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Said O, Sengun Filiz E, Stringer D, Applewhite B, Kellermann V, Mutwalli H, Bektas S, Akkese MN, Kumar A, Carter B, Simic M, Sually D, Bentley J, Young AH, Madden S, Byford S, Landau S, Lawrence V, Treasure J, Schmidt U, Nicholls D, Himmerich H. Olanzapine for young PEople with aNorexia nervosa (OPEN): A protocol for an open-label feasibility study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2024; 32:532-546. [PMID: 38299859 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antipsychotics are routinely prescribed off-label for anorexia nervosa (AN) despite limited evidence. This article presents a protocol of a study aiming to assess the feasibility of a future definitive trial on olanzapine in young people with AN. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In an open-label, one-armed feasibility study, 55 patients with AN or atypical AN, aged 12-24, receiving outpatient, inpatient or day-care treatment who are considered for olanzapine treatment will be recruited from NHS sites based in England. Assessments will be conducted at screening, baseline and at 8-, 16 weeks, 6- and 12 months. Primary feasibility parameters will be proportions of patients who agree to take olanzapine and who adhere to treatment and complete study assessments. Qualitative methods will be used to explore acceptability of the intervention and study design. Secondary feasibility parameters will be changes in body mass index, psychopathology, side effects, health-related quality of life, carer burden and proportion of participants who would enrol in a future randomised controlled trial. The study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research via Health Technology Assessment programme. DISCUSSION Olanzapine for young PEople with aNorexia nervosa will inform a future randomised controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of prescribing olanzapine in young people with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Said
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ece Sengun Filiz
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Briana Applewhite
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Kellermann
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hiba Mutwalli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sevgi Bektas
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melahat Nur Akkese
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Merseyside, UK
| | - Ben Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mima Simic
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dilveer Sually
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Bentley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sloane Madden
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Byford
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sabine Landau
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Lawrence
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dasha Nicholls
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Tinch-Taylor R, Pickles A, Stringer D, Csipke E, Cella M, McCrone P, Reeder C, Birchwood M, Fowler D, Greenwood K, Johnson S, Perez J, Ritunnano R, Thompson A, Upthegrove R, Wilson J, Kenny A, Isok I, Joyce EM, Wykes T. Understanding the Mechanisms of Cognitive Remediation on Recovery in People With Early Psychosis: A Mediation and Moderation Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae021. [PMID: 38428943 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide precision cognitive remediation therapy (CR) for schizophrenia, we need to understand whether the mechanism for improved functioning is via cognition improvements. This mechanism has not been rigorously tested for potential moderator effects. STUDY DESIGN We used data (n = 377) from a randomized controlled trial using CIRCuiTS, a therapist-supported CR, with participants from first-episode psychosis services. We applied structured equation modeling to test whether: (1) CR hours explain the goal attainment functional outcome (GAS) at posttreatment, (2) global cognitive improvement mediates GAS, and if (3) total symptoms moderate the CR hours to cognitive improvement pathway, and/or negative symptoms moderate the cognition to functioning pathway, testing moderator effects via the mediator or directly on CR hours to functioning path. STUDY RESULTS CR produced significant functioning benefit for each therapy hour (Coeff = 0.203, 95% CI 0.101-0.304, P < .001). The mediated path from CR hours to cognition and cognition to functioning was small and nonsignificant (Coeff = 0.014, 95% CI = -0.010, 0.037, P = .256). Total symptoms did not moderate the path to cognition (P = .211) or the direct path to outcome (P = .896). However, negative symptoms significantly moderated the effect of cognitive improvements on functioning (P = .015) with high negative symptoms reducing the functional gains of improved cognition. CONCLUSIONS Although cognitive improvements were correlated with functioning benefit, they did not fully explain the positive effect of increased therapy hours on functioning, suggesting additional CR factors also contribute to therapy benefit. Negative symptoms interfere with the translation of cognitive improvements into functional gains so need consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Tinch-Taylor
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emese Csipke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Clare Reeder
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Max Birchwood
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - David Fowler
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Sonia Johnson
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jesus Perez
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosa Ritunnano
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Jon Wilson
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Alex Kenny
- Patient Advisory Board, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Iris Isok
- Patient Advisory Board, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Til Wykes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Evans J, Tinch-Taylor R, Csipke E, Cella M, Pickles A, McCrone P, Stringer D, Oliver A, Reeder C, Birchwood M, Fowler D, Greenwood K, Johnson S, Perez J, Ritunnano R, Thompson A, Upthegrove R, Wilson J, Kenny A, Isok I, Joyce EM, Wykes T. Satisfaction with cognitive remediation therapy: its effects on implementation and outcomes using the cognitive remediation satisfaction scale. Schizophrenia (Heidelb) 2023; 9:67. [PMID: 37777545 PMCID: PMC10542804 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive Remediation (CR) improves cognition and functioning but is implemented in a variety of ways (independent, group and one-to-one). There is no information on whether service users find these implementation methods acceptable or if their satisfaction influences CR outcomes. We used mixed participatory methods, including focus groups, to co-develop a CR satisfaction scale. This was refined using three psychometric criteria (Cronbach's alpha, item discrimination, test-retest agreement) to select items. Factor analysis explored potential substructures. The refined measure was used in structural equation joint modelling to evaluate whether satisfaction with CR is affected by implementation method and treatment engagement or influences recovery outcome, using data from a randomised controlled trial. Four themes (therapy hours, therapist, treatment effects, computer use) generated a 31-item Cognitive Remediation Satisfaction scale (CRS) that reduced to 18 Likert items, 2 binary and 2 open-ended questions following psychometric assessment. CRS had good internal consistency (Alpha = 0.814), test-retest reliability (r= 0.763), and concurrent validity using the Working Alliance Inventory (r = 0.56). A 2-factor solution divided items into therapy engagement and therapy effects. Satisfaction was not related to implementation method but was significantly associated with CR engagement. Therapy hours were significantly associated with recovery, but there was no direct effect of satisfaction on outcome. Although satisfaction is important to therapy engagement, it has no direct effect on outcome. CR therapy hours directly affect outcome irrespective of which implementation model is used, so measuring satisfaction early might help to identify those who are likely to disengage. The study has mixed methods design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Evans
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rose Tinch-Taylor
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emese Csipke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Oliver
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Reeder
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Max Birchwood
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - David Fowler
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Sonia Johnson
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jesus Perez
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosa Ritunnano
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Jon Wilson
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Alex Kenny
- Patient Advisory Board, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Iris Isok
- Patient Advisory Board, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Til Wykes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Wykes T, Stringer D, Boadu J, Tinch-Taylor R, Csipke E, Cella M, Pickles A, McCrone P, Reeder C, Birchwood M, Fowler D, Greenwood K, Johnson S, Perez J, Ritunnano R, Thompson A, Upthegrove R, Wilson J, Kenny A, Isok I, Joyce EM. Cognitive Remediation Works But How Should We Provide It? An Adaptive Randomized Controlled Trial of Delivery Methods Using a Patient Nominated Recovery Outcome in First-Episode Participants. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:614-625. [PMID: 36869733 PMCID: PMC10154711 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Cognitive remediation (CR) benefits cognition and functioning in psychosis but we do not know the optimal level of therapist contact, so we evaluated the potential benefits of different CR modes. STUDY DESIGN A multi-arm, multi-center, single-blinded, adaptive trial of therapist-supported CR. Participants from 11 NHS early intervention psychosis services were independently randomized to Independent, Group, One-to-One, or Treatment-as-usual (TAU). The primary outcome was functional recovery (Goal Attainment Scale [GAS]) at 15-weeks post randomization. Independent and TAU arms were closed after an interim analysis, and three informative contrasts tested (Group vs One-to-One, Independent vs TAU, Group + One-to-One vs TAU). Health economic analyses considered the cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY). All analyses used intention-to-treat principles. STUDY RESULTS We analyzed 377 participants (65 Independent, 134 Group, 112 One-to-One, 66 TAU). GAS did not differ for Group vs One-to-One: Cohen's d: 0.07, -0.25 to 0.40 95% CI, P = .655; Independent vs TAU: Cohen's d: 0.07, -0.41 to 0.55 95% CI, P = .777. GAS and the cognitive score improved for Group + One-to-One vs TAU favoring CR (GAS: Cohen's d: 0.57, 0.19-0.96 95% CI, P = .003; Cognitive score: Cohens d: 0.28, 0.07-0.48 95% CI, P = .008). The QALY costs were £4306 for Group vs TAU and £3170 for One-to-One vs TAU. Adverse events did not differ between treatment methods and no serious adverse events were related to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Both active therapist methods provided cost-effective treatment benefiting functional recovery in early psychosis and should be adopted within services. Some individuals benefited more than others so needs further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN14678860 https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN14678860Now closed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Til Wykes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janette Boadu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rose Tinch-Taylor
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emese Csipke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- School of Health Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Clare Reeder
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Max Birchwood
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - David Fowler
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Sonia Johnson
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jesus Perez
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosa Ritunnano
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Jon Wilson
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Alex Kenny
- Patient Advisory Board, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Iris Isok
