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Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Moya-Gil E, de la Fuente SN, Suárez-Pérez A, Poveda JB. Microbiological Survey and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Microorganisms Obtained from Suspect Cases of Canine Otitis Externa in Gran Canaria, Spain. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:742. [PMID: 38473127 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of microbiological laboratory results from 2020 to 2022, obtained from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory of the island of Gran Canaria, Spain, focused on canine otitis cases, was performed. The objective of this study was to analyze the pathogen distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, prevalence of multidrug resistant phenotypes and the role of coinfections in otitis cases in order to provide up-to-date evidence that could support effective control strategies for this prevalent pathology. A total of 604 submissions were processed for the diagnosis of canine external otitis. Of the samples analyzed, 472 were positive for bacterial or fungal growth (78.1%; 95% CI: 74.8-81.4%). A total of 558 microbiological diagnoses were obtained, divided in 421 bacterial (75.4%; 95% CI: 71.8-79.0%) and 137 fungal (24.6%; 95% CI: 20.9-28.1%) identifications. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Malassezia pachydermatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most prevalent microorganisms detected in clinical cases of otitis. High level antimicrobial resistance was found for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30.7%), Proteus mirabilis (29.4%), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (25.1%) and Escherichia coli (19%). Multidrug-resistant phenotypes were observed in 47% of the bacteria isolated. In addition, a 26.4% prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was detected. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistant phenotypes in these bacteria highlights the current necessity for constant up-to-date prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility data that can support evidence-based strategies to effectively tackle this animal and public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén S Rosales
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain
- Análisis Veterinarios Eurofins, Calle Leopoldo Matos, 18, 35006 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana S Ramírez
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moya-Gil
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain
| | - Sara N de la Fuente
- Análisis Veterinarios Eurofins, Calle Leopoldo Matos, 18, 35006 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- Departamento de Patolología Animal, Producción Animal, Bromatología y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Spain
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Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in dogs can be transmitted to humans and close contact between dogs and people might foster dissemination of resistance determinants. The aim of our study was to describe the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of the major causative agents of canine otitis - one of the most common diseases in dogs - isolated in France. Data collected between 2012 and 2016 by the French national surveillance network for AMR, referred to as RESAPATH, were analysed. Resistance trends were investigated using non-linear analysis (generalised additive models). A total of 7021 antibiograms were analysed. The four major causative agents of canine otitis in France were coagulase-positive staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and streptococci. Since 2013, resistance to fluoroquinolones has been on the decrease in both P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates. For P. aeruginosa, 19.4% of isolates were resistant to both enrofloxacin and gentamicin. The levels of multidrug resistance (acquired resistance to at least one antibiotic in three or more antibiotic classes) ranged between 11.9% for P. mirabilis and 16.0% for S. pseudintermedius. These results are essential to guide prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. They will also help in designing efficient control strategies and in measuring their effectiveness.
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Bradley CW, Lee FF, Rankin SC, Kalan LR, Horwinski J, Morris DO, Grice EA, Cain CL. The otic microbiota and mycobiota in a referral population of dogs in eastern USA with otitis externa. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:225-e49. [PMID: 31960536 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine otitis externa (OE) is a common inflammatory disease that is frequently complicated by secondary bacterial and/or yeast infections. The otic microbial population is more complex than appreciated by cytological methods and aerobic culture alone. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Differences in bacterial and fungal populations of the external ear canal will correlate with specific cytological and culture-based definitions of bacterial and Malassezia otitis. ANIMALS Forty client-owned dogs; 30 with OE and 10 with healthy ears. METHODS AND MATERIALS Prospective study comparing cytological samples, aerobic bacterial cultures and culture-independent sequencing-based analyses of the external ear canal. Subjects with OE included 10 dogs with only cocci [≥25/high power field (HPF)] on cytological evaluation and culture of Staphylococcus spp.; 10 dogs with rods (≥25/HPF) and exclusive culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 10 dogs with only yeast on cytological results morphologically compatible with Malassezia spp. (≥5/HPF). RESULTS Staphylococcus was the most abundant taxa across all groups. Ears cytologically positive for cocci had decreased diversity, and all types of OE were associated with decreased fungal diversity compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cytological and culture-based assessment of the ear canal is not predictive of the diverse microbiota of the ear canal in cases of Pseudomonas or Malassezia otitis. Less abundant bacterial taxa in cases of staphylococcal OE are worth scrutiny for future biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Bradley
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fiona F Lee
- Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lindsay R Kalan
- Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Horwinski
- Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Oliveira A, Devesa JS, Hill PB, Silva V, Poeta P. Treatment of Selected Canine Dermatological Conditions in Portugal - A Research Survey. J Vet Res 2018; 62:563-570. [PMID: 30729217 PMCID: PMC6364160 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis often cause skin diseases in dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS An online survey was e-mailed to veterinary practices nationwide covering demographics, diagnosis methods, and oral and topical treatment options. Of the 740 surveys sent, 100 complete replies were obtained. RESULTS The majority of clinicians were unaware of the existence of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases guidelines or did not follow them (53%). Oral antibiotics were used universally for superficial bacterial folliculitis treatment, particularly amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), cephalexin (94%), enrofloxacin (67%), or marbofloxacin (60%). For fold dermatitis (FD) and otitis externa (OE), oral antibiotics were also given as treatment in 88% and 82% of cases, respectively. Oral antifungals were often prescribed for generalised Malassezia dermatitis (85%), FD (70%), and OE (59%). S. pseudintermedius and M. pachydermatis were frequently treated topically, particularly with antibacterials or antifungals only, or a combination of antibacterials, antifungals, and glucocorticoids. Alternative options such as honey-based products were not frequently used. CONCLUSION Our survey suggests that oral antibiotics are overused by Portuguese clinicians despite the spread of antibiotic resistant S. pseudintermedius. Oral antibiotics and antifungals are commonly prescribed for skin conditions manageable with topical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana S.P. Devesa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter B. Hill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5371Australia
