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Hussain I, Zhao T, Wang Y, Lei N, Liu K, Yu H, Zhang Y, Muhammad U, Ullah H, Yu X. Melatonin and copper oxide nanoparticles synergistically mitigate clubroot disease and enhance growth dynamics in Brassica rapa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:109020. [PMID: 39128405 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Clubroot, a devastating soil borne disease affecting 30%∼50% of Brassicaceae crops worldwide, lacks effective control measures. In the present study, we explored the potential of melatonin (MT) and copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) in mitigating clubroot severity in the Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. Following 18 h priming with MT, CuO-NPs, or both seeds were grown in controlled environment using synthetic potting mix. Inoculated with Plasmodiophora brassicae spores on 5th day, followed by a soil drench phyto-nano treatment with a week interval. Plants were assessed for various health and growth indices including disease, biometrics, photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activity, hormones and genes expression at onset of secondary clubroot infection using established protocols. Statistical analysis employed ANOVA with Fisher's LSD for significance assessment (P < 0.05). Our results revealed that seed priming with both MT (50 μMol/L) and CuO-NPs (200 mg/L), followed by soil drenching significantly reduced clubroot incidence (38%) and disease index (57%), compared to control treatments. This synergistic effect was associated with enhanced plant growth (shoots: 48% and roots: 59%). Plants treated with both MT and CuO-NPs showed robust antioxidant defenses, significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD (25/29%)), catalase (CAT (83/55%)), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX (83/46%)) activity in both shoots/roots, respectively, compared to infected control. Notably, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels doubled in treated plants, while stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) decreased by 80% in roots and 21% in shoots. Gene expression analysis corroborated these findings, showing that the combined treatment activated antioxidant defense genes (SOD, APX and CAT) by 1.9-7.2-fold and upregulated hormone signaling genes JAZ1 (7.8-fold), MYC2 (3.9-fold) and SABP2 (36-fold). Conversely, ABA biosynthesis genes (ABA1 and NCED1) were downregulated up to 7.2-fold, while plant resistance genes NPR1, PRB1 and PDF1.2 were dramatically increased by up to 6.3-fold compared to infected plants. Overall, our combined treatment approach significantly reduces clubroot severity in B. rapa via enhanced antioxidant defenses, improved ROS scavenging, coordinated hormonal regulation and increased pathogen response genes. This study offers promising strategy for developing effective control measures against clubroot in susceptible cruciferous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Lei
- Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiwen Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongrui Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Uzair Muhammad
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Habib Ullah
- Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China.
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Liu R, Wang T, Wang J, Yan D, Lian Y, Lu Z, Hong Y, Yuan X, Wang Y, Li R. The Physiological Mechanism of Exogenous Melatonin on Improving Seed Germination and the Seedling Growth of Red Clover ( Trifolium pretense L.) under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2527. [PMID: 39274011 PMCID: PMC11397702 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress can affect various physiological processes in plants, ultimately hindering their growth and development. Melatonin (MT) can effectively resist multiple abiotic stresses, improving plant stress resistance. To analyze the mechanism of exogenous MT to enhance salt tolerance in red clover, we conducted a comprehensive study to examine the influence of exogenous MT on various parameters, including seed germination indices, seedling morphological traits, and physiological and photosynthetic indicators, using four distinct red clover varieties (H1, H2, H3, and H4). This investigation was performed under various salt stress conditions with differing pH values, specifically utilizing NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 as the salt stressors. The results showed that MT solution immersion significantly improved the germination indicators of red clover seeds under salt stress. The foliar spraying of 50 μM and 25 μM MT solution significantly increased SOD activity (21-127%), POD activity, soluble sugar content, proline content (22-117%), chlorophyll content (2-66%), and the net photosynthetic rate. It reduced the MDA content (14-55%) and intercellular CO2 concentration of red clover seedlings under salt stress. Gray correlation analysis and the Mantel test further verified that MT is a key factor in enhancing seed germination and seedling growth of red clover under salt stress; the most significant improvement was observed for NaHCO3 stress. MT is demonstrated to improve the salt tolerance of red clover through a variety of mechanisms, including an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulation ability, and cell membrane stability. Additionally, it improves photosynthetic efficiency and plant architecture, promoting energy production, growth, and optimal resource allocation. These mechanisms function synergistically, enabling red clover to sustain normal growth and development under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiajie Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Di Yan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yijia Lian
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhengzong Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yue Hong
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ye Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing 102206, China
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Kumar R, Chanda B, Adkins S, Kousik CS. Comparative transcriptome analysis of resistant and susceptible watermelon genotypes reveals the role of RNAi, callose, proteinase, and cell wall in squash vein yellowing virus resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1426647. [PMID: 39157511 PMCID: PMC11327015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1426647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is the third largest fruit crop in the world in term of production. However, it is susceptible to several viruses. Watermelon vine decline (WVD), caused by whitefly-transmitted squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV), is a disease that has caused over $60 million in losses in the US and continues to occur regularly in southeastern states. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to SqVYV is important for effective disease management. A time-course transcriptomic analysis was conducted on resistant (392291-VDR) and susceptible (Crimson Sweet) watermelon genotypes inoculated with SqVYV. Significantly higher levels of SqVYV were observed over time in the susceptible compared to the resistant genotype. The plasmodesmata callose binding protein (PDCB) gene, which is responsible for increased callose deposition in the plasmodesmata, was more highly expressed in the resistant genotype than in the susceptible genotype before and after inoculation, suggesting the inhibition of cell-to-cell movement of SqVYV. The potential role of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway was observed in the resistant genotype based on differential expression of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), translin, DICER, ribosome inactivating proteins, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR), and Argonaute (AGO) genes after inoculation. The significant differential expression of hormone-related genes, including those involved in the ethylene, jasmonic acid, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid signaling pathways, was observed, emphasizing their regulatory roles in the defense response. Genes regulating pectin metabolism, cellulose synthesis, cell growth and development, xenobiotic metabolism, and lignin biosynthesis were overexpressed in the susceptible genotype, suggesting that alterations in cell wall integrity and growth processes result in disease symptom development. These findings will be helpful for further functional studies and the development of SqVYV-resistant watermelon cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
- ORISE participant, USVL, USDA-ARS, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bidisha Chanda
- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Scott Adkins
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Chandrasekar S. Kousik
- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL), United States Department of Agriculture, Charleston, SC, United States
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Khan M, Hussain A, Yun BW, Mun BG. Melatonin: The Multifaceted Molecule in Plant Growth and Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6799. [PMID: 38928504 PMCID: PMC11203645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL), a hormone primarily known for its role in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms in animals, has emerged as a multifaceted molecule in plants. Recent research has shed light on its diverse functions in plant growth and defense mechanisms. This review explores the intricate roles of MEL in plant growth and defense responses. MEL is involved in plant growth owing to its influence on hormone regulation. MEL promotes root elongation and lateral root formation and enhances photosynthesis, thereby promoting overall plant growth and productivity. Additionally, MEL is implicated in regulating the circadian rhythm of plants, affecting key physiological processes that influence plant growth patterns. MEL also exhibits antioxidant properties and scavenges reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Furthermore, it activates defense pathways against various biotic stressors. MEL also enhances the production of secondary metabolites that contribute to plant resistance against environmental changes. MEL's ability to modulate plant response to abiotic stresses has also been extensively studied. It regulates stomatal closure, conserves water, and enhances stress tolerance by activating stress-responsive genes and modulating signaling pathways. Moreover, MEL and nitric oxide cooperate in stress responses, antioxidant defense, and plant growth. Understanding the mechanisms underlying MEL's actions in plants will provide new insights into the development of innovative strategies for enhancing crop productivity, improving stress tolerance, and combating plant diseases. Further research in this area will deepen our knowledge of MEL's intricate functions and its potential applications in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Khan
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Xu H, Zhang S, Liang C, Li M, Wang R, Song J, Cui Z, Yang Y, Liu J, Li D. Melatonin enhances resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea in pear by promoting jasmonic acid and phlorizin biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:470. [PMID: 38811892 PMCID: PMC11134937 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Ring rot, caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, is an important fungal disease of pear fruit during postharvest storage. Melatonin, as a plant growth regulator, plays an important role in enhancing the stress resistance of pear fruits. It enhances the resistance of pear fruits to ring rot by enhancing their antioxidant capacity. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of melatonin on the growth of B. dothidea. Results showed that melatonin did not limit the growth of B. dothidea during in vitro culture. However, metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses of 'Whangkeumbae' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) revealed that melatonin increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), in the fruit and activated the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway to improve fruit resistance. Furthermore, melatonin treatment significantly increased the contents of jasmonic acid and phlorizin in pear fruit, both of which could improve disease resistance. Jasmonic acid regulates melatonin synthesis and can also promote phlorizin synthesis, ultimately improving the resistance of pear fruit to ring rot. In summary, the interaction between melatonin and jasmonic acid and phlorizin enhances the antioxidant defense response and phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway of pear fruit, thereby enhancing the resistance of pear fruit to ring rot disease. Our results provide new insights into the application of melatonin in the resistance to pear fruit ring rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Siying Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, 265200, China
| | - Min Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiankun Song
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhenhua Cui
