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Jiang F, Liu D, Dai J, Yang T, Zhang J, Che D, Fan J. Cloning and Functional Characterization of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (LiMCT) Gene in Oriental Lily (Lilium 'Sorbonne'). Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:56-67. [PMID: 37014586 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (MCT) is a key enzyme in the MEP pathway of monoterpene synthesis, catalyzing the generation of 4- (5'-pyrophosphate cytidine)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol from 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate. We used homologous cloning strategy to clone gene, LiMCT, in the MEP pathway that may be involved in the regulation of floral fragrance synthesis in the Lilium oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne.' The full-length ORF sequence was 837 bp, encoding 278 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of LiMCT protein is 68.56 kD and the isoelectric point (pI) is 5.12. The expression pattern of LiMCT gene was found to be consistent with the accumulation sites and emission patterns of floral fragrance monoterpenes in transcriptome data (unpublished). Subcellular localization indicated that the LiMCT protein is located in chloroplasts, which is consistent with the location of MEP pathway genes functioning in plastids to produce isoprene precursors. Overexpression of LiMCT in Arabidopsis thaliana affected the expression levels of MEP and MVA pathway genes, suggesting that overexpression of the LiMCT in A. thaliana affected the metabolic flow of C5 precursors of two different terpene synthesis pathways. The expression of the monoterpene synthase AtTPS14 was elevated nearly fourfold in transgenic A. thaliana compared with the control, and the levels of carotenoids and chlorophylls, the end products of the MEP pathway, were significantly increased in the leaves at full bloom, indicating that LiMCT plays an important role in regulating monoterpene synthesis and in the synthesis of other isoprene-like precursors in transgenic A. thaliana flowers. However, the specific mechanism of LiMCT in promoting the accumulation of isoprene products of the MEP pathway and the biosynthesis of floral monoterpene volatile components needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongying Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingqi Dai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Daidi Che
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinping Fan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Qin J, Yue X, Fang S, Qian M, Zhou S, Shang X, Yang W. Nitrogen addition modifies the relative gene expression level and accumulation of carbon-based bioactive substances in Cyclocarya paliurus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 188:70-80. [PMID: 35988389 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In China, lots of Cyclocarya paliurus plantations have been established for tea and functional food production on nitrogen (N)-limited land. The optimum N levels require for biosynthesis and accumulation of carbon-based bioactive substances vary among plant species. This study integrated field trial with hydroponic culture to assess impact of nitrogen addition on accumulation and relative gene expression level of carbon-based secondary metabolites in C. paliurus. N addition significantly influenced not only contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids and relative gene expression levels of their biosynthetic pathway in C. paliurus leaves but also leaf biomass production and the bioactive substance accumulations. An intermediate N addition induced the highest contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids in leaves, but the optimized accumulation of these bioactive substances in the leaves was the trade-off between their contents and leaf biomass production. Correlation analysis showed that related gene expression levels were closely correlated with contents of their leaf corresponding secondary metabolites. Compared with ratios of carbon/N (C/N) and carbon/phosphorus (C/P) in the soil, ratios of C/N and C/P in the leaves were more strongly related to the contents and accumulations of polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids. To obtain higher yields of targeted phytochemicals, the threshold ratios of C/N and C/P in the leaves are recommended for N and P fertilization at similar sites. Overall, our findings would provide the theoretical basis and technical support for manipulating N fertilization in C. paliurus plantations to obtain higher accumulations of targeted bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiliang Yue
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mengyu Qian
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuntao Zhou
- Anhui Green and Selenium Technology Development Company in Agriculture and Ecology, Shitai, China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanxia Yang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Yan H, Niu M, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Teixeira da Silva JA, Ma G. Cloning and functional analysis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) in Santalum album L. Gene X 2022; 851:146762. [PMID: 35933050 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial value of Santalum album L. lies in its aromatic heartwood and essential oil. Sesquiterpenes are the main components of sandal essential oil, and these are synthesized through the plant's mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. In this study, the first key rate-limiting enzyme, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (SaDXS), was investigated to provide a theoretical molecular basis for the sandalwood MEP sesquiterpene biosynthetic pathway. The biofunctions of SaDXS were also analyzed. SaDXS promoters were successfully cloned from a seven-year-old S. album tree. SaDXS1A/1B promoter activity was verified by a β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay and by analyzing cis-acting elements of the promoters, which carried light- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive signals. In an experiment involving yellow S. album seedlings, exposure to light upregulated SaDXS1A/1B expression and increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents when overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of the expression of SaDXS1A/1B and SaSSy, key genes of santalol biosynthesis, revealed SaDXS1A expression in all tissues whereas SaDXS1B was expressed in tissues that contained photosynthetic pigments, such as stems, leaves and flowers. Sandal seedlings exogenously treated with two hormones, MeJA and ethylene, revealed similar expression patterns for SaDXS1A/1B and SaSSy. Sandal seedlings were treated with an inhibitor of DXS, clomazone, but showed no significant changes in the contents of α-santalene, β-santalene and α-santalol between treatment and control groups. These results suggest that SaDXS1A/1B play a role in the synthesis of sandalwood sesquiterpenes, providing carbon for downstream secondary metabolites. SaDXS1A/1B also play a role in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and primary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yueya Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yuping Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | | | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Tian X, Yan L, Jiang L, Xiang G, Li G, Zhu L, Wu J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of leaf, stem, and root tissues of Semiliquidambar cathayensis reveals candidate genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5585-5593. [PMID: 35543829 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semiliquidambar cathayensis is a traditional medicinal plant and endemic species in China. Its roots, branches, leaves, bark, and nectar are known to have therapeutic effects against rheumatoid arthritis, lumbar muscle strain, and several other diseases. However, limited knowledge regarding the molecular properties of S. cathayensis highlights the need for further research in order to elucidate the underlying pathways governing the synthesis of its active ingredients and regulation of its accumulation processes. METHODS We conducted transcriptome