1
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Chen J, Liu C, Yang Y, Gong X, Qian H. The stratum corneum barrier: impaired function in relation to associated lipids and proteins. Tissue Barriers 2024:2361197. [PMID: 38818698 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2024.2361197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and is widely considered to be the first-line defense of the body, providing essential protection against mechanical, physical, and chemical damage. Keratinocytes are the primary cells of the outer layer of the epidermis, which acts as a mechanical and permeability barrier. The epidermis is a permanently renewed tissue where undifferentiated keratinocytes located at the basal layer proliferate and migrate to the overlying layers. Here we report that some components of keratinocytes affect the formation and differentiation of the stratum corneum, which is the most specialized layer of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, Xuhui, District, China
| | - Changjie Liu
- SIMPLY THIS Skin Ecology Research Institute, Shili (Shanghai) Biotechology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- SIMPLY THIS Skin Ecology Research Institute, Shili (Shanghai) Biotechology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Gong
- SIMPLY THIS Skin Ecology Research Institute, Shili (Shanghai) Biotechology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Kaneki M, Ohira C, Takahashi M, Iwashita N, Takagi Y, Nagane M, Uchiyama J, Fukuyama T. Therapeutic potential of ozone water treatment in alleviating atopic dermatitis symptoms in mouse models: Exploring its bactericidal and direct anti-inflammatory properties. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110920. [PMID: 37716162 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, ozone water is utilized for antibacterial and antiviral purposes without any reported safety concerns. Therefore, ozone water may have clinical applications in treating staphylococcal-specific cutaneous diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and pyoderma. This study aimed to verify the bactericidal effects of ozone water at different concentrations (3 and 11 mg/L) against staphylococcal species in vitro, as well as evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ozone water in a mouse model of AD and pyoderma. Initially, the bactericidal properties of several concentrations of ozone water were confirmed with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius. Both 3 and 11 mg/L of ozone water exhibited a significant bactericidal effect against staphylococci at less than 100 times dilution. We next examined the cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine production (Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8) induced by S. pseudintermedius pre-treated with ozone water, and our findings indicated that cytotoxicity and cytokine production induced by staphylococci were significantly inhibited after ozone water pre-treatment. In vivo experiments showed that ozone water-pre-treated S. pseudintermedius significantly inhibited the development of pyoderma in mice; however, limited effects were observed in a therapeutic setting. Interestingly, ozone water at concentrations of 3 and 11 mg/L exhibits dual bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects in mice with AD. This observation was corroborated by the significant inhibition of cytokine production in interferon-γ/tumor necrosis factor-stimulated human epidermal keratinocyte cells exposed to ozone in vitro. These findings indicate that administering ozone can be a novel therapeutic approach for managing allergic skin diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Kaneki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ohira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwashita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan; Bioalch Co. Ltd., 3-28 Honshuku-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan; Japan SLC Inc, 85 Ohara-cho, Kita-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan; Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Japan; Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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3
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Alpha-Keratin, Keratin-Associated Proteins and Transglutaminase 1 Are Present in the Ortho- and Parakeratinized Epithelium of the Avian Tongue. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121899. [PMID: 35741029 PMCID: PMC9221158 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lingual mucosa in birds is covered with two specific types of multilayered epithelia, i.e., the para- and orthokeratinized epithelium, that differ structurally and functionally. Comprehensive information on proteins synthesized in keratinocyte during their cytodifferentiation in subsequent layers of multilayered epithelia in birds concerns only the epidermis and are missing the epithelia of the lingual mucosa. The aim of the present study was to perform an immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular analysis (WB) of bird-specific alpha-keratin, keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), namely filaggrin and loricrin, as well as transglutaminase 1 in the para- and orthokeratinized epithelium covering the tongue in the domestic duck, goose, and turkey. The results reveal the presence of alpha-keratin and KAPs in both epithelia, which is a sign of the cornification process. In contrast to the epidermis, the main KAPs involved in the cornification process of the lingual epithelia in birds is loricrin. Stronger expression with KAPs and transglutaminase 1 in the orthokeratinized epithelium than in the parakeratinized epithelium may determine the formation of a more efficient protective mechanical barrier. The presence of alpha-keratin, KAPs, and transglutaminase 1 epitopes characteristic of epidermal cornification in both types of the lingual epithelia may prove that they are of ectodermal origin.
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Xiao C, Sun Z, Gao J, Bai Y, Zhang C, Pang B, Qiao H, Fu M, Dang E, Wang G. Enhanced phenotype of calcipotriol-induced atopic dermatitis in filaggrin-deficient mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21574. [PMID: 33855746 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002709r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Impaired function of filaggrin (FLG) is a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). Several studies on FLG-deficient (Flg-/- ) mice have indicated an essential role for FLG in the skin barrier and the development of AD, but none of the studies have described the characteristics on Flg-/- mice with calcipotriol (CPT)-induced atopic dermatitis, which restricts the comprehensive understanding of functions of FLG. The present study sought to generate Flg-/- mice and applied CPT to produce AD-like dermatitis for in vivo analysis of the FLG functions. CPT was applied on the skin of Flg-/- mice to establish the AD-like dermatitis mouse model. The lesion inflammation was evaluated by gross ear thickness, histopathology, immunofluorescence, and cytokine production. Also, mucopolysaccharide polysulfate (MPS) and ceramide were used to observe the therapeutic function in this model. The results showed that the inflammation of CPT-induced dermatitis in Flg-/- mice was more severer than that of wild-type (WT) mice, as evident by the increased level of gross appearance, ear thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration (mast cells and CD3+ T cells), and inflammatory cytokine expression (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-13, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)). The emollients MPS and ceramide partially restored the epidermal function and alleviated the skin inflammation in Flg-/- mice with CPT-induced AD-like dermatitis. The current study demonstrated that skin barrier protein FLG is critical in the pathogenesis of AD. Also, the AD mouse model induced by CPT in Flg-/- mice could be utilized to search for drug targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhongbin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jixin Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yaxing Bai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Bingyu Pang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hongjiang Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Meng Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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5
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Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction caused by endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to various disorders such as xerosis cutis, ichthyoses, and atopic dermatitis. Filaggrin is a pivotal structural protein of the stratum corneum (SC) and provides natural moisturizing factors that play a role in skin barrier functions. Filaggrin aggregates keratin filaments, resulting in the formation of a keratin network, which binds cornified envelopes and collapse keratinocytes to flattened corneocytes. This complex network contributes to the physical strength of the skin. Filaggrin is degraded by caspase-14, calpain 1, and bleomycin hydrolases into amino acids and amino acid metabolites such as trans-urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which are pivotal natural moisturizing factors in the SC. Accordingly, filaggrin is important for the pathophysiology of skin barrier disorders, and its deficiency or dysfunction leads to a variety of skin disorders. Here, the roles and biology of filaggrin, related skin diseases, and a therapeutic strategy targeting filaggrin are reviewed. In addition, several drug candidates of different mode of actions targeting filaggrin, along with their clinical efficacy, are discussed.
