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Kazeminasab F, Bahrami Kerchi A, Behzadnejad N, Belyani S, Rosenkranz SK, Bagheri R, Dutheil F. The Effects of Exercise Interventions on Ectopic and Subcutaneous Fat in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5005. [PMID: 39274218 PMCID: PMC11396734 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise training on ectopic and subcutaneous fat in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for original articles published through November 2023 that included exercise versus control interventions on body mass (BM), liver fat percentage, visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and intramuscular fat volume or mass (IMF) in patients with T2DM. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) for liver fat and BM, standardized mean differences (SMDs) for VFA, SFA, and IMF, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using random-effects models. Results: Thirty-six studies comprising 2110 patients with T2DM were included in the present meta-analysis. Exercise training effectively reduced BM [WMD = -2.502 kg, p = 0.001], liver fat% [WMD = -1.559%, p = 0.030], VFA [SMD = -0.510, p = 0.001], and SFA [SMD = -0.413, p = 0.001] in comparison to the control. The IMF [SMD = 0.222, p = 0.118] remained unchanged compared to the controls. Subgroup analyses showed that the type of exercise, duration, and body mass index (BMI) of participants were sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis provides strong evidence that exercise training, particularly aerobic and combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise programs, is effective for reducing BM, VFA, and SFA in patients with T2DM. However, aerobic exercise was more effective for reducing liver fat than combined exercise. The beneficial effects of exercise on VFA and SFA reduction, but not liver fat, are associated with weight loss. These findings highlight the importance of including consistent exercise as a key management component for T2DM and associated ectopic fat deposition, with potential long-term benefits for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-53153, Iran
| | - Ali Bahrami Kerchi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan P.O. Box 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Nasim Behzadnejad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan P.O. Box 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Saba Belyani
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan P.O. Box 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Fred Dutheil
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Garg R, Agarwal A, Katekar R, Goand UK, Singh N, Yadav S, Rathaur S, Verma S, Maity D, Vishwakarma S, Gayen JR. Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 ameliorates insulin resistance by decreasing fat accumulation and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1587-1600. [PMID: 37716928 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal fat accumulation, enhanced free fatty acids (FFA) release, and their metabolites cause insulin resistance (IR) in major glucose-lipid metabolic organs such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. However, excessive lipolysis and FFA release from adipose tissue elevate plasma FFA levels leading to oxidative stress and skeletal muscle IR. Indeed, in obese individuals, there is enhanced pro-inflammatory secretion from adipose tissue influencing insulin signaling in skeletal muscles. Here, we investigated the effect of PSTi8 on FFA-induced IR in both in vitro and in vivo models. Palmitate (Pal)-treated 3T3-L1 cells increased lipid accumulation as well as lipolysis, which reduced the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. PSTi8 treatment significantly prevented Pal-induced lipid accumulation, and release and enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. It further reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from Pal-treated 3T3-L1 cells as well as from adipose tissue explants. In addition, PSTi8 treatment decreases M1 surface markers in Pal-treated bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDM). PSTi8 treatment also significantly enhanced the Pal-mediated reduced skeletal muscle glucose disposal and reduced intracellular oxidative stress. In vitro effect of PSTi8 was consistent with in vivo HFD-fed mice IR model. PSTi8 treatment in HFD-fed mice significantly improved glucose metabolism and enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity with reduced adiposity and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results support that PSTi8 treatment can protect both adipose and skeletal muscles from FFA-induced IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arun Agarwal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Roshan Katekar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Umesh Kumar Goand
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Naveen Singh
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shubhi Yadav
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shivam Rathaur
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debalina Maity
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sachin Vishwakarma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Zhao L, Liu X, Gomez NA, Gao Y, Son JS, Chae SA, Zhu MJ, Du M. Stage-specific nutritional management and developmental programming to optimize meat production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36597116 PMCID: PMC9809060 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, genetic selection and refined nutritional management have extensively been used to increase the growth rate and lean meat production of livestock. However, the rapid growth rates of modern breeds are often accompanied by a reduction in intramuscular fat deposition and increased occurrences of muscle abnormalities, impairing meat quality and processing functionality. Early stages of animal development set the long-term growth trajectory of offspring. However, due to the seasonal reproductive cycles of ruminant livestock, gestational nutrient deficiencies caused by seasonal variations, frequent droughts, and unfavorable geological locations negatively affect fetal development and their subsequent production efficiency and meat quality. Therefore, enrolling livestock in nutritional intervention strategies during gestation is effective for improving the body composition and meat quality of the offspring at harvest. These crucial early developmental stages include embryonic, fetal, and postnatal stages, which have stage-specific effects on subsequent offspring development, body composition, and meat quality. This review summarizes contemporary research in the embryonic, fetal, and neonatal development, and the impacts of maternal nutrition on the early development and programming effects on the long-term growth performance of livestock. Understanding the developmental and metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle, adipose, and fibrotic tissues will facilitate the development of stage-specific nutritional management strategies to optimize production efficiency and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- grid.27871.3b0000 0000 9750 7019College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, PR China ,grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Noe A Gomez
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Yao Gao
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Jun Seok Son
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA ,grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Laboratory of Perinatal Kinesioepigenetics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD 21201 Baltimore, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568School of Food Science, Washington State University, WA Pullman, USA
| | - Min Du
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, WA 99164 Pullman, USA
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Lee-Ødegård S, Olsen T, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Birkeland KI. Potential Mechanisms for How Long-Term Physical Activity May Reduce Insulin Resistance. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030208. [PMID: 35323652 PMCID: PMC8950317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin became available for the treatment of patients with diabetes 100 years ago, and soon thereafter it became evident that the biological response to its actions differed markedly between individuals. This prompted extensive research into insulin action and resistance (IR), resulting in the universally agreed fact that IR is a core finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is the most prevalent form of diabetes, reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Physical activity (PA) has the potential of improving IR and is, therefore, a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Whereas most research has focused on the acute effects of PA, less is known about the effects of long-term PA on IR. Here, we describe a model of potential mechanisms behind reduced IR after long-term PA to guide further mechanistic investigations and to tailor PA interventions in the therapy of T2DM. The development of such interventions requires knowledge of normal glucose metabolism, and we briefly summarize an integrated physiological perspective on IR. We then describe the effects of long-term PA on signaling molecules involved in cellular responses to insulin, tissue-specific functions, and whole-body IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Christian Andre Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (F.N.); (C.A.D.)