sequencing of the leaf, stem and root epidermises, and stem and root xylems of S. cathayensis with three biological replicates. Moreover, candidate genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, such as IDI, FPPS, DXR, SQS, GPPS, and HMGR were selected for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS We identified 88,582 unigenes. Among which, 36,144 unigenes were annotated to the nr protein database, 21,981 to the Gene Ontology database, 11,565 to the Clusters of Orthologous Groups database, 24,209 to the Pfam database, 21,685 to the SWISS-PROT database, and 12,753 to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), with 5072 unigenes common to all six databases. Of those annotated using the KEGG database, 187 unigenes were related to the terpenoid metabolism pathway, and expression analysis of the related genes indicated that the mevalonate and methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathways play different roles in terpenoid biosynthesis in different tissues of S. cathayensis. CONCLUSIONS These findings greatly expand gene resources of S. cathayensis and provide basic data for the study of the biosynthetic pathways and molecular mechanisms of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong Yan
- Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha, 410116, China
| | | | | | - Gaofei Li
- Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha, 410116, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Hunan Botanical Garden, Changsha, 410116, China
| | - Jia Wu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Yang J, Tian J, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Zhang Y. RNAi of Sterol Δ24-Isomerase Implicated Its Involvement in Physalin Biosynthesis in Physalis angulata L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850711. [PMID: 35310660 PMCID: PMC8931419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physalis angulata is a renowned traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various conditions. Physalin is the major type of bioactive constituents conferring medicinal properties of P. angulata. Despite the medicinal importance, the pathways leading to physalin are largely unknown. In this study, we employed a transcriptomic approach to identify a Pa24ISO gene from P. angulata. Through heterologous expression in yeast, Pa24ISO was revealed to catalyze an isomerization reaction in converting 24-methylenecholesterol to 24-methyldesmosterol. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the abundance of Pa24ISO transcripts correlated with the accumulation pattern of physalin B in different tissues of P. angulata. A direct role of Pa24ISO in channeling of 24-methylenecholesterol for physalin B biosynthesis was illustrated by suppressing the gene in P. angulata via the VIGS approach. Down-regulation of Pa24ISO led to reduced levels of 24-methyldesmosterol and physalin B, accompanied with an increase of campesterol content in P. angulata. The results supported that 24ISO is involved in physalin biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Tian
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Changfu Li
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Pérez L, Alves R, Perez-Fons L, Albacete A, Farré G, Soto E, Vilaprinyó E, Martínez-Andújar C, Basallo O, Fraser PD, Medina V, Zhu C, Capell T, Christou P. Multilevel interactions between native and ectopic isoprenoid pathways affect global metabolism in rice. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:249-268. [PMID: 35201538 PMCID: PMC8993735 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are natural products derived from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In plants, these precursors are synthesized via the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) and plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. The regulation of these pathways must therefore be understood in detail to develop effective strategies for isoprenoid metabolic engineering. We hypothesized that the strict regulation of the native MVA pathway could be circumvented by expressing an ectopic plastidial MVA pathway that increases the accumulation of IPP and DMAPP in plastids. We therefore introduced genes encoding the plastid-targeted enzymes HMGS, tHMGR, MK, PMK and MVD and the nuclear-targeted transcription factor WR1 into rice and evaluated the impact of their endosperm-specific expression on (1) endogenous metabolism at the transcriptomic and metabolomic levels, (2) the synthesis of phytohormones, carbohydrates and fatty acids, and (3) the macroscopic phenotype including seed morphology. We found that the ectopic plastidial MVA pathway enhanced the expression of endogenous cytosolic MVA pathway genes while suppressing the native plastidial MEP pathway, increasing the production of certain sterols and tocopherols. Plants carrying the ectopic MVA pathway only survived if WR1 was also expressed to replenish the plastid acetyl-CoA pool. The transgenic plants produced higher levels of fatty acids, abscisic acid, gibberellins and lutein, reflecting crosstalk between phytohormones and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rui Alves
- Departament de Cienciès Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, UK
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Departament of Plant Nutrition, Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of the Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
- Department of Plant Production and Agrotechnology, Institute for Agri-Food Research and Development of Murcia, Murcia, La Alberca, Spain
| | - Gemma Farré
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Erika Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ester Vilaprinyó
- Departament de Cienciès Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- IRBLleida, Lleida, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Andújar
- Departament of Plant Nutrition, Center of Edaphology and Applied Biology of the Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - Oriol Basallo
- Departament de Cienciès Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, UK
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Molecular characterization of three CYP450 genes reveals their role in withanolides formation and defense in Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1602. [PMID: 35102209 PMCID: PMC8803918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal properties of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) are attributed to triterpenoid steroidal lactones, withanolides, which are proposed to be derived from phytosterol pathway, through the action of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. Here, we report the characterization of three transcriptome-mined CYP450 genes (WsCYP749B1, WsCYP76 and WsCYP71B10), which exhibited induced expression in response to methyl jasmonate treatment indicating their role in secondary metabolism. All three WsCYP450s had the highest expression in leaf compared to other tissues. In planta characterization of WsCYP450s through virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transient overexpression approaches and subsequent metabolite analysis indicated differential modulation in the accumulation of certain withanolides in W. somnifera leaves. While WsCYP749B1-vigs significantly enhanced withaferin A (~ 450%) and reduced withanolide A (~ 50%), its overexpression drastically led to enhanced withanolide A (> 250%) and withanolide B (> 200%) levels and reduced 12-deoxywithastramonolide (~ 60%). Whereas WsCYP76-vigs led to reduced withanolide A (~ 60%) and its overexpression increased withanolide A (~ 150%) and reduced 12-deoxywithastramonolide (~ 60%). Silencing and overexpression of WsCYP71B10 resulted in significant reduction of withanolide B (~ 50%) and withanolide A (~ 60%), respectively. Further, while VIGS of WsCYP450s negatively affected the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and compromised tolerance to bacteria P. syringae DC3000, their overexpression in W. somnifera and transgenic tobacco led to improved tolerance to the bacteria. Overall, these results showed that the identified WsCYP450s have a role in one or several steps of withanolides biosynthetic pathway and are involved in conferring tolerance to biotic stress.