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jianlong Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Dingli Li
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Rahmanzadeh-Ishkeh S, Shirzad H, Tofighi Z, Fattahi M, Ghosta Y. Exogenous melatonin prolongs raspberry postharvest life quality by increasing some antioxidant and enzyme activity and phytochemical contents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11508. [PMID: 38769439 PMCID: PMC11106078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing trend towards enhancing the post-harvest shelf life and maintaining the nutritional quality of horticultural products using eco-friendly methods. Raspberries are valued for their diverse array of phenolic compounds, which are key contributors to their health-promoting properties. However, raspberries are prone to a relatively short post-harvest lifespan. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous melatonin (MEL; 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM) on decay control and shelf-life extension. The results demonstrated that MEL treatment significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P ≤ 0.01). Based on the findings, MEL treatment significantly increased titratable acidity (TA), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC). Furthermore, the MEL-treated samples showed increased levels of rutin and quercetin content, as well as antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP). Additionally, the samples exhibited higher levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT) enzymes compared to the control samples. Moreover, the levels of pH, total soluble solids (TSS), and IC50 were decreased in the MEL-treated samples (P ≤ 0.01). The highest amount of TA (0.619 g/100 ml juice), rutin (16.722 µg/ml juice) and quercetin (1.467 µg/ml juice), and PAL activity (225.696 nm/g FW/min) was observed at 0.001 mM treatment, while, the highest amount of TAC (227.235 mg Cy-g/100 ml juice) at a concentration of 0.01 mM and CAT (0.696 u/g FW) and TAL activities (9.553 nm/100 g FW) at a concentration of 0.1 mM were obtained. Considering the lack of significant differences in the effects of melatonin concentrations and the low dose of 0.001 mM, this concentration is recommended for further research. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) divided the treatments into three groups based on their characteristics. Based on the Pearson correlation between TPC, TFC, TAC, and TAA, a positive correlation was observed with antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and enzyme (PAL and CAT) activities. The results of this study have identified melatonin as an eco-friendly compound that enhances the shelf life of raspberry fruits by improving phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant and enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Habib Shirzad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Zahra Tofighi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fattahi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Youbert Ghosta
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Cheng HY, Wang W, Wang W, Yang MY, Zhou YY. Interkingdom Hormonal Regulations between Plants and Animals Provide New Insight into Food Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4-26. [PMID: 38156955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Food safety has become an attractive topic among consumers. Raw material production for food is also a focus of social attention. As hormones are widely used in agriculture and human disease control, consumers' concerns about the safety of hormone agents have never disappeared. The present review focuses on the interkingdom regulations of exogenous animal hormones in plants and phytohormones in animals, including physiology and stress resistance. We summarize these interactions to give the public, researchers, and policymakers some guidance and suggestions. Accumulated evidence demonstrates comprehensive hormonal regulation across plants and animals. Animal hormones, interacting with phytohormones, help regulate plant development and enhance environmental resistance. Correspondingly, phytohormones may also cause damage to the reproductive and urinary systems of animals. Notably, the disease-resistant role of phytohormones is revealed against neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These resistances derive from the control for abnormal cell cycle, energy balance, and activity of enzymes. Further exploration of these cross-kingdom mechanisms would surely be of greater benefit to human health and agriculture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Human Development Family Studies, Iowa State University, 2330 Palmer Building, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mu-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Kong M, Ali Q, Jing H, Hussain A, Wang F, Liu X, Gao X, Xu HL. Exogenous Melatonin Regulates Plant-Disease Interaction by Inducing Maize Resistance and Decreasing the Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14108. [PMID: 38148237 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants cannot avoid environmental challenges and are constantly threatened by diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, plants have developed a unique immune system to defend themselves against the invasion of various pathogens. Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine has positive physiological effects in plants that are involved in disease resistance. The processes underlying melatonin-induced pathogen resistance in plants are still unknown. The current study explores how melatonin regulates the plant-disease interaction in maize. The results showed that 400 μM melatonin strongly reduced the disease lesion on maize stalks by 1.5 cm and corn by 4.0 cm caused by Fusarium graminearum PH-1. Furthermore, after treatment with melatonin, the plant defense enzymes like SOD significantly increased, while POD and APX significantly decreased compared to the control. In addition, melatonin can also improve maize's innate immunity, which is mediated by melatonin treatments through the salicylic acid signaling pathway, and up-regulate the defense-associated expression of PR1, LOX1, OXR, serPIN, and WIPI genes in maize. Melatonin not only inhibits the disease in the maize stalks and corn, but also down-regulates the deoxynivalenol (DON) production-related expression of genes Tri1, Tri4, Tri5, and Tri6 in maize. Overall, this study sheds new light on the mechanisms by which melatonin regulates antioxidant enzymes and defense-related genes involved in plant immunity to effectively suppress plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Kong
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Hairong Jing
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Amjad Hussain
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuli Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Lian Xu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Bi R, Li R, Xu Z, Cai H, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Wu B, Sun P, Yang W, Zheng L, Chen XL, Luo CX, Teng H, Li Q, Li G. Melatonin targets MoIcl1 and works synergistically with fungicide isoprothiolane in rice blast control. J Pineal Res 2023; 75:e12896. [PMID: 37458404 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonina natural harmless molecule-displays versatile roles in human health and crop disease control such as for rice blast. Rice blast, caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one devastating disease of rice. Application of fungicides is one of the major measures in the control of various crop diseases. However, fungicide resistance in the pathogen and relevant environmental pollution are becoming serious problems. By screening for possible synergistic combinations, here, we discovered an eco-friendly combination for rice blast control, melatonin, and the fungicide isoprothiolane. These compounds together exhibited significant synergistic inhibitory effects on vegetative growth, conidial germination, appressorium formation, penetration, and plant infection by M. oryzae. The combination of melatonin and isoprothiolane reduced the effective concentration of isoprothiolane by over 10-fold as well as residual levels of isoprothiolane. Transcriptomics and lipidomics revealed that melatonin and isoprothiolane synergistically interfered with lipid metabolism by regulating many common targets, including the predicted isocitrate lyase-encoding gene MoICL1. Furthermore, using different techniques, we show that melatonin and isoprothiolane interact with MoIcl1. This study demonstrates that melatonin and isoprothiolane function synergistically and can be used to reduce the dosage and residual level of isoprothiolane, potentially contributing to the environment-friendly and sustainable control of crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyi Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanyu Cai
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bangting Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guotian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, The Center for Crop Nanobiotechnology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Khan MSS, Ahmed S, Ikram AU, Hannan F, Yasin MU, Wang J, Zhao B, Islam F, Chen J. Phytomelatonin: A key regulator of redox and phytohormones signaling against biotic/abiotic stresses. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102805. [PMID: 37406579 PMCID: PMC10363481 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants being sessile in nature, are exposed to unwarranted threats as a result of constantly changing environmental conditions. These adverse factors can have negative impacts on their growth, development, and yield. Hormones are key signaling molecules enabling cells to respond rapidly to different external and internal stimuli. In plants, melatonin (MT) plays a critical role in the integration of various environmental signals and activation of stress-response networks to develop defense mechanisms and plant resilience. Additionally, melatonin can tackle the stress-induced alteration of cellular redox equilibrium by regulating the expression of redox hemostasis-related genes and proteins. The purpose of this article is to compile and summarize the scientific research pertaining to MT's effects on plants' resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we have summarized that MT exerts a synergistic effect with other phytohormones, for instance, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and activates plant defense-related genes against phytopathogens. Furthermore, MT interacts with secondary messengers like Ca2+, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species to regulate the redox network. This interaction triggers different transcription factors to alleviate stress-related responses in plants. Hence, the critical synergic role of MT with diverse plant hormones and secondary messengers demonstrates phytomelatonin's importance in influencing multiple mechanisms to contribute to plant resilience against harsh environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulaiman Ahmed
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Aziz Ul Ikram
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fakhir Hannan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Umair Yasin
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biying Zhao
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Faisal Islam
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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11
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Gupta R. Melatonin: A promising candidate for maintaining food security under the threat of phytopathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107691. [PMID: 37031544 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune response is tightly controlled by an interplay of various phytohormones and plant growth regulators. Among them, the role of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene is well established while some others such as nitric oxide, polyamines, and hydrogen sulfide have appeared to be key regulators of plant immunity. In addition, some other chemicals, such as melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), are apparently turning out to be the novel regulators of plant defense responses. Melatonin has shown promising results in enhancing resistance of plants to a variety of pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, however, the molecular mechanism of melatonin-mediated plant immune regulation is currently elusive. Evidence gathered so far indicates that melatonin regulates plant immunity by (1) facilitating the maintenance of ROS homeostasis, (2) interacting with other phytohormones and growth regulators, and (3) inducing the accumulation of defense molecules. Therefore, engineering crops with improved melatonin production could enhance crop productivity under stress conditions. This review extends our understanding of the multifaceted role of melatonin in the regulation of plant defense response and presents a putative pathway of melatonin functioning and its interaction with phytohormones during biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, South Korea.
