WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines

Ultrasonographic and elastographic evaluation of the canine cervix across oestrous cycle stages

This study evaluated B-mode ultrasonography and ultrasound elastography (UEl) for detecting structural and consistency changes in the canine cervix across the oestrous cycle, as the use of ultrasonographic techniques for this purpose remains underexplored. The present study aims to assess cervical features via ultrasound, acknowledging the critical role of the cervix in the canine oestrus cycle. Thirty-five bitches were evaluated during pro-oestrus, pre-ovulatory oestrus, peri-ovulatory oestrus, dioestrus and anoestrus. Progesterone levels, clinical signs, vaginoscopy and cytology were used to define the oestrous cycle phase. Cervical length, diameter, and the elastographic index (ElI) were measured, and the elastographic ratio (ElR) was calculated to compare cervical stiffness to the surrounding tissue. Cervical length and diameter values were observed to be higher during the pre-ovulatory and peri-ovulatory phases of oestrus (p < 0.05). ElI values in anoestrus were similar to dioestrus and significantly higher than pro-oestrus and pre-ovulatory oestrus (p < 0.05), reflecting greater cervical stiffness in anoestrus and dioestrus, while pro-oestrus and pre-ovulatory phases showed softer tissues. These findings underscore the utility of elastography in quantifying cervical tissue consistency and its correlation with hormonal influences, providing a novel diagnostic perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of reproductive health.

Epidemiological and clinical profiles of young and senior dogs fed a standard diet

This study aimed to explore age-related differences in epidemiological and clinical parameters in dogs consuming a standardized diet, focusing on factors relevant to veterinary practitioners. A total of 106 dogs were included, comprising young (2-5 years) and senior (≥8 years) individuals. Epidemiological data were collected through questionnaires and veterinary consultations, while clinical parameters were assessed via physical examinations and blood analyses. Compared to younger dogs, senior dogs were less active, more likely to live in houses, and more frequently received regular deworming. They were also more likely to consume food purchased from pet stores or supermarkets compared to younger dogs. Clinical evaluations revealed that senior dogs had higher plasma globulin and platelets and lower albumin, consistent with chronic low-grade inflammation associated with aging. Muscle loss, poor coat quality, and reduced lymphocyte counts were also prominent in senior dogs, potentially reflecting sarcopenia, malnutrition, and immunosenescence, respectively. Notably, dogs previously fed diets lacking a source of omega-3 fatty acids exhibited elevated plasma triglycerides even after transitioning for four weeks to a premium diet containing fish oil, underscoring the lasting impact of long-term dietary habits. These findings highlight the importance of regular veterinary follow-ups for senior dogs and the role of high-quality nutrition, including sources of omega-3 fatty acids. By identifying key epidemiological and clinical differences, this study offers valuable insights to help veterinary practitioners distinguish between healthy and pathological aging.

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in cats in veterinary hospitals in France during the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to determine the evolution of the percentage of overweight and obese cats during the COVID-19 pandemic in France, and to identify factors associated with excess weight to inform the development of targeted prevention strategies.

METHODS

Cat owners visiting the veterinary hospitals of Maisons-Alfort and Toulouse between 2020 and 2022 for their pets' vaccinations were invited to answer a comprehensive questionnaire to gather general information about themselves and their cat, including details of its lifestyle, activity and diet. Only healthy adult cats were included in the study. During the vaccination consultation, veterinarians recorded the body condition score, muscle condition score and weight of each cat. This study followed a protocol adapted from a French study conducted in 2006 to allow analysis of any changes over time.

RESULTS

Of the 274 cats included in the study, 9.1% were underweight, 43.4% had an ideal body condition and 47.5% were overweight. Factors positively linked to overweight included age, being crossbred, being a male and having an owner who underestimated the cat's body condition. Living with a child and having a high activity score as rated by the owner were associated with ideal body condition. The prevalence of cats with a sedentary lifestyle and the number of overweight cats had both increased since the previous study in 2006. Additionally, changes in cats' diets and lifestyles over time, including those influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to an increase in exclusive dry food consumption compared with the 2006 study.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Important changes in cats' diet and lifestyle occurred between 2006 and 2020-2022. This study emphasises the need for further investigation into the duration of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on feline wellbeing. Educating owners on their cat's body condition and encouraging cats to be active can be effective strategies for maintaining feline health in response to ongoing global changes.

Diurnal variation of serum phosphorus concentrations in intact male adult domestic cats

BACKGROUND

Monitoring serum phosphorus concentrations is crucial in the management of chronic kidney disease in cats. The diurnal variation of serum phosphorus concentration may affect clinical assessment.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

Characterize the diurnal variation of serum phosphorus concentration in cats and determine the associations between changes in serum phosphorus concentration and several metabolites of phosphorus metabolism.

ANIMALS

Six apparently healthy, intact male, specific-pathogen-free cats were housed in a photoperiod, humidity, and temperature-controlled facility.

METHODS

Blood sampling was performed hourly for 24 hours to obtain the serum concentrations of phosphorus, ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcidiol. Results were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models to determine the significance of diurnal variation and associations between serum phosphorus concentrations and other metabolites over time.

RESULTS

Diurnal variation in serum phosphorus concentration was noted with an apex around 11:00 followed by gradually declining concentrations to reach the nadir around 23:00. The serum phosphorus concentration again increased through the early morning on the next day. An approximately 25% difference in serum phosphorus concentration at the apex and the nadir was documented. A non-linear relationship between the serum concentrations of phosphorus and ionized calcium over time was identified.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Diurnal variations of serum phosphorus concentration and associations between the trending of serum phosphorus and ionized calcium concentrations were evident in a group of clinically healthy adult cats housed in a controlled environment. These findings can help in the interpretation of clinical and research data regarding calcium and phosphorus metabolism and kidney health in cats.

Ultrasound-Guided Deep Serratus Plane Block in Cat Cadavers (Felis catus): A Description of Dye and Contrast Media Distribution

The serratus plane block is an ultrasound-guided anaesthetic technique that aims to provide analgesia to the lateral thoracic wall cranial to the 8th rib. This block can be performed in a superficial (between the latissimus dorsi and the serratus ventralis thoracis (SVT) muscles) or deep plane (between the intercostales externi and the SVT muscles). This study aimed to assess the distribution and nerve staining of a mixture of 0.4 mL kg-1 of methylene blue and iopromide 50:50 performing a deep serratus plane (DSP) block at the level of the 5th rib. We hypothesise that this technique would be feasible and could stain the rami cutanei laterales (RCL) of the intercostales nerves cranial to the 8th rib in cat cadavers. This study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 consisted of an anatomical study of the thoracic wall (2 cadavers). Phase 2 consisted of the ultrasound-guided injection of the aforementioned mixture and the assessment of its distribution by computed tomography and anatomical dissection (12 cadavers). Contrast media spread a median of 5.5 (2.5-7.5) intercostal spaces. The dye stained a median of 3 (0-5) RCL, affecting RCL 2 (17.39%), RCL 3 (57.17%), RCL 4 (78.26%), RCL 5 (91.30%), RCL 6 (78.26%), and RCL 7 (8.70%) within the DSP. Occasionally, the rami dorsales laterales and the thoracicus longus nerve were stained. Based on these findings, the DSP block performed with a volume of 0.4 mL kg-1 of an anaesthetic could provide analgesia in the area innervated from T4 to T6.

Exploring frailty in apparently healthy senior dogs: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

As dogs age, they face various health challenges, and preventive care may be overlooked, impacting their quality of life. Frailty, a concept established in human medicine, has recently been applied to dogs using validated tools like the frailty index and frailty phenotype. This study aims to characterize frailty in senior pet dogs and investigate associated factors. To achieve this goal, 88 apparently healthy dogs, as reported by their owners, voluntarily participated in thorough consultations. These consultations included supplementary examinations such as urinary analyses, hematological assessments, and blood biochemistry. Additionally, owners completed questionnaires addressing their dog's overall health, cognitive and locomotor status, as well as their own attachment to the dog and personality traits. Subsequently, each dog was classified as robust or frail based on the presence of multiple criteria out of a set of five. All collected data underwent preliminary screening by a multiple factorial analysis, followed by binomial logistic regression to model frailty.

RESULTS

The final population consisted of 74 dogs, with a frailty prevalence of 41.9% (95% CI: 30.5 - 53.9). In the statistical analysis, older age of the dog, lower owner attachment score, lack of regular deworming, and a disparity in extraversion between owner and dog were identified as contributing factors to frailty.

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasizes the importance of regular deworming and strong owner-pet attachment in reducing frailty in dogs. It underscores the significance of proactive pet care and highlights the complex relationship between owner-dog personalities and canine frailty. This research advocates for a holistic approach that considers both human and canine traits to promote better health outcomes.