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Hülpüsch C, Tremmel K, Hammel G, Bhattacharyya M, Tomassi A, Nussbaumer T, Neumann AU, Reiger M, Traidl‐Hoffmann C. Skin pH-dependent Staphylococcus aureus abundance as predictor for increasing atopic dermatitis severity. Allergy 2020; 75:2888-2898. [PMID: 32562575 DOI: 10.1111/all.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, AD) is characterized by disrupted skin barrier associated with elevated skin pH and skin microbiome dysbiosis, due to high Staphylococcus aureus loads, especially during flares. Since S aureus shows optimal growth at neutral pH, we investigated the longitudinal interplay between these factors and AD severity in a pilot study. METHOD Emollient (with either basic pH 8.5 or pH 5.5) was applied double-blinded twice daily to 6 AD patients and 6 healthy (HE) controls for 8 weeks. Weekly, skin swabs for microbiome analysis (deep sequencing) were taken, AD severity was assessed, and skin physiology (pH, hydration, transepidermal water loss) was measured. RESULTS Physiological, microbiome, and clinical results were not robustly related to the pH of applied emollient. In contrast to longitudinally stable microbiome in HE, S aureus frequency significantly increased in AD over 8 weeks. High S aureus abundance was associated with skin pH 5.7-6.2. High baseline S aureus frequency predicted both increase in S aureus and in AD severity (EASI and local SCORAD) after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Skin pH is tightly regulated by intrinsic factors and limits the abundance of S aureus. High baseline S aureus abundance in turn predicts an increase in AD severity over the study period. This underlines the importance and potential of sustained intervention regarding the skin pH and urges for larger studies linking skin pH and skin S aureus abundance to understand driving factors of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hülpüsch
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Karolina Tremmel
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Gertrud Hammel
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Madhumita Bhattacharyya
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Amedeo Tomassi
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Avidan U. Neumann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- ZIEL Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Outpatient Clinic for Environmental Medicine Universitätsklinikum Augsburg Augsburg Germany
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7
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Singh S, Marquardt Y, Rimal R, Nishiguchi A, Huth S, Akashi M, Moeller M, Baron JM. Long-Term and Clinically Relevant Full-Thickness Human Skin Equivalent for Psoriasis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6639-6647. [PMID: 35019390 PMCID: PMC9062876 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Psoriasis
is an incurable, immune-mediated inflammatory disease
characterized by the hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation
of keratinocytes. To study in depth the pathogenesis of this disease
and possible therapy options suitable, pre-clinical models are required.
Three-dimensional skin equivalents are a potential alternative to
simplistic monolayer cultures and immunologically different animal
models. However, current skin equivalents lack long-term stability,
which jeopardizes the possibility to simulate the complex disease-specific
phenotype followed by long-term therapeutic treatment. To overcome
this limitation, the cell coating technique was used to fabricate
full-thickness human skin equivalents (HSEs). This rapid and scaffold-free
fabrication method relies on coating cell membranes with nanofilms
using layer-by-layer assembly, thereby allowing extended cultivation
of HSEs up to 49 days. The advantage in time is exploited to develop
a model that not only forms a disease phenotype but can also be used
to monitor the effects of topical or systemic treatment. To generate
a psoriatic phenotype, the HSEs were stimulated with recombinant human
interleukin 17A (rhIL-17A). This was followed by systemic treatment
of the HSEs with the anti-IL-17A antibody secukinumab in the presence
of rhIL-17A. Microarray and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that HSEs
treated with rhIL-17A showed downregulation of differentiation markers
and upregulation of chemokines and cytokines, while treatment with
anti-IL-17A antibody reverted these gene regulations. Gene ontology
analysis revealed the proinflammatory and chemotactic effects of rhIL-17A
on the established HSEs. These data demonstrated, at the molecular
level, the effects of anti-IL-17A antibody on rhIL-17A-induced gene
regulations. This shows the physiological relevance of the developed
HSE and opens venues for its use as an alternative to ex vivo skin explants and animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Rahul Rimal
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Akihiro Nishiguchi
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sebastian Huth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Science, Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Jens M. Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Adame-Arana O, Weber CA, Zaburdaev V, Prost J, Jülicher F. Liquid Phase Separation Controlled by pH. Biophys J 2020; 119:1590-1605. [PMID: 33010236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a minimal model to study the effects of pH on liquid phase separation of macromolecules. Our model describes a mixture composed of water and macromolecules that exist in three different charge states and have a tendency to phase separate. This phase separation is affected by pH via a set of chemical reactions describing protonation and deprotonation of macromolecules, as well as self-ionization of water. We consider the simple case in which interactions are captured by Flory-Huggins interaction parameters corresponding to Debye screening lengths shorter than a nanometer, which is relevant to proteins inside biological cells under physiological conditions. We identify the conjugate thermodynamic variables at chemical equilibrium and discuss the effective free energy at fixed pH. First, we study phase diagrams as a function of macromolecule concentration and temperature at the isoelectric point of the macromolecules. We find a rich variety of phase diagram topologies, including multiple critical points, triple points, and first-order transition points. Second, we change the pH relative to the isoelectric point of the macromolecules and study how phase diagrams depend on pH. We find that these phase diagrams as a function of pH strongly depend on whether oppositely charged macromolecules or neutral macromolecules have a stronger tendency to phase separate. One key finding is that we predict the existence of a reentrant behavior as a function of pH. In addition, our model predicts that the region of phase separation is typically broader at the isoelectric point. This model could account for both in vitro phase separation of proteins as a function of pH and protein phase separation in yeast cells for pH values close to the isoelectric point of many cytosolic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Adame-Arana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jacques Prost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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9
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Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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10
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Guneri D, Voegeli R, Gurgul SJ, Munday MR, Lane ME, Rawlings AV. A new approach to assess the effect of photodamage on corneocyte envelope maturity using combined hydrophobicity and mechanical fragility assays. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:207-216. [PMID: 29572869 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maturity of the corneocyte envelope (CE) provides information about the barrier functionality of the stratum corneum (SC). Corneocytes are enclosed by the CE, a protein-lipid matrix, contributing to mechanical resistance and hydrophobicity of the SC. OBJECTIVES The aim of the work was to develop a novel and robust approach to characterize CE maturity based on rigidity, hydrophobicity and surface area. This offers an alternative approach to the Nile red staining and antigenicity of involucrin to characterize the CE. The photoexposed (PE) cheek and photoprotected (PP) post-auricular sites were selected for investigation. METHODS Nine tape strips were obtained from the cheek and post-auricular sites of healthy Caucasians. CEs on the first and last tape strip were subjected to sonication to assess rigidity, and Nile red staining to determine hydrophobicity per unit surface area. In addition, the presence of involucrin and lipids was assessed to determine CE maturity by examination of the red/green pixel ratio, percentage of involucrin expressing CEs and alternatively the ratio of fluorescence density. RESULTS The CE rigidity was lower in the deeper SC layers of the cheek, whereas post-auricular CEs were mechanically more resistant. Post-auricular CEs from the superficial SC had a larger surface area with a stronger fluorescence signal than those from the cheek. Interestingly, those CEs from the deeper SC layers had similar surface areas in both anatomical sites but were significantly different in hydrophobicity. These three parameters can be summarized as a relative CE maturity index that expresses CE maturity more precisely with a higher sensitivity than the conventional involucrin and Nile red staining approach. CEs of the cheek surface are more mature than CEs in the deeper SC layer, whereas CEs obtained from the post-auricular surface are more mature than those from the cheek surface. CONCLUSION The combined method developed allows characterization of CE maturity based on hydrophobicity per unit surface area and rigidity rather than a simple ratio of lipid to involucrin. A more robust and sensitive measurement has therefore been developed addressing the limitations of earlier protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guneri
