo KL. The Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplantation Patients: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:885. [PMID: 34452010 PMCID: PMC8402591 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic has posed a huge threat to global health because of its rapid spread and various mutant variants. Critical illness occurs in the elderly and vulnerable individuals, such as those with chronic kidney disease. The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD)and even kidney transplantation (KT) because of the chronic use of immunosuppressive agents. To develop adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccination against the spike protein is important. Current phase III trials of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have not focused on a specific group of individuals, such as patients with CKD or those undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation. Chronic use of immunosuppressive agents might disturb the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. On the basis of limited evidence, the immune compromised status of CKD patients might decrease neutralizing antibody development after a single dose of a specific vaccine. Boosting dosage more than the protocol might increase the titer of the neutralizing antibody in CKD patients. Further evidence is needed to understand the factors disturbing the immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and CKD patients should receive the recommended dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine due to their relatively immune compromised status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chou Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal-Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Lin Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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13
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Reese SR, Wilson NA, Huang Y, Ptak L, Degner KR, Xiang D, Redfield RR, Zhong W, Panzer SE. B-cell Deficiency Attenuates Transplant Glomerulopathy in a Rat Model of Chronic Active Antibody-mediated Rejection. Transplantation 2021; 105:1516-1529. [PMID: 33273321 PMCID: PMC8106694 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a pathological feature of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection (cAMR) and is associated with renal allograft failure. The specific role of B cells in the pathogenesis of TG is unclear. METHODS We used a minor mismatched rat kidney transplant model with B cell-deficient recipients, generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 technology, to investigate the impact of B-cell depletion on the pathogenesis of TG. We hypothesized that B-cell deficiency would prevent TG in the rat kidney transplant model of cAMR. Treatment groups included syngeneic, allogeneic, sensitized allogeneic, and B cell-deficient allogeneic transplant recipients. RESULTS B cell-deficient recipients demonstrated reduced TG lesions, decreased microvascular inflammation, reduced allograft infiltrating macrophages, and reduced interferon gamma transcripts within the allograft. Allograft transcript levels of interferon gamma, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-1β correlated with numbers of intragraft macrophages. B cell-deficient recipients lacked circulating donor-specific antibodies and had an increased splenic regulatory T-cell population. CONCLUSIONS In this model of cAMR, B-cell depletion attenuated the development of TG with effects on T cell and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R. Reese
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yabing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Lucille Ptak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kenna R. Degner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ding Xiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Robert R. Redfield
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sarah E. Panzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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14
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Liverman R, Chandran MM, Crowther B. Considerations and controversies of pharmacologic management of the pediatric kidney transplant recipient. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:77-102. [PMID: 33151553 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric kidney transplantation has experienced considerable growth and improvement in patient and allograft outcomes over the past 20 years, in part due to advancements in immunosuppressive regimens and management. Despite this progress, care for this unique population can be challenging due to limited pediatric transplant data and trials, intricacies related to differences in children and adolescents compared with their adult counterparts, and limitations to long-term survival facing all solid organ transplant populations. Immunosuppression and infection prevention practices vary from one pediatric transplant center to another and clinical controversies exist surrounding treatment and dosing. This review aims to summarize key aspects of pharmacologic management in this population and present pertinent data that describe the influence of practice to serve as a resource for practitioners caring for this unique specialty patient population. Additionally, this review highlights select controversies that exist within pediatric kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Liverman
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Moss Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy, Childeren's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Barrett Crowther
- Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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15
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Langhorst C, Ganner A, Schneider J, Prager EP, Walz G, Pisarski P, Jänigen B, Zschiedrich S. Long-term Follow-up of ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation in Freiburg, Germany: A Single-Center Outcome Report. Transplant Proc 2020; 53:848-855. [PMID: 33041078 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi-KT) is an established way to enlarge the donor pool around the world. Comparability of long-term success and complications to ABO-compatible kidney transplantation (ABOc-KT) are still under debate. METHODS We evaluated all patients with a living donor kidney transplantation performed between April 1, 2004, and March 31, 2019. RESULTS A total of 137 ABOi-KT and 346 ABOc-KT were analyzed. We excluded 4 ABOi-KT recipients and 178 ABOc-KT recipients with cyclosporine A-based immunosuppression or without basiliximab induction. Three patients of the ABOi-KT cohort and 6 patients of the ABOc-KT cohort were lost to follow-up and therefore excluded. The patient characteristics were comparable except for the higher age of transplant recipients in the ABOc-KT cohort and longer follow-up of the ABOi-KT cohort. The mean estimated 15-year recipient survival was 89% in the ABOi-KT cohort and 91% in the ABOc-KT cohort (P = .39). Mean estimated graft survival was 71% in the ABOi-KT cohort and 87% in the ABOc-KT cohort (P = .68). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) measured in the last follow-up was 51 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the ABOi-KT cohort and 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the ABOc-KT cohort (P = .36). The incidence for antibody-mediated rejection, T cell-mediated rejections, and infectious complications requiring hospitalization was not different between the cohorts. In the ABOi-KT cohort, we found significantly more lymphoceles and consequent surgical revision procedures. CONCLUSIONS At our center, ABOi-KT has as good long-term results as ABOc-KT in terms of patient survival, graft survival, and complications, with the exception of increased lymphocele formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Langhorst
- Department of Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Athina Ganner
- Department of Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schneider
- Department of Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eric Peter Prager
- Department of Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Nephrology and Primary Care, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Przemyslaw Pisarski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Jänigen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Zschiedrich
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland.
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16
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Recommended Treatment for Antibody-mediated Rejection After Kidney Transplantation: The 2019 Expert Consensus From the Transplantion Society Working Group. Transplantation 2020; 104:911-922. [PMID: 31895348 PMCID: PMC7176344 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the development of modern solid-phase assays to detect anti-HLA antibodies and a more precise histological classification, the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has become more common and is a major cause of kidney graft loss. Currently, there are no approved therapies and treatment guidelines are based on low-level evidence. The number of prospective randomized trials for the treatment of AMR is small, and the lack of an accepted common standard for care has been an impediment to the development of new therapies. To help alleviate this, The Transplantation Society convened a meeting of international experts to develop a consensus as to what is appropriate treatment for active and chronic active AMR. The aim was to reach a consensus for standard of care treatment against which new therapies could be evaluated. At the meeting, the underlying biology of AMR, the criteria for diagnosis, the clinical phenotypes, and outcomes were discussed. The evidence for different treatments was reviewed, and a consensus for what is acceptable standard of care for the treatment of active and chronic active AMR was presented. While it was agreed that the aims of treatment are to preserve renal function, reduce histological injury, and reduce the titer of donor-specific antibody, there was no conclusive evidence to support any specific therapy. As a result, the treatment recommendations are largely based on expert opinion. It is acknowledged that properly conducted and powered clinical trials of biologically plausible agents are urgently needed to improve patient outcomes.