Clinical effects of perineural dexmedetomidine or magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to ropivacaine in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy

The study aimed to compare the quality of perioperative analgesia, the motor block duration, and the effects on main cardiovascular parameters of dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg/nerve block) or magnesium sulphate (2 mg/kg/nerve block) as adjuvants to 0.3% ropivacaine for sciatic and saphenous nerves block in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Dogs randomly received perineural dexmedetomidine-ropivacaine (D group), magnesium sulphate-ropivacaine (M group), or ropivacaine (C group). Fentanyl was administered in case of intraoperative nociception. Postoperative pain was assessed using the Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (SF-GCMPS) and VAS scale. The duration of motor blockade and intra- and postoperative cardiovascular parameters were also recorded. Group M required significantly more fentanyl than D group (p = 0.04). Group M had a significantly higher SF-GCMPS score than group C at 4 (p = 0.002) and 5 h after extubation (p = 0.01), and a significantly higher VAS score than group D at 3 h after extubation (p = 0.03), and at 4 h if compared to group C (p = 0.009). No significant differences regarding the duration of motor blockade were detected between groups (p = 0.07). The heart rate was significantly lower in group D than in M and C groups intraoperatively and during the first 1.5 h post extubation. The addition of dexmedetomidine or magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to perineural ropivacaine did not improve the quality of perioperative analgesia and did not prolong the motor blockade in dogs undergoing sciatic and saphenous nerves block for TPLO surgery.

Effect of cranial tibial artery laceration on radiographic bone healing and perioperative complications in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy

During tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO), the laceration of the cranial tibial artery (LCTA) may occur, and the ligation of the cranial tibial artery might lead to impaired blood supply to the osteotomy site. The present case-control study aimed to evaluate the effect of LCTA on TPLO healing and the occurrence of perioperative complications. The incidence and predisposing factors to LCTA were also investigated. Fourteen cases experiencing LCTA were retrospectively enrolled from medical records of two veterinary teaching hospitals (LCTA group), whereas 28 randomly selected TPLOs that did not experience LCTA were included in the control group. Signalment data, proximal tibial epiphysis conformation, osteotomy features, perioperative complications, and bone healing were compared between the two groups. Bone healing was evaluated using the modified radiographic union scale for tibial fracture and the visual analog scale. The mean incidence was 9.6%. Bodyweight was significantly higher in the LCTA group compared to the control group (P = 0.009). Dogs belonging to the LCTA groups were significantly younger (P = 0.01). Intraoperative hypotension was significantly overreported in the LCTA group (P = 0.0001). None of the other variables differed significantly between the two groups. Dogs' size seems to be a predisposing factor, with dogs weighing >15 kg having 22 times more chance of experiencing LCTA. Due to the well-developed collateral blood supply of the canine hindlimb, LCTA and the closure of the cranial tibial artery did not appear to delay the radiographic bone healing or affect the incidence of perioperative complications.

Faecal Short-Chain, Long-Chain, and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids as Markers of Different Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathies in Dogs

Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIEs) are classified based on treatment trials, and new methods are being sought for earlier differentiation and characterization. Giardia infection (GIA) is one of the first differential diagnoses and may be present in CIE-affected dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the faecal characteristics and faecal fatty acid profile (short, medium, long, and branched-chain fatty acids) in dogs with food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE), and dogs infected with Giardia compared to healthy control (HC) animals as a potential non-invasive indicator of intestinal health that helps in the differentiation of CIEs. The C16:1n-7 percentage (p = 0.0001) and C16:1n-7/C16:0 ratio (p = 0.0001) served to differentiate between HC, FRE, and IRE. IRE dogs presented lower levels of short-chain fatty acids (∑SCFAs) (p = 0.0008) and acetic acid (C2) (p = 0.0007) compared to the other three groups and lower propionic acid (C3) (p = 0.0022) compared to HCs. IRE and GIA presented higher faecal fat content (p = 0.0080) and ratio of iso/anteiso branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) compared to HC and FRE. Correlations between some fatty acids and desaturation indices with the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and faecal characteristics were observed, suggesting that these compounds could play an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

Description and Evaluation of Dye and Contrast Media Distribution of Ultrasound-Guided Rectus Sheath Block in Cat Cadavers

The rectus sheath block is an ultrasound-guided anaesthetic technique which aims to provide analgesia to the abdominal midline. This study aimed to assess the distribution of 0.4 mL kg-1 of a mixture of methylene blue and iopromide injected into each hemiabdomen in the internal rectus sheath in cat cadavers. We hypothesise that this technique would be feasible and would cover the rami ventrales of the last thoracic and the first lumbar spinal nerves. The study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 aimed to study the anatomical structures of the ventral abdominal wall (four cats were dissected). Phase 2 (ten cadavers) consisted of an ultrasound-guided injection of the mixture mentioned above and the assessment of its distribution by computed tomography and anatomical dissection. The results showed the staining of the cranioventral abdominal wall with a craniocaudal spread of four (three to eight) vertebral bodies. Methylene blue stained three (one to four) rami ventrales, affecting T10 (60%), T11 (100%), T12 (90%), T13 (50%) and L1 (5%). Based on these results, it could be stated that this technique could supply anaesthesia to the midline of the abdominal midline cranial to the umbilicus in clinical patients, but it may not be able to provide anaesthesia to the middle and caudal midline abdominal region.

Reporting perceived capability, motivations, and barriers to reducing treat feeding amongst dog and cat caregivers

Obesity remains a significant concern for dogs and cats, and reducing or eliminating treats is commonly recommended as a strategy for weight management. Caregivers can struggle with adherence to such dietary recommendations. Previous research suggests caregivers are reluctant to reduce treats but there is limited understanding of the underlying factors contributing to these behaviours and decisions. The objective of this study was to explore caregivers' motivations and barriers to reducing treat feeding, and their reported capability to do so. An online questionnaire including multiple choice and Likert scale questions was disseminated to dog and cat caregivers (n=1053) primarily from Canada and the USA from September to November 2021. Caregivers commonly expressed a wide range of motivations to reduce treat feeding with their pet, though barriers to reducing treat feeding were less defined. Changing their pet's routine was a reported barrier by more than 30% of respondents and was predictive of caregivers finding reducing treat giving to be difficult (OR=1.67, p=0.017). Results from multivariable logistic regression also revealed that caregivers who consider their companion animal to be obese as more likely to perceive reducing treats to be difficult. The results highlight the role of treats in the relationship and routine of caregivers' and their pets, and the importance of considering the individualised needs and circumstance of the caregiver and pet in veterinary discussions surrounding reducing treat feeding. Identifying these perspectives can improve self-efficacy with veterinary nutrition recommendations surrounding treats.

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity in dogs presenting to French university veterinary teaching hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic

Pet obesity is still a major health issue, which is considered an epidemic by some researchers. Prevention is one of the cornerstones of veterinary care, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures. Human lifestyle was affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an increased overweight prevalence in the population. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in dogs during this period has been poorly explored. This study's objectives were to assess the percentage of the French dog population with overweight and obesity, compare the results with a study conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigate any potential changes in the risk factors. The study collected data through a survey completed by dog owners during their pets' vaccination visits at university veterinary hospitals of Maisons-Alfort (Paris) and Toulouse, in France, between 2020 and 2022. The veterinarian recorded the dog's weight and the body condition score using a 9-point scale. The study included a total of 309 dogs. Of these, 1.6 % were underweight, 63.1 % had an ideal body condition, and 35.3 % were overweight, including 2.3 % of all dogs classified as obese. During the pandemic, French dog diets shifted towards increased commercial food consumption and twice-daily feedings compared to a 2003 study. Factors positively associated with overweight were being female (OR = 3.55; 95 % CI: 1.65-8.01; P=0.002), being senior (OR=4.91; 95 % CI: 2.07-12.2; P<0.001) or geriatric (OR=5.81; 95 % CI: 2.04-17.0; P=0.001) and having an owner underestimating dog's body condition (OR=74.1; 95 % CI: 29.8-215; P<0.001). Recognizing the impact of owner perception enables early intervention strategies, such as educating owners during consultations and conducting teaching sessions at the clinic. This proactive approach could contribute to improved health outcomes and help prevent the onset of obesity-related issues in dogs. The new trends in dogs' diets may have global relevance due to the pandemic's widespread impact. Although no immediate impact on overweight is evident, ongoing research is crucial to understand the pandemic's long-term effects.

Investigation of α-Klotho Concentrations in Serum of Cats Affected by Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Being involved in various physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms (ageing, kidney damage, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), Klotho is a parameter of increasing interest. Studies in veterinary medicine are still rare, but it is exciting to find out whether the findings obtained can be transferred to animals. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate Klotho in cats. This study addressed α-Klotho concentrations in the serum of two groups of cats: one diseased group affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 27) and one healthy control group (n = 35). α-Klotho concentrations in serum were measured using an ELISA. The results were evaluated in the context of several echocardiographic measurement parameters in the diseased group. No significant difference between α-Klotho concentrations in the two groups was found. A slight negative correlation was found between α-Klotho concentrations and the relation of left atrium/aorta (La/Ao) in the diseased group. Gaining initial information on α-Klotho in cats, it was not possible to draw definite conclusions concerning cardiomyopathies in this species. The assessment of Klotho should be considered in terms of its broad implications in disease processes, but it is also recommended to focus on specific disease features. Both approaches might be promising as possible applications of Klotho in veterinary medicine.

Determination of the reference interval for urine kidney injury molecule-1 in 50 healthy cats

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to establish a reference interval (RI) for urine kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in healthy cats.

METHODS

History, physical examination, blood pressure, and feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus serology status were determined. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemical profile, urinalysis and kidney ultrasound were performed, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, total thyroxine (TT4) and urine KIM-1 were measured. An RI was calculated and the effect of age, sex, body condition score (BCS), blood pressure, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), serum creatinine concentration (SCr), phosphorus, TT4, urine specific gravity (USG) and mid-sagittal kidney length on urine KIM-1 was evaluated using a general linear model.