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Yang J, Sun Y, Cao F, Yang B, Kuang H. Natural Products from Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino: A Review on Their Structural Analysis, Quality Control, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030695. [PMID: 35163960 PMCID: PMC8840080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The calyxes and fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (P. alkekengi), a medicinal and edible plant, are frequently used as heat-clearing and detoxifying agents in thousands of Chinese medicine prescriptions. For thousands of years in China, they have been widely used in clinical practice to treat throat disease, hepatitis, and bacillary dysentery. This systematic review summarizes their structural analysis, quality control, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, the possible development trends and perspectives for future research studies on this medicinal plant are discussed. Relevant information on the calyxes and fruits of P. alkekengi was collected from electronic databases, Chinese herbal classics, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Moreover, information was collected from ancient documents in China. The components isolated and identified in P. alkekengi include steroids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, nucleosides, terpenoids, megastigmane, aliphatic derivatives, organic acids, coumarins, and sucrose esters. Steroids, particularly physalins and flavonoids, are the major characteristic and bioactive ingredients in P. alkekengi. According to the literature, physalins are synthesized by the mevalonate and 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathways, and flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid pathway. Since the chemical components and pharmacological effects of P. alkekengi are complex and varied, there are different standards for the evaluation of its quality and efficacy. In most cases, the analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection. A pharmacological study showed that the crude extracts and isolated compounds from P. alkekengi had extensive in vitro and in vivo biological activities (e.g., anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, immunosuppressive, antibacterial, anti-leishmanial, anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative, anti-malarial, anti-Alzheimer's disease, and vasodilatory). Moreover, the relevant anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor mechanisms were elucidated. The reported activities indicate the great pharmacological potential of P. alkekengi. Similarly, studies on the pharmacokinetics of specific compounds will also contribute to the progress of clinical research in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (Y.S.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yanping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (Y.S.); (B.Y.)
| | - Feng Cao
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (Y.S.); (B.Y.)
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (J.Y.); (Y.S.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-82197188
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Thorat SA, Kaniyassery A, Poojari P, Rangel M, Tantry S, Kiran KR, Joshi MB, Rai PS, Botha AM, Muthusamy A. Differential Gene Expression and Withanolides Biosynthesis During in vitro and ex vitro Growth of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:917770. [PMID: 35774803 PMCID: PMC9237602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.917770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) is a medicinally important plant with withanolides as its major bioactive compounds, abundant in the roots and leaves. We examined the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on direct organogenesis, adventitious root development, withanolide biosynthetic pathway gene expression, withanolide contents, and metabolites during vegetative and reproductive growth phases under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. The highest shooting responses were observed with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2.0 mg L-1) + Kinetin (KIN) (1.5 mg L-1) supplementation. Furthermore, BAP (2.0 mg L-1) + KIN (1.5 mg L-1) + gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.5 mg L-1) exhibited better elongation responses with in vitro flowering. Half-strength MS medium with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (1.5 mg L-1) exhibited the highest rooting responses and IBA (1.0 mg L-1) with highest fruits, and overall biomass. Higher contents of withaferin A (WFA) [∼8.2 mg g-1 dry weight (DW)] were detected in the reproductive phase, whereas substantially lower WFA contents (∼1.10 mg g-1 DW) were detected in the vegetative phase. Cycloartenol synthase (CAS) (P = 0.0025), sterol methyltransferase (SMT) (P = 0.0059), and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductase (DXR) (P = 0.0375) genes resulted in a significant fold change in expression during the reproductive phase. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed metabolites that were common (177) and distinct in reproductive (218) and vegetative (167) phases. Adventitious roots cultured using varying concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.5 mg L-1) + IBA (1.0 mg L-1) + GA3 (0.2 mg L-1) exhibited the highest biomass, and IAA (0.5 mg L-1) + IBA (1.0 mg L-1) exhibited the highest withanolides content. Overall, our findings demonstrate the peculiarity of withanolide biosynthesis during distinct growth phases, which is relevant for the large-scale production of withanolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Ashok Thorat
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Arya Kaniyassery
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Poornima Poojari
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Melissa Rangel
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Shashikala Tantry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kodsara Ramachandra Kiran
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Manjunath B. Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Padmalatha S. Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Anna-Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Annamalai Muthusamy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
- *Correspondence: Annamalai Muthusamy,
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10
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Abstract
Covering: March 2010 to December 2020. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 705This review summarizes the latest progress and perspectives on the structural classification, biological activities and mechanisms, metabolism and pharmacokinetic investigations, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and structural modifications, as well as future research directions of the promising natural withanolides. The literature from March 2010 to December 2020 is reviewed, and 287 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yang Xia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China. .,Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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11