- Patient Advisory Board, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Stringer D, Gardner L, Shaw O, Clarke B, Briggs D, Worthington J, Buckland M, Danzi G, Hilton R, Picton M, Thuraisingham R, Borrows R, Baker R, McCullough K, Stoves J, Phanish M, Shah S, Shiu KY, Walsh SB, Ahmed A, Ayub W, Hegarty J, Tinch-Taylor R, Georgiou E, Bidad N, Kılıç A, Moon Z, Horne R, McCrone P, Kelly J, Murphy C, Peacock J, Dorling A. Optimized immunosuppression to prevent graft failure in renal transplant recipients with HLA antibodies (OuTSMART): a randomised controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 56:101819. [PMID: 36684392 PMCID: PMC9852275 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3% of kidney transplant recipients return to dialysis annually upon allograft failure. Development of antibodies (Ab) against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) is a validated prognostic biomarker of allograft failure. We tested whether screening for HLA Ab, combined with an intervention to improve adherence and optimization of immunosuppression could prevent allograft failure. METHODS Prospective, open-labelled randomised biomarker-based strategy (hybrid) trial in 13 UK transplant centres [EudraCT (2012-004308-36) and ISRCTN (46157828)]. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to unblinded or double-blinded arms and screened every 8 months. Unblinded HLA Ab+ patients were interviewed to encourage medication adherence and had tailored optimisation of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolate mofetil and Prednisolone. The primary outcome was time to graft failure in an intention to treat analysis. The trial had 80% power to detect a hazard ratio of 0.49 in donor specific antibody (DSA)+ patients. FINDINGS From 11/9/13 to 27/10/16, 5519 were screened for eligibility and 2037 randomised (1028 to unblinded care and 1009 to double blinded care). We identified 198 with DSA and 818 with non-DSA. Development of DSA, but not non-DSA was predictive of graft failure. HRs for graft failure in unblinded DSA+ and non-DSA+ groups were 1.54 (95% CI: 0.72 to 3.30) and 0.97 (0.54-1.74) respectively, providing no evidence of an intervention effect. Non-inferiority for the overall unblinded versus blinded comparison was not demonstrated as the upper confidence limit of the HR for graft failure exceeded 1.4 (1.02, 95% CI: 0.72 to 1.44). The only secondary endpoint reduced in the unblinded arm was biopsy-proven rejection. INTERPRETATION Intervention to improve adherence and optimize immunosuppression does not delay failure of renal transplants after development of DSA. Whilst DSA predicts increased risk of allograft failure, novel interventions are needed before screening can be used to direct therapy. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme grant (ref 11/100/34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Stringer
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Leanne Gardner
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Olivia Shaw
- Clinical Transplantation Laboratory, Viapath Analytics LLP, London, UK
| | - Brendan Clarke
- Transplant Immunology, Level 09 Gledhow Wing, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David Briggs
- NHSBT Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
| | - Judith Worthington
- Transplantation Laboratory, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Matthew Buckland
- Clinical Transplantation Laboratory, The Royal London Hospital, 2nd Floor, Pathology and Pharmacy Building, 80 Newark Street, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Guilherme Danzi
- Renal Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife - PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Rachel Hilton
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael Picton
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Raj Thuraisingham
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Richard Borrows
- Renal Unit, University Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2LN, UK
| | - Richard Baker
- Renal Unit, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Keith McCullough
- Renal Unit, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, YO31 8HE, UK
| | - John Stoves
- Renal Unit, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD5 0NA, UK
| | - Mysore Phanish
- Renal Unit, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Sapna Shah
- Renal Unit, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Kin Yee Shiu
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Stephen B. Walsh
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Aimun Ahmed
- Renal Unit, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Waqar Ayub
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Janet Hegarty
- Renal Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Rose Tinch-Taylor
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Natalie Bidad
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1H 9JP, UK
| | - Ayşenur Kılıç
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1H 9JP, UK
| | - Zoe Moon
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1H 9JP, UK
| | - Robert Horne
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1H 9JP, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Joanna Kelly
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Murphy
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Peacock
- School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, USA
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Gaughran F, Stringer D, Wojewodka G, Landau S, Smith S, Gardner-Sood P, Taylor D, Jordan H, Whiskey E, Krivoy A, Ciufolini S, Stubbs B, Casetta C, Williams J, Moore S, Allen L, Rathod S, Boardman A, Khalifa R, Firdosi M, McGuire P, Berk M, McGrath J. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Outcomes in People With Early Psychosis: The DFEND Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2140858. [PMID: 34962559 PMCID: PMC8715346 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE People with psychotic disorders have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, which is evident during first-episode psychosis (FEP) and associated with unfavorable mental and physical health outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine whether vitamin D supplementation contributes to improved clinical outcomes in FEP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial from the UK examined adults 18 to 65 years of age within 3 years of a first presentation with a functional psychotic disorder who had no contraindication to vitamin D supplementation. A total of 2136 patients were assessed for eligibility, 835 were approached, 686 declined participation or were excluded, 149 were randomized, and 104 were followed up at 6 months. The study recruited participants from January 19, 2016, to June 14, 2019, with the final follow-up (after the last dose) completed on December 20, 2019. INTERVENTIONS Monthly augmentation with 120 000 IU of cholecalciferol or placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measure was total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included total PANSS score at 3 months; PANSS positive, negative, and general psychopathology subscale scores at 3 and 6 months; Global Assessment of Function scores (for symptoms and disability); Calgary Depression Scale score, waist circumference, body mass index, and glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and vitamin D concentrations at 6 months; and a planned sensitivity analysis in those with insufficient vitamin D levels at baseline. RESULTS A total of 149 participants (mean [SD] age, 28.1 (8.5) years; 89 [59.7%] male; 65 [43.6%] Black or of other minoritized racial and ethnic group; 84 [56.4%] White [British, Irish, or of other White ethnicity]) were randomized. No differences were observed in the intention-to-treat analysis in the primary outcome, total PANSS score at 6 months (mean difference, 3.57; 95% CI, -1.11 to 8.25; P = .13), or the secondary outcomes at 3 and 6 months (PANSS positive subscore: mean difference, -0.98; 95% CI, -2.23 to 0.27 at 3 months; mean difference, 0.68; 95% CI, -0.69 to 1.99 at 6 months; PANSS negative subscore: mean difference, 0.68; 95% CI, -1.39 to 2.76 at 3 months; mean difference, 1.56; 95% CI, -0.31 to 3.44 at 6 months; and general psychopathology subscore: mean difference, -2.09; 95% CI, -4.36 to 0.18 at 3 months; mean difference, 1.31; 95% CI, -1.42 to 4.05 at 6 months). There also were no significant differences in the Global Assessment of Function symptom score (mean difference, 0.02; 95% CI, -4.60 to 4.94); Global Assessment of Function disability score (mean difference, -0.01; 95% CI, -5.25 to 5.23), or Calgary Depression Scale score (mean difference, -0.39; 95% CI, -2.05 to 1.26) at 6 months. Vitamin D levels were very low in the study group, especially in Black participants and those who identified as another minoritized racial and ethnic group, 57 of 61 (93.4%) of whom had insufficient vitamin D. The treatment was safe and led to a significant increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, no association was found between vitamin D supplementation and mental health or metabolic outcomes at 6 months. Because so few patients with FEP were vitamin D replete, the results of this study suggest that this group would benefit from active consideration in future population health strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN12424842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- King’s Clinical Trials Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Wojewodka
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sabine Landau
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- King’s Clinical Trials Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shubulade Smith
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Poonam Gardner-Sood
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David Taylor
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Harriet Jordan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eromona Whiskey
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amir Krivoy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Casetta
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julie Williams
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lauren Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shanaya Rathod
- Clinical Trials Facility, Research Department, Tom Rudd Unit, Moorgreen Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Rehab Khalifa
- Kent and Medway NHS & Social Care Partnership Trust, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mudasir Firdosi
- South West London and St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust, Queen Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - John McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Charman T, Palmer M, Stringer D, Hallett V, Mueller J, Romeo R, Tarver J, Paris Perez J, Breese L, Hollett M, Cawthorne T, Boadu J, Salazar F, O'Leary M, Beresford B, Knapp M, Slonims V, Pickles A, Scott S, Simonoff E. A Novel Group Parenting Intervention for Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Young Autistic Children: Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience (ASTAR): A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:1404-1418. [PMID: 33965518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a group behavioral parenting intervention for emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) in young autistic children. METHOD This was a feasibility pilot randomized controlled trial comparing a 12-week group behavioral parenting intervention (Predictive Parenting) to an attention control (Psychoeducation). Parents of 62 autistic children 4 to 8 years of age were randomized to Predictive Parenting (n = 31) or Psychoeducation (n = 31). The primary outcome was a blinded observational measure of child behaviors that challenge. Secondary outcomes were observed child compliance and parenting behaviors; parent- and teacher-reported child EBPs; self-reported parenting practices, stress, self-efficacy, and well-being. Cost-effectiveness was also explored. RESULTS Recruitment, retention, completion of measures, treatment fidelity, and parental satisfaction were high for both interventions. There was no group difference in primary outcome: mean log of rate 0.18 lower (d, 90% CI = -0.44 to 0.08) in Predictive Parenting. Differences in rates of child compliance (0.44, 90% CI = 0.11 to 0.77), facilitative parenting (0.63, 90% CI = 0.33 to 0.92) and parent-defined target symptom change (-0.59, 90% CI -0.17 to -1.00) favored Predictive Parenting. There were no differences on other measures. Predictive Parenting was more expensive than Psychoeducation, with a low probability of being more cost-effective. CONCLUSION Feasibility was demonstrated. There was no evidence from this pilot trial that Predictive Parenting resulted in reductions in child EBPs beyond those seen following Psychoeducation; in addition, the effect size was small, and it was more expensive. However, it showed superiority for child compliance and facilitative parenting with moderate effect sizes. Future, definitive studies should evaluate whether augmented or extended intervention would lead to larger improvements. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience (ASTAR); https://www.isrctn.com/; 91411078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Melanie Palmer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Hallett
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Mueller
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renee Romeo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Tarver