RESULTS

Of 69 recruited cats, 50 met the inclusion criteria. There were 35 male cats and 15 female cats, with a median age of 4.3 years (range 1.0-12.3), median weight of 5.11 kg (range 2.52-8.45) and median BCS of 6/9 (range 3-8). The median serum concentrations were SDMA 11.0 µg/dl (range 2-14), SCr 88.5 µmol/l (range 47-136), phosphorus 1.41 mmol/l (range 0.8-2.2) and TT4 32.0 nmol/l (range 17-51). Median USG was 1.057 (range 1.035-1.076), mid-sagittal left kidney length was 3.50 cm (range 2.94-4.45) and mid-sagittal right kidney length was 3.70 cm (range 3.06-4.55). The derived RI for urine KIM-1 was 0.02-0.68. USG was a significant (P <0.001) predictor of urine KIM-1. Individually, age, sex, blood pressure, BCS, SDMA, SCr, phosphorus, TT4 and mid-sagittal kidney length were not significant predictors of urine KIM-1. In a multivariate model, if combined with USG, SDMA concentration was predictive (P = 0.030) of urine KIM-1.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Urine concentration was significantly correlated with urine KIM-1, which will be an important consideration when interpreting findings in cats with potential kidney injury.

Description of the fasted serum metabolomic signature of lean and obese cats at maintenance and of obese cats under energy restriction

This study aimed to investigate the serum metabolomic profile of obese and lean cats as well as obese cats before and after energy restriction for weight loss. Thirty cats, 16 obese (body condition score 8 to 9/9) and 14 lean (body condition score 4 to 5/9), were fed a veterinary weight loss food during a 4-week period of weight maintenance (L-MAINT and O-MAINT). The 16 obese cats were then energy restricted by a 60% energy intake reduction with the same food for a 10-week period (O-RESTRICT). Fasted serum metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance and direct infusion mass spectrometry after the maintenance period for L-MAINT and O-MAINT cats and after the energy restriction period for O-RESTRICT and compared between groups using a two-sided t-test. Obese cats lost 672 g ± 303 g over the 10-week restriction period, representing a weight loss rate of 0.94 ± 0.28% per week. Glycine, l-alanine, l-histidine, l-glutamine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, isobutryric acid, citric acid, creatine, and methanol were greater in O-RESTRICT compared to O-MAINT. There was a greater concentration of long-chain acylcarnitines in O-RESTRICT compared to both O-MAINT and L-MAINT, and greater total amino acids compared to O-MAINT. Glycerol and 3-hydroxybutyric acid were greater in O-MAINT compared to L-MAINT, as were several lysophosphatidylcholines. Thus, energy restriction resulted in increased dispensable amino acids in feline serum which could indicate alterations in amino acid partitioning. An increase in lipolysis was not evident, though greater circulating acylcarnitines were observed, suggesting that fatty acid oxidation rates may have been greater under calorie restriction. More research is needed to elucidate energy metabolism and substrate utilization, specifically fatty acid oxidation and methyl status, during energy restriction in strict carnivorous cats to optimize weight loss.

Effects of a high-protein, increased-fibre, dry diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids on quality of life in dogs undergoing chemotherapy

Quality of life (QOL) in dogs with cancer is a key consideration in the assessment of cancer treatment options. Despite interest in dietary strategies to improve management of oncology patients, there have been very few clinical studies showing the impact of diet on adverse effects of chemotherapy in dogs. This study was a randomised, controlled, double-blinded, multicenter clinical trial to investigate a high-protein, increased-fibre diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids, for dogs with cancer undergoing standard-of-care chemotherapy. Client-owned dogs with newly diagnosed grade 2 or higher mast cell tumours (or non-resectable/incompletely resected tumours) or multicentric lymphoma were randomised to receive the test diet (n = 24) or control diet (n = 21) for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were QOL assessments, faecal scores, and blood concentrations of C-reactive protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Of 12 QOL parameters, 10 significantly improved from baseline to Week 8 in the test group compared with one in the control group. However, differences between the two groups were only statistically significant for 'frequency of signs of illness' (P = .009). There were no significant differences in the incidence of any adverse events, including gastrointestinal adverse events or clinically significant differences in laboratory parameters or faecal scores between the two groups. The absence of an observed negative impact of the test diet, combined with the magnitude of QOL improvements associated with the diet, suggest that a larger trial is warranted.

Identifying the target population and preventive strategies to combat feline obesity

Feline obesity continues to be a priority health and welfare issue. Most research surrounding obesity currently focuses on obesity treatment. However, treatment for feline obesity is slow, often unsuccessful and not without consequences. Identifying high-risk populations for obesity onset is crucial for developing and implementing preventive strategies. This review identifies post-gonadectomy kittens aged 5-12 months as the primary target population for obesity prevention in domestic cats and highlights dietary and feeding management strategies to be implemented for obesity prevention.

Does Placental Efficiency and Vascularization Affect Puppy Health? A Study in Boxer and Dobermann Dogs

BACKGROUND

The anatomical and functional characteristics of the placenta influence the adaptive ability of the fetus to the extrauterine environment. Placental efficiency, measured as the gram of neonate produced by each gram of placenta, summarizes these characteristics. In the present study, placental efficiency and its impact on the 7-day postpartum life of the puppies were studied in canine large breeds.

METHODS

Placental efficiency (PE) was computed using chorioallantois weight (WPE) and surface (SPE) efficiency for puppies born from natural delivery or elective cesarean section. Capillary density was also histologically determined. Neonate viability was estimated by the APGAR score and the daily weight gain (DWG) was recorded on day 7 after delivery.

RESULTS

from 15 large-breed bitches, 69 live puppies were born by natural delivery (24 puppies) and elective cesarean section (45 puppies). Cluster analysis detected a group of neonates for which reduced placental efficiency (8 for the WPE, 9 for the SPE) was identified, despite a placental weight and surface within the mean and no difference in capillary density. In this group, the DWG was lower and the mortality within 7 days was higher.

CONCLUSIONS

the results suggest that placental efficiency could be an additional tool for the evaluation of a puppy in the first 7 days after delivery.

Cat caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours for feeding treats: A cross sectional study

There is an abundance of research focusing on the nutritional needs of the cat, though aspects surrounding treat feeding have received far less attention. Feeding practices have the potential to cause nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes, including obesity. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the perceptions, motivations, and behaviours surrounding treats, and factors that influence treat feeding by cat caregivers. A 56-question online survey was disseminated to cat caregivers (n = 337) predominantly from Canada and the USA to collect data regarding caregiver and cat demographics, the pet-caregiver relationship, perceptions surrounding treats, and feeding practices and behaviours. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Caregivers had varying interpretations of the term 'treat' and how treats relate to the primary diet, and these perceptions appeared to influence the quantity of treats provided. Aspects relating to the human-animal bond were highlighted as an important factor in decisions and behaviours surrounding treat feeding in our results. Though the majority (224/337, 66%) of respondents indicated they monitor their pet's treat intake, using an eyeball estimate was the most frequent (139/337, 41%) method reported to measure treats. Multivariable logistic regression results revealed feeding jerky, bones, dental treats, and table scraps in select frequencies were predictive of caregivers perceiving their cat as overweight/obese. Results provide valuable new insights to cat caregiver feeding practices and perceptions of treats and can be used to inform veterinary nutrition support to caregivers. More research is warranted to further our understanding and ensure that cats receive optimal nutrition and care.

Restricted feeding of weight control diets induces weight loss and affects body composition, voluntary physical activity, blood metabolites, hormones, and oxidative stress markers, and fecal metabolites and microbiota of obese cats

Feline obesity puts many cats at risk for comorbidities such as hepatic lipidosis, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract diseases, and others. Restricted feeding of specially formulated diets may improve feline health and safely support weight loss while maintaining lean mass. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of restricted intake of weight control diets on weight loss, body composition, voluntary physical activity, serum metabolic and inflammatory markers, and fecal metabolites and microbiota of obese cats. Twenty-four obese adult domestic shorthair cats [body weight (BW) = 5.51 ± 0.92 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 8.44 ± 0.53] were used. A leading grocery brand diet was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), cats were allotted to one of 2 weight control diets (DRY or CAN) and fed to lose 1.5% BW per week for 18 wk. At baseline and 6, 12, 18 wk after weight loss, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed, blood and fecal samples were collected, and voluntary physical activity was measured. Change from baseline data was analyzed statistically using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 being significant and P < 0.10 being trends. BW was reduced by 1.54 ± 0.51% per week. Restricted feeding of both diets led to BW (P < 0.01) and fat mass loss (P < 0.01), reduced BCS (P < 0.01), reduced leptin (P < 0.01) and insulin (P < 0.01) concentrations, and increased superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01) and active ghrelin (P < 0.01) concentrations. Change from baseline fecal scores was reduced (P < 0.01) with restricted feeding and weight loss, while total short-chain fatty acid, acetate, and propionate concentration reductions were greater (P < 0.05) in cats fed CAN than those fed DRY. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity measures increased (P < 0.01) with restricted feeding and weight loss. Fecal bacterial beta diversity was altered by time in all cats, with week 0 being different (P < 0.05) than weeks 6, 12, and 18. Change from baseline relative abundances of 3 fecal bacterial phyla and over 30 fecal bacterial genera were impacted (P < 0.05) or tended to be impacted (P < 0.10) by dietary treatment. Our data demonstrate that restricted feeding of both weight control diets was an effective means for weight loss in obese adult domestic cats. Some changes were also impacted by diet, highlighting the importance of diet formulation and format, and nutrient composition in weight control diets.

