1
|
Chanda MM, Purse BV, Hemadri D, Patil SS, Yogisharadhya R, Prajapati A, Shivachandra SB. Spatial and temporal analysis of haemorrhagic septicaemia outbreaks in India over three decades (1987-2016). Sci Rep 2024; 14:6773. [PMID: 38514747 PMCID: PMC10957987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an economically important disease affecting cattle and buffaloes and the livelihoods of small-holder farmers that depend upon them. The disease is caused by Gram-negative bacterium, Pasteurella multocida, and is considered to be endemic in many states of India with more than 25,000 outbreaks in the past three decades. Currently, there is no national policy for control of HS in India. In this study, we analysed thirty year (1987-2016) monthly data on HS outbreaks using different statistical and mathematical methods to identify spatial variability and temporal patterns (seasonality, periodicity). There was zonal variation in the trend and seasonality of HS outbreaks. Overall, South zone reported maximum proportion of the outbreaks (70.2%), followed by East zone (7.2%), Central zone (6.4%), North zone (5.6%), West zone (5.5%) and North-East zone (4.9%). Annual state level analysis indicated that the reporting of HS outbreaks started at different years independently and there was no apparent transmission between the states. The results of the current study are useful for the policy makers to design national control programme on HS in India and implement state specific strategies. Further, our study and strategies could aid in implementation of similar approaches in HS endemic tropical countries around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mudassar Chanda
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bethan V Purse
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Awadhesh Prajapati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shome R, Natesan K, Kalleshamurthy T, Yadav C, Sahay S, Skariah S, Mohandoss N, Kumar ORV, Shome BR, Rahman H. Management of bovine brucellosis in organized dairy herds through the identification of risk factors: A cross-sectional study from Karnataka, India. Vet World 2023; 16:1122-1130. [PMID: 37576779 PMCID: PMC10420698 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1122-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis seropositivity in organized dairy farms to control the disease in unvaccinated adult bovine herds in Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods In total, 3610 samples (3221 cattle and 389 buffaloes) were subjected to parallel testing using the Rose Bengal plate test and protein G-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, followed by analyses of animal- and farm-level epidemiological datasets to identify the risk factors. Results The apparent brucellosis prevalence at the animal level was higher in buffaloes (8.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.9-11.4) than in cattle (6.1%, 95% CI = 5.3-7.0). In a multivariable logistic model, animals calved 3-5 times (odds ratio [OR] = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.50-3.1, reference [ref]: animals calved <2 times); animals with a history of abortion (OR = 54.73, 95% CI = 33.66-89.02), repeat breeding (OR = 19.46, 95% CI = 11.72-32.25), and placental retention (OR = 13.94, 95% CI = 4.92-39.42, ref: no clinical signs); and dogs on farms (OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.48-4.40, ref: absence of dogs); disposal of aborted fetus in open fields (OR = 4.97, 95% CI = 1.93-12.84) and water bodies (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.50-3.1, ref: buried); purchase of animals from other farms (OR = 6.46, 95% CI = 1.01-41.67, ref: government farms); hand milking (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.02-10.0, ref: machine milking); and use of monthly veterinary services (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.28-9.29, ref: weekly services) were considered significant risk factors for brucellosis in organized bovine herds (p < 0.01). Conclusion The study identified that the animals calved 3-5 times or with a history of abortion/repeat breeding/placental retention, and disposal of aborted fetus in open fields/water bodies as the potential risk factors for bovine brucellosis. These risk factors should be controlled through the implementation of best practices to reduce the brucellosis burden in bovine farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Triveni Kalleshamurthy
- ICAR-NIVEDI, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Habibur Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, NASC Complex, CG Center, DPS Marg, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