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Paris Perez
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Breese
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Hollett
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cawthorne
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Boadu
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Salazar
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O'Leary
- Bromley Healthcare CIC Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony Beresford
- Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Knapp
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Slonims
- Newcomen Neurodevelopmental Centre, Children's Neurosciences, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Scott
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Hollocks MJ, Meiser-Stedman R, Kent R, Lukito S, Briskman J, Stringer D, Lord C, Pickles A, Baird G, Charman T, Simonoff E. The association of adverse life events and parental mental health with emotional and behavioral outcomes in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2021; 14:1724-1735. [PMID: 34076371 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk of developing co-occurring mental health difficulties across the lifespan. Exposure to adverse life events and parental mental health difficulties are known risk factors for developing a range of mental health difficulties. This study investigates the association of adverse life events, parental stress and mental health with emotional and behavioral problems in young adults with ASD. One hundred and fifteen young adults with ASD derived from a population-based longitudinal study were assessed at three time-points (12-, 16-, and 23-year) on questionnaire measures of emotional and behavioral problems. Parent-reported exposure to adverse life events and parental stress/mental health were measured at age 23. We used structural equation modeling to investigate the stability of emotional and behavioral problems over time, and the association between adverse life events and parental stress and mental health and emotional and behavioral outcomes at 23-year. Our results indicate that exposure to adverse life events was significantly associated with increased emotional and behavioral problems in young adults with ASD, while controlling for symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Higher reported parental stress and mental health difficulties were associated with a higher frequency of behavioral, but not emotional problems, and did not mediate the impact of adverse life events. These results suggest that child and adolescent emotional and behavioral problems, exposure to life events and parent stress and mental health are independently associated, to differing degrees, with emotional or behavioral outcomes in early adulthood. LAY SUMMARY: People with autism experience high rates of mental health difficulties throughout childhood and into adult life. Adverse life events and parental stress and mental health may contribute to poor mental health in adulthood. We used data at three time points (12-, 16-, and 23-year) to understand how these factors relate to symptoms at 23-year. We found that emotional and behavioral problems in childhood, adverse life events and parent mental health were all associated with increased emotional and behavioral problems in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hollocks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and South London and Maudsley Foundation Trust, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Kent
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and South London and Maudsley Foundation Trust, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Steve Lukito
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and South London and Maudsley Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, UK
| | - Catherine Lord
- UCLA Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, UK
| | - Gillian Baird
- Newcomen Centre, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and South London and Maudsley Foundation Trust, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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9
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Stringer D, Braude P, Myint PK, Evans L, Collins JT, Verduri A, Quinn TJ, Vilches-Moraga A, Stechman MJ, Pearce L, Moug S, McCarthy K, Hewitt J, Carter B. The role of C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker in COVID-19. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:420-429. [PMID: 33683344 PMCID: PMC7989395 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific acute phase reactant elevated in infection or inflammation. Higher levels indicate more severe infection and have been used as an indicator of COVID-19 disease severity. However, the evidence for CRP as a prognostic marker is yet to be determined. The aim of this study is to examine the CRP response in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and to determine the utility of CRP on admission for predicting inpatient mortality. Methods Data were collected between 27 February and 10 June 2020, incorporating two cohorts: the COPE (COVID-19 in Older People) study of 1564 adult patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to 11 hospital sites (test cohort) and a later validation cohort of 271 patients. Admission CRP was investigated, and finite mixture models were fit to assess the likely underlying distribution. Further, different prognostic thresholds of CRP were analysed in a time-to-mortality Cox regression to determine a cut-off. Bootstrapping was used to compare model performance [Harrell’s C statistic and Akaike information criterion (AIC)]. Results The test and validation cohort distribution of CRP was not affected by age, and mixture models indicated a bimodal distribution. A threshold cut-off of CRP ≥40 mg/L performed well to predict mortality (and performed similarly to treating CRP as a linear variable). Conclusions The distributional characteristics of CRP indicated an optimal cut-off of ≥40 mg/L was associated with mortality. This threshold may assist clinicians in using CRP as an early trigger for enhanced observation, treatment decisions and advanced care planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Phyo K Myint
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen
| | | | | | | | - Terry J Quinn
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Arturo Vilches-Moraga
- Department of Ageing and Complex Medicine, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lyndsay Pearce
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan Moug
- Department of Surgery, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Hewitt
- Cardiff University and Aneurin Bevan University Health Board
| | - Ben Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Pile V, Smith P, Leamy M, Oliver A, Bennett E, Blackwell SE, Meiser-Stedman R, Stringer D, Dunn BD, Holmes EA, Lau JYF. A feasibility randomised controlled trial of a brief early intervention for adolescent depression that targets emotional mental images and memory specificity (IMAGINE). Behav Res Ther 2021; 143:103876. [PMID: 34098409 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brief, evidence-based interventions for adolescent depression are urgently required, particularly for school-settings. Cognitive mechanisms research suggests dysfunctional mental imagery and overgeneral memory could be promising targets to improve mood. This feasibility randomised controlled trial with parallel symptomatic groups (n = 56) compared a novel imagery-based cognitive behavioural intervention (ICBI) to non-directive supportive therapy (NDST) in school settings. Blind assessments (of clinical symptoms and cognitive mechanisms) took place pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up three months later. The trial aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the methodology and interventions, and estimate the likely range of effects of the intervention on self-reported depression. The pre-defined criteria for proceeding to a definitive RCT were met: full recruitment occurred within eleven months; retention was 89%; ICBI acceptability was above satisfactory; and no harm was indicated. Intention-to-treat analysis found large effects in favour of ICBI (relative to NDST) at post-intervention in reducing depressive symptoms (d = -1.34, 95% CI [-1.87, -0.80]) and improving memory specificity (d = 0.79 [0.35, 1.23]), a key cognitive target. The findings suggest that ICBI may not only improve mood but also strengthen abilities associated with imagining and planning the future, critical skills at this life stage. A fully powered evaluation of ICBI is warranted. Trial Registration: https://www.isrctn.com/; ISRCTN85369879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pile
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Patrick Smith
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mary Leamy
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Oliver
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Eleanor Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Sweden and Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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11
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Simonoff E, Kent R, Stringer D, Lord C, Briskman J, Lukito S, Pickles A, Charman T, Baird G. Trajectories in Symptoms of Autism and Cognitive Ability in Autism From Childhood to Adult Life: Findings From a Longitudinal Epidemiological Cohort. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:1342-1352. [PMID: 31863881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For the first time, we use a longitudinal population-based autism cohort to chart the trajectories of cognition and autism symptoms from childhood to early adulthood and identify features that predict the level of function and change with development. METHOD Latent growth curve models were fitted to data from the Special Needs and Autism Project cohort at three time points: 12, 16, and 23 years. Outcome measures were IQ and parent-reported Social Responsiveness Scale autism symptoms. Of the 158 participants with an autism spectrum disorder at 12 years, 126 (80%) were reassessed at 23 years. Child, family, and contextual characteristics obtained at 12 years predicted intercept and slope of the trajectories. RESULTS Both trajectories showed considerable variability. IQ increased significantly by a mean of 7.48 points from 12 to 23 years, whereas autism symptoms remained unchanged. In multivariate analysis, full-scale IQ was predicted by initial language level and school type (mainstream/specialist). Participants with a history of early language regression showed significantly greater IQ gains. Autism symptoms were predicted by Social Communication Questionnaire scores (lifetime version) and emotional and behavioral problems. Participants attending mainstream schools showed significantly fewer autism disorder symptoms at 23 years than those in specialist settings; this finding was robust to propensity score analysis for confounding. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest continued cognitive increments for many people with autism across the adolescent period, but a lack of improvement in autism symptoms. Our finding of school influences on autism symptoms requires replication in other cohorts and settings before drawing any implications for mechanisms or policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Simonoff
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rachel Kent
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Lord
- UCLA Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jackie Briskman
- South London and Maudsley Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lukito
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, and the Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Baird
- UCLA Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California; Newcomen Centre, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Stringer D, Kent R, Briskman J, Lukito S, Charman T, Baird G, Lord C, Pickles A, Simonoff E. Trajectories of emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to early adult life. Autism 2020; 24:1011-1024. [PMID: 32191121 PMCID: PMC7521012 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Although mental health problems are common in autism, relatively little is known about their stability and the factors that influence their persistence or change over the life-course. To address this, we use data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP) cohort studied at three time-points from 12 to 23 years. Using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) domains of conduct, emotional, and ADHD symptoms, we evaluated the role of child, family, and contextual characteristics on these three trajectories. Symptoms decreased significantly over time for all three domains, but many participants still scored above the published disorder cutoffs. Individuals showed high levels of persistence. Higher initial adaptive function and language levels predicted a greater decline in conduct and ADHD symptoms. In contrast, higher language functioning was associated with higher levels of emotional symptoms, as was lower levels of autism symptom severity and higher parental education. Those with higher neighborhood deprivation had higher initial conduct problems but a steeper decline over time. Our findings highlight that it may be possible to accurately predict mental health trajectories over this time period, which could help parents and carers in planning and help professionals target resources more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine Lord