Assisted Enteral Feeding of Exotic Companion Animals

Malnutrition is a known concern during hospitalization for humans, dogs, and cats. The same nutrition principals to reduce the risk of malnutrition can be applied to exotic companion animal patients. However, it's important to understand that many nutritional requirements are ill defined for specific species and prudent clinical judgment is required.

Identification and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a Boston Terrier dog from south-eastern Australia

Strongyloides stercoralis, the causative agent of strongyloidiasis, is a potentially zoonotic intestinal nematode endemic to northern Australia. Strongyloidiasis is typically observed in immunocompromised hosts and is characterised by gastrointestinal signs, respiratory symptoms and a failure to thrive. In immunocompromised hosts, hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections can prove life-threatening. A 24-month-old Boston Terrier dog was referred for investigation of chronic small and large intestinal watery hematochezic diarrhoea, emaciation and hematemesis. Small intestinal histology identified a nematode despite consecutive negative faecal flotations. A real-time polymerase chain reaction and Baermann test subsequently confirmed infection with S. stercoralis. The dog had received an oral parasiticide comprising milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner every month for the 11 months prior to this diagnosis. Despite fenbendazole being reported as successful in the treatment of canine strongyloidiasis, a course of fenbendazole failed to clear the infection. Eradication of S. stercoralis infection was confirmed after the administration of off-label ivermectin fortnightly for 12 doses. Attention should be paid to this nematode as the failure of routine copromicroscopic methods to diagnose S. stercoralis infections can result in misdiagnosis, mistreatment and progression of the disease. Off-label ivermectin may be an alternative to fenbendazole for the treatment of Strongyloides spp. infection in dogs.

Modified Ultrasound-Guided Dorsal Quadratus Lumborum Block in Cat Cadavers

The quadratus lumborum (QL) block is an ultrasound-guided locoregional anesthesia technique which aims to provide analgesia to the abdomen. The main objective of this study was to assess a modified ultrasound-guided dorsal QL block in cat cadavers. For this purpose, a volume of 0.4 mL kg-1 of a mixture of iopromide and methylene blue was administered between the psoas minor muscle and the vertebral body (VB) of the first lumbar vertebra, and its distribution was assessed in thirteen cat cadavers. We hypothesized that this injection point would be feasible, offering a more cranial distribution of the injectate and a more consistent staining of the truncus sympathicus. The study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 consisted of an anatomical study (three cadavers were dissected). Phase 2 consisted of the ultrasound-guided administration of the injectate and the assessment of its distribution by computed tomography and anatomical dissection. The results showed a consistent distribution of contrast media within five (4-8) VBs from T10 to L5. Methylene blue stained three (2-6) rami ventrales, affecting T11 (10%), T12 (20%), T13 (60%), L1 (85%), L2 (95%) and L3 (65%). The truncus sympathicus was dyed in all cadavers with a spread of five (3-7) VBs. Finally, the splanchnicus major nerve was stained in all cadavers (100%). These results suggest that this technique could provide analgesia to the abdominal viscera and the abdominal wall, probably with the exception of the cranial aspects of the abdominal wall.

Comparison of serum creatinine, point-of-care symmetric dimethylarginine and renal imaging with glomerular filtration rate measured by renal scintigraphy in healthy and early chronic kidney diseased cats

The aim of this study was to evaluate routinely used tests to diagnose cats in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to describe a model for evaluating these variables simultaneously. Apparently healthy cats were screened using serum creatinine (sCr), point-of-care symmetric dimethylarginine (POC SDMA), urinalysis, urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) and imaging evaluation. Those parameters were compared to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessed by renal scintigraphy. Forty-four cats were included and consisted of 14 (31.8%) healthy cats (absence of abnormalities in renal morphology and sCr less than 1.6 mg/dL), 20 (45.5%) cats classified as CKD I (presence of abnormalities in renal morphology and sCr less than 1.6 mg/dL) and ten (22.7%) as CKD II (sCr equal to or greater than 1.6 mg/dL, with or without abnormalities in renal morphology). A large number (40.9%) of apparently healthy cats presented reduction in GFR, which included half of CKD I patients. Point-of-care SDMA was not a good predictor for decreased GFR, nor was it correlated with the variables GFR and sCr. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in CKD I and II groups in comparison with healthy cats, but there was no significant difference between the CKD I and II groups. Multivariate logistic regression model identified three variables that affected the odds of a cat having decreased GFR (< 2.5 mL/min/kg): sCr (OR = 18.3; p = 0.019; CI = 1.6-207.2), and the ultrasonographic findings 'reduced corticomedullary definition' (OR = 19.9; p = 0.022; CI = 1.6-254.0) and 'irregular contour' (OR = 65.6; p = 0.003; CI = 4.2-1038.2). Renal ultrasonography evaluation should always be considered for screening early CKD in apparently healthy cats.

[Inhalation anesthesia in the cat: Development of cuff pressure when using nitrous oxide]

OBJECTIVE

During inhalation anesthesia with nitrous oxide in oxygen the pressure in the cuff of the endotracheal tube may increase due to diffusion of nitrous oxide into the cuff. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of cuff pressure during nitrous oxide anesthesia under clinical conditions in feline patients and to identify possible influencing factors such as tube size and gas flow rate.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The prospective study included cats scheduled for inhalation anesthesia with nitrous oxide for a minimum duration of 60 minutes at the Department for Small Animals of the University of Leipzig. Cuff pressure was adjusted with a cuff manometer and its development was recorded.

RESULTS

In total, the cuff pressure values of 24 cats were recorded. Animals were allocated into groups by tube size (ID 4.0 mm and ID 4.5 mm) and by fresh gas flow rate: low flow rate (0.6 l/min) and high flow rate (3 l/min). During anesthesia, cuff pressure increased over time, with statistical significance occurring from 45 minutes onwards in comparison to the initial cuff pressure (p=0.005). After 60 minutes, there was a mean cuff pressure increase of 3 cmH2O. Despite this moderate mean increase, highly variable pressure values up to 48 cmH2O in individual animals were recorded. No cat reached the termination criterion of 60 cmH2O cuff pressure. Effects of tube size (p=0.63) and flow rate (p=0.334) on the cuff pressure were not evident.

CONCLUSION

After a period of 45 minutes of nitrous oxide administration, a significant increase in cuff pressure occurs in the cat. However, tube size and total gas flow rate do not seem to influence the cuff pressure development.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

When using nitrous oxide during inhalation anesthesia, regular cuff pressure evaluation and correction are necessary and hence recommended in feline patients. As individual pressure changes may be highly variable, no fixed recommendations for optimal management are possible.

Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Versus Anatomical Landmark-Guided Thoracolumbar Retrolaminar Techniques in Canine Cadavers

The retrolaminar block was developed in humans as an easier and safer alternative to the thoracic paravertebral block. This study aims to describe an ultrasound-guided thoracolumbar retrolaminar injection in canine cadavers and compare the injectate distribution between a landmark-guided and an ultrasound-guided thoracolumbar retrolaminar technique using computed tomography. Ten canine cadavers were randomised to receive two injections each of 0.6 mL/kg of iodinated contrast at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12): a landmark-guided retrolaminar injection was performed on one hemithorax (group B, n = 10) and an ultrasound-guided on the other hemithorax (group U, n = 10). Groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The median (range) spread of the contrast in the paravertebral space was 0 (0-3) and 1 (0-5) vertebrae in groups B and U, respectively (p = 0.038). The median (range) extent of the spread surrounding the interverbal foramina was 4 (0-5) in group B and 4 (3-5) in group U. The median (range) spread along the retrolaminar space cranial and caudal to T12 was 3 (0-6) retrolaminar segments in group B and 3 (3-4) in group U. The potential of the ultrasound-guided retrolaminar injection to provide analgesia for dogs suffering from thoracolumbar pain should be further investigated.

Thoracolumbar Retrolaminar Block: Anatomical and Radiological Study of Injectate Pattern Distribution in Canine Cadavers

The retrolaminar block is a regional anaesthetic technique, first developed in humans, in which the local anaesthetic is deposited directly onto the dorsal aspect of the thoracic or lumbar vertebral lamina. This study aims to evaluate the distribution of landmark-guided thoracolumbar retrolaminar injections in greyhound cadavers. Thirteen injections of contrast-dye solution were performed in eight cadavers at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12), with either 20 mL (n = 8, high volume, HV) or 10 mL (n = 5, low volume, LV) per site. The spread of the injectate was evaluated through computed tomography and transverse anatomical dissection. The groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The median (range) of the extent of the spread was 4 (2-5) and 3 (2-4) intervertebral foramina in the LV and HV groups, respectively. The median (range) of the spread along the retrolaminar space was 3 (2-3) retrolaminar segments in the LV and 3 (2-4) in the HV group. Epidural and retroperitoneal spread was identified in seven cadavers. Following landmark-guided retrolaminar injections, the injectate spread both in the retrolaminar and paravertebral spaces, without any obvious association between the volume of injectate and the extent of the spread. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical efficacy of the technique.