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12
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Yang LL, Li QL, Han XY, Jiang XL, Wang H, Shi YJ, Chen LL, Li HL, Liu YQ, Yang X, Shi Y. A cysteine-rich secretory protein involves in phytohormone melatonin mediated plant resistance to CGMMV. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:215. [PMID: 37098482 PMCID: PMC10127030 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is considered to be a polyfunctional master regulator in animals and higher plants. Exogenous melatonin inhibits plant infection by multiple diseases; however, the role of melatonin in Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) infection remains unknown. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that exogenous melatonin treatment can effectively control CGMMV infection. The greatest control effect was achieved by 3 days of root irrigation at a melatonin concentration of 50 μM. Exogenous melatonin showed preventive and therapeutic effects against CGMMV infection at early stage in tobacco and cucumber. We utilized RNA sequencing technology to compare the expression profiles of mock-inoculated, CGMMV-infected, and melatonin+CGMMV-infected tobacco leaves. Defense-related gene CRISP1 was specifically upregulated in response to melatonin, but not to salicylic acid (SA). Silencing CRISP1 enhanced the preventive effects of melatonin on CGMMV infection, but had no effect on CGMMV infection. We also found exogenous melatonin has preventive effects against another Tobamovirus, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate that exogenous melatonin controls two Tobamovirus infections and inhibition of CRISP1 enhanced melatonin control effects against CGMMV infection, which may lead to the development of a novel melatonin treatment for Tobamovirus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qing-Lun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xing-Lin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ya-Juan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hong-Lian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yi-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, 510550, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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13
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Gao Y, Chen H, Chen D, Hao G. Genetic and evolutionary dissection of melatonin response signaling facilitates the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12850. [PMID: 36585354 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of gene families during evolution could generate functional diversity among their members to regulate plant growth and development. Melatonin, a phylogenetically ancient molecule, is vital for many aspects of a plant's life. Understanding the functional diversity of the molecular players involved in melatonin biosynthesis, signaling, and metabolism will facilitate the regulation of plant phenotypes. However, the molecular mechanism of melatonin response signaling elements in regulating this network still has many challenges. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of the functional diversity and evolution of molecular components in melatonin signaling pathway. Genetic analysis of multiple mutants in plant species will shed light on the role of gene families in melatonin regulatory pathways. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes was performed, which will facilitate the identification of melatonin-related genes for future study. Based on the abovementioned signal networks, the mechanism of these genes was summarized to provide reference for studying the regulatory mechanism of melatonin in plant phenotypes. We hope that this work will facilitate melatonin research in higher plants and finely tuned spatio-temporal regulation of melatonin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
| | - Gefei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Li J, Huang T, Xia M, Lu J, Xu X, Liu H, Zhang W. Exogenous melatonin mediates radish ( Raphanus sativus) and Alternaria brassicae interaction in a dose-dependent manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1126669. [PMID: 36923135 PMCID: PMC10009256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1126669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable worldwide, but its sustainable production and breeding are highly threatened by blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae. Melatonin is an important growth regulator that can influence physiological activities in both plants and microbes and stimulate biotic stress resistance in plants. In this study, 0-1500 μM melatonin was exogenously applied to healthy radish seedlings, in vitro incubated A. brassicae, and diseased radish seedlings to determine the effects of melatonin on host, pathogen, and host-pathogen interaction. At sufficient concentrations (0-500 μM), melatonin enhanced growth and immunity of healthy radish seedlings by improving the function of organelles and promoting the biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes, chitin, organic acid, and defense proteins. Interestingly, melatonin also improved colony growth, development, and virulence of A. brassicae. A strong dosage-dependent effect of melatonin was observed: 50-500 μM promoted host and pathogen vitality and resistance (500 μM was optimal) and 1500 μM inhibited these processes. Significantly less blight was observed on diseased seedlings treated with 500 μM melatonin, indicating that melatonin more strongly enhanced the growth and immunity of radish than it promoted the development and virulence of A. brassicae at this treatment concentration. These effects of MT were mediated by transcriptional changes of key genes as identified by RNA-seq, Dual RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR. The results from this work provide a theoretical basis for the application of melatonin to protect vegetable crops against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingmin Huang
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- School of Computing, Chongqing College of Humanities, Science and Technology, Hechuan, China
| | - Jinbiao Lu
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiuhong Xu
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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15
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Hernández-Ruiz J, Giraldo-Acosta M, El Mihyaoui A, Cano A, Arnao MB. Melatonin as a Possible Natural Anti-Viral Compound in Plant Biocontrol. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:781. [PMID: 36840129 PMCID: PMC9961163 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional and ubiquitous molecule. In animals, melatonin is a hormone that is involved in a wide range of physiological activities and is also an excellent antioxidant. In plants, it has been considered a master regulator of multiple physiological processes as well as of hormonal homeostasis. Likewise, it is known for its role as a protective biomolecule and activator of tolerance and resistance against biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Since infections by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses in crops result in large economic losses, interest has been aroused in determining whether melatonin plays a relevant role in plant defense systems against pathogens in general, and against viruses in particular. Currently, several strategies have been applied to combat infection by pathogens, one of them is the use of eco-friendly chemical compounds that induce systemic resistance. Few studies have addressed the use of melatonin as a biocontrol agent for plant diseases caused by viruses. Exogenous melatonin treatments have been used to reduce the incidence of several virus diseases, reducing symptoms, virus titer, and even eradicating the proliferation of viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Apple Stem Grooving Virus, Rice Stripe Virus and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus in tomato, apple, rice and eggplant, respectively. The possibilities of using melatonin as a possible natural virus biocontrol agent are discussed.