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience
and Human Behavior, USA
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Shiu KY, Stringer D, McLaughlin L, Shaw O, Brookes P, Burton H, Wilkinson H, Douthwaite H, Tsui TL, Mclean A, Hilton R, Griffin S, Geddes C, Ball S, Baker R, Roufosse C, Horsfield C, Dorling A. Effect of Optimized Immunosuppression (Including Rituximab) on Anti-Donor Alloresponses in Patients With Chronically Rejecting Renal Allografts. Front Immunol 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32117242 PMCID: PMC7012933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RituxiCAN-C4 combined an open-labeled randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 7 UK centers to assess whether rituximab could stabilize kidney function in patients with chronic rejection, with an exploratory analysis of how B cell-depletion influenced T cell anti-donor responses relative to outcome. Between January 2007 and March 2015, 59 recruits were enrolled after screening, 23 of whom consented to the embedded RCT. Recruitment was halted when in a pre-specified per protocol interim analysis, the RCT was discovered to be significantly underpowered. This report therefore focuses on the exploratory analysis, in which we confirmed that when B cells promoted CD4+ anti-donor IFNγ production assessed by ELISPOT, this associated with inferior clinical outcome; these patterns were inhibited by optimized immunosuppression but not rituximab. B cell suppression of IFNγ production, which associated with number of transitional B cells and correlated with slower declines in kidney function was abolished by rituximab, which depleted transitional B cells for prolonged periods. We conclude that in this patient population, optimized immunosuppression but not rituximab promotes anti-donor alloresponses associated with favorable outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration: Registered with EudraCT (2006-002330-38) and www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT00476164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Yee Shiu
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McLaughlin
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Shaw
- Viapath Analytics LLP, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brookes
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Burton
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wilkinson
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Douthwaite
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tjir-Li Tsui
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Mclean
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hilton
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Griffin
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Geddes
- Renal Unit, Western Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Trust, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ball
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baker
- Renal Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Horsfield
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Gaughran F, Stringer D, Berk M, Smith S, Taylor D, Whiskey E, Landau S, Murray R, McGuire P, Gardner-Sood P, Wojewodka G, Ciufolini S, Jordan H, Clarke J, Allen L, Krivoy A, Stubbs B, Lowe P, Arbuthnott M, Rathod S, Boardman A, Firdosi M, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D supplementation compared to placebo in people with First Episode psychosis - Neuroprotection Design (DFEND): a protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Trials 2020; 21:14. [PMID: 31907006 PMCID: PMC6945550 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People experiencing their first episode of psychosis are often deficient in vitamin D. Observational studies have reported an association between low vitamin D concentrations and poorer subsequent health outcomes in psychosis. A vitamin D deficiency in neonates and children has been linked to a later increased risk of schizophrenia and psychotic-like experiences. This trial aims to examine the effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on outcomes in early psychosis. We hypothesise that vitamin D supplementation will be associated with better mental health outcomes. Methods/design The DFEND study is a multicentre double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group trial of vitamin D supplementation in people with early psychosis. Patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of functional psychosis will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 120,000 IU/month of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) or a matched placebo for 6 months. The primary outcome is the total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score at the 6-month follow-up for all patients. Secondary outcomes include assessment of mood (Calgary Depression Scale), general function (Global Assessment of Functioning), cardiovascular risk (body mass index, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, cholesterol and HbA1c) and vitamin D levels at the 6-month follow-up. Additionally, 3- and 6-month total PANSS scores will be analysed for those with inadequate vitamin D levels at the baseline. Discussion The DFEND study is the first trial to examine whether vitamin D supplementation in early psychosis is associated with better mental health outcomes. The findings of this study may help to resolve the clinical equipoise regarding the benefits and cost-effectiveness of routine vitamin D supplementation in people with psychosis. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN12424842. Registered on 25 February 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University and Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Shubulade Smith
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - David Taylor
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Eromona Whiskey
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Sabine Landau
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Poonam Gardner-Sood
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Gabriella Wojewodka
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Harriet Jordan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jessie Clarke
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Amir Krivoy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Philippa Lowe
- Carer Expert and Chair of Trustees, Rethink Mental Illness, 89 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7TP, UK
| | | | - Shanaya Rathod
- Clinical Trials Facility, Research Department, Tom Rudd Unit, Moorgreen Hospital, Southampton, SO3 03J, UK
| | - Andrew Boardman
- Cheshire & Wirral Partnership NHS Trust, Churton House, Countess of Chester Health Park, Chester, CH2 1BQ, UK
| | - Mudasir Firdosi
- South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton Lane, London, SW15 5PN, UK
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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15
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Gaughran F, Stahl D, Patel A, Ismail K, Smith S, Greenwood K, Atakan Z, Gardner-Sood P, Stringer D, Hopkins D, Lally J, Forti MD, Stubbs B, Lowe P, Arbuthnott M, Heslin M, David AS, Murray RM. A health promotion intervention to improve lifestyle choices and
health outcomes in people with psychosis: a research programme including the
IMPaCT RCT. Programme Grants Appl Res 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar08010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background
People with psychotic disorders have reduced life expectancy largely because
of physical health problems, especially cardiovascular disease, that are
complicated by the use of tobacco and cannabis.
Objectives
We set out to (1) chart lifestyle and substance use choices and the emergence
of cardiometabolic risk from the earliest presentation with psychosis, (2)
develop a pragmatic health promotion intervention integrated within the
clinical teams to improve the lifestyle choices and health outcomes of
people with psychosis and (3) evaluate the clinical effectiveness and
cost-effectiveness of that health promotion intervention.
Design
We performed a longitudinal cohort study of people presenting with their
first episode of psychosis in three mental health trusts and followed up
participants for 1 year [work package 1, physical health and substance use
measures in first episode of psychosis (PUMP)]. We used an iterative Delphi
methodology to develop and refine a modular health promotion intervention,
improving physical health and reducing substance use in psychosis (IMPaCT)
therapy, which was to be delivered by the patient’s usual care
co-ordinator and used motivational interviewing techniques and
cognitive–behavioural therapy to improve health choices of people
with psychosis (work package 2). We then conducted a multicentre, two-arm,
parallel-cluster, randomised controlled trial to determine the clinical
effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of using the intervention with people
with established psychosis (work package 3: IMPaCT randomised controlled
trial) in five UK mental health trusts. The work took place between 2008 and
2014.
Participants
All people aged between 16 and 65 years within 6 months of their first
presentation with a non-organic psychosis and who were proficient in English
were eligible for inclusion in the PUMP study. Participants in the work
package 2 training development were staff selected from a range of settings,
working with psychosis. Participants in the phase 3 Delphi consensus and
manual development comprised three expert groups of (1)
therapists/researchers recruited from the local and national community, (2)
clinicians and (3) service users, each of whom took part in two iterative
review and feedback sessions. For work package 3, IMPaCT randomised
controlled trial, care co-ordinators in participating community mental
health teams who were permanently employed and had a minimum of four
eligible patients (i.e. aged between 18 and 65 years with a diagnosis of a
psychotic disorder) on their caseload were eligible to participate. In
studies 1 and 3, patient participants were ineligible if they were pregnant
or had a major illness that would have had an impact on their metabolic
status or if they had a significant learning disability. All participants
were included in the study only after giving written confirmed consent.
Main outcome measures
Cardiometabolic risk markers, including rates of obesity and central obesity,
and levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipids, were the
main outcomes in work package 1 (PUMP), with descriptive data presented on
substance use. Our primary outcome measure for the IMPaCT randomised
controlled trial was the physical or mental health component Short Form
questionnaire-36 items quality-of-life scores at 12 months.
Results
Obesity rates rose from 18% at first presentation with psychosis to 24% by 1
year, but cardiometabolic risk was not associated with baseline lifestyle
and substance use choices. Patterns of increase in the levels of
HbA1c over the year following first presentation showed
variation by ethnic group. We recruited 104 care co-ordinators, of whom 52
(with 213 patients) were randomised to deliver IMPaCT therapy and 52 (with
193 patients) were randomised to deliver treatment as usual, in keeping with
our power calculations. Of these 406 participants with established
psychosis, 318 (78%) and 301 (74%) participants, respectively, attended the
12- and 15-month follow-ups. We found no significant effect of IMPaCT
therapy compared with treatment as usual on the physical or mental health
component Short Form questionnaire-36 items scores at either time point in
an intention-to-treat analysis [physical health score (‘d’)
–0.17 at 12 months and –0.09 at 15 months; mental health score
(‘d’) 0.03 at 12 months and –0.05 at 15 months] or on
costs. Nor did we find an effect on other cardiovascular risk indicators,
including diabetes, except in the case of high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol, which showed a trend for greater benefit with IMPaCT therapy
than with treatment as usual (treatment effect 0.085, 95% confidence
interval 0.007 to 0.16; p = 0.034).
Limitations
Follow-up in work package 1 was challenging, with 127 out of 293 participants
attending; however, there was no difference in cardiometabolic measures or
demographic factors at baseline between those who attended for follow-up and
those who did not. In work package 3, the IMPaCT randomised controlled
trial, care co-ordinators struggled to provide additional time to their
patients that was devoted to the health promotion intervention on top of
their usual clinical care contact with them.