Changes in diet and supplement use in dogs with cancer

BACKGROUND

Many dog owners alter their dog's nutritional regimen after a diagnosis of cancer. There are limited data as to specific changes made and reasons behind these changes.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

To collect updated and detailed data on changes made by owners to their dog's diet and supplements after a cancer diagnosis.

ANIMALS

Responses were collected from a survey of dog owners who brought their dogs to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's Oncology Service for the first time after a cancer diagnosis. Dogs with recurrence or presenting for a second type of cancer were excluded.

METHODS

Eligible owners were surveyed between December 2020 and March 2022. The survey contained 62 questions regarding diet, supplement use, and treats, and how these were altered after a cancer diagnosis. Responses were matched to medical record data.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty-eight surveys were retained for analysis, including 120 respondents that completed the survey. In response to a cancer diagnosis, 54.8% (95% CI; 45.7%-63.8%) of owners altered diets or supplements or both. The most common informational resource for dog diets was veterinarians (53.9%). Usage of home-prepared foods significantly increased after a cancer diagnosis (P = .03). There was no significant difference in commercial diet usage before or after a diagnosis (P = .25). Joint support products were the most common supplements given both before (37.4%) and after (35.0%) diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Many dog owners alter their dog's nutritional intake after a cancer diagnosis. These owners should be provided information relating to commonly observed alterations, including home-prepared foods and supplements.

Threats to the conservation of the vulnerable giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in the Cerrado biome: a retrospective survey

In this study, we conducted a retrospective survey of 63 giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) using the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil as reference site for wild animals. We analyzed the clinical records of 63 animals from January 2016 to February 2020. The information obtained included the location where the anteater was found, the reason for rescue, estimated life stage, gender, weight, general condition of the animal, clinical signs, diagnosis, and destination. Of the 63 animals, 30.15%, (n = 19/63) were found in rural areas, 25.40% (n = 16/63) in urban areas, and 22.22% (n = 14/63) near highways. The main reason for rescue was run-over accidents (n = 18/63, 28.60%). Regarding life stage distribution, 27% (n = 17/63) were cubs, 25.40% (n = 16/63) were adolescent, and 41.26% (n = 26/63) were adults. There was a higher frequency of females (n = 35/63, 56%), and three (9%) of them were pregnant or had cubs. For injury evaluation, three of the 63 giant anteaters were dead on arrival at the rehabilitation site; therefore, we excluded them from this aspect of the study. Of the 60 remaining anteaters, only 13.33% (n = 8/60) of the animals were healthy upon physical examination.The most common condition was traumatic brain injury (n = 32/60 53.33%), followed by fractures (n = 23/60, 38.33%), neonate triad (n = 15/60, 25%), and abrasions (n = 15/60, 25%). The animals presented a high mortality rate (n = 39/60, 65%). The low number of giant anteaters reintroduced to their natural habitat and the high mortality rate of animals sent to rehabilitation centers show that the protection of giant anteaters is important to reduce the number of these animals sent to rehabilitation centers.

Conversation Analysis of Clients' Active Resistance to Veterinarians' Proposals for Long-Term Dietary Change in Companion Animal Practice in Ontario, Canada

The impact of nutrition on animal health requires effective diet-related treatment recommendations in veterinary medicine. Despite low reported rates of veterinary clients' adherence with dietary recommendations, little is known about how clients' resistance to nutritional proposals is managed in the talk of veterinary consultations. This conversation-analytic study investigated clients' active resistance to veterinarians' proposals for long-term changes to cats' and dogs' diets in 23 segments from 21 videotaped appointments in Ontario, Canada. Clients' accounts suggested the proposals themselves or nutritional modifications were unnecessary, inappropriate, or unfeasible, most often based on patients' food preferences, multi-pet feeding issues, current use of equivalent strategies, or current enactment of the proposed changes. Resistance arose when veterinarians constructed proposals without first gathering relevant diet- and patient-related information, soliciting clients' perspectives, or educating them about the benefits of recommended changes. Veterinarians subsequently accommodated clients' concerns more often when resistance involved patient- or client-related issues rather than clients' lack of medical knowledge. The design of subsequent proposals accepted by clients frequently replaced dietary changes in the initial proposals with nutritional or non-nutritional alternatives and oriented to uncertainty about adherence. This study provides evidence-based findings for developing effective communication training and practice guidelines in nutritional assessment and shared decision-making.

Dog caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours for feeding treats: A cross sectional study

Treats are commonly fed by most dog caregivers and can constitute a significant proportion of a dog's diet, potentially contributing to obesity. Feeding aspects related to treats specifically, remain underexplored. An e-survey was voluntarily completed by 716 dog caregivers predominantly from Canada and the USA to identify and describe caregivers' perceptions, motivations, and behaviours surrounding treats, and factors that influence decisions about feeding treats. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze (1) measurement methods associated with monitoring treat intake, and (2) frequency of feeding different types of treats with perceiving dog as overweight/obese. Most caregivers considered the term 'treat' in a nutritional context, but respondents expressed mixed perceptions of how they consider treats in relation to their dog's primary diet. Alongside training and sports activities, aspects relating to the human-animal bond were highly reported to influence decisions surrounding treats. Most respondents were motivated to provide treats because it makes their pet happy, and to strengthen the bond with their dog, and nearly 40% of caregivers frequently feed treats to show love to their dog. Human food and table scraps were frequently fed by 30-40% of caregivers and feeding human food weekly was predictive of caregivers perceiving their dog to be overweight/obese (OR=2.24, p = 0.007). Caregivers estimated treats to account for a median of 15% of their dog's total diet, based on estimated quantity. Caregivers who reported using a measuring cup/scoop to measure their dog's treats were more likely to monitor their dog's treat intake (OR=3.38, p = 0.002). Most caregivers monitor their dog's body condition (60%) or consider their dog's recent activity level (43%) to decide on the amount of treats to feed; only 22% of caregivers reported veterinary advice to support their decisions on the amount of treats to feed. Findings from this research offer new insights to dog caregiver feeding habits and their perceptions of treats in relation to the canine diet. These results can be used to inform veterinary counselling strategies and caregiver education initiatives to promote animal health and well-being.

Continuous versus intermittent enteral nutrition in hospitalised dogs and cats using a new scoring system: A prospective clinical study

Nutrition is an important part of the critical care. The goals of this prospective clinical study were to create a scoring system for the assessment of patient nutritional status and to compare continuous and intermittent bolus feeding of enteral nutrition (EN). A total of 38 patients (21 dogs and 17 cats) were divided into Group C (continuous feeding; 23 patients) and Group I (intermittent feeding; 15 patients). The following variables were recorded for each patient in both groups: gastrointestinal (GI) complications, changes in body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS), veterinary nutritional status score (VetNSS), length of hospitalisation and outcome. The normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and the t-test were used in statistical analyses. Significant changes were found in VetNSS and BW between the 1st and 5th day in Group C. The VetNSS seems to be useful for monitoring the nutritional status of hospitalised patients. Anorectic dogs and cats can be successfully supported with either continuous or intermittent feeding methods with a similar risk of GI complications and outcomes.

Premedication with acetazolamide: Is its use for postoperative pain and stress control after laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs ruled out?

BACKGROUND

Studies in human medicine have concluded that acetazolamide reduces pain associated with carbon dioxide insufflation during laparoscopic surgery. However, there are no published reports regarding the use of acetazolamide for this purpose in companion animals, despite the increasing popularity of laparoscopic techniques in veterinary medicine due to their advantages over open surgeries.

OBJECTIVES

Thirty mixed-breed female dogs were included in the study and randomly assigned to one of three groups: OVE (median celiotomy ovariectomy; n = 10), OVEL (laparoscopic ovariectomy, n = 10) and OVELA (laparoscopic ovariectomy with acetazolamide preoperative administration; n = 10). Experienced surgeons performed all procedures, and the anaesthetic and analgesic protocols were identical for all animals. Acetazolamide was administered orally (at a dose of 25 mg/kg) 2 h prior to induction in the OVELA group. Postoperative pain was evaluated using serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) Score.

RESULTS

Any statistical differences were observed in the UMPS scores when the OVELA group was compared to the OVEL group at 1 h after surgery (p = 0.515), 12 h (p = 0.375) and 24 h (p = 0.242). Animals undergoing open surgery (OVE group) had significantly higher pain scores at all times after surgery when compared with OVEL and OVELA groups. A high positive correlation (r = 0.792; p = 0.01) was found between serum and saliva cortisol concentrations. Mean saliva cortisol concentration was not significantly lower for the OVELA group compared to the other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found evidence that preoperative administration of acetazolamide may be beneficial in managing postoperative pain in dogs after laparoscopic surgeries. However, further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm this and to determine if acetazolamide should be included in a multimodal postoperative analgesia protocol for laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs.