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., PO Box 2676, Bldg. 205/315, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - S J Gurgul
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M R Munday
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - A V Rawlings
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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11
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Klicks J, von Molitor E, Ertongur-Fauth T, Rudolf R, Hafner M. In vitro skin three-dimensional models and their applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-179004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klicks
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elena von Molitor
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Young CA, Eckert RL, Adhikary G, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Blumenberg M, Rorke EA. Embryonic AP1 Transcription Factor Deficiency Causes a Collodion Baby-Like Phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1868-1877. [PMID: 28526300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AP1 transcription factors are important controllers of gene expression in the epidermis, and altered AP1 factor function can perturb keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, our understanding of how AP1 signaling changes may underlie or exacerbate skin disease is limited. We have shown that inhibiting AP1 factor function in suprabasal adult epidermis leads to reduced filaggrin levels and to a phenotype that resembles the genetic disorder ichthyosis vulgaris. We now show that inhibiting AP1 factor function during development in embryonic epidermis produces marked phenotypic changes including reduced filaggrin mRNA and protein levels, compromised barrier function, marked ultrastructural change, and enhanced dehydration susceptibility that resembles the phenotype observed in the flaky tail mouse, a model for ichthyosis vulgaris. In addition, the AP1 factor-deficient newborn mice display a collodion membrane phenotype that is not observed in flaky tail mice or in newborn individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris but is present in other forms of ichthyosis. This mixed phenotype suggests the need for a better understanding of the possible role of filaggrin loss and AP1 transcription factor deficiency in ichthyoses and collodion membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Young
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ellen A Rorke
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Bauer A, Waluk DP, Galichet A, Timm K, Jagannathan V, Sayar BS, Wiener DJ, Dietschi E, Müller EJ, Roosje P, Welle MM, Leeb T. A de novo variant in the ASPRV1 gene in a dog with ichthyosis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006651. [PMID: 28249031 PMCID: PMC5352138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ichthyoses are a heterogeneous group of inherited cornification disorders characterized by generalized dry skin, scaling and/or hyperkeratosis. Ichthyosis vulgaris is the most common form of ichthyosis in humans and caused by genetic variants in the FLG gene encoding filaggrin. Filaggrin is a key player in the formation of the stratum corneum, the uppermost layer of the epidermis and therefore crucial for barrier function. During terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, the precursor profilaggrin is cleaved by several proteases into filaggrin monomers and eventually processed into free amino acids contributing to the hydration of the cornified layer. We studied a German Shepherd dog with a novel form of ichthyosis. Comparing the genome sequence of the affected dog with 288 genomes from genetically diverse non-affected dogs we identified a private heterozygous variant in the ASPRV1 gene encoding "aspartic peptidase, retroviral-like 1", which is also known as skin aspartic protease (SASPase). The variant was absent in both parents and therefore due to a de novo mutation event. It was a missense variant, c.1052T>C, affecting a conserved residue close to an autoprocessing cleavage site, p.(Leu351Pro). ASPRV1 encodes a retroviral-like protease involved in profilaggrin-to-filaggrin processing. By immunofluorescence staining we showed that the filaggrin expression pattern was altered in the affected dog. Thus, our findings provide strong evidence that the identified de novo variant is causative for the ichthyosis in the affected dog and that ASPRV1 plays an essential role in skin barrier formation. ASPRV1 is thus a novel candidate gene for unexplained human forms of ichthyoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Bauer
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik P. Waluk
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Timm
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Dermavet, Oberentfelden, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beyza S. Sayar
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J. Wiener
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Hubrecht Institute, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Dietschi
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J. Müller
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Clinic for Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra Roosje
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Dermatology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika M. Welle
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Miyai M, Hamada M, Moriguchi T, Hiruma J, Kamitani-Kawamoto A, Watanabe H, Hara-Chikuma M, Takahashi K, Takahashi S, Kataoka K. Transcription Factor MafB Coordinates Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1848-1857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Diekmann J, Alili L, Scholz O, Giesen M, Holtkötter O, Brenneisen P. A three-dimensional skin equivalent reflecting some aspects of in vivo aged skin. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:56-61. [PMID: 26440058 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human skin undergoes morphological, biochemical and functional modifications during the ageing process. This study was designed to produce a 3-dimensional (3D) skin equivalent in vitro reflecting some aspects of in vivo aged skin. Reconstructed skin was generated by co-culturing skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes on a collagen-glycosaminoglycan-chitosan scaffold, and ageing was induced by the exposition of fibroblasts to Mitomycin-C (MMC). Recently published data showed that MMC treatment resulted in a drug-induced accelerated senescence (DIAS) in human dermal fibroblast cultures. Next to established ageing markers, histological changes were analysed in comparison with in vivo aged skin. In aged epidermis, the filaggrin expression is reduced in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in dermal tissue, the amount of elastin and collagen is lowered in aged skin in vivo as well as after the treatment of 3D skin equivalents with MMC in vitro. Our results show histological signs and some aspects of ageing in a 3D skin equivalent in vitro, which mimics aged skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Diekmann
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lirija Alili
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Okka Scholz
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Brenneisen
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Izadi N, Luu M, Ong PY, Tam JS. The Role of Skin Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 2:382-402. [PMID: 27417371 PMCID: PMC4928763 DOI: 10.3390/children2030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a serious public health problem with an increasing prevalence. Current management is limited to food avoidance and emergency treatment. Research into the pathogenesis of food allergy has helped to shape our understanding of how patients become sensitized to an allergen. Classically, food sensitization was thought to occur through the gastrointestinal tract, but alternative routes of sensitization are being explored, specifically through the skin. Damaged skin barrier may play a crucial role in the development of food sensitization. Better understanding of how patients initially become sensitized may help lead to the development of a safe and effective treatment for food allergies or better prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Izadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Minnelly Luu
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
| | - Jonathan S Tam
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California.