MALIK MH, JAN MH, VERMA HK, SHARMA RK. Epidemiology, economic losses due to Haemorrhagic Septicemia and cost-benefit analysis of interventions in dairy animals of Punjab. Indian J of Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i11.111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological features and financial losses due to Haemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) in dairy animals of Punjab were studied using the primary data collected from 720 livestock owners/ dairy farms. The overall incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) risk of HS among dairy animals was 5.45 and 45.15%, respectively. Incidence risk of HS on the species basis varied significantly and was observed highest in buffaloes (6.27%), followed by cross bred (4.67%) and indigenous cattle (3.91%). The overall financial loss due to HS per affected animal per year was ` ₹ 5111.64±482.32. However, the mean economic losses per animal per year affected varied significantly among different categories of animals, and was highest in buffalo (`₹ 7265.08±735.27), followed by cross bred (` 5799.55±447.48) and lowest in indigenous cattle (`₹ 2270.30±405.22). At species level, the largest component of the economic losses were due to mortality loss of animals (69.42% in cross bred, 63.15% in indigenous cattle and 70.40% in buffaloes), followed by treatment cost and reduction of milk yield. On benefit cost analysis of control measures, higher BCA ratio was observed in buffalo, followed by crossbred and indigenous cattle. It may be concluded that poor understanding of the disease and lack of effective control measures such as timing and potency of vaccination are some of the factors impacting upon the economics of dairy farming in Punjab state. Training and extension activities should backup the efforts to control this dreadful disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
G G, B GK, A K, Hegde R, Kumar N, Prabhakaran K, Wadhwan VM, Kakker N, Lokhande T, Sharma K, Kanani A, Limaye, K N, Pn A, De AK, Khan TA, Misri J, Dash BB, Pattnaik B, Habibur R. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) incidence in cattle and buffaloes and its associated farm-level economic costs in endemic India. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105318. [PMID: 33740596 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the important epidemiological parameters and farm-level economic costs of FMD incidence in cattle and buffaloes during 2013-14 to 2015-16 in various states of India. Multistage random sampling procedure was adopted for the primary survey and data was collected through face-to-face personal interview from 18,609 cattle and buffalo rearing farm households from 123 districts across twelve states and one Union Territory. Besides epidemiological parameters, different farm-level direct and indirect loss associated with FMD was assessed at disaggregated level (states) by employing deterministic mathematical models. Highest number of affected villages and disease incidence was observed in non- FMD control programme (FMD-CP) implemented Madhya Pradesh and Assam states, respectively whereas negligible incidence was in FMD-CP implemented Punjab state. The disease incidence was high during 2013-14 and declined during 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively implied severe incidence scenario (2013-14) succeeded by moderate (2014-15) and mild (2015-16) scenarios. The crossbred and high productive animals were severely affected than local breeds whereas on sexwise and agewise comparison revealed higher incidence in females and adult animals. During severe incidence scenario, milk loss/animal ranged from USD 6.87-47.44, 18.42-125.88, 16.33-91.43, and 27.17-123.62; mortality loss/animal ranged from USD 32.61-804.27, 30.76-577.7, 65.36-502.2, and 188.04-413.7; distress sale loss/animal ranged from USD 3.22-188.63, 64.34-519.3, 214.47-341.8, and 209.11-450.3; and opportunity cost of labour/animal from USD 5.49-54.29, 5.49-67.78; 7.95-31.37 and 9.83-72.38 in indigenous cattle, crossbred cattle, local and improved buffalo, respectively. The estimated draught power loss/animal varied from USD 39.46-142.94 with least being in Madhya Pradesh and highest in Assam states whereas the median treatment cost/animal was USD 9.18 and USD 27.07 in indigenous cattle and upgraded buffaloes, respectively. The total farm-level economic loss projected due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India was USD 3159 million (INR 221,110 million), USD 270 million (INR 18,910 million) and USD 152 million (INR 10,610 million), respectively during the severe, moderate and mild incidence scenarios at 2015-16 constant prices. The loss varied across the states, and in severe incidence scenario, the country might lose USD 3.2 billion/year and hence, the bi-annual vaccination schedule need to be strictly implemented in all the states. Besides timely vaccination coverage, managing unabated animal movement, educating and motivating the farmers to vaccinate their animals might reduce the incidence and consequential losses to various stakeholders in endemic states like India.