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16
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Melatonin treatment improves nutritional value and antioxidant enzyme activity of Physalis peruviana fruit during storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Li R, Bi R, Cai H, Zhao J, Sun P, Xu W, Zhou Y, Yang W, Zheng L, Chen XL, Wang G, Wang D, Liu J, Teng H, Li G. Melatonin functions as a broad-spectrum antifungal by targeting a conserved pathogen protein kinase. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12839. [PMID: 36314656 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a low-cost natural small indole molecule with versatile biological functions. However, melatonin's fungicidal potential has not been fully exploited, and the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that melatonin broadly inhibited 13 plant pathogens. In the rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, melatonin inhibited fungal growth, formation of infection-specific structures named appressoria, and plant infection, reducing disease severity. Melatonin entered fungal cells efficiently and colocalized with the critical mitogen-activated protein kinase named Mps1, suppressing phosphorylation of Mps1. Melatonin's affinity for Mps1 via two hydrogen bonds was demonstrated using surface plasmon resonance and chemical modifications. To improve melatonin's efficiency, we obtained 20 melatonin derivatives. Tert-butyloxycarbonyl melatonin showed a 25-fold increase in fungicidal activities, demonstrating the feasibility of chemical modifications in melatonin modification. Our study demonstrated the broad-spectrum fungicidal effect of melatonin by suppressing Mps1 as one of the targets. Through further systematic modifications, developing an eco-friendly melatonin derivative of commercial values for agricultural applications appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanyu Cai
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weilong Xu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the role of phytohormones and phenylpropanoid pathway in early-stage resistance against powdery mildew in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1016822. [PMID: 36340394 PMCID: PMC9632293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Yield and fruit quality loss by powdery mildew (PM) fungus is a major concern in cucurbits, but early-stage resistance mechanisms remain elusive in the majority of cucurbits. Here, we explored the comparative transcriptomic dynamics profiling of resistant line ZXG1755 (R) and susceptible line ZXG1996 (S) 48 h post-inoculation in watermelon seedlings to check precise expression changes induced by Podosphaera. xanthii race '2F'. Phenotypic responses were confirmed by microscopy and endogenous levels of defense and signaling related phytochromes were detected higher in resistant lines. In total, 7642 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, and 57.27% of genes were upregulated in four combinations. DEGs were predominantly abundant in the KEGG pathway linked with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone and transduction, and phenylalanine metabolism, whereas GO terms of defense response, response to fungus, and chitin response were predominant in resistant lines, evidencing significant defense mechanisms and differences in the basal gene expression levels between these contrasting lines. The expression of selected DEGs from major pathways (hormonal, lignin, peroxidase, sugar) were validated via qRT-PCR. Detailed analysis of DEGs evidenced that along with other DEGs, genes including PR1 (Cla97C02G034020) and PRX (Cla97C11G207220/30, Cla97C02G045100 and Cla97C02G049950) should be studied for their potential role. In short, our study portrayed strong evidence indicating the important role of a complex network associated with lignin biosynthesis and phytohormone related downstream mechanisms that are responsible for incompatible interaction between PM and watermelon resistance line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China
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19
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Liu Y, Wang X, Lv H, Cao M, Li Y, Yuan X, Zhang X, Guo YD, Zhang N. Anabolism and signaling pathways of phytomelatonin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5801-5817. [PMID: 35430630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytomelatonin is a small multifunctional molecule found ubiquitously in plants, which plays an important role in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The classical biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of phytomelatonin have been elucidated, and uncovering alternative pathways has deepened our understanding of phytomelatonin synthesis. Phytomelatonin functions mainly via two pathways. In the direct pathway, phytomelatonin mediates the stress-induced reactive oxygen species burst through its strong antioxidant capacity. In the indirect pathway, phytomelatonin acts as a signal to activate signaling cascades and crosstalk with other plant hormones. The phytomelatonin receptor PMTR1/CAND2 was discovered in 2018, which enhanced our understanding of phytomelatonin function. This review summarizes the classical and potential pathways involved in phytomelatonin synthesis and metabolism. To elucidate the functions of phytomelatonin, we focus on the crosstalk between phytomelatonin and other phytohormones. We propose two models to explain how PMTR1 transmits the phytomelatonin signal through the G protein and MAPK cascade. This review will facilitate the identification of additional signaling molecules that function downstream of the phytomelatonin signaling pathway, thus improving our understanding of phytomelatonin signal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng Cao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongchong Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Huasheng Agriculture Co. Ltd, Qingzhou, Shandong, 262500, China
| | - Xichun Zhang
- School of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang-Dong Guo
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572000, China
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20
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Zeng H, Bai Y, Wei Y, Reiter RJ, Shi H. Phytomelatonin as a central molecule in plant disease resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5874-5885. [PMID: 35298631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an essential phytohormone in the regulation of many plant processes, including during plant development and in response to stress. Pathogen infections cause serious damage to plants and reduce agricultural production. Recent studies indicate that melatonin plays important roles in alleviating bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and post-harvest fruits. Herein, we summarize information related to the effects of melatonin on plant disease resistance. Melatonin, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species form a complex loop in plant-pathogen interaction to regulate plant disease resistance. Moreover, crosstalk of melatonin with other phytohormones including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin, and abscisic acid further activates plant defense genes. Melatonin plays an important role not only in plant immunity but also in alleviating pathogenicity. We also summarize the known processes by which melatonin mediates pathogenicity via negatively regulating the expression levels of genes related to cell viability as well as virulence-related genes. The multiple mechanisms underlying melatonin influences on both plant immunity and pathogenicity support the recognition of the essential nature of melatonin in plant-pathogen interactions, highlighting phytomelatonin as a critical molecule in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
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21
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Micronutrients Affect Expression of Induced Resistance Genes in Hydroponically Grown Watermelon against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and Meloidogyne incognita. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101136. [PMID: 36297194 PMCID: PMC9608861 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogens, particularly Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) and southern root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) are the major threats to watermelon production in the southeastern United States. The role of soil micronutrients on induced resistance (IR) to plant diseases is well-documented in soil-based media. However, soil-based media do not allow us to determine the contribution of individual micronutrients in the induction of IR. In this manuscript, we utilized hydroponics-medium to assess the effect of controlled application of micronutrients, including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) on the expression of important IR genes (PR1, PR5, and NPR1 from salicylic acid (SA) pathway, and VSP, PDF, and LOX genes from jasmonic acid (JA) pathway) in watermelon seedlings upon inoculation with either FON or RKN or both. A subset of micronutrient-treated plants was inoculated (on the eighth day of micronutrient application) with FON and RKN (single or mixed inoculation). The expression of the IR genes in treated and control samples was evaluated using qRT-PCR. Although, significant phenotypic differences were not observed with respect to the severity of wilt symptoms or RKN galling with any of the micronutrient treatments within the 30-day experimental period, differences in the induction of IR genes were considerably noticeable. However, the level of gene expression varied with sampling period, type and concentration of micronutrients applied, and pathogen inoculation. In the absence of pathogens, micronutrient applications on the seventh day, in general, downregulated the expression of the majority of the IR genes. However, pathogen inoculation preferentially either up- or down-regulated the expression levels of the IR genes at three days post-inoculation depending on the type and concentration of micronutrients. The results demonstrated here indicate that micronutrients in watermelon may potentially make watermelon plants susceptible to infection by FON and RKN. However, upon infection the IR genes are significantly up-regulated that they may potentially aid the prevention of further infection via SA- and JA-pathways. This is the first demonstration of the impact of micronutrients affecting IR in watermelon against FON and RKN infection.
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22
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Melatonin Function and Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones under Normal and Stressful Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101699. [PMID: 36292584 PMCID: PMC9602040 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered in plants in the late nineties, but its role, signaling, and crosstalk with other phytohormones remain unknown. Research on melatonin in plants has risen dramatically in recent years and the role of this putative plant hormone under biotic and abiotic stress conditions has been reported. In the present review, we discuss the main functions of melatonin in the growth and development of plants, its role under abiotic stresses, such as water stress (waterlogging and drought), extreme temperature (low and high), salinity, heavy metal, and light-induced stress. Similarly, we also discuss the role of melatonin under biotic stresses (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects). Moreover, the present review meticulously discusses the crosstalk of melatonin with other phytohormones such as auxins, gibberellic acids, cytokinins, ethylene, and salicylic acid under normal and stressful conditions and reports melatonin receptors and signaling in plants. All these aspects of melatonin suggest that phytomelatonin is a key player in crop improvement and biotic and abiotic stress regulation.
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23
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Genome-wide identification, characterization of Serotonin N-acetyltransferase and deciphering its importance under development, biotic and abiotic stress in soybean. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:942-953. [PMID: 35998857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) is the penultimate enzyme involved in plant melatonin biosynthesis. Identifying its expression under development and stress will reveal the regulatory role in the soybean. To identify and characterize SNAT, we employed genome-wide analysis, gene structure, cis-acting elements, expression, and enzyme activity. We identified seven putative genes by genome-wide analysis and found chloroplast signal peptides in three GmSNATs. To elucidate GmSNATs role, expression datasets of more than a hundred samples related to circadian rhythm, developmental stages, and stress conditions were analysed. Notably, the expression of GmSNAT1 did not show significant expression during biotic and abiotic stress. The GmSNAT1 sequence showed 67.8 and 72.2 % similarities with OsSNAT and AtSNAT, respectively. The Km and Vmax of the purified recombinant GmSNAT1 were 657 μM and 3780 pmol/min/mg, respectively. To further understand the GmSNAT1 role, we supplemented different concentrations of serotonin and melatonin to in-vitro cultures and seed priming. These studies revealed that the GmSNAT1 expression was significantly up-regulated at higher concentrations of serotonin and down-regulated at higher melatonin concentrations. We speculate that a high concentration of melatonin during abiotic, biotic stress, and in-vitro cultures are responsible for regulating GmSNAT1 expression, which may regulate them at the enzyme level during stress in soybean.