Conclusions
Cardiometabolic risk is prominent even soon after first presentation with
psychosis and increases over time. Lifestyle choices and substance use
habits at first presentation do not predict those who will be most
cardiometabolically compromised 1 year later. Training and supervising care
co-ordinators to deliver a health promotion intervention to their own
patients on top of routine care is not effective in the NHS for improving
quality of life or reducing cardiometabolic risk.
Future work
Further work is needed to develop and evaluate effective, cost-effective and
affordable ways of preventing the emergence of and reversing existing
cardiometabolic risk indicators in people with psychosis.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN58667926.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in
full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 8, No.
1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project
information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Gaughran
- National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute
of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
| | - Anita Patel
- Anita Patel Health Economics Consulting Ltd, London, UK
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Blizard Institute,
Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Khalida Ismail
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
| | - Shubulade Smith
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s
College London, London, UK
- Forensic Services, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation
Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Zerrin Atakan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
| | - Poonam Gardner-Sood
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute
of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
| | - David Hopkins
- Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity, King’s
Health Partners, London, UK
| | - John Lally
- National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre,
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s
College, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical
Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Margaret Heslin
- King’s Health Economics, Health Service & Population
Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &
Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry, University
College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry,
Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College
London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical
Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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16
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Stringer D, Gardner LM, Peacock JL, Rebollo-Mesa I, Hilton R, Shaw O, Baker R, Clark B, Thuraisingham RC, Buckland M, Picton M, Worthington J, Borrows R, Briggs D, Shah S, Shiu KY, McCullough K, Phanish M, Hegarty J, Stoves J, Ahmed A, Ayub W, Horne R, McCrone P, Kelly J, Murphy C, Dorling A. Update to the study protocol, including statistical analysis plan, for the multicentre, randomised controlled OuTSMART trial: a combined screening/treatment programme to prevent premature failure of renal transplants due to chronic rejection in patients with HLA antibodies. Trials 2019; 20:476. [PMID: 31383029 PMCID: PMC6683506 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic rejection is the single biggest cause of premature kidney graft failure. HLA antibodies (Ab) are an established prognostic biomarker for premature graft failure so there is a need to test whether treatment decisions based on the presence of the biomarker can alter prognosis. The Optimised TacrolimuS and MMF for HLA Antibodies after Renal Transplantation (OuTSMART) trial combines two elements. Firstly, testing whether a routine screening programme for HLA Ab in all kidney transplant recipients is useful by comparing blinding versus unblinding of HLA Ab status. Secondly, for those found to be HLA Ab+, testing whether the introduction of a standard optimisation treatment protocol can reduce graft failure rates. Methods OuTSMART is a prospective, open-labelled, randomised biomarker-based strategy (hybrid) trial, with two arms stratified by biomarker (HLA Ab) status. The primary outcome was amended from graft failure rates at 3 years to time to graft failure to increase power and require fewer participants to be recruited. Length of follow-up subsequently is variable, with all participants followed up for at least 43 months up to a maximum of 89 months. The primary outcome will be analysed using Cox regression adjusting for stratification factors. Analyses will be according to the intention-to-treat using all participants as randomised. Outcomes will be analysed comparing standard care versus biomarker-led care groups within the HLA Ab+ participants (including those who become HLA Ab+ through re-screening) as well as between HLA-Ab-unblinded and HLA-Ab-blinded groups using all participants. Discussion Changes to the primary outcome permit recruitment of fewer participants to achieve the same statistical power. Pre-stating the statistical analysis plan guards against changes to the analysis methods at the point of analysis that might otherwise introduce bias through knowledge of the data. Any deviations from the analysis plan will be justified in the final report. Trial registration ISRCTN registry, ID: ISRCTN46157828. Registered on 26 March 2013; EudraCT 2012–004308-36. Registered on 10 December 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Leanne M Gardner
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Janet L Peacock
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Rebollo-Mesa
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Rachel Hilton
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Olivia Shaw
- Clinical Transplantation Laboratory, Viapath, Guys Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard Baker
- Renal Unit, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Brendan Clark
- Transplant Immunology, Level 09 Gledhow Wing, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Raj C Thuraisingham
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Matthew Buckland
- Clinical Transplantation Laboratory, The Royal London Hospital, 2nd Floor, Pathology and Pharmacy Building, 80 Newark Street, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Michael Picton
- Department of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Judith Worthington
- Transplantation Laboratory, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Richard Borrows
- Renal Unit, University Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2LN, UK
| | - David Briggs
- NHSBT Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
| | - Sapna Shah
- King's College London, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Kin Yee Shiu
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | | | - Mysore Phanish
- Renal Unit, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Janet Hegarty
- Renal Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - John Stoves
- Renal Unit, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD5 0NA, UK
| | - Aimun Ahmed
- Renal Unit, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - Waqar Ayub
- Renal Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Robert Horne
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1H 9JP, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Joanna Kelly
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Murphy
- King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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17
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Gaughran F, Stahl D, Stringer D, Hopkins D, Atakan Z, Greenwood K, Patel A, Smith S, Gardner-Sood P, Lally J, Heslin M, Stubbs B, Bonaccorso S, Kolliakou A, Howes O, Taylor D, Forti MD, David AS, Murray RM, Ismail K. Effect of lifestyle, medication and ethnicity on cardiometabolic risk in the year following the first episode of psychosis: prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 215:712-719. [PMID: 31347480 PMCID: PMC7557635 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first episode of psychosis is a critical period in the emergence of cardiometabolic risk. AIMS We set out to explore the influence of individual and lifestyle factors on cardiometabolic outcomes in early psychosis. METHOD This was a prospective cohort study of 293 UK adults presenting with first-episode psychosis investigating the influence of sociodemographics, lifestyle (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, substance use) and medication on cardiometabolic outcomes over the following 12 months. RESULTS Rates of obesity and glucose dysregulation rose from 17.8% and 12%, respectively, at baseline to 23.7% and 23.7% at 1 year. Little change was seen over time in the 76.8% tobacco smoking rate or the quarter who were sedentary for over 10 h daily. We found no association between lifestyle at baseline or type of antipsychotic medication prescribed with either baseline or 1-year cardiometabolic outcomes. Median haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) rose by 3.3 mmol/mol in participants from Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups, with little change observed in their White counterparts. At 12 months, one-third of those with BME heritage exceeded the threshold for prediabetes (HbA1c >39 mmol/mol). CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy lifestyle choices are prevalent in early psychosis and cardiometabolic risk worsens over the next year, creating an important window for prevention. We found no evidence, however, that preventative strategies should be preferentially directed based on lifestyle habits. Further work is needed to determine whether clinical strategies should allow for differential patterns of emergence of cardiometabolic risk in people of different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Gaughran
- Lead Consultant Psychiatrist, National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; and Reader, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, Denmark Hill, UK,Correspondence: Fiona Gaughran, W1.08, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Professor in Medical Statistics and Statistical Learning, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Statistician, Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - David Hopkins
- Consultant Diabetologist, Institute Director and Clinical Academic Group Lead, Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity, King's Health Partners, UK
| | - Zerrin Atakan
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- Professor of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Anita Patel
- Director, Anita Patel Health Economics Consulting Ltd; and Honorary Professor, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Shubulade Smith
- Clinical Senior Lecturer, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London; and Consultant Psychiatrist, Forensic Services, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - John Lally
- Visiting Researcher, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - Margaret Heslin
- Research Fellow and Honorary Lecturer, Kings’ Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- NIHR Lecturer, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; and Head of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Stefania Bonaccorso
- Consultant Psychiatrist, C&I Foundation Trust; and Visiting Lecturer, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Anna Kolliakou
- Clinical Informatics Interface and Network Lead, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Professor of Molecular Psychiatry, MRC London Institute for Medical Sciences; and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London; and the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - David Taylor
- Director of Pharmacy and Pathology and Head of Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinical Academic Group, King's Health Partners, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- MRC Clinician Scientist, Department of Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London; the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Anthony S. David
- Professor of Mental Health, Director and Sackler Chair, Institute of Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Professor of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London; the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Department of Psychiatry, Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Khalida Ismail
- Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
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Palmer M, Tarver J, Paris Perez J, Cawthorne T, Romeo R, Stringer D, Hallett V, Mueller J, Breese L, Hollett M, Beresford B, Knapp M, Slonims V, Pickles A, Simonoff E, Scott S, Charman T. A novel group parenting intervention to reduce emotional and behavioural difficulties in young autistic children: protocol for the Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029959. [PMID: 31248932 PMCID: PMC6597639 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of young autistic children display impairing emotional and behavioural difficulties that contribute to family stress. There is some evidence that behavioural parenting interventions are effective for reducing behavioural difficulties in autistic children, with less evidence assessing change in emotional difficulties. Previous trials have tended to use unblinded parent-report measures as primary outcomes and many do not employ an active control, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience study is a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) testing the specific effect of a 12-week group parenting intervention (Predictive Parenting) on primary and secondary outcomes, in comparison to an attention control condition consisting of psychoeducation parent groups. Following a feasibility study to test research procedures and the interventions, the pilot RCT participants include 60 parents of autistic children aged 4-8 years who are randomised to Predictive Parenting versus the attention control. Measures are administered at baseline and post intervention to assess group differences in child and parent outcomes, costs and service use and adverse events. The primary outcome is an objective measure of child behaviours that challenge during interactions with their parent and a researcher. The trial aims to provide data on recruitment, retention, completion of measures and acceptability of the intervention and research protocol, in addition to providing a preliminary indication of potential efficacy and establishing an effect size that could be used to power a larger-scale efficacy trial. We will also provide preliminary estimates of the cost-effectiveness of the interventions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was granted from NHS Camden and Kings Cross Research Ethics Committee (ref: 16/LO/1769) along with NHS R&D approval from South London and Maudsley, Guy's and St Thomas', and Croydon Health Services NHS Trusts. The findings will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN91411078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Palmer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Joanne Tarver
- Department of Psychology, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan Paris Perez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Thomas Cawthorne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Renee Romeo
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Victoria Hallett
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joanne Mueller
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lauren Breese
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Megan Hollett