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Neves RC, Makino H, Cruz TP, Silveira MM, Sousa VR, Dutra V, Lima ME, Belli CB. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of tea tree essential oil for bacterial and yeast ear infections in dogs. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Otitis externa is a common complaint in dogs. Bacteria and yeasts are commonly involved and may perpetuate inflammatory reactions inside the ear canal. Otoscopy, cytological examination of secretion and microbiological culture embody forms of diagnosis. Cytology also has great use in accessing treatment evolution. Therapy usually consists of cleaning ear canals and subsequent use of antibiotics or antifungal products. As some of them may cause hypersensitivity and even ototoxicity, searching for new pharmacological bases is currently necessary and justifies this study, which aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo efficacy of tea tree essential oil for bacterial and yeast ear infections in dogs. Twenty-eight dogs from a particular shelter in Cuiabá (Mato Grosso, Brazil), presenting clinical signs of otitis externa, were enrolled in this clinical trial. In all of them, clinical and cytological evaluations, as well as culture and susceptibility testing of the affected ears were carried out. From each dog, one ear was treated with 5% tea tree essential oil lotion and the other with standard otic formulation, according to the type of infection (bacterial, yeast or both). In vitro susceptibility testings of all ear cultures, to the same drugs used in treatment, were also carried out. Culture results showed 62.5% bacterial and fungal infection, 33.9% bacterial infection and 3.6% fungal infection, from the 56 ear samples collected. The most common microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Malassezia pachydermatis. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to gentamycin in 60.5% and resistant in 16.3% of the samples. Five percent tea tree essential oil formulation produced a 5mm clear zone of inhibition around the disks in one of the 63 samples evaluated. Pure (100%) tea tree essential oil formulation produced a 10mm clear zone of inhibition around the disks in four of the 63 samples evaluated, a 9mm zone in three samples, an 8mm zone in 16 samples, a 7mm zone in seven samples, a 6mm zone in two samples and there was no clear zone in 31 samples. Inhibition zones were produced by strains of Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Corynebacterium sp., Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter sp. tea tree essential oil ear solution significantly induced remission of clinical signs both in bacterial and yeast ear infections. It also reduced as much Malassezia pachydermatis ear infection as the nystatin solution used in this study, while gentamycin solution showed better antibacterial effect. More studies should be conducted to evaluate in vitro diffusion properties of tea tree essential oil. Good antimicrobial spectrum and the absence of adverse reactions confirm the importance of developing a tea tree formulation as an alternative therapy for ear infections in dogs.
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Oliveira AMP, Devesa JSP, Hill PB. In vitro
efficacy of a honey-based gel against canine clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
and Malassezia pachydermatis. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:180-e65. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. P. Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias; Campo Grande 376 1749-024 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Joana S. P. Devesa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias; Campo Grande 376 1749-024 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Peter B. Hill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia 5371 Australia
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Blake J, Keil D, Kwochka K, Palma K, Schofield J. Evaluation of a single-administration ototopical treatment for canine otitis externa: a randomised trial. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000219. [PMID: 29177053 PMCID: PMC5687536 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new, single-administration Otic Solution containing florfenicol, terbinafine and mometasone furoate for the treatment of canine otitis externa (OE). Design The clinical efficacy and safety study was a multicentre, controlled, masked and randomised field study conducted over 30 days. Two hundred and twenty-one (221) client-owned dogs of varying breeds with diagnosed bacterial and/or fungal OE were enrolled. Procedure Dogs were randomised to either Otic Solution or control groups. Evaluations were conducted over a minimum period of 30 days with a primary effectiveness endpoint based on the improvement in a clinical severity score at the final visit (day 30). Safety analyses were based on clinical and laboratory parameters and the occurrence of adverse events. Results The Otic Solution group demonstrated a significantly higher treatment success rate compared with that observed for the control group (72.5 per cent v 11.1 per cent, P value=0.0001) for cases of OE caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis. No significant safety findings were reported. Conclusions/clinical relevance This new ototopical formulation provides safe and effective treatment of canine OE and is an important alternative antimicrobial for this indication. The single-administration dosage regimen eliminates opportunities for client dosage administration errors and medication stockpiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Blake
- Animal Health Division, Bayer, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, USA
| | - Daniel Keil
- Animal Health Division, Bayer, Shawnee Mission, Kansas, USA
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Methodological Issues in Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030037. [PMID: 29371554 PMCID: PMC5715951 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts have been developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). These methods are intended to test the main pathogenic yeasts that cause invasive infections, namely Candida spp. and Cryptococcusneoformans, while testing other yeast species introduces several additional problems in standardization not addressed by these reference procedures. As a consequence, a number of procedures have been employed in the literature to test the antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis. This has resulted in conflicting results. The aim of the present study is to review the procedures and the technical parameters (growth media, inoculum preparation, temperature and length of incubation, method of reading) employed for susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis, and when possible, to propose recommendations for or against their use. Such information may be useful for the future development of a reference assay.