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Yang G, Wei X, Fang Z. Melatonin Mediates Axillary Bud Outgrowth by Improving Nitrogen Assimilation and Transport in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:900262. [PMID: 35909754 PMCID: PMC9326366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.900262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin plays an important role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, whether melatonin is involved in the regulation of plant architecture, such as the formation of axillary bud outgrowth or tillering, in rice remains unknown. Here, we found that different concentrations of melatonin influenced axillary bud outgrowth in rice, and moderate melatonin concentrations also alleviated the inhibition of axillary bud outgrowth in the presence of high concentrations of basic amino acids lysine and arginine. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis demonstrated that genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction pathways may affect axillary bud outgrowth, which is regulated by melatonin. We determined that the differentially expressed genes glutamine synthetase OsGS2 and amino acid transporter OsAAP14, which are involved in nitrogen metabolism and are regulated by melatonin and basic amino acids, were the key regulators of axillary bud outgrowth in rice. In addition, we validated the functions of OsGS2 and OsAAP14 using rice transgenic plants with altered axillary bud outgrowth and tillers. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin mediates axillary bud outgrowth by improving nitrogen assimilation and transport in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xilin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Applied Biotechnology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
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25
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Tiwari RK, Lal MK, Kumar R, Mangal V, Altaf MA, Sharma S, Singh B, Kumar M. Insight into melatonin-mediated response and signaling in the regulation of plant defense under biotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:385-399. [PMID: 34783977 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin plays a crucial role in the mitigation of plant biotic stress through induced defense responses and pathogen attenuation. Utilizing the current knowledge of signaling and associated mechanism of this phytoprotectant will be invaluable in sustainable plant disease management. Biotic stress in plants involves complex regulatory networks of various sensory and signaling molecules. In this context, the polyfunctional, ubiquitous-signaling molecule melatonin has shown a regulatory role in biotic stress mitigation in plants. The present review conceptualized the current knowledge concerning the melatonin-mediated activation of the defense signaling network that leads to the resistant or tolerant phenotype of the infected plants. Fundamentals of signaling networks involved in melatonin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants have also been discussed. Increasing evidence has suggested that melatonin acts upstream of mitogen-activated proteinase kinases in activation of defense-related genes and heat shock proteins that provide immunity against pathogen attack. Besides, the direct application of melatonin on virulent fungi and bacteria showed disrupted spore morphology, destabilization of cell ultrastructure, reduced biofilm formation, and enhanced mortality that led to attenuate disease symptoms on melatonin-treated plants. The transcriptome analysis has revealed the down-regulation of pathogenicity genes, metabolism-related genes, and up-regulation of fungicide susceptibility genes in melatonin-treated pathogens. The activation of melatonin-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR) through cross-talk with salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) has been essential for viral disease management. The high endogenous melatonin concentration has also been correlated with the up-regulation of genes involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The present review highlights the versatile functions of melatonin towards direct inhibition of pathogen propagule along with active participation in mediating oxidative burst and simulating PTI, ETI and SAR responses. The hormonal cross-talk involving melatonin mediated biotic stress tolerance through defense signaling network suggests its suitability in a sustainable plant protection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Vikas Mangal
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Brajesh Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram, UP, 250 110, India
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26
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Zang H, Ma J, Wu Z, Yuan L, Lin ZQ, Zhu R, Bañuelos GS, Reiter RJ, Li M, Yin X. Synergistic Effect of Melatonin and Selenium Improves Resistance to Postharvest Gray Mold Disease of Tomato Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903936. [PMID: 35812947 PMCID: PMC9257244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a ubiquitous hormone molecule that is commonly distributed in nature. MT not only plays an important role in animals and humans but also has extensive functions in plants. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans, and is a beneficial element in higher plants at low concentrations. Postharvest diseases caused by fungal pathogens lead to huge economic losses worldwide. In this study, tomato fruits were treated with an optimal sodium selenite (20 mg/L) and melatonin (10 μmol/L) 2 h and were stored for 7 days at room temperature simulating shelf life, and the synergistic effects of Se and MT collectively called Se-Mel on gray mold decay in tomato fruits by Botrytis cinerea was investigated. MT did not have antifungal activity against B. cinerea in vitro, while Se significantly inhibited gray mold development caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes. However, the interaction of MT and Se showed significant inhibition of the spread and growth of the disease, showing the highest control effect of 74.05%. The combination of MT with Se treatment enhanced the disease resistance of fruits by improving the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as increasing the gene expression level of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Altogether, our results indicate that the combination of MT and Se would induce the activation of antioxidant enzymes and increase the expression of PR proteins genes that might directly enhance the resistance in tomato fruit against postharvest pathogenic fungus B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture, Bio-Engineering Research Centre of Selenium, Suzhou Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhilin Wu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
| | - Linxi Yuan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Renbin Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gary S. Bañuelos
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Miao Li
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, China
- The Central Area of Anhui Province Station for Integrative Agriculture, Research Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture, Bio-Engineering Research Centre of Selenium, Suzhou Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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27
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Xie X, Han Y, Yuan X, Zhang M, Li P, Ding A, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals that Exogenous Melatonin Confers Lilium Disease Resistance to Botrytis elliptica. Front Genet 2022; 13:892674. [PMID: 35774503 PMCID: PMC9237519 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.892674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf blight, caused by Botrytis elliptica (Berk.) Cooke, is a devastating disease that limits the production of Lilium in China and in other countries worldwide. Numerous studies have indicated that plants have evolved sophisticated and effective signal transduction and defense-related pathways in response to pathogen invasion. Recently, particular attention has been given to the action(s) of melatonin in plants in response to biotic stress, and the role of melatonin in plant–pathogen interactions has also been discussed. In this study, RNA-seq was applied to analyze the transcriptomic changes in Lilium leaves that were pre-treated and post-treated with melatonin after B. elliptica infection for 0, 12, 24, 36, and 72 h and then compare those changes with those of the control. Treatment with exogenous melatonin and infection with B. elliptica caused differential expression of a large number of genes in Lilium leaves. KEGG pathway analysis showed that, after melatonin treatment, the defense-related DEGs were mainly enriched in plant–pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism. RT–qPCR was used to verify the expression changes of 12 DEGs, the results of which were consistent with the RNA-seq analysis results. The expression of DEGs related to the MAPK pathway were significantly different between the MB group and the HB group, suggesting that, via the MAPK signaling cascade, melatonin may play a role in the disease resistance of Lilium to B. elliptica. This study provides a new perspective and information for molecular-based breeding of Lilium disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiqin Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qixiang Zhang,
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28
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Gao T, Liu X, Tan K, Zhang D, Zhu B, Ma F, Li C. Introducing melatonin to the horticultural industry: physiological roles, potential applications, and challenges. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac094. [PMID: 35873728 PMCID: PMC9297156 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an emerging biomolecule that influences horticultural crop growth, flowering, fruit ripening, postharvest preservation, and stress protection. It functions as a plant growth regulator, preservative and antimicrobial agent to promote seed germination, regulate root system architecture, influence flowering and pollen germination, promote fruit production, ensure postharvest preservation, and increase resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we highlight the potential applications of melatonin in multiple aspects of horticulture, including molecular breeding, vegetative reproduction, production of virus-free plants, food safety, and horticultural crop processing. We also discuss its effects on parthenocarpy, autophagy, and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Together, these many features contribute to the promise of melatonin for improving horticultural crop production and food safety. Effective translation of melatonin to the horticultural industry requires an understanding of the challenges associated with its uses, including the development of economically viable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kexin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
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29
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Huang Y, Zheng Z, Bi X, Guo K, Liu S, Huo X, Tian D, Liu H, Wang L, Zhang Y. Integrated morphological, physiological and omics analyses reveal the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) gene contributing to growth, flowering and defence in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111165. [PMID: 35151442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) catalyses the acetylation of serotonin, a rate-limiting process in melatonin biosynthesis. To obtain better insight into the underlying mechanism of AANAT's actions in switchgrass growth, flowering and defence, we performed integrated morphological, physiological and omics analyses between overexpressed oAANAT transgenic lines in wild-type and transgenic control (expressing only the empty vector) plants. We showed that oAANAT played pivotal roles in modulating plant growth through its regulation of cell elongation, and regulating flowering through photoperiod and GA pathways. In relation to photosynthesis, oAANAT promoted photosynthetic efficiency primarily through regulating leaf anatomical structures, stomatal development and chlorophyll metabolism. Moreover, oAANAT overexpression can trigger a number of defence responses or strategies, including antioxidant enzymatic properties, non-enzymatic capacity, significantly activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and adaptive morphological characteristics. This study unveils the possible molecular mechanisms underlying oAANAT dependent melatonin functions in switchgrass, providing an important starting point for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Huang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Zehui Zheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuexue Huo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong, China.