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Knapp
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Vicky Slonims
- Evelina Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Scott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Adoption and Fostering Service & Conduct Problems Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Service for Complex Autism & Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
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Patel A, Heslin M, Scott DL, Stringer D, Birrell F, Ibrahim F. Cost-Effectiveness of Combination Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Versus Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pragmatic, Randomized, Multicenter Trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2019; 72:334-342. [PMID: 30629813 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether intensive combinations of conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDS) achieve similar clinical benefits more cheaply than high-cost biologics such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) whose illness has failed to respond to methotrexate and another DMARD. METHODS We used within-trial cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses from health and social care and 2 societal perspectives. Participants were recruited into an open-label, 12-month, pragmatic, randomized, multicenter, 2-arm, noninferiority trial in 24 rheumatology clinics in England and Wales. Costs were linked with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ; primary outcome) and quality-adjusted life years derived from 2 measures (Short-Form 36 health survey and EuroQol 5-domain 3-level instrument). RESULTS In total, 205 participants were recruited, 104 in the csDMARD arm and 101 in the TNFi arm. Participants in the csDMARD arm with poor response at 6 months were offered TNFi; 46 participants (44%) switched. Relevant cost and outcome data were available for 93% of participants at 6-month follow-up and for 91-92% of participants at 12-month follow-up. The csDMARD arm had significantly lower total costs from all perspectives (6-month health and social care adjusted mean difference -£3,615 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -4,104, -3,182]; 12-month health and social care adjusted mean difference -£1,930 [95% CI -2,599, -1,301]). The HAQ score showed benefit to the csDMARD arm at 12 months (-0.16 [95% CI -0.32, -0.01]); other outcomes/follow-ups showed no differences. CONCLUSION Starting treatment with csDMARDs, rather than TNFi, achieves similar outcomes at significantly lower costs. Patients with active RA and who meet the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence criteria for expensive biologics can be treated with combinations of intensive csDMARDs in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Patel
- Anita Patel Health Economics Consulting, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Fraser Birrell
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, and Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Pile V, Smith P, Leamy M, Blackwell SE, Meiser-Stedman R, Stringer D, Ryan EG, Dunn BD, Holmes EA, Lau JYF. A brief early intervention for adolescent depression that targets emotional mental images and memories: protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (IMAGINE trial). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018; 4:97. [PMID: 29997904 PMCID: PMC6030737 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-018-0287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent depression is common and impairing. There is an urgent need to develop early interventions to prevent depression becoming entrenched. However, current psychological interventions are difficult to access and show limited evidence of effectiveness. Schools offer a promising setting to enhance access to interventions, including reducing common barriers such as time away from education. Distressing negative mental images and a deficit in positive future images, alongside overgeneral autobiographical memories, have been implicated in depression across the lifespan, and interventions targeting them in adults have shown promise. Here, we combine techniques targeting these cognitive processes into a novel, brief psychological intervention for adolescent depression. This feasibility randomised controlled trial will test the feasibility and acceptability of delivering this imagery-based cognitive behavioural intervention in schools. METHODS/DESIGN Fifty-six adolescents (aged 16-18) with high symptoms of depression will be recruited from schools. Participants will be randomly allocated to the imagery-based cognitive behavioural intervention (ICBI) or the control intervention, non-directive supportive therapy (NDST). Data on feasibility and acceptability will be recorded throughout, including data on recruitment, retention and adherence rates as well as adverse events. In addition, symptom assessment will take place pre-intervention, post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Primarily, the trial aims to establish whether it is feasible and acceptable to carry out this project in a school setting. Secondary objectives include collecting data on clinical measures, including depression and anxiety, and measures of the mechanisms proposed to be targeted by the intervention. The acceptability of using technology in assessment and treatment will also be evaluated. DISCUSSION Feasibility, acceptability and symptom data for this brief intervention will inform whether an efficacy randomised controlled trial is warranted and aid planning of this trial. If this intervention is shown in a subsequent definitive trial to be safe, clinically effective and cost-effective, it has potential to be rolled out as an intervention and so would significantly extend the range of therapies available for adolescent depression. This psychological intervention draws on cognitive mechanism research suggesting a powerful relationship between emotion and memory and uses imagery as a cognitive target in an attempt to improve interventions for adolescent depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN85369879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pile
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Patrick Smith
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Mary Leamy
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Simon E. Blackwell
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth G. Ryan
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Emily A. Holmes
- Department for Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Y. F. Lau
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
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Wykes T, Joyce E, Velikonja T, Watson A, Aarons G, Birchwood M, Cella M, Dopson S, Fowler D, Greenwood K, Johnson S, McCrone P, Perez J, Pickles A, Reeder C, Rose D, Singh S, Stringer D, Taylor M, Taylor R, Upthegrove R. The CIRCuiTS study (Implementation of cognitive remediation in early intervention services): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:183. [PMID: 29544551 PMCID: PMC5856221 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive problems in people with schizophrenia predict poor functional recovery even with the best possible rehabilitation opportunities and optimal medication. A psychological treatment known as cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) aims to improve cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders, with the ultimate goal of improving functional recovery. Studies suggest that intervening early in the course of the disorder will have the most benefit, so this study will be based in early intervention services, which treat individuals in the first few years following the onset of the disorder. The overall aim is to investigate different methods of CRT. Methods This is a multicentre, randomised, single-blinded, controlled trial based in early intervention services in National Health Service Mental Health Trusts in six English research sites. Three different methods of providing CRT (intensive, group, and independent) will be compared with treatment as usual. We will recruit 720 service users aged between 16 and 45 over 3 years who have a research diagnosis of non-affective psychosis and will be at least 3 months from the onset of the first episode of psychosis. The primary outcome measure will be the degree to which participants have achieved their stated goals using the Goal Attainment Scale. Secondary outcome measures will include improvements in cognitive function, social function, self-esteem, and clinical symptoms. Discussion It has already been established that cognitive remediation improves cognitive function in people with schizophrenia. Successful implementation in mental health services has the potential to change the recovery trajectory of individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, the best mode of implementation, in terms of efficacy, service user and team preference, and cost-effectiveness is still unclear. The CIRCuiTS trial will provide guidance for a large-scale roll-out of CRT to mental health services where cognitive difficulties impact recovery and resilience. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN14678860, Registered on 6 June 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2553-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Til Wykes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.
| | - Eileen Joyce
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tjasa Velikonja
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andrew Watson
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gregory Aarons
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. (0812), La Jolla, CA, 92093-0812, USA
| | - Max Birchwood
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sue Dopson
- Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Park End Street, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK
| | - David Fowler
- Psychology Department, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Kathy Greenwood
- Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and University of Sussex, Sussex House, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Sonia Johnson
- Division of Psychiatry, UCL, Mental Health Sciences Unit, 2nd Floor Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ, UK
| | - Paul McCrone
- King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jesus Perez
- Cambridge & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, CAMEO, Block 7 Ida Darwin, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 5EE, UK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Clare Reeder
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Diana Rose
- Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Swaran Singh
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Matthew Taylor
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Rumina Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2F, UK
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Heslin M, Babalola O, Ibrahim F, Stringer D, Scott D, Patel A. A Comparison of Different Approaches for Costing Medication Use in an Economic Evaluation. Value Health 2018; 21:185-192. [PMID: 29477400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating individual-level medication costs in an economic evaluation can involve extensive data collection and handling. Implications of detailed versus general approaches are unclear. OBJECTIVES To compare costing approaches in a trial-based economic evaluation. METHODS We applied four costing approaches to prescribed medication data from the Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors Against Combination Intensive Therapy randomized controlled trial. A detailed micro-costing approach was used as a base case, against which other approaches were compared: costing medications used by at least 1.5% of patients; costing medications on the basis of only chemical name; applying a generic prescription charge rather than a medication-specific cost. We quantitatively examined resulting estimates of prescribed medication and total care costs, and qualitatively examined trial conclusions. RESULTS Medication costs made up 6% of the total health and social care costs. There was good agreement in prescribed medication costs (concordance correlation coefficient [CCC] 0.815, 0.819, and 0.989) and excellent agreement in total costs (CCC 0.990, 0.995, and 0.995) between approaches 1 and 2. Approaches 3 and 4 had poor agreement with approach 1 on prescribed medication costs (CCC 0.246-0.700 and 0.033-0.333, respectively), but agreement on total care costs remained good (CCC 0.778-0.993 and 0.729-0.986, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Because medication costs comprised only a small proportion of total costs, the less resource-intensive approaches had substantial impacts on medication cost estimates, but had little impact on total care costs and did not significantly impact the trial's cost-effectiveness conclusions. There is room for research efficiencies without detriment to an evaluation in which medication costs are likely to form a small proportion of total costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fowzia Ibrahim
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Stringer
- Biostatistics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Scott
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anita Patel
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Chang F, Seguin J, Gupta N, Munoz C, Stringer D. Health and wealth awareness and assessment in rural Ontario. Eur Geriatr Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2013.07.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Semple WS, Cole IA, Koen TB, Costello D, Stringer D. Native couch grasses for revegetating severely salinised sites on the inland slopes of NSW. Part 2. Rangel J 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/rj06004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perennial ‘couch’ grasses that reproduce from rhizomes and or stolons have some advantages on scalded saline sites where they can reproduce in situations that are often hostile to germination and establishment of obligate seeders. Promising couch grass species from an earlier evaluation at Wagga Wagga and Manildra were Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum vaginatum, Sporobolus virginicus and, to a lesser extent, Sporobolus mitchellii. This paper reports results of a subsequent evaluation of these species as well as Eragrostis dielsii and Distichlis distichophylla at 3 other saline sites (Burrumbuttock, Cudal and Cundumbul). All accessions were established vegetatively and assessed for vigour and survival (all sites), groundcover production and its relationship with EC and pH (2 sites), biomass production, forage value and the effect of regular cutting on groundcover (1 site). S. virginicus appeared the most tolerant to saline conditions and produced high levels of groundcover and biomass but was sensitive to regular defoliation. At the 2 alkaline sites, C. dactylon and D. distichophylla generally outperformed the other accessions in terms of persistence and groundcover but appeared to be relatively low in forage value, and D. distichophylla appeared to have significant weed potential. Paspalum vaginatum produced high groundcover and relatively high biomass of moderate forage value at Burrumbuttock but performed poorly at the other sites. S. mitchellii and E. dielsii persisted on the more benign sites producing only low amounts of dry matter and groundcover and may be useful for environmental plantings where low weed potential is paramount. Despite spatially intensive testing of the topsoil chemistry, there were no obvious relationships between EC or pH and plant performance at the 2 main trial sites – a possible consequence of vegetative propagation.