Collapse
|
5
|
G GOVINDARAJ, B GANESHKUMAR, A KRISHNAMOHAN, HEGDE RAVEENDRA, S NANDAKUMAR, PRABHAKARAN KOKILA, MOHAN VINAY, KAKKER NARESH, T LOKHANDE, SHARMA KRISHNA, KANANI AMIT, A LIMAYE, K NATCHIMUTHU, KHAN TANVEERAHMED, MISRI JYOTI, B DASHB, B PATTNAIK, H RAHMAN. Economic Impact of FMD in cattle and buffaloes in India. Indian J of Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i7.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In India, among various diseases that limit livestock production, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) stands first and affects thousands of animals every year. The estimation of loss due to FMD is of paramount importance for designing appropriate control plans. The economic impact studies on various livestock diseases including FMD are very minimal and hence this study assessed the economic loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in few states and overall loss in the country. The total loss estimated comprise of milk yield reduction, unavailability of draught power, distress sale, treatment cost, mortality and opportunity cost of labour based on primary survey undertaken in 10 states and one Union territory. The results revealed that there was variation in loss levels between species and among the study states due to variation in disease incidence and severity levels, productive capacity of the animals, animal health infrastructure in the respective states, etc. The total estimated loss due to FMD in cattle and buffalo was INR 20,897 crore during 2013-14 with wide variation in magnitude across the states studied. The study provided empirical evidence of loss due to FMD in cattle and buffaloes in few states and overall loss in the country.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shome R, Nagalingam M, Priya R, Sahay S, Kalleshamurthy T, Sharma A, Bambal RG, Rahman H, Shome BR. Perceptions and preparedness of veterinarians to combat brucellosis through Brucellosis Control Programme in India. Vet World 2020; 13:222-230. [PMID: 32255962 PMCID: PMC7096303 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.222-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Brucellosis caused by bacteria belongs to the genus Brucella is an important zoonosis and constitutes a serious public health hazard worldwide including India. The present study aimed to estimate the knowledge of veterinarians on brucellosis, its public health threat, diagnosis, and vaccination. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2013-2015 and 453 veterinarians representing 11 states/Union Territories (UT) of India (Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab) were interviewed using self-administered questionnaire. Results: Out of 453 veterinarians, 71.74% stated handling of the animals on day-to-day basis and 28.25% were engaged in administration activities. The veterinarians ranked foot-and-mouth disease and brucellosis at the first and fourth ranks among the list of ten economic impacted diseases in the country. A significant association was observed between laboratory confirmation with those who handled brucellosis-suspected cases (p=0.000). Similarly, significant association was noted for the availability of vials/slides (p=0.114), vacutainers (p=0.008), icebox (p=0.103), and refrigerator (p=0.106) for those who preferred laboratory diagnosis. Only 20% of the veterinarians recommended vaccination against bovine brucellosis, and 17% obtained laboratory confirmation for the brucellosis-suspected cases. Conclusion: The study highlighted the need for awareness programs, laboratory facilities, veterinary doctors, and protective measures for the veterinarians for combating brucellosis through the control program in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Priya
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sahay
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T Kalleshamurthy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - R G Bambal
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - H Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Govindaraj GN, Roy G, Mohanty BS, Balamurugan V, Pandey AK, Sharma V, Patel A, Mehra M, Pandey SK, Roy P. Evaluation of effectiveness of Mass Vaccination Campaign against Peste des petits ruminants in Chhattisgarh state, India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1349-1359. [PMID: 30839170 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effectiveness of 'Mass Vaccination Campaign (MVC)' implemented against the contagious transboundary OIE notified Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats on the lines of 'pulse polio campaign' for humans in Chhattisgarh state, India. The effectiveness was evaluated on the axes of adequacy, financial viability under with and without MVC through differencing under various scenarios and options and programme impact from a farmer's