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Chen X, Chen B, Shang X, Fang S. RNA in situ hybridization and expression of related genes regulating the accumulation of triterpenoids in Cyclocarya paliurus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2189-2197. [PMID: 33960380 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, a woody medicinal species in the Juglandaceae, grows extensively in subtropical areas of China. Triterpenoids in the leaves have health-promoting effects, including hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. To understand triterpenoid biosynthesis, transport and accumulation in C. paliurus during the growing season, gene cloning, gene expression and RNA in situ hybridization of related genes were used, and accumulation was examined in various organs. The complete coding sequences (CDSs) of three genes, CpHMGR, CpDXR and CpSQS, were obtained from GenBank and RACE. RNA in situ hybridization signals of the three genes mainly occurred in the epidermis, palisade tissue, phloem and xylem of leaf, shoot and root, with the signals generally consistent with the accumulation of metabolites in tissues, except in the xylem. Both gene expression and triterpenoid accumulations showed seasonal variations in all organs. However, total triterpenoid content in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the shoots, with the maximum in shoots in August and in leaves in October. According to Pearson correlation analysis, triterpenoid accumulation in the leaves was significantly positively related with the relative expression of CpSQS. However, the relation between gene expression and accumulation was dependent on the role of the gene in the pathway as well as on the plant organ. The results suggested that most of the intermediates catalyzed by CpHMGR and CpDXR in young shoots and roots were used in growth and flowering in the spring, whereas subsequent triterpenoid biosynthesis in the downstream catalyzed by CpSQS mainly occurred in the leaves by using transferred and in situ intermediates as substrates. Thus, this study provides a reference to improve triterpenoid accumulation in future C. paliurus plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Biqin Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road, Xuanwu district, Nanjing 210037, China
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12
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Shahnawaz, Pandey DK, Konjengbam M, Dwivedi P, Kaur P, Kumar V, Ray D, Ray P, Nazir R, Kaur H, Parida S, Dey A. Biotechnological interventions of in vitro propagation and production of valuable secondary metabolites in Stevia rebaudiana. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8593-8614. [PMID: 34708277 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell and tissue culture makes provision of a sustainable and nature-friendly strategy for the production of secondary metabolites, and modern progress in gene editing and genome engineering provides novel possibilities to improve both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of such phytochemicals. The ever-expanding quest for plant-based medicine to treat diabetes facilitates large-scale cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana to enhance the yield of its much-coveted low-calorie sweetener glycosides. The potential to process stevia as a "natural" product should enhance the acceptance of steviosides as a natural calorie-free sweetener especially suitable for use in diabetic and weight control drinks and foods. Besides sweetener agents, S. rebaudiana is a potent source of many antioxidant compounds and is used to cure immunodeficiencies, neurologic disorders, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. This comprehensive review presents the research outcomes of the many biotechnological interventions implicated to upscale the yield of steviol glycosides and its derivatives in in vitro cell, callus, tissue, and organ cultures with notes on the use of bioreactor and genetic engineering in relation to the production of these valuable compounds in S. rebaudiana. KEY POINTS: • Critical and updated assessment on sustainable production of steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. • In vitro propagation of S. rebaudiana and elicitation of steviol glycosides production. • Genetic fidelity and diversity assessment of S. rebaudiana using molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
| | | | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Durga Ray
- Department of Microbiology, St. Aloysius College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Puja Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Romaan Nazir
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Parida
- Department of Biotechnology, MITS School of Biotechnology, Affiliated to Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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13
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Cao L, Zhou Z, Sun J, Li C, Zhang Y. Altering Sterol Composition Implied That Cholesterol Is Not Physiologically Associated With Diosgenin Biosynthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741604. [PMID: 34733302 PMCID: PMC8558557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin serves as an important precursor of most steroidal drugs in market. Cholesterol was previously deemed as a sterol origin leading to diosgenin biosynthesis. This study reports that cholesterol is not in parallel with diosgenin biosynthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum. We first perturbed its sterol composition using inhibitors specific for the upstream isoprenoid pathway enzymes, HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl-CoA reductase) on the mevalonate (MVA) and DXR (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) on the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phophate (MEP) pathways, and have revealed that diosgenin and cholesterol reversely or differently accumulated in either the MVA or the MEP pathway-suppressed plants, challenging the previously proposed role of cholesterol in diosgenin biosynthesis. To further investigate this, we altered the sterol composition by suppressing and overexpressing the 24-sterol methyltransferase type 1 (SMT1) gene in T. foenum-graecum, as SMT1 acts in the first committed step of diverting the carbon flux of cholesterol toward biosynthesis of 24-alkyl sterols. Knockdown of TfSMT1 expression led to increased cholesterol level but caused a large reduction of diosgenin. Diosgenin was increased upon the TfSMT1-overexpressing, which, however, did not significantly affect cholesterol biosynthesis. These data consistently supported that diosgenin biosynthesis in T. foenum-graecum is not associated with cholesterol. Rather, campesterol, a 24-alkyl sterol, was indicative of being correlative to diosgenin biosynthesis in T. foenum-graecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Patent Examination Cooperation (Henan) Center of the Patent Office, China National Intellectual Property Administration, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changfu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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14
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Xiong Q, Luo G, Zheng F, Wu K, Yang H, Chen L, Tian W. Structural characterization and evaluation the elicitors activity of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum indicum. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 263:117994. [PMID: 33858581 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluates the elicitors activity and structure characterization of four Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharides (CIPs) which were isolated from C. indicum, obtained CIP1, CIP2, CIP3, CIP4. Results demonstrated that there was a distinct difference in inducibility and CIP3 was significantly stronger than other CIPs through bioactivity-tests. Taking CIP3 with total carbohydrate content 91.93 % as a representative, its structure was elucidated as a relative molecular weight of 8. 741 × 103 g/mol and mainly composed of xylose, galacturonic acid, galactose and glucuronic acid. Through GC, IR and NMR, CIP3 was determined to possess a backbone comprised of T-α-d-GalpA, 1,4-α-d-GlcpA, 1,2-α-d-Xylp, 1,3-α-l-Rhap, 1,2,4-α-l-Rhap and sidechains comprised of 1,3-β-d-Galp, 1,6-α-d-Galp, T-α-Glcp, 1,3-β-d-Glcp, 1,4-α-d-Glcp, 1,3,4-α-d-Manp, T-α-l-Fucp. Further results indicated that CIP3 with active sidechains could significantly increase the expression of defense genes in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AM). It is believed that the sidechains of CIP3 were necessary to its elicitor activity via bioactivity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Xiong
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China.
| | - Guofu Luo
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Huining Yang
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China; XiangBiShanXiang Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China.