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Matsui T, Amagai M. Dissecting the formation, structure and barrier function of the stratum corneum. Int Immunol 2015; 27:269-80. [PMID: 25813515 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the mammalian body. The outermost layer of mammalian skin, the stratum corneum (SC) of the epidermis, consists of piles of dead corneocytes that are the end-products of terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. The SC performs a crucial barrier function of epidermis. Langerhans cells, when activated, extend their dendrites through tight junctions just beneath the SC to capture external antigens. Recently, knowledge of the biology of corneocytes ('corneobiology') has progressed rapidly and many key factors that modulate its barrier function have been identified and characterized. In this review article on the SC, we summarize its evolution, formation, structure and function. Cornification is an important step of SC formation at the conversion of living epithelial cells to dead corneocytes, and consists of three major steps: formation of the intracellular keratin network, cornified envelopes and intercellular lipids. After cornification, the SC undergoes chemical reactions to form the mature SC with different functional layers. Finally, the SC is shed off at the surface ('desquamation'), mediated by a cascade of several proteases. This review will be helpful to understand our expanding knowledge of the biology of the SC, where immunity meets external antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Pendaries V, Le Lamer M, Cau L, Hansmann B, Malaisse J, Kezic S, Serre G, Simon M. In a three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis filaggrin-2 is essential for proper cornification. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1656. [PMID: 25695608 PMCID: PMC4669814 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with defects in the epidermal barrier. In a cohort of African-American children, a FLG2 nonsense mutation has been associated with the disease. In the epidermis of European patients, the expression of filaggrin-2, the filaggrin-related protein encoded by FLG2, is decreased. To describe the function of filaggrin-2 and evaluate the impact of its deficiency, its expression was downregulated using lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference in a three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. This resulted in parakeratosis and a compact stratum corneum, presence of abnormal vesicles inside the corneocytes, increased pH and reduced amounts of free amino acids at the RHE surface, leading to increased sensitivity to UVB radiations. The expression of differentiation markers was slightly modified. However, we observed reduced proteolytic processing of corneodesmosin, hornerin and filaggrin in parallel with reduced amounts of caspase-14 and bleomycin hydrolase. Our data demonstrated that filaggrin-2 is important for a proper cornification and a functional stratum corneum. Its downregulation in atopic patients may be involved in the disease-associated epidermis impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pendaries
- 1] UMR5165 CNRS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [2] U1056 INSERM, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [3] University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - M Le Lamer
- 1] UMR5165 CNRS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [2] U1056 INSERM, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [3] University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - L Cau
- 1] UMR5165 CNRS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [2] U1056 INSERM, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [3] University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - B Hansmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Malaisse
- Cell and Tissue Laboratory, URPHYM-NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S Kezic
- Academic Medical Center, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 22 700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Serre
- 1] UMR5165 CNRS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [2] U1056 INSERM, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [3] University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
| | - M Simon
- 1] UMR5165 CNRS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [2] U1056 INSERM, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France [3] University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac TSA40031, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France
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Pellerin L, Paul C, Schmitt AM, Serre G, Simon M. Bleomycin hydrolase downregulation in lesional skin of adult atopic dermatitis patients is independent of FLG gene mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1459-1461.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Komova EG, Shintyapina AB, Makarova SI, Ivanov MK, Chekryga EA, Kaznacheeva LF, Vavilin VA. Filaggrin Mutations in a Western Siberian Population and Their Association with Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:791-6. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Komova
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Joint-Stock Company Vector-Best, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra B. Shintyapina
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana I. Makarova
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Elena A. Chekryga
- Regional Allergodermatological Center of the State Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 1, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Larisa F. Kaznacheeva
- Regional Allergodermatological Center of the State Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 1, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin A. Vavilin
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Pendaries V, Malaisse J, Pellerin L, Le Lamer M, Nachat R, Kezic S, Schmitt AM, Paul C, Poumay Y, Serre G, Simon M. Knockdown of Filaggrin in a Three-Dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis Impairs Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2938-2946. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Takahashi H, Tsuji H, Minami-Hori M, Miyauchi Y, Iizuka H. Defective barrier function accompanied by structural changes of psoriatic stratum corneum. J Dermatol 2014; 41:144-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitomi Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
| | - Masako Minami-Hori
- Department of Dermatology; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
| | | | - Hajime Iizuka
- Department of Dermatology; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost region of the epidermis and plays key roles in cutaneous barrier function in mammals. The SC is composed of 'bricks', represented by flattened, protein-enriched corneocytes, and 'mortar', represented by intercellular lipid-enriched layers. As a result of this 'bricks and mortar' structure, the SC can be considered as a 'rampart' that encloses water and solutes essential for physiological homeostasis and that protects mammals from physical, chemical and biological assaults. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The corneocyte cytoskeleton contains tight bundles of keratin intermediate filaments aggregated with filaggrin monomers, which are subsequently degraded into natural moisturizing compounds by various proteases, including caspase 14. A cornified cell envelope is formed on the inner surface of the corneocyte plasma membrane by transglutaminase-catalysed cross-linking of involucrin and loricrin. Ceramides form a lipid envelope by covalently binding to the cornified cell envelope, and extracellular lamellar lipids play an important role in permeability barrier function. Corneodesmosomes are the main adhesive structures in the SC and are degraded by certain serine proteases, such as kallikreins, during desquamation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The roles of the different SC components, including the structural proteins in corneocytes, extracellular lipids and some proteins associated with lipid metabolism, have been investigated in genetically engineered mice and in naturally occurring hereditary skin diseases, such as ichthyosis, ichthyosis syndrome and atopic dermatitis in humans, cattle and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nishifuji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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The multifunctional role of filaggrin in allergic skin disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:280-91. [PMID: 23374260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Filaggrin is a major structural protein in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. Mutations in the filaggrin gene are the most significant known genetic risk factor for the development of atopic dermatitis. Mutations in the human filaggrin gene (FLG) also confer risk for the associated allergic diseases of food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. These discoveries have highlighted the importance of skin barrier function in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases and have motivated a surge in research characterizing the filaggrin-deficient skin barrier and its consequences. In this review we discuss the mechanisms through which mutations in this protein contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and associated atopic conditions. We focus on recent human and murine discoveries characterizing the filaggrin-deficient epidermis with respect to biophysical, immunologic, and microbiome abnormalities.