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9
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Kušar D, Šrimpf K, Isaković P, Kalšek L, Hosseini J, Zdovc I, Kotnik T, Vengušt M, Tavčar-Kalcher G. Determination of N-acylhomoserine lactones of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples from dogs with otitis externa. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:233. [PMID: 27756390 PMCID: PMC5070178 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial intercellular communication, called quorum sensing, takes place via the production and collective response to signal molecules. In Gram-negative bacteria, like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, these signaling molecules are N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). P. aeruginosa is a common cause of inflammation of the ear canal (otitis externa) in dogs. It employs quorum sensing to coordinate the expression of host tissue-damaging factors, which are largely responsible for its virulence. The treatment of P. aeruginosa-associated otitis is challenging due to a high intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa to several antibiotics. Attenuation of quorum sensing signals to inhibit bacterial virulence is a novel strategy for the treatment of resistant bacterial pathogens, including P. aeruginosa. Therefore, it is important to recognize and define quorum sensing signal molecules in clinical samples. To date, there are no reports on determination of AHLs in the veterinary clinical samples. The purpose of this study was to validate an analytical procedure for determination of the concentration of AHLs in the ear rinses from dogs with P. aeruginosa-associated otitis externa. Samples were obtained with rinsing the ear canals with physiological saline solution. For validation, samples from healthy dogs were spiked with none or different known amounts of the selected AHLs. With the validated procedure, AHLs were analyzed in the samples taken in weekly intervals from two dogs, receiving a standard treatment for P. aeruginosa-associated otitis externa. Results Validation proved that the procedure enables quantification of AHLs in non-clinical and clinical samples. In addition, a time dependent reduction of AHL concentration was detected for the treated dogs. Conclusions Our results indicate that liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is superior in detecting AHLs compared to other chromatographic techniques. This is the first report on determination of AHLs in the clinical samples of veterinary importance. The analytical procedure described in this paper is capable of supporting novel antimicrobial strategies, which target quorum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kušar
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Karin Šrimpf
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Isaković
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lina Kalšek
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Javid Hosseini
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zdovc
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kotnik
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Modest Vengušt
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Paterson S. Topical ear treatment - options, indications and limitations of current therapy. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:668-678. [PMID: 27747880 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Topical otic products form an integral part of the overall management of otitis externa. With an ever increasing array of ear drops and cleaners to choose from, appropriate selection of therapy can be difficult. The investigation of all cases of otitis externa should consider primary and secondary causes and predisposing and perpetuating factors. This article considers topical therapy under these same broad headings and discusses, through literature review, the various properties of the components of the ear cleaning solutions and drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paterson
- Rutland House Veterinary Hospital, St Helens, Merseyside WA9 4HU
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Agar Diffusion Procedures for Susceptibility Testing of Malassezia pachydermatis: Evaluation of Mueller-Hinton Agar Plus 2 % Glucose and 0.5 µg/ml Methylene Blue as the Test Medium. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:153-8. [PMID: 26138434 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to verify whether Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 2 % glucose and methylene blue (MH-GM), which is used for disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Candida species by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, is suitable for testing Malassezia pachydermatis. A variant of the disk diffusion procedure utilizing a 9-mm tablet was used to test 31 isolates against clotrimazole and miconazole using MH-GM as test medium. The MH-GM agar optimally supported the growth of all M. pachydermatis isolates, provided that the yeast inoculum was prepared with a lipid source (Tween 40 and 80). Zone edges were frequently definite and clear, facilitating the measurement of zone size and minimizing subjectivity. The inhibition zones correlated with MIC values obtained in a broth dilution assay. The agar diffusion method with MH-GM as the test medium appears as a suitable procedure for testing the susceptibility of M. pachydermatis to CTZ and MCZ in clinical laboratories. This test format may allow processing a large number of isolates in epidemiological studies. This may in turn facilitate clarifying to what extent the problem "drug resistance" accounts for cases of treatment failure in dogs with Malassezia otitis and dermatitis.