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15
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Das R, Rauf A, Akhter S, Islam MN, Emran TB, Mitra S, Khan IN, Mubarak MS. Role of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:3696. [PMID: 34204308 PMCID: PMC8234716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline and memory deficits due to beta-amyloid deposition (Aβ) and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. To date, approximately 47 million people worldwide have AD. This figure will rise to an estimated 75.6 million by 2030 and 135.5 million by 2050. According to the literature, the efficacy of conventional medications for AD is statistically substantial, but clinical relevance is restricted to disease slowing rather than reversal. Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone glycowithanolides, a secondary metabolite with comprehensive biological effects. Biosynthetically, it is derived from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Acnistus breviflorus (Gallinero) through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways. Mounting evidence shows that WA possesses inhibitory activities against developing a pathological marker of Alzheimer's diseases. Several cellular and animal models' particulates to AD have been conducted to assess the underlying protective effect of WA. In AD, the neuroprotective potential of WA is mediated by reduction of beta-amyloid plaque aggregation, tau protein accumulation, regulation of heat shock proteins, and inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory constituents. Despite the various preclinical studies on WA's therapeutic potentiality, less is known regarding its definite efficacy in humans for AD. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the biosynthesis of WA, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AD, and finally the therapeutic potential of WA for the treatment and prevention of AD, highlighting the research and augmentation of new therapeutic approaches. Further clinical trials are necessary for evaluating the safety profile and confirming WA's neuroprotective potency against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan;
| | - Saima Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Ishaq N. Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
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16
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Zhang Y, Yan H, Li Y, Xiong Y, Niu M, Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Ma G. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase from Santalum album. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050626. [PMID: 33922119 PMCID: PMC8143465 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) heartwood-derived essential oil contains a high content of sesquiterpenoids that are economically highly valued and widely used in the fragrance industry. Sesquiterpenoids are biosynthesized via the mevalonate acid and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, which are also the sources of precursors for photosynthetic pigments. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is a secondary rate-limiting enzyme in the MEP pathway. In this paper, the 1416-bp open reading frame of SaDXR and its 897-bp promoter region, which contains putative conserved cis-elements involved in stress responsiveness (HSE and TC-rich repeats), hormone signaling (abscisic acid, gibberellin and salicylic acid) and light responsiveness, were cloned from 7-year-old S. album trees. A bioinformatics analysis suggested that SaDXR encodes a functional and conserved DXR protein. SaDXR was widely expressed in multiple tissues, including roots, twigs, stem sapwood, leaves, flowers, fruit and stem heartwood, displaying significantly higher levels in tissues with photosynthetic pigments, like twigs, leaves and flowers. SaDXR mRNA expression increased in etiolated seedlings exposed to light, and the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids was enhanced in all 35S::SaDXR transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines, consistent with the SaDXR expression level. SaDXR was also stimulated by MeJA and H2O2 in seedling roots. α-Santalol content decreased in response to fosmidomycin, a DXR inhibitor. These results suggest that SaDXR plays an important role in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, shifting the flux to sandalwood-specific sesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueya Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Computer Science Department, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuping Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Computer Science Department, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiyun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Computer Science Department, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
| | | | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (M.N.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Basharat S, Huang Z, Gong M, Lv X, Ahmed A, Hussain I, Li J, Du G, Liu L. A review on current conventional and biotechnical approaches to enhance biosynthesis of steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Silva N, Ivamoto-Suzuki ST, Camargo PO, Rosa RS, Pereira LFP, Domingues DS. Low-Copy Genes in Terpenoid Metabolism: The Evolution and Expression of MVK and DXR Genes in Angiosperms. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040525. [PMID: 32325804 PMCID: PMC7238024 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a diverse class of metabolites that impact plant metabolism in response to environmental cues. They are synthesized either via a predominantly cytosolic (MVA) pathway or a plastidic pathway (MEP). In Arabidopsis, several enzymes from the MVA and MEP pathways are encoded by gene families, excluding MVK and DXR, which are single-copy genes. In this study, we assess the diversity, evolution and expression of DXR and MVK genes in selected angiosperms and Coffea arabica in particular. Evolutionary analysis revealed that DXR and MVK underwent purifying selection, but the selection effect for DXR was stronger than it was for MVK. Digital gene expression (DGE) profile analysis of six species revealed that expression levels of MVK in flowers and roots were high, whereas for DXR peak values were observed in leaves. In C. arabica, both genes were highly expressed in flowers, and CaDXR was upregulated in response to methyl jasmonate. C. arabica DGE data were validated by assessing gene expression in selected organs, and by plants treated with hexanoic acid (Hx) using RT-qPCR. MVK expression was upregulated in roots treated with Hx. CaDXR was downregulated in leaves by Hx treatment in a genotype-specific manner, indicating a differential response to priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Silva
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (S.T.I.-S.)
| | - Suzana Tiemi Ivamoto-Suzuki
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (S.T.I.-S.)
| | - Paula Oliveira Camargo
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (S.T.I.-S.)
| | - Raíssa Scalzoni Rosa
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (S.T.I.-S.)
| | - Luiz Filipe Protasio Pereira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa-Café), 86047-902 Londrina-PR, Brazil;
| | - Douglas Silva Domingues
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, 13506-900 Rio Claro-SP, Brazil (S.T.I.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(19)-3526-4207
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19
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Bomzan DP, Shilpashree HB, Anjali P, Kumar SR, Nagegowda DA. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing for Functional Genomics in Withania somnifera, an Important Indian Medicinal Plant. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2172:139-154. [PMID: 32557367 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has emerged as a fast and efficient reverse and forward genetics tool to study gene function in model plants as well as in agriculturally important plants. In addition, VIGS approach has been successfully used to provide insights into the role of several genes and regulators involved in plant secondary metabolism. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an important Indian medicinal plant that accumulates pharmacologically important triterpenoid steroidal lactones, which are collectively termed as withanolides. W. somnifera being a highly recalcitrant plant for genetic transformation, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated VIGS was established by our group to facilitate understanding of withanolides' pathway. Here, we describe a detailed procedure to carry out VIGS for gene function studies in W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikki Pedenla Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
| | - H B Shilpashree
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
| | - P Anjali
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bengaluru, India.