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Abstract
To evaluate the current management of the infant and child with intussusception, the medical records of 188 consecutive intussusception patients over 5 years (1985-1990) were reviewed and compared to our series from 25 years ago (1959-1968). The peak months changed from May and June to January and July. Duration of symptoms and signs prior to diagnosis increased by one-third to 35 h with, however, a decrease in the incidence of pain, vomiting, abdominal mass, and rectal blood. Air was the only contrast used for the hydrostatic enema in the present series and was tried in every case with 81% success; this is a major improvement from 45% in the old series. There were three perforations (1.4%) with air-enema attempts compared with 1 (0.2%) 25 years ago. Recently only 19% of patients required operation but 30% needed resection; 55% of the patients in the older series required operation and 20% needed resection. Ten percent of intussusceptions continue to be found spontaneously reduced at operation. There were many less pathologic lead points in the newer series. The recurrences increased from 4% to 7%, but their reduction rate also increased from 31% with barium to 100% with air. There were no deaths in the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ein
- Division of General Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
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Ortiz-Alvarez O, Cabral D, Prendiville JS, Stringer D, Petty RE, Malleson PN. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction as an initial presentation of systemic sclerosis in two children. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36:280-4. [PMID: 9133948 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/36.2.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two children are reported in whom intestinal pseudo-obstruction was the initial manifestation of systemic sclerosis. Gastrointestinal symptoms and skin changes resolved or improved in both children following treatment with prednisone and penicillamine (case 1) or methotrexate (case 2), although radiological changes of the gastrointestinal tract persisted at 3 and 2 yr of follow-up, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ortiz-Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British, Columbia Vancouver, Canada
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Gow KW, Blair GK, Phillips R, Stringer D, Murphy JJ, Cameron BH, Fraser GC. Obstructive jaundice caused by neuroblastoma managed with temporary cholecystostomy tube. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30:878-82. [PMID: 7666329 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(95)90771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma presenting as obstructive jaundice is very rare. The authors present two cases of neuroblastoma, one primary and one recurrent, manifesting as a malignant obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system. Various methods of biliary decompression were considered in these children including transhepatic or retrograde biliary stenting and internal cholecystoenteric bypass. An attempt at percutaneous transhepatic stent placement failed in one case. In each patient, a simple insertion of a cholecystostomy tube proved effective. Immediately postoperatively, both patients had rapid resolution in symptoms and a decrease in bilirubin levels. Transient mild cholangitis in both children was successfully treated with antibiotics. Chemotherapy reduced the tumor size in each case, and the cholecystostomy tubes were removed within 3 weeks, after cholangiography showed patency of the distal common bile ducts. Temporary cholecystostomy tube drainage and systemic chemotherapy proved to be a safe, simple, and effective method for managing obstructive jaundice caused by neuroblastoma in these two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Gow
- Department of Surgery, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Canada
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28
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles found in all eukaryotic cells. In the liver they are usually round and measure about 0.5-1.0 microns; in rodents they contain a prominent crystalloid core, but this may be absent in newly formed rodent peroxisomes as well as in human peroxisomes. A major role of the peroxisomes is the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, thereby complementing mitochondrial fatty-acid metabolism. Many chemicals are known to increase the number of peroxisomes in rat and mouse hepatocytes. This peroxisome proliferation is accompanied by replicative DNA synthesis and liver growth. No clear structure-activity relationships are apparent. Many of these peroxisome proliferators contain acid functions that can modulate fatty acid metabolism. Two mechanisms have been proposed for the induction of peroxisome proliferation. One is based on the existence of one or several specific cytosolic receptors that bind the peroxisome proliferator, facilitating its translocation to the cell nucleus and the activation of the expression of specific genes. The second, perhaps more general, hypothesis involves chemically mediated perturbation of lipid metabolism. These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Many peroxisome proliferators have been shown to induce hepatocellular tumours, despite being uniformly non-genotoxic, when administered at high dose levels to rats and mice for long periods. Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain the induction of tumours. One is based on increased production of active oxygen species due to imbalanced production of peroxisomal enzymes; it has been proposed that these reactive oxygen species cause indirect DNA damage with subsequent tumour formation. In rodents, an alternative mechanism is the promotion of endogenous lesions by sustained DNA synthesis and hyperplasia. Thirdly, it is conceivable that sustained growth stimulation may be sufficient for tumour formation. Marked species differences are apparent in response to peroxisome proliferations. Rats and mice are extremely sensitive, and hamsters show an intermediate response while guinea pigs, monkeys and humans appear to be relatively insensitive or non-responsive at dose levels that produce a marked response in rodents. These species differences may be reproduced in vitro using primary culture hepatocytes isolated from a variety of species including humans. The available experimental evidence suggests a strong association and a probable casual link between peroxisome-proliferator-elicited liver growth and the subsequent development of liver tumours in rats and mice. Since humans are insensitive or unresponsive, at therapeutic dose levels, to peroxisome-proliferator-induced hepatic effects, it is reasonable to conclude that the encountered levels of exposure to these non-genotoxic agents do not present a hepatocarcinogenic hazard to humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Sandler AN, Stringer D, Panos L, Badner N, Friedlander M, Koren G, Katz J, Klein J. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for postthoracotomy pain relief. Analgesic, pharmacokinetic, and respiratory effects. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:626-34. [PMID: 1416159 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199210000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although epidural opioids frequently are used to provide postoperative analgesia, several articles have suggested that the analgesia after epidural fentanyl is similar to that after an equal dose of fentanyl given intravenously. To address this issue further, 29 postthoracotomy patients were studied in a randomized, double-blinded trial comparing a lumbar epidural fentanyl infusion with an intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia, plasma fentanyl pharmacokinetics, and respiratory effects for 20 h postoperatively. In all patients in both groups, good analgesia was achieved (pain score less than 3, maximum 10) over a similar time course, although the patients receiving epidural infusion required a significantly larger fentanyl infusion dose than did the patients receiving intravenous infusion (group receiving epidural fentanyl infusion: 1.95 +/- 0.45 micrograms.kg-1.h-1; group receiving intravenous fentanyl infusion: 1.56 +/- 0.36 micrograms.kg-1.h-1; P = 0.0002). The time course for the plasma fentanyl concentrations was similar in the two groups, and plasma fentanyl concentrations were not significantly different at any sampling period (T7-T20; group receiving epidural fentanyl infusion: 1.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; group receiving intravenous fentanyl infusion: 1.6 +/- 0.6 ng/ml; P = 0.06). Similarly, calculated clearance values for the two groups were not significantly different (group receiving epidural fentanyl infusion: 0.95 +/- 0.26 l.kg-1.h-1; group receiving intravenous fentanyl infusion: 0.87 +/- 0.25 l.kg-1.h-1; P = 0.3). Both groups demonstrated a similar degree of mild to moderate respiratory depression postoperatively, which was assessed with continuous respiratory inductance plethysmography and sequential arterial blood gas analysis. Side effects (nausea, vomiting, pruritus) were mild and did not differ between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Sandler
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Abstract
To determine the effectiveness of percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts, we reviewed the courses of 13 children. Six pseudocysts resolved on complete bowel rest and total parenteral nutrition. Seven required further therapy. Two pseudocysts were treated operatively; five were drained percutaneously with fluoroscopic guidance. These five ranged from 5 to 15 cm in diameter and were present for 10 to 42 days (mean, 26 days). In all cases, the cyst fluid was clear, had an amylase level of greater than 40,000 IU/L, and grew no organisms. The pigtail catheters left in place in four of the five children were removed when drainage stopped. Patients were followed by ultrasound while still in the hospital and 1 month after discharge. There were no complications nor any pseudocyst recurrence. Percutaneous drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in children is an effective alternative to the standard operative therapy of pseudocystenteric anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burnweit
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reisman
- Department of Radiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Abstract
Data concerning 15 infants and children with late-presenting (more than 8 weeks) Morgagni hernias over the last 20 years (1966 to 1986) have been reviewed. Ten of the cases were clinically normal on presentation, and the most common symptoms and signs were gastrointestinal and respiratory. Only one child presented with acute symptoms. Five had previously normal chest x-rays, and two others had an incorrect initial radiologic assessment. Chest x-ray was the most common diagnostic test; preoperative barium studies were performed in three patients. Twelve patients had other major congenital abnormalities. Fourteen of the 15 had surgery, usually within days of presentation. At operation, 10 of the 14 hernias contained a hollow viscus, nine had a sac, and four had abnormal bowel fixation. Postoperatively, two children had radiologic evidence of impaired diaphragmatic motility. There was no mortality in this series. Overall, late-presenting Morgagni hernias are relatively benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berman