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Buckley LM, McEwan NA, Nuttall T. Tris-EDTA significantly enhances antibiotic efficacy against multidrug-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:519-e122. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Buckley
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Neston; Cheshire; CH64 7TE; UK
| | - Neil A. McEwan
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Liverpool; Leahurst Campus; Neston; Cheshire; CH64 7TE; UK
| | - Tim Nuttall
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; The University of Edinburgh; Roslin; Midlothian; EH25 9RG; UK
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Dégi J, Imre K, Cătană N, Morar A, Sala C, Herman V. Frequency of isolation and antibiotic resistance of staphylococcal flora from external otitis of dogs. Vet Rec 2013; 173:42. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dégi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara; Calea Aradului no. 119 Timişoara 300645 Romania
| | - K. Imre
- Department of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara; Calea Aradului no. 119 Timişoara 300645 Romania
| | - N. Cătană
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara; Calea Aradului no. 119 Timişoara 300645 Romania
| | - A. Morar
- Department of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara; Calea Aradului no. 119 Timişoara 300645 Romania
| | - C. Sala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara; Calea Aradului no. 119 Timişoara 300645 Romania
| | - V. Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timişoara; Calea Aradului no. 119 Timişoara 300645 Romania
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14
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Ziech RE, Farias LD, Balzan C, Ziech MF, Heinzmann BM, Lameira OA, Vargas ACD. Atividade antimicrobiana do oleorresina de copaíba (Copaifera reticulata) frente a Staphylococcus coagulase positiva isolados de casos de otite em cães. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o potencial antimicrobiano do oleorresina de Copaifera reticulata Ducke em isolados de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP) provenientes de casos de otite externa em cães. O método de microdiluição em caldo foi utilizado para determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de oleorresina de copaíba. Em adição, foi determinado o perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos dos isolados de SCP pelo método de difusão em ágar. Oito classes de antimicrobianos foram usadas para o cálculo de multirresistência antimicrobiana. A determinação da composição química do oleorresina de copaíba foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS), sendo que β-cariofileno, β-bisaboleno e (E)-α-bergamoteno foram os compostos majoritários. O oleorresina de copaíba demonstrou CIM90 de 0,164mg/mL e CBM90 de 1,31mg/mL. A multirresistência foi verificada em 27% das cepas testadas. Os resultados sugerem que o oleorresina de copaíba exerceu atividade bacteriostática e bactericida mesmo em cepas multirresistentes de Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva.
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15
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Bugden DL. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with otitis externa in Australia. Aust Vet J 2012; 91:43-6. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DL Bugden
- MSD Animal Health; Bendigo; Victoria; Australia
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16
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Peano A, Beccati M, Chiavassa E, Pasquetti M. Evaluation of the antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to clotrimazole, miconazole and thiabendazole using a modified CLSI M27-A3 microdilution method. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:131-5, e29. [PMID: 22313492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis to clotrimazole (CTZ), miconazole (MCZ), and thiabendazole (TBD), azole derivatives employed in aural formulations labeled for treatment of canine otitis. METHODS The procedure for in vitro testing was based on the indications of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 microdilution method. A lipid-enriched medium was employed to enhance the yeast growth (Christensen's urea broth, with 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.5% Tween 40 as the lipid sources), while the inoculums size corresponded to approximately 1-5 × 10(5) yeast cells/mL. Microplates were incubated at 37°C and read 48 h after inoculation. Azole MICs inhibiting fungal growth were the lowest drug concentrations that showed an optical density of ≤ 50% of the (drug-free) growth control, as assessed by spectrophotometer (630 nm filter). RESULTS All isolates were inhibited by the three azoles, with different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Most isolates were inhibited by drug concentrations of 2-8 (CTZ), 1-4 (MCZ), or 16-32 (TBD) μg/mL. These results are partially in agreement with the findings of previous studies, in which substantially higher/lower MICs were occasionally reported. This is likely because of the different methodologies employed. Such discrepancies may not apply to clinical situations, where the compounds are applied topically. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The concept that clinical failure is linked to increased MICs is debatable, because significantly higher concentrations (in most cases at least 1,000 × the MIC) of the antifungals that were included in our study are routinely used in formulated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peano
- Department of Animal Productions, Epidemiology and Ecology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Italy.