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20
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Song Y, Chen S, Wang X, Zhang R, Tu L, Hu T, Liu X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Gao W. A novel strategy to enhance terpenoids production using cambial meristematic cells of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:129. [PMID: 31719835 PMCID: PMC6836502 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (T. wilfordii) is an important medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities. The main bioactive ingredients are diterpenoids and triterpenoids, such as triptolide, triptophenolide and celastrol. However, the production of terpenoids from original plants, hairy roots and dedifferentiated cells (DDCs) are not satisfactory for clinical applications. To find a new way to further improve the production of terpenoids, we established a new culture system of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) with stem cell-like properties, which had strong vigor and high efficiency to produce large amounts of terpenoids of T. wilfordii. RESULTS CMCs of T. wilfordii were isolated and cultured for the first time. CMCs were characterized consistent with stem cell identities based on their physiological and molecular analysis, including morphology of CMCs, hypersensitivity to zeocin, thin cell wall and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis, combination of transcriptional data analysis. After induction with methyl jasmonate (MJ), the maximal production of triptolide, celastrol and triptophenolide in CMCs was 312%, 400% and 327% higher than that of control group, respectively. As for medium, MJ-induced CMCs secreted 231% triptolide and 130% triptophenolide at the maximum level into medium higher than that of control group. Maximal celastrol production of induced CMCs medium was 48% lower than that of control group. Long-term induction significantly enhanced the production of terpenoids both in cells and medium. The reason for increasing the yield of terpenoids was that expression levels of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) were upregulated in CMCs after induction. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, CMCs of T. wilfordii were isolated, cultured, characterized and applied. Considering the significant enrichment of terpenoids in CMCs of T. wilfordii, CMCs could provide an efficient and controllable platform for sustainable production of terpenoids, which can be a better choice than DDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Shang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xihong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
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Pal S, Rastogi S, Nagegowda DA, Gupta MM, Shasany AK, Chanotiya CS. RNAi of Sterol Methyl Transferase1 Reveals its Direct Role in Diverting Intermediates Towards Withanolide/Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Withania somnifera. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:672-686. [PMID: 30541044 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal properties of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) are accredited to a group of compounds called withanolides. 24-Methylene cholesterol is the intermediate for sterol biosynthesis and a proposed precursor of withanolide biogenesis. However, conversion of 24-methylene cholesterol to withaferin A and other withanolides has not yet been biochemically dissected. Hence, in an effort to fill this gap, an important gene, encoding S-adenosyl l-methionine-dependent sterol-C24-methyltransferase type 1 (SMT1), involved in the first committed step of sterol biosynthesis, from W. somnifera was targeted in the present study. Though SMT1 has been characterized in model plants such as Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana, its functional role in phytosterol and withanolide biosynthesis was demonstrated for the first time in W. somnifera. Since SMT1 acts at many steps preceding the withanolide precursor, the impact of this gene in channeling of metabolites for withanolide biosynthesis and its regulatory nature was illustrated by suppressing the gene in W. somnifera via the RNA interference (RNAi) approach. Interestingly, down-regulation of SMT1 in W. somnifera led to reduced levels of campesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol, with an increase of cholesterol content in the transgenic RNAi lines. In contrast, SMT1 overexpression in transgenic N. tabacum enhanced the level of all phytosterols except cholesterol, which was not affected. The results established that SMT1 plays a crucial role in W. somnifera withanolide biosynthesis predominantly through the campesterol and stigmasterol routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Postal Staff College Area, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Postal Staff College Area, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Chemical Sciences Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Innate endophytic fungus, Aspergillus terreus as biotic elicitor of withanolide A in root cell suspension cultures of Withania somnifera. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1895-1908. [PMID: 30706360 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, root cell suspension cultures of W. somnifera were elicited with mycelial extract (1% w/v) and culture filtrate (5% v/v) of their native endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus 2aWF in shake flask. Culture filtrate of A. terreus 2aWF significantly elicits withanolide A at 6H (12.20 ± 0.52 µg/g FCB). However, with A. terreus 2aWF mycelial extract, withanolide A content was higher at 24H (10.29 µg/g FCB). Withanolide A content was maximum with salicylic acid (0.1 mM) treatment at 24H (8.3 ± 0.20 µg/g FCB). Further, expression analysis of withanolide pathway genes, hydrogen peroxide production, and lipid peroxidation was carried out after 48H of elicitation with 2aWF mycelial extract and culture filtrate. The expression levels of withanolides biosynthetic pathway genes, viz. HMGR, DXR, FPPS, SQS, SQE, CAS, SMT1, STE1 and CYP710A1 were quantified by real time PCR at 48H of elicitation. In all the treatments, the expression levels of key genes were significantly upregulated as compared to untreated suspension cells. Hydrogen peroxide was noticeably enhanced in SA, mycelia extract and culture filtrate, at 20% (115 ± 4.40 nM/g FCB), 42% (137.5 ± 3.62 nM/g FCB), and 27% (122.8 ± 1.25 nM/g FCB) respectively; however, lipid peroxidation was 0.288 ± 0.014, 0.305 ± 0.041 and 0.253 ± 0.007 (µM/gm FCB) respectively, higher than the control (0.201 ± 0.007 µM/gm FCB).
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23
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Fungal endophytes attune withanolide biosynthesis in Withania somnifera, prime to enhanced withanolide A content in leaves and roots. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Sharma A, Rather GA, Misra P, Dhar MK, Lattoo SK. Gene Silencing and Over-Expression Studies in Concurrence With Promoter Specific Elicitations Reveal the Central Role of WsCYP85A69 in Biosynthesis of Triterpenoids in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:842. [PMID: 31333694 PMCID: PMC6624744 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) synthesizes a wide spectrum of triterpenoids that are produced via an intricate isoprenoid pathway whose biosynthetic and regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Their pharmacological examination position them as potent bioactive molecules, hence demanding their copious production. Previous investigations have revealed that P450 monooxygenases are pivotal enzymes involved in the biosynthetic machinery of various metabolites and assist in decorating their core skeletal structures. The present study entails the isolation and functional characterization of castasterone synthase (CYP85A69) from W. somnifera. The full length WsCYP85A69, having an open reading frame of 1413 bp, encodes 470 amino acid residues. Further, in vitro conversion of 6-deoxocastasterone into castasterone validated its oxidative functionality. Product formation was confirmed using LC-PDA-MS with a m/z value of 506 [M+ACN]+. In planta transient over-expression of WsCYP85A69 significantly enhanced castasterone, stigmasterol and withanolides (WS-I, WS-II, WS-III). Artificial micro-RNA mediated silencing of WsCYP85A69 resulted in the reduced accumulation of castasterone, stigmasterol and withanolides (WS-I, WS-II, WS-III). Altogether, these non-complementary approaches plausibly suggest a key role of WsCYP85A69 in the biosynthesis of castasterone and the accumulation of withanolides and stigmasterol. Furthermore, a promoter analysis of WsCYP85A69 resulted in the identification of several potential cis-regulatory elements. Elicitations, given on the basis of identified cis-regulatory elements, demonstrated methyl jasmonate as an effective inducer of WsCYP85A69. Overall, these empirical findings suggest that functional characterization of WsCYP85A69 may conceivably be helpful to unravel the mechanism of brassinosteroids biosynthesis and could also pave the way for targeted metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Gulzar A. Rather