Different Diet Energy Levels Alter Body Condition, Glucolipid Metabolism, Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Adult Beagle Dogs

Diet energy is a key component of pet food, but it is usually ignored during pet food development and pet owners also have limited knowledge of its importance. This study aimed to explore the effect of diet energy on the body condition, glucolipid metabolism, fecal microbiota and metabolites of adult beagles and analyze the relation between diet and host and gut microbiota. Eighteen healthy adult neutered male beagles were selected and randomly divided into three groups. Diets were formulated with three metabolizable energy (ME) levels: the low-energy (Le) group consumed a diet of 13.88 MJ/kg ME; the medium-energy (Me) group consumed a diet of 15.04 MJ/kg ME; and the high-energy (He) group consumed a diet of 17.05 MJ/kg ME. Moreover, the protein content of all these three diets was 29%. The experiment lasted 10 weeks, with a two-week acclimation period and an eight-week test phase. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS) and body fat index (BFI) decreased in the Le group, and the changes in these factors in the Le group were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The serum glucose and lipid levels of the Le and He groups changed over time (p < 0.05), but those of the Me group were stable (p > 0.05). The fecal pH of the Le and He groups decreased at the end of the trial (p < 0.05) and we found that the profiles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs) changed greatly, especially secondary BAs (p < 0.05). As SCFAs and secondary BAs are metabolites of the gut microbiota, the fecal microbiota was also measured. Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing found that the Me group had higher α-diversity indices (p < 0.05). The Me group had notably higher levels of gut probiotics, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides plebeius and Blautia producta (p < 0.05). The diet-host-fecal microbiota interactions were determined by network analysis, and fecal metabolites may help to determine the best physical condition of dogs, assisting pet food development. Overall, feeding dogs low- or high-energy diets was harmful for glucostasis and promoted the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria in the gut, while a medium-energy diet maintained an ideal body condition. We concluded that dogs that are fed a low-energy diet for an extended period may become lean and lose muscle mass, but diets with low energy levels and 29% protein may not supply enough protein for dogs losing weight.

Seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (CDV) in the free-roaming dog (Canis familiaris) population surrounding Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a global multi-host pathogen that is capable of causing considerable mortality in a range of species and is important in the field of conservation medicine. Nepal's Chitwan National Park is a protected area providing habitat for 32% of the country's mammal species including endangered carnivores such as the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) that are susceptible to CDV. The presence of free-roaming dogs around protected areas could represent a source of infectious disease for transmission to local wildlife. A cross-sectional demographic and canine distemper virus seroprevalence study of 100 free-roaming dogs from the Chitwan National Park buffer zone and surrounding area was conducted in November 2019. The overall seroprevalence indicating past exposure to canine distemper virus was 80.0% (95% CI: 70.8-87.3). Of the host variables assessed, sex and age were positively associated with seroprevalence at the univariable level, with male dogs demonstrating lower seroprevalence than females (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11-0.91) and adult dogs demonstrating higher seroprevalence than juveniles (OR = 13.94, 95% CI: 1.37-142.29). The effect of sex was no longer significant at the multivariable level, but the direction of the effect remained the same. The effect of age remained significant after multivariable analysis (OR = 9.00, 95% CI: 1.03-192.75). No spatial associations were demonstrated in relation to the buffer zone area or boundary of Chitwan National Park. Free-roaming dog neutering and vaccination programmes can provide a useful baseline for future CDV studies in the region, and a proxy to monitor disease threats to susceptible wildlife.

Retinoic acid induces the osteogenic differentiation of cat adipose tissue-derived stromal cells from distinct anatomical sites

Mesenchymal stromal cells-based regenerative orthopedic therapies have been used in cats as a promising and innovative therapeutic approach to enhance the repair of bone defects. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) can be obtained from two main sites-subcutaneous and visceral-with established differences regarding structure, composition, cell content, and functionality. However, in cats, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have been conducted to compare the functional activity of the ADSCs isolated from the two sites, and the impact of these differences on the induced osteogenic potential. Additionally, retinoic acid has been recently regarded as a new osteogenic inducer within cells of distinct species, with undisclosed functionality on cat-derived cell populations. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the functional activity of ADSCs isolated from the subcutaneous and visceral adipose sites (SCAT and VAT, respectively) of the cat, as well as the effects of two osteogenic-inducing conditions-the classic dexamethasone, β-glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid-supplemented media (Dex + β + AAM), and Retinoic Acid-supplemented media (RAM). The adipose tissue of subcutaneous and visceral origin was isolated, characterized, and ADSCs were isolated and grown in the presence of the two osteogenic-inducing conditions, and characterized in terms of proliferation, metabolic activity, morphology, and osteogenic activity. Our results demonstrated a distinct biological profile of the two adipose tissue sites regarding cell size, vascularization, and morphology. Further, osteogenic-induced ADSCs from both sites presented an increased expression of alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and cytochemical staining, as compared with control. Overall, RAM induced higher levels of ALP activity than Dex + β + AAM, supporting an increased osteogenic activation. Additionally, VAT was the tissue with the best osteogenic potential, showing higher levels of ALP expression, particularly with RAM. In conclusion, different characteristics were found between the two adipose tissue sites-SCAT and VAT, which probably reflect the differences found in the functionality of isolated ADSCs from both tissues. Furthermore, for cat, VAT shows a greater osteogenic-inductive capacity than SCAT, particularly with RAM, which can be of therapeutic relevance for regenerative medicine applications.

Effects of weight loss and feeding specially formulated diets on the body composition, blood metabolite profiles, voluntary physical activity, and fecal metabolites and microbiota of obese dogs

Canine obesity negatively influences health and well-being, but can be managed by altering diet composition and caloric intake. Restricted feeding, dietary intervention, and consequent weight loss may be used to improve health and modify gastrointestinal microbiota. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of specially formulated foods on weight loss, body composition, voluntary physical activity, serum hormones and oxidative stress markers, and fecal metabolites and microbiota populations of obese dogs. Twenty-four obese dogs [body weight (BW) = 15.2 ± 1.7 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 8.7 ± 0.4; muscle condition score (MCS) = 3.5 ± 0.3; age = 7.2 ± 1.6 yr] were used in a 24-wk study. A control (OR) food was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline, dogs were allotted to one of two diets: OR or test (FT), and then fed to lose 1.5% BW/wk. Food intake, BW, BCS, and MCS were measured, blood and fecal samples were collected, DEXA scans were performed, and voluntary physical activity was measured over time. Microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2 and change from baseline data from other measures were evaluated using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 being significant. Restricted feeding led to reduced BW, BCS, fat mass, and blood cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and leptin concentrations, and increased MCS and lean body mass percentage. Blood cholesterol reduction was greater in dogs fed FT vs. OR. Fecal metabolites and bacterial alpha-diversity were affected by diet and weight loss. Dogs fed FT had greater reductions in fecal short-chain fatty acid, branched-chain fatty acid, and ammonia concentrations than those fed OR. Dogs fed OR had a higher alpha-diversity than those fed FT. Weight loss increased alpha-diversity (weeks 16, 20, and 24 > weeks 0 and 4). Beta-diversity showed separation between dietary groups and between week 0 and all other time points after week 8. Weight loss increased fecal Allobaculum and Ruminococcus torques. Weight loss also increased fecal Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, and Parasutterella, but were greater in dogs fed OR. Weight loss decreased fecal Collinsella, Turicibacter, Blautia, Ruminococcus gnavus, Faecalibacterium, and Peptoclostridium, but were greater in dogs fed OR. In summary, restricted feeding promoted safe weight and fat loss, reduced blood lipid and leptin concentrations, and altered fecal microbiota of obese dogs.

Effects of overfeeding on the digestive efficiency, voluntary physical activity levels, and fecal characteristics and microbiota of adult cats

The incidence of feline obesity continues to rise despite it being a preventable disease. There are many risks and health perturbations associated with obesity, with several of those impacting a pet's quality of life, wellness, and longevity. Feline obesity is commonly studied, but most research has been focused on weight loss rather than weight gain. To our knowledge, feline studies have not examined the implications of overfeeding and weight gain on gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) nor the association it has with the fecal microbiota. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of overfeeding and weight gain on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), GTT, blood hormones, serum metabolites, hematology, fecal microbiota populations, and voluntary physical activity of cats. Eleven lean adult spayed female cats [body weight (BW) = 4.11 ± 0.43 kg; body condition score = 5.41 ± 0.3; age = 5.22 ± 0.03 y] were used in a longitudinal weight gain study. After a 2-wk baseline phase, cats were allowed to overeat for 18 wk. A commercially available complete and balanced diet was fed during the baseline phase to identify the intake needed to maintain BW. Cats were then fed the same diet ad libitum to induce weight gain. Fecal samples, blood samples, and voluntary physical activity data were collected at baseline (week 0) and 6, 12, and 18 wk after weight gain. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis, determination of ATTD, and GTT measurement while blood samples were collected for serum chemistry, hematology, and insulin and leptin measurements. Microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2. All other measures were evaluated statistically using the mixed models procedure of SAS using repeated measures analysis, with time effects being the focus. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. The ATTD of dry matter (P = 0.0061), organic matter (P = 0.0130), crude protein (P < 0.0001), fat (P = 0.0002), and gross energy (P = 0.0002), and GTT (P = 0.0418) decreased with overfeeding and weight gain. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity measures were unchanged, but fecal bacterial beta diversity was impacted (P < 0.05) with overfeeding and weight gain. The relative abundances of 16 bacterial genera, including Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Erysipelatoclostridium were affected (P < 0.05) by overfeeding and weight gain. In conclusion, overfeeding and subsequent weight gain reduced ATTD, reduced GTT, and caused changes to the fecal microbial community of adult cats.