| | - Danyang Tian
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huayue Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Forestry College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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30
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Zhang L, Yu Y, Chang L, Wang X, Zhang S. Melatonin enhanced the disease resistance by regulating reactive oxygen species metabolism in postharvest jujube fruit. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Zhang
- College of Food Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen China
| | - Youwei Yu
- College of Food Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen China
| | - Lulu Chang
- College of Food Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Food Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen China
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- College of Food Science Shanxi Normal University Linfen China
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Bhowal B, Bhattacharjee A, Goswami K, Sanan-Mishra N, Singla-Pareek SL, Kaur C, Sopory S. Serotonin and Melatonin Biosynthesis in Plants: Genome-Wide Identification of the Genes and Their Expression Reveal a Conserved Role in Stress and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011034. [PMID: 34681693 PMCID: PMC8538589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (Ser) and melatonin (Mel) serve as master regulators of plant growth and development by influencing diverse cellular processes. The enzymes namely, tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H) catalyse the formation of Ser from tryptophan. Subsequently, serotonin N-acetyl transferase (SNAT) and acetyl-serotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) form Mel from Ser. Plant genomes harbour multiple genes for each of these four enzymes, all of which have not been identified. Therefore, to delineate information regarding these four gene families, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of the genes involved in Ser and Mel biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, tomato, rice and sorghum. Phylogenetic analysis unravelled distinct evolutionary relationships among these genes from different plants. Interestingly, no gene family except ASMTs showed monocot- or dicot-specific clustering of respective proteins. Further, we observed tissue-specific, developmental and stress/hormone-mediated variations in the expression of the four gene families. The light/dark cycle also affected their expression in agreement with our quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Importantly, we found that miRNAs (miR6249a and miR-1846e) regulated the expression of Ser and Mel biosynthesis under light and stress by influencing the expression of OsTDC5 and OsASMT18, respectively. Thus, this study may provide opportunities for functional characterization of suitable target genes of the Ser and Mel pathway to decipher their exact roles in plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Bhowal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Annapurna Bhattacharjee
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kavita Goswami
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sudhir Sopory
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (S.S.)
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5-Methoxyindole, a Chemical Homolog of Melatonin, Adversely Affects the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010991. [PMID: 34681652 PMCID: PMC8536143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen that threatens the production and quality of wheat, and controlling this pathogen is a significant challenge. As the cost-effective homolog of melatonin, 5-methoxyindole showed strong activity against F. graminearum. In the present study, our results showed the strong adverse activity of 5-methoxyindole against F. graminearum by inhibiting its growth, formation, and conidia germination. In addition, 5-methoxyindole could induce malformation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and cell death in F. graminearum hyphae and conidia. In response to 5-methoxyindole, F. graminearum genes involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species were significantly downregulated. Overall, these findings reveal the mechanism of antifungal action of melatonin-homolog 5-methoxyindole. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that a novel melatonin homolog confers strong antifungal activity against F. graminearum, and 5-methoxyindole is a potential compound for protecting wheat plants from F. graminearum infection.
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Hernández-Ruiz J, Cano A, Arnao MB. A Phytomelatonin-Rich Extract Obtained from Selected Herbs with Application as Plant Growth Regulator. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102143. [PMID: 34685952 PMCID: PMC8540480 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The animal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple and various functions. Phytomelatonin is the melatonin from plants and was discovered in 1995 in some species. Phytomelatonin is considered an interesting molecule in the physiology of plants, as it seems to be involved in many actions, such as germination, growth, rooting and parthenocarpy, including fruit set and ripening; it also seems to play a role during postharvest. It has been studied in processes such as primary and secondary metabolism, photosynthesis and senescence, as well as in the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Phytomelatonin up- and down-regulates many relevant genes related to plant hormones and key genes related to the above-mentioned aspects. One of the most decisive aspects of phytomelatonin is its relevant role as a bioprotective and alleviating agent against both biotic and abiotic stressors, which has opened up the possibility of using melatonin as a phytoprotector and biostimulant in agriculture. In this respect, using material of plant origin to obtain extracts rich in phytomelatonin instead of using synthetic melatonin (thus avoiding unwanted by-products) has become a topic of discussion. This work characterized the phytomelatonin-rich extracts obtained from selected herbs and determined their contents of phytomelatonin, phenols and flavonoids; the antioxidant activity was also measured. Finally, two melatonin-specific bioassays in plants were applied to demonstrate the excellent biological properties of the natural phytomelatonin-rich extracts obtained. The herb composition and the protocols for obtaining the extracts rich in phytomelatonin are in the process of registration for their legal protection.
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Melatonin: A blooming biomolecule for postharvest management of perishable fruits and vegetables. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li S, Guo J, Wang T, Gong L, Liu F, Brestic M, Liu S, Song F, Li X. Melatonin reduces nanoplastic uptake, translocation, and toxicity in wheat. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12761. [PMID: 34392562 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With increasing plastic production and consumption, large amounts of polystyrene nanoplastics are accumulated in soil due to improper disposal causing pollution and deleterious effects to environment. However, little information is available about how to alleviate the adverse impacts of nanoplastics on crops. In this study, the involvement of melatonin in modulating nanoplastic uptake, translocation, and toxicity in wheat plant was investigated. The results demonstrated that exogenous melatonin application reduced the nanoplastic uptake by roots and their translocation to shoots via regulating the expression of genes associated with aquaporin, including the upregulation of the TIP2-9, PIP2, PIP3, and PIP1.2 in leaves and TIP2-9, PIP1-5, PIP2, and PIP1.2 in roots. Melatonin activated the ROS scavenging system to maintain a better redox homeostasis and ameliorated the negative effects of nanoplastics on carbohydrate metabolism, hence ameliorated the plant growth and enhanced the tolerance to nanoplastics toxicity. This process was closely related to the exogenous melatonin application induced melatonin accumulation in leave. These results suggest that melatonin could alleviate the adverse effects of nanoplastics on wheat, and exogenous melatonin application might be used as a promising management strategy to sustain crop production in the nanoplastic-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shengqun Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fengbin Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu Y, Fan X, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Sun L, Rahman FU, Liu C. VvSNAT1 overexpression enhances melatonin production and salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:485-494. [PMID: 34166975 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) plays important roles in the regulation of development and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) functions as a key catalytic enzyme involved in melatonin biosynthesis. In this study, the candidate gene VvSNAT1 (SNAT isogene) was isolated from grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot). Tissue-specific expression and external treatment revealed that VvSNAT1 is a salt-inducible gene that is highly expressed in leaves. Subcellular localisation results revealed that VvSNAT1 was located in the chloroplasts, which is similar to other plant SNAT proteins. Ectopic overexpression of VvSNAT1 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased melatonin production and salt tolerance. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing VvSNAT1 exhibited enhanced growth and physiological performance, including a lower degree of leaf wilting, higher germination rate, higher fresh weight, and longer root length under salt stress. Moreover, overexpression of VvSNAT1 in Arabidopsis protected cells from oxidative damage by reducing the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These results indicate that VvSNAT1 positively responds to salt stress. Our results provide a novel perspective for VvSNAT1 to improve salt tolerance, mediated by melatonin accumulation, plant growth promotion and oxidative damage reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandi Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China
| | - Xiucai Fan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China
| | - Jianfu Jiang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China
| | - Faiz Ur Rahman
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450009, China.