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17
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Zur G, Lifshitz B, Bdolah-Abram T. The association between the signalment, common causes of canine otitis externa and pathogens. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:254-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Lozina L, Peichoto M, Boehringer S, Koscinczuk P, Granero G, Acosta O. Efficacy of Argentine propolis formulation for topical treatment of canine otitis externa. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of Argentine propolis ear drop formulation on canine otitis externa were evaluated. Forty-eight dogs with symptoms of otitis externa were randomly assigned to double-blinded, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of topical formulation with propolis versus a topical placebo in the treatment of otitis externa. The propolis preparation and placebo were administrated into both external ear canals, twice daily for 14 days. Throughout the study, clinical examination and microbiological analysis of dogs ear exudates were made. The most frequent microorganisms isolated in culture media were: Malassezia pachydermatis (54.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (43.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (25.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.8%), Candida albicans (18.8%), Proteus mirabilis (16.7%), Streptococcus spp. (16.7%), Enteroccocus faecalis (12.5%), Escherichia coli (12.5%), Staphylococcus intermedius (6.3%), Klebsiella spp. (4.2%), andCandida glabrata (2.1%). Whereas the control group did not recover from the infectious ear disease, the propolis preparation exhibited antimicrobial activity against most of the microorganisms isolated from samples of the treated group. In addition, no propolis-adverse effects were observed. This allowed propolis-treated patients to show a significant improvement of the clinical parameters. Thus, this new Argentine propolis ear drop formulation may be used for topical treatment of otitis externa in dogs.
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19
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Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing otitis externa in dogs. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34:435-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Aspíroz C, Gilaberte Y, Rezusta A, Boekhout T, Rubio MC. Gentamycin inhibits the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in culture. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27:20-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Pietschmann S, Hoffmann K, Voget M, Pison U. Synergistic effects of miconazole and polymyxin B on microbial pathogens. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:489-505. [PMID: 19085068 PMCID: PMC2707952 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic value of antibiotics depends on the susceptibility of the infecting microorganism and the pharmacological profile of the drugs. To assess the value of an antibiotic combination of polymyxin B and miconazole this study examined the in vitro synergistic potential of the two drugs on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. Antifungal and antibacterial activity was tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of broth macrodilution and urea broth microdilution, by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Synergism was calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi). With Staphylococcus intermedius as target we found up to an eightfold reduction of the individual MICs when both drugs were combined. However, the FICi was 0.63 suggesting no real interaction between the two drugs. With Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Malassezia pachydermatis as targets the antimicrobial drug combination reduced the MICs of polymyxin B and miconazole from fourfold to hundredfold resulting in FICi between 0.06 and 0.5 which defines a synergistic action. Thus, if polymyxin B and miconazole are combined their effect is greater than the sum of the effects observed with polymyxin B and miconazole independently, revealing bactericidal and fungicidal synergism. Our results indicate a strong therapeutic value for the combination of these antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast and a weaker value against Gram positive bacteria for clinical situations where these pathogens are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pietschmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- BAM, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und – prüfung, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Pison
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Lyskova P, Vydrzalova M, Mazurova J. Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria and Yeasts Isolated from Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Otitis Externa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:559-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Nuttall T, Cole LK. Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of interventions for treatment of Pseudomonas otitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:69-77. [PMID: 17355420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions to treat canine Pseudomonas otitis externa and media were evaluated based on the systematic review of clinical trials published between 1967 and 2006. Clinical trials were included if Pseudomonas species were cultured from the ears of dogs with otitis externa or otitis media prior to treatment, and if the outcome of these interventions was reported at the end of the study. Studies were compared with regard to design characteristics (randomization generation and concealment, masking, intention-to-treat analyses), benefit (microbiological and/or clinical resolution of the Pseudomonas otitis), and adverse effects. Ten trials reporting data on 162 patients and 13 different pharmacological interventions were identified. Based on the accepted criteria for quality of evidence, there is insufficient evidence for or against recommending the use of any of these treatments for Pseudomonas otitis in dogs. This is largely because there is only one trial supporting the use of each treatment option and none were randomized controlled trials. Future studies need to be prospective, randomized, blinded and controlled; designed to evaluate pharmacological interventions for otitis regardless of the infective organism; have appropriate statistical advice on recruitment numbers, the power of the study and appropriate statistical analysis; include details of underlying conditions and concomitant treatments; and be designed such that inclusion criteria include microbial culture and antimicrobial sensitivity, and outcome assessments include clinical examination, cytology and microbial culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nuttall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Crown Street, Liverpool L7 7EX, UK.