Effects of weight loss and feeding specially formulated diets on the body composition, blood metabolite profiles, voluntary physical activity, and fecal metabolites and microbiota of overweight cats

Feline obesity is a common and preventable disease, posing a myriad of health risks and detriments. Specially formulated diets and restricted feeding may serve as an intervention strategy to promote weight loss and improve feline health. In this study, our objective was to determine the effects of restricted feeding and weight loss on body composition, voluntary physical activity, blood hormones and metabolites, and fecal microbiota of overweight cats. Twenty-two overweight adult spayed female and neutered male cats [body weight (BW) = 5.70 ± 1.0 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 7.68 ± 0.6; age = 4 ± 0.4 yr] were used in a weight loss study. A control diet (OR) was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline (week 0), cats were allotted to OR or a test diet (FT) and fed to lose ~1.0% BW/wk for 24 wk. At baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 wk after weight loss, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were performed and blood samples were collected. Voluntary physical activity was measured at weeks 0, 8, 16, and 24. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. Change from baseline data were analyzed statistically using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Restricted feeding of both diets led to weight and fat mass loss, lower BCS, and lower blood triglyceride and leptin concentrations. Cats fed the FT diet had a greater reduction in blood triglycerides and cholesterol than cats fed the OR diet. Restricted feeding and weight loss reduced fecal short-chain fatty acid, branched-chain fatty acid, phenol, and indole concentrations. Fecal valerate concentrations were affected by diet, with cats fed the OR diet having a greater reduction than those fed the FT diet. Fecal bacterial alpha diversity was not affected, but fecal bacterial beta diversity analysis showed clustering by diet. Restricted feeding and weight loss affected relative abundances of 7 fecal bacterial genera, while dietary intervention affected change from baseline relative abundances of 2 fecal bacterial phyla and 20 fecal bacterial genera. Our data demonstrate that restricted feeding promoted controlled and safe weight and fat loss, reduced blood lipids and leptin concentrations, and shifted fecal metabolites and microbiota. Some changes were also impacted by diet, highlighting the importance of ingredient and nutrient composition in weight loss diets.

The Osteogenic Potential of Falciform Ligament-Derived Stromal Cells-A Comparative Analysis between Two Osteogenic Induction Programs

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have gained special relevance in bone tissue regenerative applications. MSCs have been isolated from different depots, with adipose tissue being acknowledged as one of the most convenient sources, given the wide availability, high cellular yield, and obtainability. Recently, the falciform ligament (FL) has been regarded as a potential depot for adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (FL-ADSCs) isolation. Nonetheless, the osteogenic capability of FL-ADSCs has not been previously characterized. Thus, the present study aimed the detailed characterization of FL-ADSCs' functionality upon osteogenic induction through a classic (dexamethasone-based-DEX) or an innovative strategy with retinoic acid (RA) in a comparative approach with ADSCs from a control visceral region. Cultures were characterized for cell proliferation, metabolic activity, cellular morphology, fluorescent cytoskeletal and mitochondrial organization, and osteogenic activity-gene expression analysis and cytochemical staining. FL-derived populations expressed significantly higher levels of osteogenic genes and cytochemical markers, particularly with DEX induction, as compared to control ADSCs that were more responsive to RA. FL-ADSCs were identified as a potential source for bone regenerative applications, given the heightened osteogenic functionality. Furthermore, data highlighted the importance of the selection of the most adequate osteogenic-inducing program concerning the specificities of the basal cell population.

Red blood cells morphology and morphometry in adult, senior, and geriatricians dogs by optical and scanning electron microscopy

Red blood cells (RBC) morphologic evaluation through microscopy optical (OM) and SEM, provides information to forecast, evaluate, and monitor the functioning of many organs. Factors, such aging and diseases affect RBC morphology in both, human and animals. SEM is useful to evaluate RBC morphology, although its use in diagnosis and evaluation in dogs is limited, due to the availability and cost. The aim of this research was to assess the normal RBC morphology in adult, senior and geriatrician dogs, clinically healthy by OM and SEM. In addition to evaluating the age effect, sex, body size, and their interaction on erythrocyte morphometry. To carry out the research 152 blood samples were evaluated from dogs of different sexes and body sizes (small, medium, and large). Three groups were made based on dogs age: group I adults (1-7.9 years old), group II senior (8-11.9 years old), and group III geriatricians (>12 years old). Erythrocyte parameters were evaluated by OM (diameter, height, and axial ratio). Per each dog, the parameters of 20 erythrocytes were measured. A total of 2,600 cells were scanned with the AmScope™ Software scale. In addition, the RBC morphology was evaluated by SEM. Statistical analyses used analysis of variance and a general linear model, which allows the comparison of multiple factors at two or more levels (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that diameter and height were lower in adult dogs than in senior and geriatrician dogs (p < 0.05). Whereas, sex, body size, and the interaction did not show a significant effect (p > 0.05). Additionally, some images of anisocytosis, polychromasia, and poikilocytosis (echinocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, spherocytes, stomatocytes, dacryocytes quatrefoil, and elliptocytes) were obtained by OM and SEM. Our study provides information about the morphological and morphometry alterations of adult, senior, and geriatrician dogs RBC. This work contributes to future investigations and the diagnosing diseases, where it is necessary to evaluate the morphology of RBC.

Effect of radioiodine treatment on muscle mass in hyperthyroid cats

BACKGROUND

Approximately 75% of hyperthyroid cats lose muscle mass as accessed with a muscle condition scoring (MCS) system. After treatment, MCS improves as the cats regain muscle mass.

OBJECTIVES

To quantify the degree of muscle loss in hyperthyroid cats using ultrasonography and evaluate changes in muscle mass after treatment.

ANIMALS

Forty-eight clinically normal cats and 120 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism, 75 of which were reevaluated after radioiodine-131 therapy.

METHODS

Prospective cross-sectional and before-after studies. All cats underwent ultrasonography and measurement of epaxial muscle height (EMH), with subsequent calculation of vertebral and forelimb epaxial muscle scores (VEMS and FLEMS). A subset of hyperthyroid cats underwent repeat muscle imaging 6 months after treatment.

RESULTS

Untreated hyperthyroid cats had a lower EMH than did clinically normal cats (median [25th-75th percentile], 0.98 [0.88-1.16] cm vs 1.34 [1.23-1.58] cm, P < .001). Seventy-seven (64.2%) untreated cats had subnormal EMH. Similarly, compared to normal cats, hyperthyroid cats had lower VEMS (0.93 [0.84-1.07] vs 1.27 [1.18-1.39], P < .001) and FLEMS (1.24 [1.10-1.35] vs 1.49 [1.39-1.63], P < .001). After treatment, EMH increased (1.03 [0.89-1.03] cm to 1.33 [1.17-1.41] cm, P < .001), with abnormally low EMH normalizing in 36/41 (88%). Both VEMS (0.94 [0.87-1.10] to 1.21 [1.10-1.31], P < .001) and FLEMS (1.31 [1.17-1.40] to 1.47 [1.38-1.66], P < .001) also increased after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Almost two-thirds of hyperthyroid cats have abnormally low muscle mass when measured quantitatively by ultrasound. Successful treatment restores muscle mass in >85% of cats. EMH provided the best means of quantitating muscle mass in these cats.

Small animal general practitioners discuss nutrition infrequently despite assertion of indication, citing barriers

OBJECTIVE

To determine what perceived factors prevent small animal general practitioners from discussing pet nutrition with clients during healthy and sick pet appointments.

SAMPLE

403 veterinarians in small animal general practice.

PROCEDURES

An online survey was used to gather veterinarians' opinions on perceived barriers, knowledge levels, and confidence regarding pet nutrition discussions.

RESULTS

Reported barriers to discussing nutrition during healthy pet appointments included client resistance to changing brand (149/359), time constraints (146/359), misinformation online (138/359), and difficulty keeping up with products (132/359). Reported barriers to discussing nutrition during sick pet appointments included client cost concerns (101/349), pet not accepting new food (99/349), and time constraints (83/349). Veterinarians reported discussing nutrition less during healthy pet appointments, compared to sick pet appointments, and were significantly less confident with their knowledge regarding nontherapeutic food, compared to therapeutic food. Veterinarians also reported that they perceived conversations about therapeutic foods to be more positive than conversations about nontherapeutic foods, and veterinarians with more years in practice more commonly reported that there was nothing that would dissuade them from discussing nutrition. Veterinarians who reported barriers to discussing nutrition described a need for resources and reliable information for health-care teams and clients.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Results demonstrated a substantial gap between veterinarians' assertion that nutrition conversations are indicated and the frequency with which they discuss nutrition during appointments. Veterinarians reported that they felt their nutrition conversations were frequently positive; therefore, it is important to overcome barriers to engage with clients about pet nutrition.

Commercial vs Homemade Cat Diets: What you need to know

PRACTICAL RELEVANCE

A feeding plan recommendation for cats, both healthy and with disease, should include diet choice, amounts to feed and the feeding method. Diet choice can be complex owing to the abundance of products, sometimes with conflicting marketing messages, and the prevalence of information with no scientific basis. It is important to be aware of the specific challenges of both commercial and homemade diets. Moreover, a nutritional assessment is a prerequisite when recommending a diet to ensure that it is safe, appropriate for the cat's life stage and nutritious for long-term feeding.