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17
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Ku TJY, Ribeiro RVP, Ferreira VH, Galasso M, Keshavjee S, Kumar D, Cypel M, Humar A. Ex-vivo delivery of monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) to treat human donor lungs prior to transplantation. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102994. [PMID: 32950000 PMCID: PMC7501077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is an innovative platform for assessing donor lungs in the pre-transplant window. In this study, we demonstrate an extension of its utility by administering the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, Rituximab, during EVLP. We hypothesized that this would lead to targeted depletion of allograft B-cells which may provide significant clinical benefit, including the potential to reduce latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and decrease the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative malignancies. Methods Twenty human donor lungs rejected for transplantation were placed on EVLP with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) 500 mg of Rituximab. Safety parameters such as lung physiology and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. We measured the delivery efficacy through flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. An in-vitro culture assay, in the presence of complement, was further conducted to monitor whether B-cell depletion would occur in Rituximab-perfused samples. Findings Rituximab was successfully delivered to human lungs during EVLP as evidenced by flow cytometric binding assays where lung tissue and lymph node biopsies demonstrated occupied CD20 epitopes after perfusion with the antibody. Lymph nodes from Rituximab perfusions demonstrated a 10.9 fold-reduction in CD20+ staining compared to controls (p = 0.0003). In lung tissue, Rituximab resulted in an 8.75 fold-reduction in CD20+ staining relative to controls (p = 0.0002). This decrease in CD20+ binding illustrates the successful delivery and occupation of epitopes after perfusion with the Rituximab. No apparent safety concerns were seen as exhibited by markers associated with acute cell injury (e.g., proinflammatory cytokines), cell death (e.g., TUNEL staining), or pulmonary physiology. In a post-perfusion tissue culture model, the addition of complement (human serum) resulted in evidence of B-cell depletion consistent with what would be expected with posttransplant activation of bound Rituximab. Interpretation Our experiments illustrate the potential of EVLP as a platform to deliver monoclonal antibody therapies to treat donor lungs pretransplant with the goal of eliminating a latent virus responsible for considerable morbidity after lung transplantation. Funding Supported by the University Health Network Transplant Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance J Y Ku
- Ajmera Transplant Center, University Health Network, PMB 11-175, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Rafaela V P Ribeiro
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- Ajmera Transplant Center, University Health Network, PMB 11-175, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Marcos Galasso
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Ajmera Transplant Center, University Health Network, PMB 11-175, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Ajmera Transplant Center, University Health Network, PMB 11-175, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Ajmera Transplant Center, University Health Network, PMB 11-175, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada.
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18
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Desai AK, Baloh CH, Sleasman JW, Rosenberg AS, Kishnani PS. Benefits of Prophylactic Short-Course Immune Tolerance Induction in Patients With Infantile Pompe Disease: Demonstration of Long-Term Safety and Efficacy in an Expanded Cohort. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1727. [PMID: 32849613 PMCID: PMC7424004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance induction (ITI) with a short-course of rituximab, methotrexate, and/or IVIG in the enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)-naïve setting has prolonged survival and improved clinical outcomes in patients with infantile Pompe disease (IPD) lacking endogenous acid-alpha glucosidase (GAA), known as cross-reactive immunologic material (CRIM)-negative. In the context of cancer therapy, rituximab administration results in sustained B-cell depletion in 83% of patients for up to 26–39 weeks with B-cell reconstitution beginning at approximately 26 weeks post-treatment. The impact of rituximab on serum immunoglobulin levels is not well studied, available data suggest that rituximab can cause persistently low immunoglobulin levels and adversely impact vaccine responses. Data on a cohort of IPD patients who received a short-course of ITI with rituximab, methotrexate, and IVIG in the ERT-naïve setting and had ≥6 months of follow-up were retrospectively studied. B-cell quantitation, ANC, AST, ALT, immunization history, and vaccine titers after B-cell reconstitution were reviewed. Data were collected for 34 IPD patients (25 CRIM-negative and 9 CRIM-positive) with a median age at ERT initiation of 3.5 months (0.1–11.0 months). B-cell reconstitution, as measured by normalization of CD19%, was seen in all patients (n = 33) at a median time of 17 weeks range (11–55 weeks) post-rituximab. All maintained normal CD19% with the longest follow-up being 248 weeks post-rituximab. 30/34 (88%) maintained negative/low anti-rhGAA antibody titers, even with complete B-cell reconstitution. Infections during immunosuppression were reported in five CRIM-negative IPD patients, all resolved satisfactorily on antibiotics. There were no serious sequelae or deaths. Of the 31 evaluable patients, 27 were up to date on age-appropriate immunizations. Vaccine titers were available for 12 patients after B-cell reconstitution and adequate humoral response was observed in all except an inadequate response to the Pneumococcal vaccine (n = 2). These data show the benefits of short-course prophylactic ITI in IPD both in terms of safety and efficacy. Data presented here are from the youngest cohort of patients treated with rituximab and expands the evidence of its safety in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit K Desai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carolyn H Baloh
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John W Sleasman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amy S Rosenberg
- Division of Biologics Review and Research 3, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US FDA, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Infectious Complications of Biological and Small Molecule Targeted Immunomodulatory Therapies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/3/e00035-19. [PMID: 32522746 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00035-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past 2 decades have seen a revolution in our approach to therapeutic immunosuppression. We have moved from relying on broadly active traditional medications, such as prednisolone or methotrexate, toward more specific agents that often target a single receptor, cytokine, or cell type, using monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, or targeted small molecules. This change has transformed the treatment of many conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, cancers, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, but along with the benefits have come risks. Contrary to the hope that these more specific agents would have minimal and predictable infectious sequelae, infectious complications have emerged as a major stumbling block for many of these agents. Furthermore, the growing number and complexity of available biologic agents makes it difficult for clinicians to maintain current knowledge, and most review articles focus on a particular target disease or class of agent. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge about infectious complications of biologic and small molecule immunomodulatory agents, aiming to create a single resource relevant to a broad range of clinicians and researchers. For each of 19 classes of agent, we discuss the mechanism of action, the risk and types of infectious complications, and recommendations for prevention of infection.