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin as a regulatory hub of plant hormone levels and action in stress situations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:7-19. [PMID: 33098247 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a molecule first discovered in animal tissues, plays an important role in multiple physiological responses as a possible plant master regulator. It mediates responses to different types of stress, both biotic and abiotic. Melatonin reduces the negative effects associated with stressors, improving the plant response by increasing plant stress tolerance. When plants respond to stress situations, they use up a large amount of plant resources through a set of perfectly synchronized actions. Responses mediated by melatonin use the plant's hormones to, after adequate modulation, counteract and overcome the negative action of the stressor. In this paper, we review melatonin-plant hormone relationships. Factors that trigger the stress response and the central role of melatonin are analysed. An extensive analysis of current studies shows that melatonin modulates the metabolism of plant hormones (biosynthesis and catabolism), the rise or fall in their endogenous levels, the regulation of signalling elements and how melatonin affects the final response of auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, polyamines and strigolactones. Lastly, a general overview of melatonin's actions and its regulatory role at a global level is provided and proposals for future research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Yang X, Wei C, Changqing X, Zhang X. Comparative Analysis, Characterization and Evolutionary Study of Dirigent Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae and Expression of Novel Dirigent Peptide against Powdery Mildew Stress. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030326. [PMID: 33668231 PMCID: PMC7996225 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins are induced under various stress conditions and involved in sterio- and regio-selective coupling of monolignol. A striking lack of information about dirigent genes in cucurbitaceae plants underscores the importance of functional characterization. In this study, 112 DIR genes were identified in six species, and 61 genes from major cultivated species were analyzed. DIRs were analyzed using various bioinformatics tools and complemented by expression profiling. Phylogenetic analysis segregated the putative DIRs into six distinctively known subgroups. Chromosomal mapping revealed uneven distribution of genes, whereas synteny analysis exhibited that duplication events occurred during gene evolution. Gene structure analysis suggested the gain of introns during gene diversification. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicates the participation of proteins in lignification and pathogen resistance activities. We also determined their organ-specific expression levels in three species revealing preferential expression in root and leaves. Furthermore, the number of CmDIR (CmDIR1, 6, 7 and 12) and ClDIR (ClDIR2, 5, 8, 9 and 17) genes exhibited higher expression in resistant cultivars after powdery mildew (PM) inoculation. In summary, based on the expression and in-silico analysis, we propose a role of DIRs in disease resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
- Xi’an Agriculture Technology, Extension Center, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuan Changqing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.); (C.W.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-2909-2147
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Zhang Z, Wang T, Liu G, Hu M, Yun Z, Duan X, Cai K, Jiang G. Inhibition of downy blight and enhancement of resistance in litchi fruit by postharvest application of melatonin. Food Chem 2021; 347:129009. [PMID: 33444889 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Litchis are tasty fruit with economic importance. However, the extreme susceptibility of harvested litchis to litchi downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii leads to compromised quality. This study aimed to study the effects of melatonin on postharvest resistance to P. litchii in 'Feizixiao' litchis. Results showed that melatonin restricted lesion expansion in litchis after P. litchi inoculation. Melatonin enhanced the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase and 4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase while promoting the accumulations of phenolics and flavonoids. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate content and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase activities were higher in treated fruit than control fruit. Higher energy status along with elevated H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase activities were observed in treated fruit. Ultrastructural observation showed reduced damage in mitochondria in treated fruit. The results suggest that melatonin induced resistance in litchis by modulating the phenylpropanoid and pentose phosphate pathways as well as energy metabolism. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Gangshuai Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Meijiao Hu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China
| | - Ze Yun
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Kun Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Guoxiang Jiang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
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Murch SJ, Erland LAE. A Systematic Review of Melatonin in Plants: An Example of Evolution of Literature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683047. [PMID: 34249052 PMCID: PMC8270005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine) is a mammalian neurohormone, antioxidant and signaling molecule that was first discovered in plants in 1995. The first studies investigated plant melatonin from a human perspective quantifying melatonin in foods and medicinal plants and questioning whether its presence could explain the activity of some plants as medicines. Starting with these first handful of studies in the late 1990s, plant melatonin research has blossomed into a vibrant and active area of investigation and melatonin has been found to play critical roles in mediating plant responses and development at every stage of the plant life cycle from pollen and embryo development through seed germination, vegetative growth and stress response. Here we have utilized a systematic approach in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocols to reduce bias in our assessment of the literature and provide an overview of the current state of melatonin research in plants, covering 1995-2021. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis and metabolism of melatonin as well as identifying key themes including: abiotic stress responses, root development, light responses, interkingdom communication, phytohormone and plant signaling. Additionally, potential biases in the literature are investigated and a birefringence in the literature between researchers from plant and medical based which has helped to shape the current state of melatonin research. Several exciting new opportunities for future areas of melatonin research are also identified including investigation of non-crop and non-medicinal species as well as characterization of melatonin signaling networks in plants.
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Zhao D, Wang H, Chen S, Yu D, Reiter RJ. Phytomelatonin: An Emerging Regulator of Plant Biotic Stress Resistance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:70-82. [PMID: 32896490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has diverse functions in plant development and stress tolerance, with recent evidence showing a beneficial role in plant biotic stress tolerance. It has been hypothesized that pathogenic invasion causes the immediate generation of melatonin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), with these being mutually dependent, forming the integrative melatonin-ROS-RNS feedforward loop. Here we discuss how the loop, possibly located in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, maximizes disease resistance in the early pathogen ingress stage, providing on-site protection. We also review how melatonin interacts with phytohormone signaling pathways to mediate defense responses and discuss the evolutionary context from the beginnings of the melatonin receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in unicellular green algae, followed by the occurrence of phytohormone pathways in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Houping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Suiyun Chen
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UT Health), San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Kong M, Sheng T, Liang J, Ali Q, Gu Q, Wu H, Chen J, Liu J, Gao X. Melatonin and Its Homologs Induce Immune Responses via Receptors trP47363-trP13076 in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691835. [PMID: 34276740 PMCID: PMC8278317 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a naturally occurring small molecule, can protect plants against abiotic stress after exogenous treatmenting with it. It is not known if melatonin homologs, such as 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-methoxyindole, that are easy and more cost-effective to synthesize can stimulate the plant immune system in the same manner as melatonin. In the present study, we assessed the biological activity of the melatonin homologs, 5-methoxytryptamin and 5-methoxyindole. The results showed that melatonin and its homologs all induced disease resistance against Phytophthora nicotianae in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The application of all three compounds also induced stomatal closure and the production of reactive oxygen species. Gene expression analysis indicated that the expression of genes involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) production, and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis was significantly upregulated by all three compounds. Four homologs of the melatonin receptors were identified by blasting search with the phytomelatonin receptor in Arabidopsis. Molecular docking studies were also used to identify four putative melatonin receptors in N. benthamiana. Further experimentation revealed that silencing of the melatonin receptors trP47363 and trP13076 in N. benthamiana compromised the induction of stomatal closure, PR-1a gene expression and SA accumulation by all three compounds. Collectively, our data indicate that the induction of defense responses in N. benthamiana by melatonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, and 5-methoxyindole involves the melatonin receptors trP47363 and trP13076.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Jian Chen,
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Jia Liu,
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuewen Gao,
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Zhu Y, Guo MJ, Song JB, Zhang SY, Guo R, Hou DR, Hao CY, An HL, Huang X. Roles of Endogenous Melatonin in Resistance to Botrytis cinerea Infection in an Arabidopsis Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683228. [PMID: 34234798 PMCID: PMC8256269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an important bioactive molecule in plants. Two synthetases, N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) are involved in the final two steps of melatonin synthesis. Melatonin participates in responses to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, but few studies have addressed the roles of endogenous melatonin in pathogen resistance. We investigated the role of endogenous melatonin in resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection in an Arabidopsis thaliana model system. Plant lines that overexpressed ASMT or SNAT through genetic manipulation showed upregulated expression of resistance genes PR1 and PR5, transcription factor gene WRKY33, and jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway marker gene PDF1.2, and downregulated transcription factor gene MYC2 in JA signaling pathway. Higher melatonin content also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), increased JA content, reduced plant disease symptoms, and reduced lesion size in leaves. These findings indicate that endogenous melatonin enhances plant resistance to B. cinerea infection. In contrast, ASMT and SNAT gene silencing lines showed opposite results and were more susceptible to B. cinerea. Thus, it can be demonstrated that melatonin functions as an effective regulator of plant stress resistance at the genetic level. A schematic model is presented for its role in resistance to B. cinerea infection. Our findings also helped to elucidate the associated signal transduction pathways and interactions between melatonin and other plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Miao-Jie Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian-Bo Song
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dai-Ru Hou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Li An
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Hong-Li An,
| | - Xuan Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Huang,
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Melatonin as Master Regulator in Plant Growth, Development and Stress Alleviator for Sustainable Agricultural Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su13010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a multifunctional signaling molecule, is ubiquitously distributed in different parts of a plant and responsible for stimulating several physiochemical responses against adverse environmental conditions in various plant systems. Melatonin acts as an indoleamine neurotransmitter and is primarily considered as an antioxidant agent that can control reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in plants. Melatonin, being a signaling agent, induces several specific physiological responses in plants that might serve to enhance photosynthesis, growth, carbon fixation, rooting, seed germination and defense against several biotic and abiotic stressors. It also works as an important modulator of gene expression related to plant hormones such as in the metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin and auxin carrier proteins. Additionally, the regulation of stress-specific genes and the activation of pathogenesis-related protein and antioxidant enzyme genes under stress conditions make it a more versatile molecule. Because of the diversity of action of melatonin, its role in plant growth, development, behavior and regulation of gene expression it is a plant’s master regulator. This review outlines the main functions of melatonin in the physiology, growth, development and regulation of higher plants. Its role as anti-stressor agent against various abiotic stressors, such as drought, salinity, temperatures, UV radiation and toxic chemicals, is also analyzed critically. Additionally, we have also identified many new aspects where melatonin may have possible roles in plants, for example, its function in improving the storage life and quality of fruits and vegetables, which can be useful in enhancing the environmentally friendly crop production and ensuring food safety.