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26
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Yoshimi N, Imai Y, Kakuno A, Tsubura A, Yamanishi K, Kurokawa I. Epithelial keratin and filaggrin expression in seborrheic keratosis: evaluation based on histopathological classification. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:707-13. [PMID: 23786588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is classified into six types: hyperkeratotic; acanthotic; irritated; clonal; reticulated; and adenoid. However, the origins of the respective types of SK remain unclear. METHODS To clarify the histogenetic origins of SK, we performed immunohistochemical studies of keratin (K) and filaggrin expression, taking into account the histopathological classifications of SK. RESULTS Hyperkeratotic SK mainly expressed K1, K10, and filaggrin. Acanthotic SK mainly expressed K14 with some K15. Irritated SK mainly expressed K14 and K17 in squamous eddies. Clonal SK, reticulated SK, and adenoid SK mainly expressed K14. The results show that hyperkeratotic SK differentiated towards squamoid terminal keratinization, whereas acanthotic, irritated, clonal, reticulated, and adenoid SK mainly differentiated towards basaloid undifferentiated cells. In addition, acanthotic SK differentiated towards the hair bulge, and irritated SK differentiated towards the follicular infrainfundibulum. CONCLUSIONS Based on the patterns of keratin and filaggrin expression demonstrated by the histopathological types, SK demonstrated diverse differentiation towards epidermal keratinization, basaloid cells, the infrainfundibulum and hair follicle bulges, which suggests that SK is in an undifferentiated and hyperproliferative state with heterogeneous differentiation. The immunohistochemical method of investigating patterns of keratin expression is useful in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yoshimi
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Pellerin L, Henry J, Hsu CY, Balica S, Jean-Decoster C, Méchin MC, Hansmann B, Rodriguez E, Weindinger S, Schmitt AM, Serre G, Paul C, Simon M. Defects of filaggrin-like proteins in both lesional and nonlesional atopic skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1094-102. [PMID: 23403047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a disturbed epidermal barrier. In a subset of patients, this is explained by nonsense mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG). OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate the respective role of FLG mutations and proinflammatory cytokines and to assess the expression of FLG, hornerin (HRNR), and FLG2, 2 FLG-like proteins, which are involved in epidermal barrier functions, in normal skin and both lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with AD. METHODS An FLG-genotyped cohort of 73 adults with AD and 73 aged-matched control subjects was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Normal primary human keratinocytes were differentiated in either the absence or presence of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-25. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, FLG, HRNR, and FLG2 were detected at significantly lower levels in the skin of patients with AD, irrespective of their FLG genotype. The reduction was greater in lesional compared with nonlesional skin. In addition, the proFLG/FLG ratio was found to be higher in the skin of wild-type patients than in control subjects. Cytokine treatment of keratinocytes induced a dramatic reduction in FLG, FLG2, and HRNR expression both at the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION The stratum corneum of lesional but also clinically unaffected skin of adults with AD is abnormal, with reduced expression of FLG and FLG-like proteins. In addition to nonsense mutations, proinflammatory cytokines and some defects in the proFLG processing can contribute to the FLG downregulation. Our study suggests that skin inflammation reduces the expression of FLG-like proteins, contributing to the AD-related epidermal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pellerin
- UMR5165 CNRS, U1056 INSERM, University of Toulouse, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Dawson DV, Drake DR, Hill JR, Brogden KA, Fischer CL, Wertz PW. Organization, barrier function and antimicrobial lipids of the oral mucosa. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:220-3. [PMID: 23320785 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As one moves from the skin across the vermilion region of the lip and into the oral cavity, the oral mucosa is encountered. The oral mucosa consists of connective tissue known as the lamina propria covered by a stratified squamous epithelium. In the regions of the hard palate and gingiva, the epithelium is keratinized like the epidermis. In the buccal region, the floor of the mouth and the underside of the tongue, the epithelium is non-keratinized. The epithelium on the dorsum of the tongue is a specialized epithelium, but can be approximated as a mosaic of keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia. The non-keratinized epithelial regions do not produce a stratum corneum. Nuclei with intact DNA are retained in the superficial cells. In all regions, the outer portions of the epithelium provide a protective permeability barrier, which varies regionally. Antimicrobial lipids at the surfaces of the oral mucosa are an integral part of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Dawson
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, N450 DSB, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Abstract
Calcium is the major regulator of keratinocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro. A calcium gradient within the epidermis promotes the sequential differentiation of keratinocytes as they traverse the different layers of the epidermis to form the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum. Calcium promotes differentiation by both outside-in and inside-out signaling. A number of signaling pathways involved with differentiation are regulated by calcium, including the formation of desmosomes, adherens junctions and tight junctions, which maintain cell-cell adhesion and play an important intracellular signaling role through their activation of various kinases and phospholipases that produce second messengers that regulate intracellular free calcium and PKC activity, critical for the differentiation process. The calcium receptor plays a central role by initiating the intracellular signaling events that drive differentiation in response to extracellular calcium. This review will discuss these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhongjian Xie