COMMERCIAL VS HOMEMADE DIETS

There are a variety of commercial diets available, allowing considerable customisation. These products are regulated and can be tested to determine nutritional adequacy and safety, although as the industry is partly self-regulated, choice of manufacturer is important. Properly formulated homemade diets can be customised to the patient and are a good option when no commercial product that meets the patient's needs exists. Homemade diets can be an owner preference. A serious limitation is the lack of testing, potentially affecting safety and also resulting in a reliance on database information to determine nutritional adequacy. Generic homemade diet recipes (eg, sourced from the internet) have additional risks of deficiencies and imbalances, and are not recommended. Homemade diets should be devised by a veterinary nutrition specialist with consideration of both patient and owner factors.

CLINICAL CHALLENGES

Dietary misinformation, which is all too readily available on the internet, may result in owners making questionable feeding choices for their pets. A homemade diet may be requested by owners based on the perception that there are poor ingredients in commercial foods. The veterinary healthcare team needs to have good evidence-based information to present to owners about diet choice.

EVIDENCE BASE

Several decades of research on feline nutrition forms the basis for nutritional requirements and dietary recommendations. There are varying degrees of evidence regarding requirements for each nutrient, and a lack of data on the effects of different types of processing on nutrient needs.

Short course of immune-suppressive doses of prednisolone, evaluated through a prospective double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial in healthy Beagles, is associated with sustained modifications in renal, hydration, and electrolytic status

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects and duration of orally administered prednisolone on renal function evaluated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determination and creatinine (Cr) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations as well as on urinalysis, electrolytes, and hydric status in healthy dogs.

ANIMALS

14 healthy Beagles.

PROCEDURES

In this prospective double-masked placebo-controlled study, dogs were randomized after baseline evaluation to receive a 7-day course of either prednisolone (1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) or a placebo. A repeated-measure design was performed, each dog participating in 4 successive sampling sessions. Clinical data, systolic blood pressure, CBC, and biochemical analyses including serum SDMA concentration, GFR determination, urine output quantification, and complete urinalysis were performed for all dogs the day before (D0) and at the end of steroid administration (D7) as well as 2 weeks (D21) and 4 weeks (D35) after the end of treatment.

RESULTS

At D7, when compared with baseline, GFR increased significantly in treated dogs, whereas creatinine and SDMA concentrations decreased significantly. GFR and Cr but not SDMA modifications persisted significantly at D21. None of the variables differed significantly from baseline at D35. The OR of presenting an albumin band on urine electrophoresis was 2.4 times as high in treated versus control dogs (OR, 36; 95% CI, 1.8 to 719.4; P = 0.02).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

A short-term course of immune-suppressive prednisolone treatment in healthy dogs leads to a sustained but reversible renal hyperfiltration state. Modification in electrolytic variables can affect the clinical interpretation of blood work in such patients.

Influence of number of ingredients, use of supplement and vegetarian or vegan preparation on the composition of homemade diets for dogs and cats

Background

Homemade diets are a worldwide trend, and many recipes are currently available on websites but may not be considered balanced. This study aimed to evaluate if the number of ingredients, supplement, or vegetarian/vegan-only ingredients included in a recipe influence the nutrient content of homemade diets for dogs and cats. Chemical analyses were performed on 75 diets for dogs and 25 for cats prepared according to websites’ recipes, and minerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).

Results

Canine diets that met fat requirements had more ingredients than those below recommendations. None of the cat diets met iron requirements, and feline diets that met requirements of manganese had fewer ingredients and those that supplied requirements of protein and sodium had more ingredients than the diets below recommendations (p < 0.05). Non-supplemented canine and feline diets had calcium and calcium:phosphorus ratio below recommendations (p < 0.05). Non-supplemented feline diets had lower sodium and iron, and zinc levels were below recommendation in diets for both species. Diets with animal products for dogs had higher levels of protein and zinc, although zinc was deficient in both groups, and there were higher amounts of crude fiber, magnesium, and manganese in vegetarian/vegan diets (p < 0.05). Diets with animal products for cats had higher levels of protein (p = 0.003), but there was a higher amount of crude fiber (p = 0.014) in vegetarian/vegan diets.

Conclusion

The number of ingredients and vegetarian/vegan preparation did not guarantee nutritional adequacy of diets, and the presence of supplement did not ensure a balanced diet.

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

Obtaining correct amounts of essential elements, and avoiding toxic metals are key factors in dog health. Through analyzing major and trace elements in hair and blood of 50 healthy companion dogs using ICP-MS, we study their associations with dog characteristics and diet, hypothesizing that eating the same diet long-term results in strong correlations between hair and blood element concentrations, and that dog characteristics and diet affect element status. The correlation between hair and blood was significant for Hg (R = 0.601, p = 0.000) and Pb (R = 0.384, p = 0.010). The following associations were significant (p < 0.05): Dark hair had higher Ca and Mg compared to light hair. Females had higher hair Zn, blood Mn, and blood As compared to males. Blood Mn and Se increased, while blood Pb decreased with age. Raw diet fed dogs had higher hair Zn and Se compared to dry or mixed diet fed dogs, and lower blood Mn compared to dry diet fed dogs. Dry and mixed diet fed dogs had higher blood Cd compared to raw diet fed dogs. Mixed diet fed dogs had higher hair Ca and Mg compared to raw or dry diet fed dogs, and higher hair Pb compared to dry diet fed dogs. Wild game consumption was associated with higher blood Pb, and rice consumption with higher blood As. In conclusion, hair provides an alternative for assessing Hg and Pb exposure, and major and trace elements status is affected by hair color, sex, age, and diet.

The effects of activity, body weight, sex and age on echocardiographic values in English setter dogs

BACKGROUND

Breed-specific reference intervals improve echocardiographic interpretation and thereby reduce misdiagnoses, especially in athletic breeds.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study were to examine transthoracic echocardiographic values in healthy adult English setter dogs and determine the effects of activity, body weight, sex and age on these values.

ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and one adult English setter dogs, recruited from local veterinary clinics and from the Norwegian English setter club, underwent routine transthoracic echocardiography. The population was stratified into two groups based on the reported level of activity. The effects of activity level, body weight, sex and age on echocardiographic variables were examined. Results were compared with published data from other breeds and from a pre-existing species-wide allometric model.

RESULTS

Of the 100 dogs between 19 months and 10 years of age included in the study, 72 were reported as very active and 28 as less active. Echocardiographic intervals were calculated for body size-independent echocardiographic variables. The upper limits of the intervals for left-atrial-to-aortic ratios and normalised left ventricular volumes exceeded those of various, previously published studies of other breeds. Normalised left ventricular dimensions exceeded published allometric 95^th percentile upper reference values in 13% of dogs in diastole and 32% of dogs in systole. More active dogs had larger cardiac dimensions than less active dogs; however, the activity level did not predict echocardiographic variables when included in a multiple regression model.

CONCLUSIONS

The study provides breed specific transthoracic echocardiographic values for English setter dogs, thereby contributing to improve diagnostic assessment of cardiac health in this breed.

[Obesity in dogs - A review of underlying reasons]

Obesity does not merely represent a human problem but is also recognized as an immense health threat in domestic animals. However, this disease is frequently not recognized by the pet owner. Current studies assume that up to 60 % of domestic dogs are overweight or significantly obese with various reasons existing for this development. Not only the feeding management contributes to the development of obesity but also genetics, age and gender as well as specific primary diseases add to the individual's weight gain. Addtionally, medical treatment and the owner-pet-relationship may increase the risk for obesity. In order to treat obesity in a qualified manner or ideally to prevent this from developing in the first place, a profound knowledge concerning the underlying causes is essential. The present article provides a review of the most important impact factors thus adding to the body of information allowing for the acquisition of such expertise.

Understanding the associations between owner and pet demographics on pet body condition among those experiencing homelessness and housing vulnerability in Canada

Approximately 35 000 people experience homelessness in some form each night in Canada, with similar rates (approximately 1/200 individuals) among developed countries. Ten to twenty percent of those individuals are pet owners. Animal companionship provides a variety of mental and physical benefits to people who are living homeless or vulnerably housed, but many in the non-vulnerable sector, including veterinary professionals and animal welfare advocates, express concern for the health and welfare of these animals. We describe the demographics of a population of animals owned by individuals experiencing homelessness and housing vulnerability, and investigate animal and owner factors influencing body condition score and over-conditioning using data collected from Community Veterinary Outreach (CVO). Community Veterinary Outreach is a registered charity focused on improving the health and welfare of people and their pets who are experiencing homelessness and housing vulnerability. The organization provides free services to clients in ten Canadian communities. Data associated with 636 owners and 946 animals were collected during clinics held between April 2018 and March 2020, representing a total of 1124 visits. The population of dogs and cats seen by CVO was demographically similar to populations seen in general companion animal veterinary practice and were in similar health. For both species, the mean body condition score was 5.4/9, where an ideal score is five for cats and four to five for dogs, and 38 % of animals were considered over-conditioned (overweight/obese). Risk factor analysis demonstrated significant associations between being over-conditioned and pet age and the reason for the veterinary visit for cats, and pet age, the number of abnormal findings on physical exam, and a previous CVO visit for dogs. Pet age, sex-neuter status, disease of the oral cavity, and a previous CVO visit were significantly associated with body condition score in cats. Body condition score in dogs was associated with owner age, and with interactions between pet age and breed size group, and between sex-neuter status and owner-reported housing security. These findings suggest that animals owned by those experiencing homeless and housing vulnerability are generally in good health and similar factors influence body condition score and over-conditioning as animals seen in general companion animal veterinary practice. Further efforts to provide support to pet owners within these communities by veterinarians will help support the good health of this population.