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24
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Oliveira L, Brilhante R, Cunha A, Carvalho C. Perfil de isolamento microbiano em cães com otite média e externa associadas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352006000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparou-se o perfil de isolamento microbiano de amostras coletadas de cães com otite média (OM) e externa (OE) associadas. Sessenta e quatro cães com otite média e externa foram avaliados durante 10 meses. Amostras dos condutos auditivos externos foram coletadas com auxílio de swabs estéreis e aquelas do ouvido médio pela técnica cirúrgica da osteotomia da bula timpânica. Os microrganismos foram cultivados e identificados de acordo com os métodos previamente descritos, e a susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos avaliada pelo método de difusão em ágar estabelecido pelo National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Bactérias anaeróbias estritas não foram isoladas em qualquer amostra. Todas as amostras de OE mostraram crescimento bacteriano e/ou fúngico. Na OM, a positividade nas culturas foi de 48%. Os microrganismos mais isolados na OE foram: Bacillus sp. (26,9%), M. pachydermatis (22,2%) e S. intermedius (21,7%); na OM foram: S. intermedius (32,5%), S. aureus subsp. aureus (22,5%) e bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores (10,0%). Observou-se alguma diferença no perfil de isolamento entre os quadros de OM e OE em 96,7% dos animais. Verificou-se elevada resistência de cepas de S. intermedius à penicilina G, ampicilina, eritromicina, tetraciclina e clindamicina.
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25
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Rougier S, Borell D, Pheulpin S, Woehrlé F, Boisramé B. A comparative study of two antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory formulations in the treatment of canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:299-307. [PMID: 16238809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and tolerability of a marbofloxacin-clotrimazole-dexamethasone otic suspension (MCD) was compared with a standard topical treatment using a phase III clinical trial protocol. In a total of 140 dogs with clinical signs of acute or subacute otitis externa, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and Malassezia were isolated from samples taken at inclusion to identify the causative pathogen; a further sample was collected in the event of failure or relapse, and from dogs (at day 14) for which Pseudomonas species had been isolated at inclusion. One group received MCD (10 drops per affected ear) once daily and a second received Surolan (containing polymyxin B, miconazole and prednisolone) (5 drops per affected ear), twice daily. Each group received treatment for 7 or 14 days according to the clinical outcome on day 7. Efficacy and tolerability were evaluated on days 7, 14 and, if necessary, 28 for dogs treated for 14 days. The trial demonstrated equivalence of both treatments in terms of efficacy, with a cure rate of 58.3% for MCD and 41.2% for Surolan. Both medications were equally well tolerated by dogs, but MCD was superior in terms of pain relief, decrease in pus quantity and smell, response rate and investigator's assessment on day 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rougier
- Vétoquinol Research Centre, Magny Vernois, BP 189, 70204 Lure Cedex, France.
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26
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Oliveira L, Medeiros C, Silva I, Monteiro A, Leite C, Carvalho C. Susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas de otite externa em cães. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352005000300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Yamashita K, Shimizu A, Kawano J, Uchida E, Haruna A, Igimi S. Isolation and characterization of staphylococci from external auditory meatus of dogs with or without otitis externa with special reference to Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans isolates. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:263-8. [PMID: 15805728 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci were isolated from the external auditory meatus in 14 (48.3%) of 29 dogs affected with otitis externa (OE dogs) and 28 (68.3%) of 41 dogs without OE (non-OE dogs). Twenty-two OE isolates were identified as belonging to 12 species, and 42 non-OE isolates were identified as belonging to 13 species. The predominant species found in both OE and non-OE isolates were S. intermedius, and S. epidermidis. Thirty-eight (59.4%) of 64 isolates were resistant to one or more of the 17 antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance to PCG and ABPC was most frequent. S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, a recent etiologic agent of canine OE, was isolated from OE and non-OE dogs. All of the 5 S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans isolates showed typical characteristics. No clear difference in the extracellular enzyme or toxin profiles, nor in the PFGE patterns, was demonstrated between the OE and non-OE isolates of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. A new PCR primer set specific for 16S rDNA was designed to identify strains of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. The amplified fragment was detected in all of the 5 isolates as well as the type strain GA 211 (=JCM 7470) and a reference strain GA 11, but was not detected in any strains of the related species, S. aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus. The PCR may allow a simple, rapid and precise identification of S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, in addition to the standard tube test for free coagulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamashita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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28
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Chen TA, Hill PB. The biology of Malassezia organisms and their ability to induce immune responses and skin disease. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:4-26. [PMID: 15725101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-An Chen
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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29