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kawasaki H, Nagao K, Kubo A, Hata T, Shimizu A, Mizuno H, Yamada T, Amagai M. Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1538-46.e6. [PMID: 22409988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin are major predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis. Although various reports suggest a critical role for filaggrin in stratum corneum (SC) barrier formation, the lack of filaggrin-null (Flg(-/-)) mice has hampered detailed in vivo analysis of filaggrin's functions. OBJECTIVE We sought to generate Flg(-/-) mice and to assess the effect of filaggrin loss on SC barrier function and percutaneous immune responses. METHODS We generated Flg(-/-) mice using gene targeting and assessed the morphology, hydration, mechanical strength, and antigen permeability of their SC. Percutaneous immune responses were evaluated through irritant- and hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity studies and by measuring humoral responses to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen. RESULTS Newborn Flg(-/-) mice exhibited dry scaly skin. Despite marked decreases in natural moisturizing factor levels, which are filaggrin degradation products, SC hydration and transepidermal water loss were normal. Microscopic analyses suggested premature shedding of SC layers, and indeed, increased desquamation under mechanical stress was demonstrated. Loss of keratin patterns, which are critical for corneocyte stabilization, is likely attributable to fragility in the Flg(-/-) SC. Antigens penetrated the Flg(-/-) SC more efficiently, leading to enhanced responses in hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity and higher serum levels of anti-ovalbumin IgG(1) and IgE. CONCLUSION Complete filaggrin deficiency led to altered barrier integrity and enhanced sensitization, which are important factors in early-phase atopic dermatitis. Flg(-/-) mice should provide a valuable tool to further explore additional factors the dysfunction of which leads to uncontrolled inflammation in patients with atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Swadźba E, Rupik W. Cross-immunoreactivity between the LH1 antibody and cytokeratin epitopes in the differentiating epidermis of embryos of the grass snake Natrix natrix L. during the end stages of embryogenesis. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:31-42. [PMID: 21222007 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal anti-cytokeratin 1/10 (LH1) antibody recognizing K1/K10 keratin epitopes that characterizes a keratinized epidermis of mammals cross-reacts with the beta and Oberhäutchen layers covering the scales and gastrosteges of grass snake embryos during the final period of epidermis differentiation. The immunolocalization of the anti-cytokeratin 1/10 (LH1) antibody appears in the beta layer of the epidermis, covering the outer surface of the gastrosteges at the beginning of developmental stage XI, and in the beta layer of the epidermis, covering the outer surface of the scales at the end of developmental stage XI. This antibody cross-reacts with the Oberhäutchen layers in the epidermis covering the outer surface of both scales and gastrosteges at developmental stages XI and XII just before its fusion with the beta layers. After fusion of the Oberhäutchen and beta layers, LH1 immunolabeling is weaker than before. This might suggest that alpha-keratins in these layers of the epidermis are masked by beta-keratins, modified, or degraded. The anti-cytokeratin 1/10 (LH1) antibody stains the Oberhäutchen layer in the epidermis covering the inner surface of the gastrosteges and the hinge regions between gastrosteges at the end of developmental stage XI. However, the Oberhäutchen of the epidermis covering the inner surfaces of the scales and the hinge regions between scales does not show cytokeratin 1/10 (LH1) immunolabeling until hatching. This cross-reactivity suggests that the beta and Oberhäutchen layers probably contain some alpha-keratins that react with the LH1 antibody. It is possible that these alpha-keratins create specific scaffolding for the latest beta-keratin deposition. It is also possible that the LH1 antibody cross-reacts with other epidermal proteins such as filament-associated proteins, i.e., filaggrin-like. The anti-cytokeratin 1/10 (LH1) antibody does not stain the alpha and mesos layers until hatching. We suppose that the differentiation of these layers will begin just after the first postnatal sloughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Swadźba
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract
The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but in possessing the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite 1,25(OH)(2)D. Furthermore, these cells also express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that enables them to respond to the 1,25(OH)(2)D they produce. Numerous functions of the skin are regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and/or its receptor. These include inhibition of proliferation, stimulation of differentiation including formation of the permeability barrier, promotion of innate immunity, and promotion of the hair follicle cycle. Regulation of these actions is exerted by a number of different coregulators including the coactivators DRIP and SRC, the cosuppressor hairless (Hr), and β-catenin. This review will examine the regulation of vitamin D production and metabolism in the skin, and explore the various functions regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Caspase-14 is required for filaggrin degradation to natural moisturizing factors in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2233-41. [PMID: 21654840 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-14 is a protease that is mainly expressed in suprabasal epidermal layers and activated during keratinocyte cornification. Caspase-14-deficient mice display reduced epidermal barrier function and increased sensitivity to UVB radiation. In these mice, profilaggrin, a protein with a pivotal role in skin barrier function, is processed correctly to its functional filaggrin (FLG) repeat unit, but proteolytic FLG fragments accumulate in the epidermis. In wild-type stratum corneum, FLG is degraded into free amino acids, some of which contribute to generation of the natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) that maintain epidermal hydration. We found that caspase-14 cleaves the FLG repeat unit and identified two caspase-14 cleavage sites. These results indicate that accumulation of FLG fragments in caspase-14(-/-) mice is due to a defect in the terminal FLG degradation pathway. Consequently, we show that the defective FLG degradation in caspase-14-deficient skin results in substantial reduction in the amount of NMFs, such as urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Taken together, we identified caspase-14 as a crucial protease in FLG catabolism.