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20
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Chang YJ, Xu LP, Wang Y, Zhang XH, Chen H, Chen YH, Wang FR, Han W, Sun YQ, Yan CH, Tang FF, Huo MR, Zhao XY, Mo XD, Liu KY, Huang XJ. Rituximab for desensitization during HLA-mismatched stem cell transplantation in patients with a positive donor-specific anti-HLA antibody. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 55:1326-1336. [PMID: 32385341 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-0928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To define the efficacy of a single dose of 375 mg/m2 rituximab for DSA-positive patients with 2000 ≤ MFI < 10,000, we enrolled a prospective clinical cohort including patients with positive DSA treated with rituximab (n = 55, cohort A), a matched-pair cohort including cases with negative DSA (n = 110, cohort B) and a historical cohort including subjects with 2000 ≤ MFI < 10,000 without receiving any treatment for DSA (n = 22, cohort C). The incidences of primary poor graft function (PGF) in cohort A and cohort B were 5% and 1% (P = 0.076), respectively, both of which were lower than that in cohort C (27%, P < 0.001, for all). Rituximab was associated with a reduced incidence of primary PGF (HR 0.200, P = 0.023). The 3-year nonrelapse mortality of patients in cohort A and cohort B were 23% and 24%, respectively, both of which were lower than that in the cohort C (37%), although no statistical significance was observed. These results led to a low 3-year overall survival in patients in the cohort C (58%) compared with those in the cohort A (71%) and the cohort B (73%). We suggest that a single dose of rituximab could be effectively used to prevent the onset of primary PGF. The prospective cohort of this study is registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn/ChiCTR-OPC-15006672.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Feng-Rong Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wei Han
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu-Qian Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chen-Hua Yan
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fei-Fei Tang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ming-Rui Huo
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Mo
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Deyà-Martínez A, Gordón Y, Molina-Anguita C, Vlagea A, Piquer M, Juan M, Esteve-Solé A, Antón J, Madrid Á, García-García A, Plaza AM, Armangue T, Alsina L. Single-cycle rituximab-induced immunologic changes in children: Enhanced in neuroimmunologic disease? NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/4/e724. [PMID: 32376706 PMCID: PMC7217658 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunologic impact of a single cycle of rituximab (RTX) in children and adolescents with immune-mediated disorders, we evaluated B cells and immunoglobulin levels of 20 patients with neuroimmunologic, nephrologic, dermatologic, and rheumatologic disorders treated under recommended guidelines. METHODS Retrospective study of immunologic changes in children (aged ≤18 years) diagnosed with immune-mediated disorders in which RTX was prescribed between June 2014 and February 2019. Patients were excluded if they had prior diagnosis of malignant disease or primary immunodeficiency. Patients were clinically and immunologically followed up every 3 months. Only patients having received a single cycle of RTX and with a follow-up greater than 12 months were included in the analysis of persistent dysgammaglobulinemia. RESULTS Twenty children were included. Median age at RTX treatment was 12.8 years (interquartile range [IQR] 6.6-15.5 years). Median follow-up was 12.6 months (IQR 10.2-24 months). Of the 14 patients eligible for persistent dysgammaglobulinemia analysis (3 had received RTX retreatment, 2 had <12 months post-RTX follow-up, and in 1 data for this time point was missing), 2/14 (14%) remained with complete B-cell depletion, and 5/14 (36%) had dysgammaglobulinemia. Patients with dysgammaglobulinemia were younger (7.8 vs 15.6 years, p = 0.072), had more underlying neuroimmunologic diseases (5/5 vs 0/9, p < 0.001), and had received more frequently concentrated doses of RTX (3/5 vs 1/9, p = 0.05) than patients without dysgammaglobulinemia. Kinetics of immunoglobulins in the 20 patients revealed a decrease as early as 3 months after RTX in patients with neuroimmunologic disorders. CONCLUSION In our cohort, single-cycle RTX-induced dysgammaglobulinemia was enhanced in patients with neuroimmunologic diseases. Further studies are needed to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Deyà-Martínez
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yadira Gordón
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Molina-Anguita
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandru Vlagea
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Piquer
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Esteve-Solé
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Antón
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Madrid
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana García-García
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Plaza
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thaís Armangue
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Alsina
- From the Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit (A.D.-M., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., L.A.), Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (A.D.-M., Y.G., M.P., A.E.-S., J.A., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic (A.D.-M., A.V., M.P., M.J., A.E.-S., A.G.-G., A.M.P., L.A.), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (J.A., L.A., M.J.), Spain; Immunology Department (A.V., M.J.), Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (C.M.-A., T.A.), Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Rheumatology Division (J.A.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; and Pediatric Nephrology Department (Á.M.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bailly E, Ville S, Blancho G, Morelon E, Bamoulid J, Caillard S, Chatelet V, Malvezzi P, Tourret J, Vuiblet V, Anglicheau D, Bertrand D, Grimbert P, Haidar F, Hazzan M, Kamar N, Merville P, Mousson C, Pernin V, Pouteil‐Noble C, Purgus R, Sayegh J, Westeel P, Sautenet B, Gatault P, Büchler M. An extension of the RITUX‐ERAH study, multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing rituximab to placebo in acute antibody‐mediated rejection after renal transplantation. Transpl Int 2020; 33:786-795. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bailly
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Tours Tours France
- Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Simon Ville
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) CHU Nantes and Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064 INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) CHU Nantes and Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064 INSERM Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Lyon Edouard Herriot Lyon France
| | - Jamal Bamoulid
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Besançon Besançon France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- Nephrology‐Transplantation Department University Hospital Strasbourg France
| | - Valérie Chatelet
- Centre Universitaire des Maladies Rénales CHU de Caen Caen France
| | - Paolo Malvezzi
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Grenoble Grenoble France
| | - Jérôme Tourret
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Vincent Vuiblet
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Reims Reims France
| | - Dany Anglicheau
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris Necker Hospital Paris France
| | - Dominique Bertrand
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Rouen Rouen France
| | - Philippe Grimbert
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Pôle Cancérologie‐Immunité‐Transplantation‐Infectiologie et Unité INSERM 955 CHU Henri Mondor et Université Paris‐Est Creteil France
| | - Fadi Haidar
- Department of Hemodialysis CHT Noumea Noumea France
| | - Marc Hazzan
- Service de Néphrologie CHU Lille and Inserm U995 Lille France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University Hospital of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Merville
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis Bordeaux University Hospital Bordeaux France
- ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164 CNRS Bordeaux University Bordeaux France
| | - Christiane Mousson
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University Hospital of Dijon Dijon France
| | - Vincent Pernin
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University Hospital of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Claire Pouteil‐Noble
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation E. Herriot Hospital Université Lyon I Lyon France
| | - Raj Purgus
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University Hospital of Marseille Marseille France
| | - Johnny Sayegh
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University Hospital of Angers Angers France
| | - Pierre‐François Westeel
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation University Hospital of Amiens Amiens France
| | - Bénédicte Sautenet
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Tours Tours France
- Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Tours Tours France
- Université de Tours Tours France
| | - Matthias Büchler
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation University hospital of Tours Tours France
- Université de Tours Tours France
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Moore C, Gao B, Roskin KM, Vasilescu ERM, Addonizio L, Givertz MM, Madsen JC, Zorn E. B cell clonal expansion within immune infiltrates in human cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1431-1438. [PMID: 31811777 PMCID: PMC7238293 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is associated with intragraft B cell infiltrates. Here, we studied the clonal composition of B cell infiltrates using 4 graft specimens with CAV. Using deep sequencing, we analyzed the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region repertoire in both graft and blood. Results showed robust B cell clonal expansion in the graft but not in the blood for all cases. Several expanded B cell clones, characterized by their uniquely rearranged complementarity-determining region 3, were detected in different locations in the graft. Sequences from intragraft B cells also showed elevated levels of mutated rearrangements in the graft compared to blood B cells. The number of somatic mutations per rearrangement was also higher in the graft than in the blood, suggesting that B cells continued maturing in situ. Overall, our studies demonstrated B cell clonal expansion in human cardiac allografts with CAV. This local B cell response may contribute to the pathophysiology of CAV through a mechanism that needs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moore
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Baoshan Gao
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Transplant Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Krishna M. Roskin
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Linda Addonizio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael M. Givertz
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Center for Transplantation Science, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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24