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Tron EAM, Wilke HL, Petermann SR, Rust L. Pseudomonas aeruginosa from canine otitis externa exhibit a quorum sensing deficiency. Vet Microbiol 2004; 99:121-9. [PMID: 15019103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB elastase gene (lasB) transcription depends on cell density-dependent quorum-sensing mechanisms of gene activation. Previously, we collected several non-mucoid P. aeruginosa veterinary isolates and showed that the total matrix protease phenotype was similar for isolates regardless of host and site of isolation. In contrast, isolates from chronic canine ear infections (otitis externa) were significantly more likely to exhibit less elastase activity as measured by elastin Congo red than from any other site [Clin. Diag. Lab. Immun. 8 (2001) 632]. In this study, we found that the elastase deficiency phenotype is stable upon passage in broth culture. Transcript amplification analyses indicated that the elastase deficiency appears to be strain-specific, with each isolate exhibiting a unique expression profile relative to strain PAO1. Although a number of strain-specific transcriptional differences were observed, the overall pattern that emerges is a quorum sensing deficiency among canine ear P. aeruginosa isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A M Tron
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, Van Es Laboratories, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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30
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Graham-Mize CA, Rosser EJ. Comparison of Microbial Isolates and Susceptibility Patterns From the External Ear Canal of Dogs With Otitis Externa. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40:102-8. [PMID: 15007044 DOI: 10.5326/0400102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Otic exudate was obtained from 33 dogs with otitis externa for cytopathology and culture. Two samples were taken from the same location in the external ear canal, for a total of 100 samples. Thirty-six (36%) samples isolated only a single organism, of which 21 (21%) were Malassezia spp. Two organisms were present in 23 (23%) of the samples. Cultures of the two samples agreed in 40 (80%) of the 50 pairs. Cytopathology agreed with culture results only 68% of the time. Cytopathology and culture may not be as definitive as previously assumed because of apparent variability of the microbial population within the external canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Graham-Mize
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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31
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Abstract
Medical regimens for the successful treatment of infectious otitis may vary widely depending on the degree of pathologic changes of the external ear canals, the status of the tympanic membranes, and the specific microorganisms involved. Chronic otitis media is especially problematic, because impaction of the bullae can be difficult to resolve and these cases often involve antibiotic-resistant bacterial organisms. In fact, the continuing emergence of resistant Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus spp will ensure that the medical therapy of otitis remains a dynamic art for the foreseeable future. This article considers the specific antimicrobial agents available for otic use, their potential toxicities, and guidelines for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Morris
- Section of Dermatology and Allergy, Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, VHUP Room 2065, 3900 Delancey Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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32
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Leite C, Abreu V, Costa G. Freqüência de Malassezia pachydermatis em otite externa de cães. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352003000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Tejedor Junco MT, Martín Barrasa JL. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase positive staphylococci isolated from healthy dogs and dogs suffering from otitis externa. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2002; 49:419-23. [PMID: 12489709 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 67 strains of coagulase positive staphylococci isolated from healthy dogs and dogs suffering from otitis externa were studied. Twenty-two isolates were from healthy dogs (five from hound dogs and 17 from companion dogs) and 45 from dogs suffering otitis externa (14 from hound dogs and 31 from companion dogs). Presumptive identification was attempted using the following tests: production of acetoin, anaerobic utilization of mannitol, acid production from mannitol, presence of beta-galactosidase, and growth on P agar supplemented with different concentrations of acriflavine. Susceptibility of staphylococci to 16 antibiotics was determined. Most effective antibiotics were imipenem, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin and marbofloxacin. Penicillin, ampicillin and polymyxin B showed the lowest activity. There were no significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates from healthy dogs and dogs suffering from otitis externa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Tejedor Junco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
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34
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Charvalos E, Tsatsakis A, Tzatzarakis M, Dolapsakis G, Stiakakis J. New nystatin polymeric complexes and their in vitro antifungal evaluation in a model study with Fusarium oxysporum. Mycopathologia 2002; 153:15-9. [PMID: 11913760 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015252121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Six water-soluble nystatin-polyvilnylpyrrolidone complexes with respective MW of 10 kDa (NC1), 25 kDa (NC2), 30 kDa (NC3), 40 kda (NC4), 90 kDa (NC5), 360 kDa (NC6) were synthesized. The activity of the complexes was compared with that of nystatin against growth and spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radiciscucumerinum. The ED50 value (effective dose) of free nystatin in aqueous solution on growth inhibition on solid medium was determined at 35.7 ppm. The ED50 of the complexes NC3, NC4, NC5, and NC6 ranged from 2.2 to 4 times lower than that of nystatin. The NC6 complex exhibited the highest activity, followed by NC5, NC4, and NC3. The activities of NC1 and NC2 were about 3 and 1.7 times higher than nystatin respectively in the same in vitro model. The complexes NC6. NC1 and NC4 were 25.4, 13.6 and 6.9 times more active respectively than nystatin against spore germination of E oxysporum. The activity of the nystatin complexes was dependent on the molecular weight of the polymeric carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekatherina Charvalos
- School of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Greece.