perspective. The adequacy evaluation revealed that the reported outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases declined under PPR-MVC inconsonance with increased vaccination coverage. Furthermore, the seroconversion increased during post PPR-MVC implies elevated immunity levels in the sheep and goat population. The estimated mean mortality loss was USD 45.2 and USD 16.5 per animal in goats and sheep, respectively, whereas the treatment and opportunity cost of labour was USD 1.9 and USD 2.5 per animal respectively. Under the low PPR incidence scenario, benefit: cost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return were 4.9:1, 48.9 million USD and 146.6%, whereas it was 12.4:1,142.7 million USD and 430.4% and 13.5:1,156.7 million USD and 430.4% under medium and high incidence scenarios. Furthermore, the option of vaccinating 100% risk population during the first year followed by 30% during subsequent years to cover naïve population will maximize benefits than 100% coverage every year; nevertheless, benefits outweighs cost manifolds in both of these options. The farmers had a positive opinion on the overall services provided under PPR-MVC and the results provide the empirical evidence on effectiveness of 'mass vaccination' for its replication in other states of India or countries with similar socio-economic and rearing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | - Goutam Roy
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Barada Shankar Mohanty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Arvind Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | - Varsha Sharma
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Aparna Patel
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Mausam Mehra
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - S K Pandey
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Govindaraj G, Sridevi R, Nandakumar SN, Vineet R, Rajeev P, Binu MK, Balamurugan V, Rahman H. Economic impacts of avian influenza outbreaks in Kerala, India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e361-e372. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
| | - R. Sridevi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
| | - S. N. Nandakumar
- Chief Disease Investigation Office (CDIO); Palode, Thiruvanantapuram Kerala India
| | - R. Vineet
- Chief Disease Investigation Office (CDIO); Palode, Thiruvanantapuram Kerala India
| | - P. Rajeev
- Department of Animal Husbandry; Government of Kerala; Thiruvanathapuram Kerala India
| | - M. K. Binu
- Department of Animal Husbandry; Government of Kerala; Thiruvanathapuram Kerala India
| | - V. Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
| | - H. Rahman
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research; New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ojeda-Robertos NF, Torres-Chablé OM, Peralta-Torres JA, Luna-Palomera C, Aguilar-Cabrales A, Chay-Canul AJ, González-Garduño R, Machain-Williams C, Cámara-Sarmiento R. Study of gastrointestinal parasites in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) reared under Mexican humid tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:613-618. [PMID: 28161847 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites (GP) genera affecting water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) reared under humid tropical conditions of Mexico. Three hundred eighty-three Munrah breed water buffalo were included, 251 adult females and 132 calves. Feces were directly collected form the rectum of the animals and processed by the McMaster technique. Coprocultures were made to identify the genera of the nematodes. The frequency of GP in B. bubalis was 42%, independently of their age, 60% of calves resulted parasitized. Age had a strong association with the presence of GP (Xi2 = 77.4014, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001). The family Trichostrongylidae was found in both age groups. The genera identified were Strongyloides sp. (47.2%), Cooperia sp. (33.9%), and Haemonchus sp. (10.4%), as well as Eimeria sp., Moniezia sp., Trichuris sp., and Strongyloides sp. The highest parasite burden corresponded to the genus Strongyloides sp. with 1108.9 EPG. There is a need to carry out further studies in order to know the prevalence and incidence of nematode affecting to B. bubalis as an introduced animal species to Mexican tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Alonso Peralta-Torres
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Luna-Palomera
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Aguilar Aguilar-Cabrales
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Juventino Chay-Canul
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Centro regional de Investigaciones "Dr Hideyo Noguchi" Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ramón Cámara-Sarmiento
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|