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Shiu KY, Stringer D, McLaughlin L, Shaw O, Brookes P, Burton H, Wilkinson H, Douthwaite H, Tsui TL, Mclean A, Hilton R, Griffin S, Geddes C, Ball S, Baker R, Roufosse C, Horsfield C, Dorling A. Effect of Optimized Immunosuppression (Including Rituximab) on Anti-Donor Alloresponses in Patients With Chronically Rejecting Renal Allografts. Front Immunol 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32117242 PMCID: PMC7012933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RituxiCAN-C4 combined an open-labeled randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 7 UK centers to assess whether rituximab could stabilize kidney function in patients with chronic rejection, with an exploratory analysis of how B cell-depletion influenced T cell anti-donor responses relative to outcome. Between January 2007 and March 2015, 59 recruits were enrolled after screening, 23 of whom consented to the embedded RCT. Recruitment was halted when in a pre-specified per protocol interim analysis, the RCT was discovered to be significantly underpowered. This report therefore focuses on the exploratory analysis, in which we confirmed that when B cells promoted CD4+ anti-donor IFNγ production assessed by ELISPOT, this associated with inferior clinical outcome; these patterns were inhibited by optimized immunosuppression but not rituximab. B cell suppression of IFNγ production, which associated with number of transitional B cells and correlated with slower declines in kidney function was abolished by rituximab, which depleted transitional B cells for prolonged periods. We conclude that in this patient population, optimized immunosuppression but not rituximab promotes anti-donor alloresponses associated with favorable outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration: Registered with EudraCT (2006-002330-38) and www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT00476164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Yee Shiu
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McLaughlin
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Shaw
- Viapath Analytics LLP, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brookes
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Burton
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Douthwaite
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tjir-Li Tsui
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Mclean
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hilton
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Griffin
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Geddes
- Renal Unit, Western Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Trust, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ball
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Renal Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Horsfield
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Kincaide E, Hitchman K, Hall R, Yamaguchi I, Ding Y, Crowther B. Impact of active antibody-mediated rejection treatment on donor-specific antibodies in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13590. [PMID: 31617318 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AMR is a major cause of graft loss after kidney transplantation. We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 13 pediatric kidney transplant patients diagnosed with active AMR. All 13 patients were treated with plasmapheresis (PP), IVIg, and rituximab. Anti-HLA DSAs were measured at the time of transplantation, AMR diagnosis, 30 days post-rejection treatment, 90 days post-rejection treatment, and 24 ± 12 months post-AMR. A total of 68 DSAs were identified from 13 patients at the time of active AMR diagnosis. The primary objective of this study was to differentiate treatment response rates between class I and class II anti-HLA DSA post-AMR treatment. Overall, DSAs were significantly reduced at 30 days, and the reduction was sustained at 90 days post-treatment, even for class II anti-HLA and strongly positive DSAs. A significant difference between class I and class II anti-HLA DSA was observed at 30 days; however, between class significance was lost at 90-day follow-up due to continued class II anti-HLA DSA treatment response. Low DSA strength was predictive of treatment response. eGFR demonstrated significant improvement 90 days after AMR diagnosis compared to the initial value at the time of AMR, and the effect was sustained for 12 months. These results suggest that the AMR treatment is effective in pediatric kidney transplant recipients with an early diagnosis of active AMR across both class I and class II anti-HLA DSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kincaide
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacy Services, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,University Transplant Center, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Pharmacotherapy Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kelley Hitchman
- University Transplant Center, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Reed Hall
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacy Services, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,University Transplant Center, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Pharmacotherapy Education and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Pharmacotherapy Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ikuyo Yamaguchi
- University Transplant Center, University Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yanli Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Barrett Crowther
- Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services, University of Colorado Health, Aurora, CO, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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26
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Speer C, Kälble F, Nusshag C, Pego da Silva L, Schaier M, Becker LE, Klein K, Sommerer C, Beimler J, Leo A, Waldherr R, Mehrabi A, Süsal C, Zeier M, Morath C. Outcomes and complications following ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation performed after desensitization by semi‐selective immunoadsorption ‐ a retrospective study. Transpl Int 2019; 32:1286-1296. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Speer
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Florian Kälble
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christian Nusshag
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schaier
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Katrin Klein
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Claudia Sommerer
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jörg Beimler
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Albrecht Leo
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Waldherr
- Institute of Pathology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Caner Süsal
- Department of Transplantation Immunology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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27
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Chauhan K, Mehta AA. Rituximab in kidney disease and transplant. Animal Model Exp Med 2019; 2:76-82. [PMID: 31392300 PMCID: PMC6600632 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 antigen of B-cells. It depletes the level of mature B-cells by various mechanisms such as mediation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and B-cell apoptosis. Rituximab is a USFDA approved drug for clinical use in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma (NHL), rheumatoid arthritis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pemphigus vulgaris. It is also known for its "off label" use in renal disease and renal transplant worldwide. However, the exact mechanisms by which it exerts its effect in the aforementioned condition remain unclear but may be related to its long-term effects on plasma cell development and the impact on B-cell modulation of T cell responses. This review discusses the current use of rituximab in renal disease and renal transplantation, and its potential role in novel therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Chauhan
- Medical ServicesTorrent PharmaceuticalsAhmedabadIndia
| | - Anita A. Mehta
- Department of PharmacologyL. M. College of PharmacyAhmedabadGujaratIndia
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28
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Dingwell LS, Shikatani EA, Besla R, Levy AS, Dinh DD, Momen A, Zhang H, Afroze T, Chen MB, Chiu F, Simmons CA, Billia F, Gommerman JL, John R, Heximer S, Scholey JW, Bolz SS, Robbins CS, Husain M. B-Cell Deficiency Lowers Blood Pressure in Mice. Hypertension 2019; 73:561-570. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke S. Dingwell
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (L.S.D., E.A.S., A.M., T.A., F.B., M.H.)
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (L.S.D., E.A.S., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of the Institute of Medical Science (L.S.D., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric A. Shikatani
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (L.S.D., E.A.S., A.M., T.A., F.B., M.H.)
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (L.S.D., E.A.S., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (E.A.S., R.B., F.C., R.J., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (E.A.S., R.B., F.C., R.J., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew S. Levy
- Department of Physiology (A.S.L., D.D.D., H.Z., S.H., J.W.S., S.-S.B., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Danny D. Dinh
- Department of Physiology (A.S.L., D.D.D., H.Z., S.H., J.W.S., S.-S.B., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Abdul Momen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (L.S.D., E.A.S., A.M., T.A., F.B., M.H.)
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Department of Physiology (A.S.L., D.D.D., H.Z., S.H., J.W.S., S.-S.B., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Talat Afroze
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (L.S.D., E.A.S., A.M., T.A., F.B., M.H.)
| | - Michelle B. Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (M.B.C., C.A.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Felix Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (E.A.S., R.B., F.C., R.J., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Craig A. Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (M.B.C., C.A.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (L.S.D., E.A.S., A.M., T.A., F.B., M.H.)
| | | | - Rohan John
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (E.A.S., R.B., F.C., R.J., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Scott Heximer
- Department of Physiology (A.S.L., D.D.D., H.Z., S.H., J.W.S., S.-S.B., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - James W. Scholey
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (M.B.C., C.A.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Steffen-Sebastian Bolz
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (M.B.C., C.A.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Clinton S. Robbins
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (L.S.D., E.A.S., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (E.A.S., R.B., F.C., R.J., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Immunology (J.L.G., C.S.R.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada (L.S.D., E.A.S., A.M., T.A., F.B., M.H.)