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Matsui T, Miyamoto K, Kubo A, Kawasaki H, Ebihara T, Hata K, Tanahashi S, Ichinose S, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Kudoh J, Amagai M. SASPase regulates stratum corneum hydration through profilaggrin-to-filaggrin processing. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:320-33. [PMID: 21542132 PMCID: PMC3377080 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis, acts as a barrier against the external environment. It is hydrated by endogenous humectants to avoid desiccation. However, the molecular mechanisms of SC hydration remain unclear. We report that skin-specific retroviral-like aspartic protease (SASPase) deficiency in hairless mice resulted in dry skin and a thicker and less hydrated SC with an accumulation of aberrantly processed profilaggrin, a marked decrease of filaggrin, but no alteration in free amino acid composition, compared with control hairless mice. We demonstrated that recombinant SASPase directly cleaved a linker peptide of recombinant profilaggrin. Furthermore, missense mutations were detected in 5 of 196 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and 2 of 28 normal individuals. Among these, the V243A mutation induced complete absence of protease activity in vitro, while the V187I mutation induced a marked decrease in its activity. These findings indicate that SASPase activity is indispensable for processing profilaggrin and maintaining the texture and hydration of the SC. This provides a novel approach for elucidating the complex pathophysiology of atopic dry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Medical Top Track (MTT) Program, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Osawa R, Akiyama M, Shimizu H. Filaggrin gene defects and the risk of developing allergic disorders. Allergol Int 2011; 60:1-9. [PMID: 21173567 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-rai-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filaggrin is a key protein that facilitates terminal differentiation of the epidermis and formation of the skin barrier. Mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) have been identified as the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and have been shown to be major predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD). Approximately 40 loss-of-function FLG mutations have been identified in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and/or atopic dermatitis (AD) in Europe and Asia. Major differences exist in the spectra of FLG mutations observed between different ancestral groups. Notably, prevalent FLG mutations are distinct between European and Asian populations. Many cohort studies on FLG mutations in AD have revealed that approximately 25-50% of AD patients harbour filaggrin mutations as a predisposing factor. In addition, FLG mutations are significantly associated with AD-associated asthma. The risk for developing allergic rhinitis is also significantly higher with a FLG mutation, both with and without accompanying AD. Recent studies have hypothesized that skin barrier defects caused by FLG mutations allows allergens to penetrate the epidermis and to interact with antigen-presenting cells, leading to the development of atopic disorders including asthma. The restoration of skin barrier function seems a feasible and promising strategy for prophylactic treatment of AD patients with FLG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinko Osawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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36
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Swadźba E, Rupik W. Ultrastructural studies of epidermis keratinization in grass snake embryos Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes) during late embryogenesis. ZOOLOGY 2010; 113:339-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hildenbrand M, Rhiemeier V, Hartenstein B, Lahrmann B, Grabe N, Angel P, Hess J. Impaired skin regeneration and remodeling after cutaneous injury and chemically induced hyperplasia in taps-transgenic mice. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1922-30. [PMID: 20237492 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we identified an AP-1-dependent target gene in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated mouse back skin, which encodes a retroviral-like aspartic proteinase (Taps/Asprv1). Taps expression was detected almost exclusively in stratified epithelia of mouse embryos and adult tissues, and enhanced protein levels were present in several non-neoplastic human skin disorders, implicating a crucial role for differentiation and homeostasis of multilayered epithelia. Here, we generated a mouse model in which Taps transgene expression is under the control of the human ubiquitin C promoter (UBC-Taps). Although no obvious phenotype was observed in normal skin development and homeostasis, these mice showed a significant delay in cutaneous wound closure compared with control animals. Shortly after re-epithelialization, we found an increase in keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum, which express Filaggrin, a late differentiation marker. A hypergranulosum-like phenotype with increased numbers of Filaggrin-positive keratinocytes was also observed in UBC-Taps mice after administration of TPA. In summary, these data show that aberrant Taps expression causes impaired skin regeneration and skin remodeling after cutaneous injury and chemically induced hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Hildenbrand
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Robitaille H, Simard-Bisson C, Larouche D, Tanguay RM, Blouin R, Germain L. The Small Heat-Shock Protein Hsp27 Undergoes ERK-Dependent Phosphorylation and Redistribution to the Cytoskeleton in Response to Dual Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinase Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:74-85. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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39
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Akiyama M. FLG
mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema: spectrum of mutations and population genetics. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:472-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Kurokawa I, Yamanaka KI, Senba Y, Sugisaki H, Tsubura A, Kimura T, Mizutani H. Pilomatricoma can differentiate not only towards hair matrix and hair cortex, but also follicular infundibulum, outer root sheath and hair bulge. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:734-7. [PMID: 19469893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morizane S, Setsu N, Yamamoto T, Hamada T, Nakanishi G, Asagoe K, Iwatsuki K. Ichthyosiform eruptions in association with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:115-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Kamata Y, Taniguchi A, Yamamoto M, Nomura J, Ishihara K, Takahara H, Hibino T, Takeda A. Neutral cysteine protease bleomycin hydrolase is essential for the breakdown of deiminated filaggrin into amino acids. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12829-36. [PMID: 19286660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807908200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Filaggrin is a component of the cornified cell envelope and the precursor of free amino acids acting as a natural moisturizing factor in the stratum corneum. Deimination is critical for the degradation of filaggrin into free amino acids. In this study, we tried to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the cleavage of deiminated filaggrin in vitro. First, we investigated citrulline aminopeptidase activity in the extract of newborn rat epidermis by double layer fluorescent zymography and detected strong activity at neutral pH. Monitoring the citrulline-releasing activity, we purified an enzyme of 280 kDa, comprised of six identical subunits of 48 kDa. The NH(2) terminus of representative tryptic peptides perfectly matched the sequence of rat bleomycin hydrolase (BH). The enzyme released various amino acids except Pro from beta-naphthylamide derivatives and hydrolyzed citrulline-beta-naphthylamide most effectively. Thus, to break down deiminated filaggrin, another protease would be required. Among proteases tested, calpain I degraded the deiminated filaggrin effectively into many peptides of different mass on the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrum. We confirmed that various amino acids including citrulline were released by BH from those peptides. On the other hand, caspase 14 degraded deiminated filaggrin into a few peptides of limited mass. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human skin revealed co-localization of BH and filaggrin in the granular layer. Collectively, our results suggest that BH is essential for the synthesis of natural moisturizing factors and that calpain I would play a role as an upstream protease in the degradation of filaggrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kamata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Senba Y, Kurokawa I, Kitagawa H, Omoto Y, Yamanaka K, Isoda K, Tsubura A, Mizutani H. Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma differentiates toward the infundibulum, sebaceous duct and sebaceous cells: immunohistochemical study of keratins and filaggrin. Br J Dermatol 2008; 160:454-6. [PMID: 19077078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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EICHNER R, GENDIMENICO G, KAHN M, MALLON J, CAPETOLA R, MEZICK J. Effects of long-term retinoic acid treatment on epidermal differentiation in vivo
: specific modifications in the programme of terminal differentiation. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Biologic and genetic characterization of the novel amyloidogenic lambda light chain-secreting human cell lines, ALMC-1 and ALMC-2. Blood 2008; 112:1931-41. [PMID: 18567838 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-143040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) is a rare monoclonal plasma cell (PC) disorder characterized by the deposition of misfolded immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains (LC) in vital organs throughout the body. To our knowledge, no cell lines have ever been established from AL patients. Here we describe the establishment of the ALMC-1 and ALMC-2 cell lines from an AL patient. Both cell lines exhibit a PC phenotype and display cytokine-dependent growth. Using a comprehensive genetic approach, we established the genetic relationship between the cell lines and the primary patient cells, and we were also able to identify new genetic changes accompanying tumor progression that may explain the natural history of this patient's disease. Importantly, we demonstrate that free lambda LC secreted by both cell lines contained a beta structure and formed amyloid fibrils. Despite absolute Ig LC variable gene sequence identity, the proteins show differences in amyloid formation kinetics that are abolished by the presence of Na(2)SO(4). The formation of amyloid fibrils from these naturally secreting human LC cell lines is unprecedented. Moreover, these cell lines will provide an invaluable tool to better understand AL, from the combined perspectives of amyloidogenic protein structure and amyloid formation, genetics, and cell biology.