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Kasote DM, Jayaprakasha GK, Ong K, Crosby KM, Patil BS. Hormonal and metabolites responses in Fusarium wilt-susceptible and -resistant watermelon plants during plant-pathogen interactions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:481. [PMID: 33092532 PMCID: PMC7579875 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) causes Fusarium wilt in watermelon. Several disease-resistant watermelon varieties have been developed to combat Fusarium wilt. However, the key metabolites that mount defense responses in these watermelon varieties are unknown. Herein, we analyzed hormones, melatonin, phenolic acids, and amino acid profiles in the leaf tissue of FON zero (0)-resistant (PI-296341, Calhoun Grey, and Charleston Grey) and -susceptible (Sugar Baby) watermelon varieties before and after infection. RESULTS We found that jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were selectively accumulated in one or more studied resistant varieties upon infection. However, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was only observed in the FON 0 inoculated plants of all varieties on the 16th day of post-inoculation. The melatonin content of PI-296341 decreased upon infection. Conversely, melatonin was only detected in the FON 0 inoculated plants of Sugar Baby and Charleston Grey varieties. On the 16th day of post-inoculation, the lysine content in resistant varieties was significantly reduced, whereas it was found to be elevated in the susceptible variety. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, Me-JA, JA-Ile, melatonin, and lysine may have crucial roles in developing defense responses against the FON 0 pathogen, and IAA can be a biomarker of FON 0 infection in watermelon plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak M Kasote
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - G K Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Kevin Ong
- Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kevin M Crosby
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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Mandal MK, Suren H, Kousik C. Elucidation of resistance signaling and identification of powdery mildew resistant mapping loci (ClaPMR2) during watermelon-Podosphaera xanthii interaction using RNA-Seq and whole-genome resequencing approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14038. [PMID: 32820191 PMCID: PMC7441409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Watermelon is an important vegetable crop and is widely cultivated in USA with an approximate global production of > 100 million tons. Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii is a major production-limiting factor on watermelon and other cucurbits. Numerous PM and multiple disease resistant (MDR) watermelon germplasm lines have been developed by the USDA in Charleston, SC. To gain a better understanding of the innate and activated molecular defense mechanisms involved during compatible and incompatible PM-watermelon interactions, we inoculated PM susceptible (USVL677-PMS) and resistant (USVL531-MDR) watermelon plants with 105 conidia ml−1 of P. xanthii. RNA-seq profiling was done on leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, and 8 days post inoculation (DPI). A total of 2,566 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between compatible and incompatible interactions with P. xanthii. The compatible interactions resulted in distinct plant gene activation (> twofold unique transcripts, 335:191:1762 :: 1:3:8 DPI) as compared to incompatible interaction (> twofold unique transcripts, 314:681:487 :: 1:3:8 DPI). Further, comparative whole-genome resequencing analysis of USVL531-PMR, USVL677-PMS and four introgressed PM resistant recombinant inbred lines (RIL, USVL531-PMR × USVL677-PMS) were performed to identify the region of PM resistance introgressed break points along with other traits inherent by USVL531-PMR by comparing the SNPs and InDels. Based on SNPs identification and CAPS markers, the resistance gene was identified as ClaPMR2, Citrullus lanatus PM Resistance gene 2 {Chr2 : 26750001 .. 26753327 (−)}, a NBS-LRR resistance protein (R) with homology to the Arabidopsis thaliana PM resistance protein, RPW8. The transcriptome data also revealed a complex regulatory network associated with the introgressed junctions mediated by PM resistance R proteins (R genes) that may involve multiple signal regulators and transducers, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall modifications and the hormone-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Kumar Mandal
- U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA. .,Department of Biology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, USA. .,ORISE Participant Sponsored by the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA.
| | - Haktan Suren
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Chandrasekar Kousik
- U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, USDA, ARS, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA.
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Wang SY, Shi XC, Wang R, Wang HL, Liu F, Laborda P. Melatonin in fruit production and postharvest preservation: A review. Food Chem 2020; 320:126642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen X, Laborda P, Liu F. Exogenous Melatonin Enhances Rice Plant Resistance Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1701-1708. [PMID: 32357119 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2361-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most serious diseases of rice. In this study we found that exogenous melatonin can increase rice resistance to BB. Treatment of rice plants with exogenous melatonin (20 µg/ml) increased nitrate reductase, nitric oxide synthase, and peroxidase activity, enabling high intracellular concentrations of melatonin, nitric oxide, and H2O2. The expression of NPR1, a key regulator in the salicylic acid signaling pathway, was upregulated more than 10-fold when the plants were challenged with melatonin. Similarly, the messenger RNA level of PDF1.2, a jasmonic acid-induced defense marker, was 15 times higher in the treated plants than in the control plants. Moreover, three pathogenesis-related proteins, PR1b, PR8a, and PR9, were upregulated 20-fold in the presence of melatonin. The application of melatonin (100 µg/ml) to soil-grown rice reduced the incidence of BB by 86.21%. Taken together, these results not only provide a better understanding of melatonin-mediated innate immunity to X. oryzae pv. oryzae in rice but also represent a promising cultivation strategy to protect rice against X. oryzae pv. oryzae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
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Ahammed GJ, Mao Q, Yan Y, Wu M, Wang Y, Ren J, Guo P, Liu A, Chen S. Role of Melatonin in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Induced Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Cucumber. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:999-1009. [PMID: 32096697 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-19-0435-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional molecule that confers tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. However, the role of melatonin in plant response to Fusarium oxysporum and the interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) remain unclear. Here we show that exogenous melatonin application promoted the AMF colonization rate in cucumber roots, which potentially suppressed Fusarium wilt as evidenced by a decreased disease index and an increased control effect. Leaf gas exchange analysis revealed that Fusarium inoculation significantly decreased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr). Intriguingly, either melatonin application or AMF inoculation significantly increased the Pn, Gs, Tr, and dry biomass, and their combined treatment showed a more profound effect under Fusarium stress. Further analysis showed that Fusarium induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Conversely, either melatonin or AMF drastically attenuated the levels of malondialdehyde, H2O2, and electrolyte leakage in Fusarium-inoculated plants, and their combined treatment caused a further decrease. Fusarium inoculation decreased the activity and transcripts of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, and the content of glutathione and proline. Besides, the activity and transcripts of peroxidase and catalase, the content of phenols and flavonoids increased after Fusarium infection. Importantly, melatonin and/or AMF significantly increased those parameters with the greatest effect with their combined treatment under Fusarium stress. Our results suggest that a positive collaboration between melatonin and AMF enhances resistance to Fusarium wilt in cucumber plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Qi Mao
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Yaru Yan
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Pan Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Airong Liu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
| | - Shuangchen Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P.R. China
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Li P, Wang J, Zhao X, Ru J, Tian T, An Y, Tang L, Bai Y. PTEN inhibition attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis in coronary heart disease via modulating the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2-mitophagy signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:4878-4889. [PMID: 31654396 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major pathogenic factor in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a primary role in the occurrence and development of AS. In our study, we attempted to evaluate the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in endothelial cell apoptosis under oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulation and identify the associated mechanisms. The results of our study demonstrated that ox-LDL induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) death via mitochondrial apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced mitochondrial potential, increased mitochondria permeability transition pore opening, cellular calcium overload, and caspase-9/-3 activation. In addition, ox-LDL also suppressed cellular energy production via downregulating the mitochondrial respiratory complex. Moreover, ox-LDL impaired HUVECs migration. Western blot analysis showed that PTEN expression was upregulated after exposure to ox-LDL and knockdown of PTEN could attenuate ox-LDL-mediated endothelial cell damage. Furthermore, we found that ox-LDL impaired mitophagy activity, whereas PTEN deletion could improve mitophagic flux and this effect relied on the activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) axis. When the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2 pathway was inhibited, PTEN deletion-associated HUVECs protection was significantly reduced, suggesting that the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2-mitophagy axis is required for PTEN deletion-mediated endothelial cell survival under ox-LDL. Taken together, our results indicate that ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell damage is associated with PTEN overexpression, and inhibition of PTEN could promote endothelial survival via activating the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2-mitophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ru
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun An
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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