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (L.S.D., E.A.S., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of the Institute of Medical Science (L.S.D., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (E.A.S., R.B., F.C., R.J., C.S.R., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology (A.S.L., D.D.D., H.Z., S.H., J.W.S., S.-S.B., M.H.), University of Toronto, Canada
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW B cells have recently emerged as important immune players in solid organ rejection, especially in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), a chronic form of rejection following heart transplantation. B cells can exert either regulatory or effector functions. This review will provide an update on effector B cells in CAV. RECENT FINDINGS Independent studies reported the abundance of B cells in graft infiltrates during CAV, especially around coronary arteries. Infiltrates comprise CD20+ CD27+ memory B cells together with differentiated CD20-CD138+ plasma cells, which are almost always associated with T cells and macrophages. The structure of some of these infiltrates evokes that of germinal centers, suggesting the generation of tertiary lymphoid organs in the graft. Remarkably, B-cell infiltrates are most often detected in the absence of circulating donor human leukocyte antigen-specific antibodies, strongly suggesting that the two components are unrelated. Characterization of B-cell clones isolated from explanted human cardiac graft infiltrates revealed the prevalence of polyreactive innate, B1-like B cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that these cells act primarily as antigen-presenting cells in situ. Additional effector functions, such as local antibody secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting T-cell polarization, macrophage activation and fibrosis are also considered. SUMMARY Converging observations made through animal and human studies add substantial support for an effector B-cell role in the pathophysiology of CAV. On the basis of these collective findings, a therapeutic strategy targeting B cells could reasonably be envisaged to prevent or treat this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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30
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The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Transplantation 2018; 102:557-568. [PMID: 29315141 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in kidney transplantation are based on low-quality data from a small number of controlled trials. Novel agents targeting B cells, plasma cells, and the complement system have featured in recent studies of AMR. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials in kidney transplant recipients using Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL from inception to February 2017. RESULTS Of 14 380 citations, we identified 21 studies, including 10 randomized controlled trials, involving 751 participants. Since the last systematic review conducted in 2011, we found nine additional studies evaluating plasmapheresis + intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (two), rituximab (two), bortezomib (two), C1 inhibitor (two), and eculizumab (one). Risk of bias was serious or unclear overall and evidence quality was low for the majority of treatment strategies. Sufficient RCTs for pooled analysis were available only for antibody removal, and here there was no significant difference between groups for graft survival (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.35-1.63; P = 0.475). Studies showed important heterogeneity in treatments, definition of AMR, quality, and follow-up. Plasmapheresis and IVIG were used as standard-of-care in recent studies, and to this combination, rituximab seemed to add little or no benefit. Insufficient data are available to assess the efficacy of bortezomib and complement inhibitors. CONCLUSION Newer studies evaluating rituximab showed little or no difference to early graft survival, and the efficacy of bortezomib and complement inhibitors for the treatment of AMR remains unclear. Despite the evidence uncertainty, plasmapheresis and IVIG have become standard-of-care for the treatment of acute AMR.
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31
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Complete B Cell Deficiency Reduces Allograft Inflammation and Intragraft Macrophages in a Rat Kidney Transplant Model. Transplantation 2018; 102:396-405. [PMID: 29215459 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, it is being appreciated that B cells have broad roles beyond the humoral response and are able to contribute to and regulate inflammation. The specific role of B cells in the pathogenesis of early allograft inflammation remains unclear. METHODS To address this question, we generated B cell-deficient (B) Lewis rats via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology. In a full mismatch transplant model, kidneys from Brown Norway donors were transplanted into B Lewis recipients or wild type Lewis recipients. T cell-mediated rejection was attenuated with cyclosporine. RESULTS Renal inflammation was reduced at 1 week after transplant (Banff scores for interstitial inflammation, microvascular inflammation, glomerulitis, and C4d) in allografts from B recipients. The reduction in interstitial inflammation was predominantly due to a decline in graft infiltrating macrophages. Intragraft T-cell numbers remained unchanged. In addition, B-cell deficiency was associated with increased T regulatory cells and reduced splenic T follicular helper cells at baseline; and significantly increased intragraft and splenic IL-10 mRNA levels after transplant. In vitro, B and wild type splenic T cells produced similar levels of IFN-γ in response to T cell-specific activation. CONCLUSIONS B-cell deficiency in this model produced an anti-inflammatory phenotype with a shift toward regulatory T-cell populations, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and a reduction in allograft inflammation. These findings define a role for B cells to influence the cell populations and mediators involved in the pathogenesis of early allograft inflammation.
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32
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van der Zwan M, Clahsen-Van Groningen MC, Roodnat JI, Bouvy AP, Slachmuylders CL, Weimar W, Baan CC, Hesselink DA, Kho MML. The Efficacy of Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin for Acute Kidney Transplant Rejection in Patients Using Calcineurin Inhibitor and Mycophenolate Mofetil-Based Immunosuppressive Therapy. Ann Transplant 2018; 23:577-590. [PMID: 30115901 PMCID: PMC6248318 DOI: 10.12659/aot.909646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell depleting antibody therapy with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) is the treatment of choice for glucocorticoid-resistant acute kidney allograft rejection (AR) and is used as first-line therapy in severe AR. Almost all studies investigating the effectiveness of rATG for this indication were conducted at the time when cyclosporine A and azathioprine were the standard of care. Here, the long-term outcome of rATG for AR in patients using the current standard immunosuppressive therapy (i.e., tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil) is described. Material/Methods Between 2002 to 2012, 108 patients were treated with rATG for AR. Data on kidney function in the year following rATG and long-term outcomes were collected. Results Overall survival after rATG was comparable to overall survival of all kidney transplantation patients (P=0.10). Serum creatinine 1 year after rATG was 179 μmol/L (interquartile range (IQR) 136–234 μmol/L) and was comparable to baseline serum creatinine (P=0.22). Early AR showed better allograft survival than late AR (P=0.0007). In addition, 1 year after AR, serum creatinine was lower in early AR (157 mol/L; IQR 131–203) compared to late AR (216 mol/L; IQR 165–269; P<0.05). The Banff grade of rejection, kidney function at the moment of rejection, and reason for rATG (severe or glucocorticoid resistant AR) did not influence the allograft survival. Conclusions Treatment of AR with rATG is effective in patients using current standard immunosuppressive therapy, even in patients with poor allograft function. Early identification of AR followed by T cell depleting treatment leads to better allograft outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Zwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marian C Clahsen-Van Groningen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joke I Roodnat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne P Bouvy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper L Slachmuylders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem Weimar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcia M L Kho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam Transplant Group, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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33
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Khalil MAM, Khalil MAU, Khan TFT, Tan J. Drug-Induced Hematological Cytopenia in Kidney Transplantation and the Challenges It Poses for Kidney Transplant Physicians. J Transplant 2018; 2018:9429265. [PMID: 30155279 PMCID: PMC6093016 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9429265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hematological cytopenia is common in kidney transplantation. Various cytopenia including leucopenia (neutropenia), thrombocytopenia, and anemia can occur in kidney transplant recipients. Persistent severe leucopenia or neutropenia can lead to opportunistic infections of various etiologies. On the contrary, reducing or stopping immunosuppressive medications in these events can provoke a rejection. Transplant clinicians are often faced with the delicate dilemma of balancing cytopenia and rejection from adjustments of immunosuppressive regimen. Differentials of drug-induced cytopenia are wide. Identification of culprit medication and subsequent modification is also challenging. In this review, we will discuss individual drug implicated in causing cytopenia and correlate it with corresponding literature evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taqi F. Taufeeq Khan