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Manoj K. Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
- *Correspondence: Manoj K. Dhar,
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Surrinder K. Lattoo, ;
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25
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Singh R, Gupta P, Khan F, Singh SK, Mishra T, Kumar A, Dhawan SS, Shirke PA. Modulations in primary and secondary metabolic pathways and adjustment in physiological behaviour of Withania somnifera under drought stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:42-54. [PMID: 29807605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In general medicinal plants grown under water limiting conditions show much higher concentrations of secondary metabolites in comparison to control plants. In the present study, Withania somnifera plants were subjected to water stress and data related to drought tolerance phenomenon was collected and a putative mechanistic concept considering growth responses, physiological behaviour, and metabolite content and gene expression aspects is presented. Drought induced metabolic and physiological responses as well as drastic decrease in CO2 uptake due to stomatal limitations. As a result, the consumption of reduction equivalents (NADPH2+) for CO2 assimilation via the calvin cycle declines significantly resulting in the generation of a large oxidative stress and an oversupply of antioxidant enzymes. Drought also results in the shifting of metabolic processes towards biosynthetic activities that consume reduction equivalents. Thus, biosynthesis of reduced compounds (isoprenoids, phenols and alkaloids) is enhanced. The dynamics of various metabolites have been discussed in the light of gene expression analysis of control and drought treated leaves. Gene encoding enzymes of pathways leading to glucose, fructose and fructan production, conversion of triose phosphates to hexoses and hexose phosphorylation were up-regulated in the drought stressed leaves. The down-regulated Calvin cycle genes were co-ordinately regulated with the down-regulation of chloroplast triosephosphate/phosphate translocator, cytoplasmic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and fructose bisphosphatase. Expression of gene encoding Squalene Synthase (SQS) was highly upregulated under drought stress which is responsible for the diversion of carbon flux towards withanolides biosynthesis from isoprenoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh
- CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
| | - Pankhuri Gupta
- CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Furqan Khan
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Singh
- CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Sunita Singh Dhawan
- CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
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26
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Pandey SS, Singh S, Pandey H, Srivastava M, Ray T, Soni S, Pandey A, Shanker K, Babu CSV, Banerjee S, Gupta MM, Kalra A. Endophytes of Withania somnifera modulate in planta content and the site of withanolide biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5450. [PMID: 29615668 PMCID: PMC5882813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue specific biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is a distinguished feature of medicinal plants. Withania somnifera, source of pharmaceutically important withanolides biosynthesizes withaferin-A in leaves and withanolide-A in roots. To increase the in planta withanolides production, a sustainable approach needs to be explored. Here, we isolated endophytes from different parts of W. somnifera plants and their promising role in in planta withanolide biosynthesis was established in both in-vivo grown as well in in-vitro raised composite W. somnifera plants. Overall, the fungal endophytes improved photosynthesis, plant growth and biomass, and the root-associated bacterial endophytes enhanced the withanolide content in both in-vivo and in-vitro grown plants by modulating the expression of withanolide biosynthesis genes in leaves and roots. Surprisingly, a few indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing and nitrogen-fixing root-associated endophytes could induce the biosynthesis of withaferin-A in roots by inducing in planta IAA-production and upregulating the expression of withanolide biosynthesis genes especially MEP-pathway genes (DXS and DXR) in roots as well. Results indicate the role of endophytes in modulating the synthesis and site of withanolides production and the selected endophytes can be used for enhancing the in planta withanolide production and enriching roots with pharmaceutically important withaferin-A which is generally absent in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv S Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sucheta Singh
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Harshita Pandey
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Madhumita Srivastava
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Tania Ray
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Soni
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - C S Vivek Babu
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Suchitra Banerjee
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - M M Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Singh AK, Kumar SR, Dwivedi V, Rai A, Pal S, Shasany AK, Nagegowda DA. A WRKY transcription factor from Withania somnifera regulates triterpenoid withanolide accumulation and biotic stress tolerance through modulation of phytosterol and defense pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017. [PMID: 28649699 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera produces pharmacologically important triterpenoid withanolides that are derived via phytosterol pathway; however, their biosynthesis and regulation remain to be elucidated. A jasmonate- and salicin-inducible WRKY transcription factor from W. somnifera (WsWRKY1) exhibiting correlation with withaferin A accumulation was functionally characterized employing virus-induced gene silencing and overexpression studies combined with transcript and metabolite analyses, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. WsWRKY1 silencing resulted in stunted plant growth, reduced transcripts of phytosterol pathway genes with corresponding reduction in phytosterols and withanolides in W. somnifera. Its overexpression elevated the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in W. somnifera (phytosterols and withanolides), as well as tobacco and tomato (phytosterols). Moreover, WsWRKY1 binds to W-box sequences in promoters of W. somnifera genes encoding squalene synthase and squalene epoxidase, indicating its direct regulation of triterpenoid pathway. Furthermore, while WsWRKY1 silencing in W. somnifera compromised the tolerance to bacterial growth, fungal infection, and insect feeding, its overexpression in tobacco led to improved biotic stress tolerance. Together these findings demonstrate that WsWRKY1 has a positive regulatory role on phytosterol and withanolides biosynthesis, and defense against biotic stress, highlighting its importance as a metabolic engineering tool for simultaneous improvement of triterpenoid biosynthesis and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Singh
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Sarma Rajeev Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Ajit K Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, 560065, India
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28