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Filaggrin null mutations are associated with atopic dermatitis and elevated levels of IgE in the Japanese population: a family and case-control study. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:615. [PMID: 18521703 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Filaggrin (FLG) plays an important role in the barrier function of the skin. Several loss-of-function mutations in the FLG gene have been identified in patients with ichthyosis vulgaris, and these null mutations are associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) development. In this study, we examined tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) and null mutations in FLG for possible associations with AD and atopic phenotypes in a Japanese population. Transmission disequilibrium test of 105 AD families showed that the null allele of the S2554X variant of FLG tended to be overtransmitted to AD-affected offspring; however, the P value did not reach statistical significance. In a case-control comparison of 376 AD cases and 923 nonallergic controls, the null allele of S2554X was significantly associated with AD (P = 0.0012), and the association was strengthened in subjects with AD alone (P = 0.000024). We found that 3321delA and S2554X were also associated with elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Combined null mutation carriers were observed more in AD patients and in subjects with high IgE than in control subjects. The combined P value for the family and case-control data was significant for the S2554X and combined null mutations. Our data further support the importance of FLG in AD development.
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48
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Chang YC, Wu WM, Chen CH, Hu CF, Hsu LA. Association between P478S polymorphism of the filaggrin gene and risk of psoriasis in a Chinese population in Taiwan. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:133-7. [PMID: 18193244 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal keratinocyte terminal differentiation is one of the important characteristics of psoriatic lesions. Filaggrin (FLG) is a key protein that facilitates the terminal differentiation of the epidermis. Thus, FLG genetic variants may modify the risk of psoriasis. In total, 314 patients with psoriasis and 611 control subjects were analyzed for the presence of FLG R501X, 2282del4 mutations, and P478S (rs11584340, C/T base change) polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The analysis revealed that both the R501X and 2282del4 mutations were not present in a subset of 200 patients (64%) with psoriasis. In contrast, a marginally significant difference (P = 0.020) was found in the distribution of rs11584340 genotype frequencies between psoriatic patients and controls. The frequency of the TT genotype in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than in controls (37.9% vs. 29.1%, respectively, P = 0.007). The T allele frequency of patients (60.5%) was also significantly higher than that of controls (53.9%) (P = 0.007). After adjusting for age and gender, carriers of the TT genotype were 1.46 (95% CI, 1.08-1.96) times more likely than non-carriers to have psoriasis (P = 0.013). In conclusion, our results suggest that FLG P478S polymorphism may confer susceptibility to the development of psoriasis among Taiwanese Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Abstract
The epidermis of the skin, acting as the primary physical barrier between self and environment, is a dynamic tissue whose maintenance is critical to the survival of an organism. Like most other tissues and organs, the epidermis is maintained and repaired by a population of resident somatic stem cells. The epidermal stem cells reside in the proliferative basal cell layer and are believed to persist for the lifetime of an individual. Acting through intermediaries known as transit amplifying cells, epidermal stem cells ensure that the enormous numbers of keratinocytes required for epidermal homeostasis to be maintained are generated. This continual demand for new cell production must be met over the entire lifetime of an individual. Breakdown of the epidermal barrier would have catastrophic consequences. This leads us to question whether or not epidermal stem cells represent a unique population of cells which, by necessity, might be resistant to cellular aging. We hypothesized that the full physiologic functional capacity of epidermal stem cells is maintained over an entire lifetime. Using murine skin epidermis as our model system, we compared several properties of young and old adult epidermal stem cells. We found that, over an average mouse's lifetime, there was no measurable loss in the physiologic functional capacity of epidermal stem cells, leading us to conclude that murine epidermal stem cells resist cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Stern
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA 52242, USA
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50
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Nomura T, Sandilands A, Akiyama M, Liao H, Evans AT, Sakai K, Ota M, Sugiura H, Yamamoto K, Sato H, Palmer CNA, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Shimizu H. Unique mutations in the filaggrin gene in Japanese patients with ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:434-40. [PMID: 17291859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin is a key protein involved in skin barrier function. Recently, mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, were identified in European families with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and shown to be an important predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE To study the role of FLG mutations in IV/AD in Japan. METHODS The known filaggrin mutations were studied by genotyping and new mutations identified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS The European-specific mutations R501X and 2282del4 were absent from 253 Japanese individuals. We therefore sequenced the FLG gene in 4 Japanese families with IV and identified 2 novel mutations, 3321delA and S2554X. Immunohistologic and ultrastructural observations indicated that both truncation mutations lead to a striking reduction of keratohyalin granules in the epidermis. We screened 143 Japanese patients with AD for these FLG null mutations and identified them in 8 patients with AD (5.6%), including S2554X in 6 patients (4.2%) and 3321delA in 2 patients (1.4%). Both null variants were absent from 156 unrelated Japanese nonatopic and nonichthyotic controls, giving a significant statistical association between the FLG mutations and AD (chi(2)P value, .0015). This is the first report of FLG mutations in a non-European population. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that FLG mutations in Japan are unique from those found in European-origin populations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Filaggrin null variants are also significant predisposing factors for AD in Japan and, on the basis of the recent European studies, may predict a more severe and persistent form of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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