- King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk King Abdul Aziz Rd., Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jackson Tan
- RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan BA1710, Brunei Darussalam
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Muller YD, Ghaleb N, Rotman S, Vionnet J, Halfon M, Catana E, Golshayan D, Venetz JP, Aubert V, Pascual M. Rituximab as monotherapy for the treatment of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2018; 31:451-455. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D. Muller
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nseir Ghaleb
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Samuel Rotman
- Service of Clinical Pathology; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Julien Vionnet
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Halfon
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Catana
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Venetz
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Service of Immunology and Allergy; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Center; Lausanne University Hospital; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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South AM, Maestretti L, Kambham N, Grimm PC, Chaudhuri A. Persistent C4d and antibody-mediated rejection in pediatric renal transplant patients. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21:10.1111/petr.13035. [PMID: 28833936 PMCID: PMC5645786 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric renal transplant recipient survival continues to improve, but ABMR remains a significant contributor to graft loss. ABMR prognostic factors to guide treatment are lacking. C4d staining on biopsies, diagnostic of ABMR, is associated with graft failure. Persistent C4d+ on follow-up biopsies has unknown significance, but could be associated with worse outcomes. We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 17 pediatric renal transplant patients diagnosed with ABMR. Primary outcome at 12 months was a composite of ≥50% reduction in eGFR, transplant glomerulopathy, or graft failure. Secondary outcome was the UPCR at 12 months. We used logistic and linear regression modeling to determine whether persistent C4d+ on follow-up biopsy was associated with the outcomes. Forty-one percent reached the primary outcome at 12 months. Persistent C4d+ on follow-up biopsy occurred in 41% and was not significantly associated with the primary outcome, but was significantly associated with the secondary outcome (estimate 0.22, 95% CI 0.19-0.25, P < .001), after controlling for confounding factors. Persistent C4d+ on follow-up biopsies was associated with a higher UPCR at 12 months. Patients who remain C4d+ on follow-up biopsy may benefit from more aggressive or prolonged ABMR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. South
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lynn Maestretti
- Pediatric Renal Transplant Program, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford
| | - Neeraja Kambham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Paul C. Grimm
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Abanti Chaudhuri
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Okada M, Watarai Y, Iwasaki K, Murotani K, Futamura K, Yamamoto T, Hiramitsu T, Tsujita M, Goto N, Narumi S, Takeda A, Morozumi K, Uchida K, Kobayashi T. Favorable results in ABO-incompatible renal transplantation without B cell-targeted therapy: Advantages and disadvantages of rituximab pretreatment. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [PMID: 28792635 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of desensitization with rituximab in ABO-incompatible renal transplantation (ABO-I) has been widely reported. However, ABO-I outcomes are still worse than those of ABO-identical or ABO-compatible renal transplantation (ABO-Id/C). We retrospectively examined the outcomes in consecutive living donor ABO-Id/C (n = 412) and ABO-I (n = 205) cases to elucidate the causes of inferiority in ABO-I. ABO-I cases included recipients treated with rituximab (RIT, n = 131), splenectomy (SPX, n = 21), or neither because of low anti-A/B antibody titers (NoR/S, n = 53). Graft survival, infection, and de novo HLA antibody production were compared for ABO-I and ABO-Id/C, followed by stratification into RIT and NoR/S groups. Propensity score-based methods were employed to limit selection bias and potential confounders. Overall graft survival for ABO-I was significantly lower than that for ABO-Id/C (92.8% vs 97.2% after 5 years, P = .0037). Graft loss due to infection with ABO-I was significantly more frequent than that with ABO-Id/C, whereas acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) caused no graft failure in ABO-I recipients. Stratified analysis demonstrated significantly higher infection risk with RIT than with NoR/S. Safe reduction or avoidance of rituximab in desensitization protocols might contribute to further improvement of ABO-I outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Okada
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Watarai
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenta Iwasaki
- Department of Kidney Disease and Transplant Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kenta Murotani
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kenta Futamura
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsujita
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihiko Goto
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunji Narumi
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asami Takeda
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya Daini Red Cross Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunio Morozumi
- Department of Nephrology, Masuko Memorial Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Uchida
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Kidney Disease and Transplant Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Christou EAA, Giardino G, Worth A, Ladomenou F. Risk factors predisposing to the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections post-Rituximab. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:352-359. [PMID: 28800262 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1346092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) is a monoclonal antibody against CD20, commonly used in the treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. The use of RTX is related to the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections. Aim of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting the association of specific risk factors with the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections post-RTX. Immunological complications are more common in patients with malignant diseases as compared to non-malignant diseases. Moreover, the use of more than one dose of RTX, maintenance regimens, low pre-treatment basal immunoglobulin levels and the association with Mycophenolate and purine analogues represent risk factors for the development of hypogammaglobulinemia. The number of RTX courses, the evidence of low IgG levels for more than 6 months, the use of G-CSF, the occurrence of chronic lung disease, cardiac insufficiency, extra-articular involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, low levels of IgG and older age have been correlated with a higher risk of infections. Even though the heterogeneity of the studies in terms of study population age and underlying disease, RTX schedules as well as differences in pre-treatment or concomitant therapy doesn't allow drawing definitive conclusions, the study of the literature highlight the association of specific risk factors with the occurrence of hypogammaglobulinemia and/or infections. A long term randomized controlled clinical trial could be useful to define a personalized evidence-based risk management plan for patients treated with RTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos A A Christou
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Medical School , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- b Department of Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University , Naples , Italy
| | - Austen Worth
- c Department of Paediatric Immunology , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
| | - Fani Ladomenou
- c Department of Paediatric Immunology , Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK