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Ahlawat S, Saxena P, Ali A, Khan S, Abdin MZ. Comparative study of withanolide production and the related transcriptional responses of biosynthetic genes in fungi elicited cell suspension culture of Withania somnifera in shake flask and bioreactor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 114:19-28. [PMID: 28249222 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is one of the most reputed medicinal plants in the traditional medicinal system. In this study, cell suspension culture of W. somnifera was elicited with cell homogenates of fungi (A. alternata, F. solani, V. dahliae and P. indica) in shake flask and the major withanolides like withanolide A, withaferin A and withanone were analysed. Simultaneously expression levels of key pathway genes from withanolides biosynthetic pathways were also checked via quantitative PCR in shake flask as well as in bioreactor. The results show that highest gene expression of 10.8, 5.8, 4.9, and 3.3 folds were observed with HMGR among all the expressed genes in cell suspension cultures with cell homogenates of 3% P. indica, 5% V. dahliae, 3% A. alternata and 3% F. solani, respectively, in comparison to the control in shake flask. Optimized concentration of cell homogenate of P. indica (3% v/v) was added to the growing culture in 5.0-l bioreactor under optimized up-scaling conditions and harvested after 22 days. The genes of MVA, MEP and withanolides biosynthetic pathways like HMGR, SS, SE, CAS, FPPS, DXR and DXS were up-regulated by 12.5, 4.9, 2.18, 4.65, 2.34, 1.89 and 1.4 folds, respectively in bioreactor. The enhancement of biomass (1.13 fold) and withanolides [withanolide A (1.7), withaferin A (1.5), and withanone (1.5) folds] in bioreactor in comparison to shake flask was also found to be in line with the up-regulation of genes of withanolide biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Ahlawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Parul Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Athar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shazia Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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29
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Pal S, Yadav AK, Singh AK, Rastogi S, Gupta MM, Verma RK, Nagegowda DA, Pal A, Shasany AK. Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:389-399. [PMID: 26971099 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis. Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes. Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time, in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Singh V, Singh B, Sharma A, Kaur K, Gupta A, Salar R, Hallan V, Pati P. Leaf spot disease adversely affects human health-promoting constituents and withanolide biosynthesis inWithania somnifera(L.) Dunal. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:153-165. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - B. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - A. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - K. Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - A.P. Gupta
- QC & QA; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Jammu Tawi Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - R.K. Salar
- Department of Biotechnology; Chaudhary Devi Lal University; Sirsa Haryana India
| | - V. Hallan
- Biotechnology Division; CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology; Palampur Himachal Pradesh India
| | - P.K. Pati
- Department of Biotechnology; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
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Saxena P, Ahlawat S, Ali A, Khan S, Abdin MZ. Gene expression analysis of the withanolide biosynthetic pathway in hairy root cultures of Withania somnifera elicited with methyl jasmonate and the fungus Piriformospora indica. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lipko A, Swiezewska E. Isoprenoid generating systems in plants - A handy toolbox how to assess contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthetic process. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:70-92. [PMID: 27133788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids comprise an astonishingly diverse group of metabolites with numerous potential and actual applications in medicine, agriculture and the chemical industry. Generation of efficient platforms producing isoprenoids is a target of numerous laboratories. Such efforts are generally enhanced if the native biosynthetic routes can be identified, and if the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of the compound(s) of interest can be determined. In this review a critical summary of the techniques applied to establish the contribution of the two alternative routes of isoprenoid production operating in plant cells, the mevalonate and methylerythritol pathways, with a focus on their co-operation (cross-talk) is presented. Special attention has been paid to methodological aspects of the referred studies, in order to give the reader a deeper understanding for the nuances of these powerful techniques. This review has been designed as an organized toolbox, which might offer the researchers comments useful both for project design and for interpretation of results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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33
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Liao P, Hemmerlin A, Bach TJ, Chye ML. The potential of the mevalonate pathway for enhanced isoprenoid production. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:697-713. [PMID: 26995109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytosol-localised mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway delivers the basic isoprene unit isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). In higher plants, this central metabolic intermediate is also synthesised by the plastid-localised methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Both MVA and MEP pathways conspire through exchange of intermediates and regulatory interactions. Products downstream of IPP such as phytosterols, carotenoids, vitamin E, artemisinin, tanshinone and paclitaxel demonstrate antioxidant, cholesterol-reducing, anti-ageing, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Other isoprenoid precursors including isoprene, isoprenol, geraniol, farnesene and farnesol are economically valuable. An update on the MVA pathway and its interaction with the MEP pathway is presented, including the improvement in the production of phytosterols and other isoprenoid derivatives. Such attempts are for instance based on the bioengineering of microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as plants. The function of relevant genes in the MVA pathway that can be utilised in metabolic engineering is reviewed and future perspectives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Andréa Hemmerlin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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34
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Singh AK, Dwivedi V, Rai A, Pal S, Reddy SGE, Rao DKV, Shasany AK, Nagegowda DA. Virus-induced gene silencing of Withania somnifera squalene synthase negatively regulates sterol and defence-related genes resulting in reduced withanolides and biotic stress tolerance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1287-99. [PMID: 25809293 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is an important Indian medicinal plant that produces withanolides, which are triterpenoid steroidal lactones having diverse biological activities. To enable fast and efficient functional characterization of genes in this slow-growing and difficult-to-transform plant, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was established by silencing phytoene desaturase (PDS) and squalene synthase (SQS). VIGS of the gene encoding SQS, which provides precursors for triterpenoids, resulted in significant reduction of squalene and withanolides, demonstrating its application in studying withanolides biosynthesis in W. somnifera leaves. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression and sterol pathway intermediates in WsSQS-vigs plants revealed transcriptional modulation with positive feedback regulation of mevalonate pathway genes, and negative feed-forward regulation of downstream sterol pathway genes including DWF1 (delta-24-sterol reductase) and CYP710A1 (C-22-sterol desaturase), resulting in significant reduction of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. However, there was little effect of SQS silencing on cholesterol, indicating the contribution of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, but not of cholesterol, towards withanolides formation. Branch-point oxidosqualene synthases in WsSQS-vigs plants exhibited differential regulation with reduced CAS (cycloartenol synthase) and cycloartenol, and induced BAS (β-amyrin synthase) and β-amyrin. Moreover, SQS silencing also led to the down-regulation of brassinosteroid-6-oxidase-2 (BR6OX2), pathogenesis-related (PR) and nonexpressor of PR (NPR) genes, resulting in reduced tolerance to bacterial and fungal infection as well as to insect feeding. Taken together, SQS silencing negatively regulated sterol and defence-related genes leading to reduced phytosterols, withanolides and biotic stress tolerance, thus implicating the application of VIGS for functional analysis of genes related to withanolides formation in W. somnifera leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
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