- Department of Radiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- R Couper
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Roberts EA, Liu P, Stringer D, Superina RA, Mancer K. Mesenchymal hamartoma in a 10-month-old infant: appearance by magnetic resonance imaging. Can Assoc Radiol J 1989; 40:219-21. [PMID: 2670082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously well 10-month-old infant boy presented with a large hepatic tumor. Its sonographic and computed tomographic appearances were similar to those reportedly found in mesenchymal hamartomas. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a multiseptated mass with fluid-filled compartments and some displacement of major intra-abdominal vessels. This appears to be the first report of MR imaging of a mesenchymal hamartoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
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35
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Abstract
A 20-year retrospective study was made of children with congenital posterolateral (Bochdalek) hernias presenting more than 8 weeks after birth. The records of 26 patients (16 boys and 10 girls) were evaluated. Sixteen infants and children (62%) were originally misdiagnosed clinically and radiologically as having either infective lung changes, congenital lung cysts, or pneumothoraces; inappropriate thoracentesis occurred in four patients misdiagnosed as having a pneumothorax. Five patients had previously normal chest radiographs. The most useful investigation was a plain radiograph following passage of a nasogastric tube. Coexisting abnormalities (in particular, gut malfixation and malrotation) were common. All patients except one were operated on within days of presentation, and as emergencies if symptoms were acute. More than one third of our patients were left with a smaller than normal ipsilateral lung after their diaphragmatic hernia repair, and these lungs must be considered hypoplastic to some degree. Chest tubes made no difference in the lung's eventual expansion. Two deaths occurred as a result of acute cardiorespiratory arrest in previously well children. Therefore, the symptoms, signs, and radiologic findings of patients with diaphragmatic hernias presenting after the neonatal period may be difficult to interpret, and may result in diagnostic delay, misguided therapy, and a potentially fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berman
- Department of Radiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zimmerman B, Stringer D, Feanny S, Reisman J, Hak H, Rashed N, deBenedictis F, McLaughlin J, Levison H. Prevalence of abnormalities found by sinus x-rays in childhood asthma: lack of relation to severity of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80:268-73. [PMID: 3624681 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the prevalence of abnormalities found by sinus x-rays in patients with asthma. The overall prevalence of abnormalities found was greater in the patients with asthma, 43 of 138 (31.2%), compared to control patients with dental problems, 0 of 50 (p less than 0.001). However, the percent of patients with abnormalities found by sinus x-rays was the same whether the asthma was mild, requiring minimal medication, or severe, requiring multiple medications. The results provide no support for the hypothesis that sinusitis, as detected by abnormalities found by sinus x-rays, aggravates asthma and promotes increased need for medication to control the asthma.
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Sherman P, Kolster E, Davies C, Stringer D, Weber J. Choledochal cysts: heterogeneity of clinical presentation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5:867-72. [PMID: 3540257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Over a 12-year period, 23 children were diagnosed as having choledochal cysts, of which 22 were type I and one was type II. The triad of right upper-quadrant abdominal pain, right upper-quadrant abdominal mass, and cholestatic jaundice was present in only four of 23 (17%). Mean time from the onset of symptoms to establishing the correct diagnosis was 20 months, and in one child the diagnosis was established only at autopsy. Six children had histologic evidence of biliary cirrhosis, and three developed portal hypertension despite surgical intervention. Both ultrasonography of the abdomen and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were useful methods in establishing the diagnosis, but both tests did result in false negatives. Choledochal cysts are treatable causes of cholestatic jaundice in infants and children, but the intermittent and variable nature of their presentation renders clinical diagnosis difficult.
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Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis most commonly involves the stomach and proximal small intestine with eosinophilic inflammation of either the mucosa, submucosa or serosa. The patient reported here had isolated eosinophilic colitis. The initial presentation with iron deficiency anaemia owing to occult gastrointestinal blood loss emphasises the need to evaluate the entire gastrointestinal tract in patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
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MacLusky IB, Stringer D, Zarfen J, Smallhorn J, Levison H. Cardiorespiratory status in long-term survivors of prematurity, with and without hyaline membrane disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 1986; 2:94-102. [PMID: 3714346 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.1950020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty-eight children, born at less than 33 weeks' gestation and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or Wilson-Mikity syndrome (WM) were studied at a mean age of 9.1 years, to identify the incidence and possible factors contributing to the development of long-term abnormalities in pulmonary function. As neonates, 30 children had hyaline membrane disease (HMD) of whom 21 required ventilation. Eighteen did not have HMD, of whom 9 required ventilation for nonrespiratory reasons. All patients had grown normally. Four of the 48 (8.3%) had clinical asthma, 5 had persisting chest x-ray abnormalities (10.6% of 47 chest x-rays performed), each having been ventilated for HMD. There was a close association between duration of ventilation, oxygen administration, and subsequent abnormal chest x-ray. Electrocardiogram and M-mode echocardiograms were normal in all but 2 patients. Only 3 patients had significant restrictive lung disease, 3 had evidence of significant airways obstruction, and 13 (27.7%) had signs of air trapping. Methacholine challenge was positive in 30 of 46 patients (65.2%). The incidence of a positive methacholine challenge did not correlate with history of HMD, duration of ventilation, or high oxygen administration. There is an increased incidence of airway hyperreactivity in survivors of prematurity, not associated with any identified therapeutic maneuver during the neonatal period.
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Abstract
A technique for maxillary bone grafting to augment the atrophic ridge is presented, and the results from 15 cases followed from three to ten years are briefly described. Loss of postoperative ridge height ranged from 10-20% in this sample. It appears that the tendencies to postoperative resorption that occur when autogenous particulate cancellous bone grafts are employed to restore atrophic mandibles are not operative in the maxilla.
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Abstract
In the past 10 years, the diagnosis of pseudoobstruction lasting more than two months was confirmed in 10 infants after sepsis, meconium ileus, and Hirschsprung's disease were excluded, and surgery or autopsy failed to demonstrate a site of mechanical intestinal obstruction. Four infants had undergone prior operation for another anomaly: gastroschisis (2) and ileal atresia (2). Five of the remaining infants also had megacystis. The lack of coordinated intestinal motility was best appreciated by radiocontrast small bowel studies, which showed degrees of aperistalsis or segmentation. Rectal manometric studies were not helpful. Histology of the intestine was normal in seven, while a gross deficiency of nerve fibres was noted in one patient and a myopathy of smooth muscle in another. A variety of drugs used to stimulate peristalsis were ineffective. Seven patients had 25 operations, often to exclude mechanical causes of obstruction. The mainstay of treatment was TPN and intestinal decompression. Six children survived; their ages ranged between 8 months and 9 years (median age, 16 months). There has been improvement in intestinal peristalsis in five children, three of whom now tolerate a regular diet and two of whom are on TPN and are currently increasing oral intake. Four infants died, two from sepsis, two from TPN-related hepatic failure. In contrast to previous reports, we conclude that intestinal pseudoobstruction may be self-limited in some neonates, including those with megacystis. Therapy should consist of long-term nutritional support and treatment of other anomalies that may be present.
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Abstract
The clinical and radiographic features of four newborns with lysosomal storage disease (LSD) in whom the dominant presenting clinical feature was ascites are presented. The diseases included infantile Gaucher disease, GM I gangliosidosis, infantile sialidosis, and Salla disease. Abdominal distention due to ascites and hepatosplenomegaly, and hypoplastic lungs were seen in all four infants. In the infant with Gaucher disease, the ribs and long bones were markedly thinned. Varying degrees of coarsening of the trabecular pattern of the bones and thinning of the cortex, and a lack of modeling were seen in all patients. Metaphyseal irregularity was noted in the patients with sialidosis and Salla disease. These skeletal radiographic findings may alert the radiologist to the cause for ascites in these patients, which is obscure. In all four patients, there was a history of perinatal death due to the same disease in a sibling; ascites was present in three of the siblings. The diagnosis was missed at autopsy in each of these siblings, underlining the lack of awareness of LSD as a cause for neonatal ascites.
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Adams WM, Bromberg M, Doane H, Saffian RJ, Stringer D, Goldberg R. Individual practice associations: are they part of dentistry's future? CDA J 1983; 11:39-43. [PMID: 6572111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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