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Webster AC, Wu S, Tallapragada K, Park MY, Chapman JR, Carr SJ. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 7:CD004756. [PMID: 28731207 PMCID: PMC6483358 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004756.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Registry data shows that the incidence of acute rejection has been steadily falling. Approximately 10% to 35% of kidney recipients will undergo treatment for at least one episode of acute rejection within the first post-transplant year. Treatment options include pulsed steroid therapy, the use of an antibody preparation, the alteration of background immunosuppression, or combinations of these options. Over recent years, new treatment strategies have evolved, and in many parts of the world there has been an increase in use of tacrolimus and mycophenolate and a reduction in the use of cyclosporin and azathioprine use as baseline immunosuppression to prevent acute rejection. There are also global variations in use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to treat acute rejection. This is an update of a review published in 2006. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to: (1) to evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different classes of antibody preparation in preventing graft loss and resolving cellular or humoral rejection episodes when used as a treatment for first episode of rejection in kidney transplant recipients; (2) evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different classes of antibody preparation in preventing graft loss and resolving cellular or humoral rejection episodes when used as a treatment for steroid-resistant rejection in kidney transplant recipients; (3) determine how the benefits and adverse events vary for each type of antibody preparation; and (4) determine how the benefits and harms vary for different formulations of antibody within each type. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register to 18 April 2017 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages comparing all mono- and polyclonal antibody preparations, given in combination with any other immunosuppressive agents, for the treatment of cellular or humoral graft rejection, when compared to any other treatment for acute rejection were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias of the included studies and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using a random-effects model and results expressed as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 11 new studies (18 reports, 346 participants) in this update, bring the total number of included studies to 31 (76 reports, 1680 participants). Studies were generally small, incompletely reported, especially for potential harms, and did not define outcome measures adequately. The risk of bias was inadequate or unclear risk for random sequence generation (81%), allocation concealment (87%) and other bias (87%). There were, however, a predominance of low risk of bias for blinding (75%) and incomplete outcome data (80%) across all the studies. Selective reporting had a mixture of low (58%), high (29%), and unclear (13%) risk of bias.Seventeen studies (1005 participants) compared therapies for first acute cellular rejection episodes. Antibody therapy was probably better than steroid in reversing acute cellular rejection (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.82; moderate certainty) and preventing subsequent rejection (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99; moderate certainty), may be better for preventing graft loss (death censored: (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.12; low certainty) but there was little or no difference in death at one year. Adverse effects of treatment (including fever, chills and malaise following drug administration) were probably reduced with steroid therapy (RR 23.88, 95% CI 5.10 to 111.86; I2 = 16%; moderate certainty).Twelve studies (576 patients) investigated antibody treatment for steroid-resistant rejection. There was little or no benefit of muromonab-CD3 over ATG or ALG in reversing rejection, preventing subsequent rejection, or preventing graft loss or death. Two studies compared the use of rituximab for treatment of acute humoral rejection (58 patients). Muromonab-CD3 treated patients suffered three times more than those receiving either ATG or T10B9, from a syndrome of fever, chills and malaise following drug administration (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.87 to 5.21; I2 = 31%), and experienced more neurological side effects (RR 13.10 95% CI 1.43 to 120.05; I2 = 36%) (low certainty evidence).There was no evidence of additional benefit from rituximab in terms of either reversal of rejection (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.64), or graft loss or death 12 months (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.23 to 4.35). Rituximab plus steroids probably increases the risk of urinary tract infection/pyelonephritis (RR 5.73, 95% CI 1.80 to 18.21). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In reversing first acute cellular rejection and preventing graft loss, any antibody is probably better than steroid, but there is little or no difference in subsequent rejection and patient survival. In reversing steroid-resistant rejection there was little or no difference between different antibodies over a period of 12 months, with limited data beyond that time frame. In treating acute humoral rejection, there was no evidence that the use of antibody therapy conferred additional benefit in terms of reversal of rejection, or death or graft loss.Although this is an updated review, the majority of newer included studies provide additional evidence from the cyclosporin/azathioprine era of kidney transplantation and therefore conclusions cannot necessarily be extrapolated to patients treated with more contemporary immunosuppressive regimens which include tacrolimus/mycophenolate or sirolimus. However, many kidney transplant centres around the world continue to use older immunosuppressive regimes and the findings of this review remain strongly relevant to their clinical practice.Larger studies with standardised reproducible outcome criteria are needed to investigate the outcomes and risks of antibody treatments for acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients receiving contemporary immunosuppressive regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Webster
- The University of SydneySydney School of Public HealthEdward Ford Building A27SydneyNSWAustralia2006
- The University of Sydney at WestmeadCentre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Sunny Wu
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCentre for Kidney ResearchCorner Hawkesbury and Darcy RoadsWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Krishna Tallapragada
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCentre for Kidney ResearchCorner Hawkesbury and Darcy RoadsWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Min Young Park
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCentre for Kidney ResearchCorner Hawkesbury and Darcy RoadsWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Jeremy R Chapman
- Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney at WestmeadCentre for Transplant and Renal ResearchDarcy RdWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Sue J Carr
- University Hospitals of LeicesterRenal DepartmentGwendolen RdLeicesterUKLE5 4PW
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Kronbichler A, Windpessl M, Pieringer H, Jayne DRW. Rituximab for immunologic renal disease: What the nephrologist needs to know. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:633-643. [PMID: 28414152 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric, monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, is increasingly used in immune-mediated renal diseases. While licensed in the induction treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis, it represents one of the most commonly prescribed off-label drugs. Much of the information regarding its safety has been drawn from experience in hematology and rheumatology. Ample evidence illustrates the safety of RTX, however, rare but serious adverse events have emerged that include progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and hepatitis B reactivation. Moderate to severe hypogammaglobulinemia and late-onset neutropenia following RTX therapy confer an increased infectious risk and factors predicting these side effects (i.e. a genetic basis) need to be identified. Nephrologists initiating RTX need to bear in mind that long-term risks and optimal dosing for many renal indications remain unclear. Special considerations must be given when RTX is used in women of childbearing age. We summarize practical aspects concerning the use of RTX. This review will provide nephrologists with information to guide their use of RTX alerting them to safety risks and the need for patient counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin Windpessl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Section of Nephrology, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Herwig Pieringer
- Academic Research Unit, 2nd Department of Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Med Campus III, Linz, Austria; Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - David R W Jayne
- Vasculitis and Lupus Clinic, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Macklin PS, Morris PJ, Knight SR. A systematic review of the use of rituximab for the treatment of antibody-mediated renal transplant rejection. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2017; 31:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Absence of Intragraft B Cells in Rejection Biopsies After Rituximab Induction Therapy: Consequences for Clinical Outcome. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e143. [PMID: 28405599 PMCID: PMC5381736 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiological role of intragraft B cells during renal allograft rejection is unclear. Methods We studied B-cell infiltration during acute rejection in 53 patients who participated in a clinical trial in which adult renal transplant patients were randomized between a single intraoperative dose of rituximab (375 mg/m2) or placebo as induction therapy. Two independent pathologists scored all biopsies in a blinded fashion according to the Banff classification and scored for the presence of B cells and plasma cells using CD79a and CD138 as markers. Results The majority of acute rejections were T cell–mediated. The proportion of acute rejections with an antibody-mediated component tended to be lower in rituximab-treated patients (4/23, 17.4%) than in placebo-treated patients (11/30, 36.7%; P = 0.14). Biopsies of rituximab-treated patients had significantly lower scores for B cells (0.00; range, 0.00-0.50 vs 1.70; range, 0.60-3.30; P < 0.0001) and plasma cells (0.10; range, 0.00-1.90 vs 0.40; range, 0.00-7.50; P = 0.006). During acute rejection, intragraft clusters of B cells were not observed after rituximab induction therapy. However, the depletion of intragraft B cells during acute rejection did not affect steroid resistance, proteinuria, graft function at 2 years follow-up, or patient and graft survival at a median follow-up of 4.1 years (range, 2.0-6.2 years). Conclusions These data do not support a harmful influence of intragraft B cells present during acute allograft rejection on the clinical course within the first few years after renal transplantation.