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35
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Seol B, Naglić T, Madić J, Bedeković M. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 183 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs to selected antipseudomonal agents. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2002; 49:188-92. [PMID: 12069272 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the years from 1993 to 2000, 183 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from different pathological specimens originating from dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against 10 antipseudomonal agents were obtained on 183 P. aeruginosa strains. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles showed that among beta-lactam antibiotics, imipenem was the most active compound. Out of the 183 strains tested, 96.7% were sensitive to imipenem. Cefoperazone showed good in vitro activity against 86.9% of the tested strains. Against ceftazidime, 77.0% of strains showed sensitivity. An old penicillin, carbenicillin, gave only 71.6% sensitive strains. Sensitivity to amikacin was 87.4% and it was 83.1% to gentamicin. Pipimedic acid, a first-generation quinolone, was the least active compound of all those tested, 47.0% were resistant. The in vitro sensitivity against enrofloxacin showed that 71.0% strains were sensitive and 26.2% showed resistance. Almost all strains tested, 93.4%, were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin. Besides imipenem, the quinolone antibiotics, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against P. aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Seol
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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36
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Duarte ER, Resende JC, Rosa CA, Hamdan JS. Prevalence of yeasts and mycelial fungi in bovine parasitic otitis in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:631-5. [PMID: 11708682 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infestations by rhabditiform nematodes and acarids of the genus Raillietia are considered the primary causes of external otitis in cattle in tropical regions. Recently, yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been associated with a relatively high percentage of otitis cases, but the occurrence of other yeasts and mycelial fungi has not yet been reported in the literature. This work studied the presence of fungi in the ear canal of 45 cattle with external parasitic otitis. The results were positive for yeasts of the genus Malassezia in 31 (68.9%) of the 45 cultures in Mycosel medium supplemented with olive oil. The 45 cultures in Sabouraud dextrose medium revealed the growth of seven (15.5%) yeasts of the genus Candida, five (11.1%) Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, two (4.4%) fungi of the genus Aspergillus and eight 'Micelia sterilia'. Future studies may confirm and elucidate the importance of these agents in the aetiology of bovine otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Duarte
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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37
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Colombini S, Merchant S, Hosgood G. Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from dogs with otitis media. Vet Dermatol 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2000.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Blanco JL, Guedeja-Marrón J, Blanco I, García ME. Optimum incubation conditions for the isolation of yeasts from canine otitis externa. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2000; 47:599-605. [PMID: 11075548 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Samples from otitis externa in the dog were cultured on a variety of media under different conditions of incubation in order to assess the most suitable conditions, especially for the isolation of Malassezia pachydermatis. Columbia blood and MacConkey agar at 37 degrees C for 24 h with air and Sabouraud glucose agar under microaerophilic conditions for 48 h at 37 degrees C were considered the ideal combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Blanco
- Departamento Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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39
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Dubey NK, Tiwari TN, Mandin D, Andriamboavonjy H, Chaumont JP. Antifungal properties of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil (ethyl cinnamate chemotype). Fitoterapia 2000; 71:567-9. [PMID: 11449510 DOI: 10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Largely widespread in tropical countries, Ocimum gratissimum has been claimed for many uses in folk medicine. Recent research on its essential oils showed five chemotypes. An Indian chemotype, with a high level of ethyl cinnamate, presents, in vitro, an interesting spectrum of antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Dubey
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Vanarasi, India
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40
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Lilenbaum W, Veras M, Blum E, Souza GN. Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from otitis externa in dogs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 31:42-5. [PMID: 10886613 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Samples were obtained from 65 unmedicated adult dogs, processed for isolation of Staphylococcus species and tested for susceptibility to penicillin G, gentamicin, oxacillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampin. Forty-four isolates were obtained, which represents 67.7% of samples. Coagulase-negative species were most commonly found, and the most frequently isolated staphylococcus species were Staph. epidermidis and Staph. aureus. Other species, such as Staph. simulans, Staph. haemolyticus, Staph. saprophyticus and Staph. intermedius were also isolated. Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, with 90.9% of the isolates showing resistance to at least one drug. The most active antimicrobial agents against staphylococci isolated from otitis externa of dogs were rifampin and oxacillin. Multidrug resistance was a common finding, and one strain of Staph. haemolyticus species, was resistant to all tested antimicrobial agents. Resistance to three or more different drugs was a common finding, observed in 16 strains (36.4%) of both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. This study highlights the emergence of cases of otitis externa determined by coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains and once more emphasizes the need for bacterial culture with species identification and susceptibility testing of swab specimens from the ear canal in order to choose appropriate antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lilenbaum
- Laboratorio de Bacteriologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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41
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Martín Barrasa JL, Lupiola Gómez P, González Lama Z, Tejedor Junco MT. Antibacterial susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas strains isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2000; 47:191-6. [PMID: 10829573 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a problem of great concern. It is important to establish the convenience of antimicrobial susceptibility tests in animal infections. The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility to antibiotics of Pseudomonas strains isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. We tested 23 strains of Pseudomonas: 19 Ps. aeruginosa, three Ps. fluorescens and one Pseudomonas spp. The most effective antibiotics were tobramycin (100% susceptible), marbofloxacin (91.3%) and ceftazidime (91.3%). Ticarcillin and gentamicin, commonly used for the treatment of otitis externa also showed good results (susceptibility of strains was 86 and 65.2% respectively). Lower susceptibility was found using enrofloxacin (52.1%) probably due to its indiscriminate use. We emphasize the need for a rational policy of antibiotic prescribing in order to prevent the selection of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Martín Barrasa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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