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Karahan GE, Claas FHJ, Heidt S. B Cell Immunity in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 7:686. [PMID: 28119695 PMCID: PMC5222792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of B cells to alloimmune responses is gradually being understood in more detail. We now know that B cells can perpetuate alloimmune responses in multiple ways: (i) differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells; (ii) sustaining long-term humoral immune memory; (iii) serving as antigen-presenting cells; (iv) organizing the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs; and (v) secreting pro- as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines. The cross-talk between B cells and T cells in the course of immune responses forms the basis of these diverse functions. In the setting of organ transplantation, focus has gradually shifted from T cells to B cells, with an increased notion that B cells are more than mere precursors of antibody-producing plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the various roles of B cells in the generation of alloimmune responses beyond antibody production, as well as possibilities to specifically interfere with B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca E Karahan
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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43
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Acute antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2017; 31:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pearl MH, Nayak AB, Ettenger RB, Puliyanda D, Palma Diaz MF, Zhang Q, Reed EF, Tsai EW. Bortezomib may stabilize pediatric renal transplant recipients with antibody-mediated rejection. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:1341-8. [PMID: 27048228 PMCID: PMC5590841 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapeutic strategies to effectively treat antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) are insufficient. Thus, we aimed to determine the benefit of a therapeutic protocol using bortezomib for refractory C4d + AMR in pediatric kidney transplant patients. METHODS We examined seven patients with treatment-refractory C4d + AMR. Immunosuppression included antithymocyte globulin or anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody for induction therapy with maintenance corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitor, and anti-metabolite. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated by the Schwartz equation, biopsy findings assessed by 2013 Banff criteria, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibodies (DSA) performed using the Luminex single antigen bead assay were monitored pre- and post- bortezomib therapy. RESULTS Seven patients (86 % male, 86 % with ≥6/8 HLA mismatch, and 14 % with pre-formed DSA) age 5 to 19 (median 15) years developed refractory C4d + AMR between 1 and 145 (median 65) months post-transplantation. All patients tolerated bortezomib. One patient had allograft loss. Of the six patients with surviving grafts (86 %), mean pre-bortezomib eGFR was 42 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and the mean 1 year post-bortezomib eGFR was 53 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Five of seven (71 %) had improvement of histological findings of AMR, C4d staining, and/or acute cellular rejection. Reduction in HLA DSAs was more effective for class I than class II. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib appears safe and may correlate with stabilization of eGFR in pediatric kidney transplant patients with refractory C4d + AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan H Pearl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Anjali B Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert B Ettenger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dechu Puliyanda
- Pediatric Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miguel Fernando Palma Diaz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qiuheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen W Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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In Kidney Transplant Recipients With a Positive Virtual Crossmatch, High PRA was Associated With Lower Incidence of Viral Infections. Transplantation 2016; 100:655-61. [PMID: 26760571 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information on the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with CMV and BK infections in sensitized patients. METHODS We examined 254 consecutive kidney transplant recipients with positive virtual crossmatch and negative flow crossmatch. RESULTS A total of 111 patients (43%) developed CMV disease or BK infection or nephropathy (BKVN). Specifically, 78 patients (30.7%) developed BK infection, 19 (7.5%) had BKVN, and 33 (12.9%) presented with CMV disease. Four patients (1.5%) developed both infections. Mean time from transplant to diagnosis for BK and CMV was 4.07 ± 3.10 and 8.35 ± 5.20 months, respectively. African American (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.37-5.07; P = 0.003), thymoglobulin induction (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.38-3.43; P = 0.0008), DSA greater than 500 MFI at transplant (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.05-2.57; P = 0.03), history of diabetes (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.01-2.60; P = 0.04), CMV D+/R- (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.06-5.01; P = 0.03), and acute rejection (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.99-2.24; P = 0.05) were associated with increase incident of BK/CMV, whereas rituximab (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.91; P = 0.02), peak PRA greater than 80% (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.84; P = 0.01), and living donor transplant (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.36-0.87; P = 0.01) were associated with a lower likelihood of infection. Thymoglobulin induction (HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.02-6.13; P = 0.04), and peak PRA greater than 80% (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.86; P = 0.02) remained significant predictors of infection after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Although more than 40% of patients with a positive virtual crossmatch presented with BK infection/CMV disease, high PRA greater than 80% seemed to be protective.
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One-year Results of the Effects of Rituximab on Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Renal Transplantation: RITUX ERAH, a Multicenter Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial. Transplantation 2016; 100:391-9. [PMID: 26555944 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is based on a combination of plasma exchange (PE), IVIg, corticosteroids (CS), and rituximab, but the place of rituximab is not clearly specified in the absence of randomized trials. METHODS In this phase III, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned patients with biopsy-proven AMR to receive rituximab (375 mg/m) or placebo at day 5. All patients received PE, IVIg, and CS. The primary endpoint was a composite of graft loss or no improvement in renal function at day 12. RESULTS Among the 38 patients included, at 1 year, no deaths occurred, but 1 graft loss occurred in each group. The primary endpoint frequency was 52.6% (10/19) and 57.9% (11/19) in the rituximab and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.744). Renal function improved in both groups, as soon as day 12 with no difference in serum creatinine level and proteinuria at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Supplementary administration of rituximab and total number of IVIg and PE treatments did not differ between the 2 groups. Both groups showed improved histological features of AMR and Banff scores at 1 and 6 months, with no significant difference between groups but with a trend in favor of the rituximab group. Both groups showed decreased mean fluorescence intensity of donor-specific antibodies as soon as day 12, with no significant difference between them but with a trend in favor of the rituximab group at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS After 1 year of follow-up, we observed no additional effect of rituximab in patients receiving PE, IVIg, and CS for AMR. Nevertheless, our study was underpowered and important differences between groups may have been missed. Complementary trials with long-term follow-up are needed.
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Abstract
Immunosuppressive agents are commonly used in the nephrologist's practice in the treatment of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, and they are investigational in the treatment of AKI and ESRD. Drug development has been rapid over the past decades as mechanisms of the immune response have been better defined both by serendipity (the discovery of agents with immunosuppressive activity that led to greater understanding of the immune response) and through mechanistic study (the study of immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases and the critical pathways or mutations that contribute to disease). Toxicities of early immunosuppressive agents, such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide, stimulated intense investigation for agents with more specificity and less harmful effects. Because the mechanisms of the immune response were better delineated over the past 30 years, this specialty is now bestowed with a multitude of therapeutic options that have reduced rejection rates and improved graft survival in kidney transplantation, provided alternatives to cytotoxic therapy in immune-mediated diseases, and opened new opportunities for intervention in diseases both common (AKI) and rare (atypical hemolytic syndrome). Rather than summarizing clinical indications and clinical trials for all currently available immunosuppressive medications, the purpose of this review is to place these agents into mechanistic context together with a brief discussion of unique features of development and use that are of interest to the nephrologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Wiseman
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Transplant Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Zschiedrich S, Jänigen B, Dimova D, Neumann A, Seidl M, Hils S, Geyer M, Emmerich F, Kirste G, Drognitz O, Hopt UT, Walz G, Huber TB, Pisarski P, Kramer-Zucker A. One hundred ABO-incompatible kidney transplantations between 2004 and 2014: a single-centre experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:663-71. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Hwang SD, Chung BH, Oh EJ, Choi BS, Park CW, Kim YS, Yang CW. Effect of Pretransplant Rituximab Use on Posttransplant Clinical Outcomes in Patients with High Panel Reactive Antibody Scores. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 130:239-44. [PMID: 26182858 DOI: 10.1159/000435924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Whether desensitization treatment is needed before kidney transplant (KT) in patients with high panel reactive antibody (PRA) scores but negative cross-matching (XM) tests remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pretransplant rituximab (RTX) treatment on clinical outcomes in these patients. METHODS The study included 52 patients with PRA >50% but negative XM tests before transplantation. A single dose of RTX was administered before KT in 32 patients (RTX group). The 20 patients without RTX treatment were considered as controls (CON group). We compared the development of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), rejection-free survival, allograft function, allograft and patients' survival rates and infection rates between the 2 groups. RESULTS The rate of acute AMR development was significantly lower in the RTX group than in the CON group (p = 0.009), and rejection-free survival in the RTX group was higher than in the CON group (p = 0.042). The 3-year graft and patient survival rates were higher in the RTX group than in the CON group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037, respectively). There were no significant differences in infection rates between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Pretransplant use of RTX improved the post-transplant clinical outcomes in patients with high PRAs but negative XM tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seun Deuk Hwang
- Transplant Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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