- Vitas Ltd. Analytical Services, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kåre Inge Birkeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Hormonal and metabolic profiles of obese and nonobese type 2 diabetes patients: implications of plasma insulin, ghrelin, and vitamin D levels. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2022; 11:e0256. [PMID: 35098041 PMCID: PMC8789207 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with obesity whereas loss of weight is a feature of the disease; however, the two states are not mutually exclusive. Obesity is linked with changes in hormonal activity and overall body metabolism.
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Smith BI, Liefeld A, Vásquez-Hidalgo MA, Vonnahme KA, Grazul-Bilska AT, Swanson KC, Mishra N, Reed SA, Zinn SA, Govoni KE. Mid- to late- gestational maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation alters development and lipid composition of liver and skeletal muscles in ovine fetuses. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6404494. [PMID: 34668541 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrient restriction during gestation adversely affects offspring growth and development of liver and skeletal muscle tissues. Realimentation following nutrient restriction may alleviate these negative impacts on development but may alter metabolism and tissue composition. Forty-eight ewes, pregnant with singletons, were fed to meet 100% National Research Council (NRC) recommendations starting at the beginning of gestation. On d 50 of gestation, 7 ewes were euthanized (BASE), and fetal liver, skeletal muscles, and blood samples were collected. The remaining animals were fed either 100% of NRC recommendations (CON) or 60% NRC recommendations (RES), a subset were euthanized at d 90 of gestation (n = 7/treatment), and fetal samples were collected. Remaining ewes were maintained on the current diet (CON-CON, n = 6; RES-RES, n = 7) or switched to the alternate diet (CON-RES, RES-CON; n = 7/treatment). On d 130 of gestation, the remaining ewes were euthanized, and fetal samples were collected. At d 130 of gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation (RES-RES and CON-RES) decreased fetal liver weight (P < 0.01) and cross-sectional area in triceps brachii (P = 0.01; TB), longissimus dorsi (P = 0.02; LM), and semitendinosus (P = 0.05; STN) muscles. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased hepatocyte vacuole size at d 130 of gestation. Late-gestational maternal nutrient restriction increased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 (P < 0.01), glycogen synthase 2 (P = 0.01; GYS2), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (P < 0.01; PDHK1) in the liver and IGF receptor 1 (P = 0.05) in the LM. Lipid concentration in the LM was decreased by late-gestational nutrient restriction (P = 0.01) and increased by mid-gestational nutrient restriction in STN (P = 0.03) and TB (P < 0.01). Principal component analysis of lipidomics data demonstrated clustering of principal components by day of gestation and elastic net regression identified 50, 44, and 29 lipids that classified the treatments in the fetal liver, LM, and blood, respectively. In conclusion, restricting maternal nutrition impacts fetal liver and muscle morphology, gene expression, and lipid metabolism, whereas realimentation attenuated some of these effects. Therefore, realimentation may be a viable strategy to reduce the impacts of nutrient restriction, but can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon I Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Amanda Liefeld
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Kimberly A Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Steven A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. C2C12 cell model: its role in understanding of insulin resistance at the molecular level and pharmaceutical development at the preclinical stage. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1667-1693. [PMID: 32812252 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The myoblast cell line, C2C12, has been utilised extensively in vitro as an examination model in understanding metabolic disease progression. Although it is indispensable in both preclinical and pharmaceutical research, a comprehensive review of its use in the investigation of insulin resistance progression and pharmaceutical development is not available. KEY FINDINGS C2C12 is a well-documented model, which can facilitate our understanding in glucose metabolism, insulin signalling mechanism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species and glucose transporters at cellular and molecular levels. With the aid of the C2C12 model, recent studies revealed that insulin resistance has close relationship with various metabolic diseases in terms of disease progression, pathogenesis and therapeutic management. A holistic, safe and effective disease management is highly of interest. Therefore, significant efforts have been paid to explore novel drug compounds and natural herbs that can elicit therapeutic effects in the targeted sites at both cellular (e.g. mitochondria, glucose transporter) and molecular level (e.g. genes, signalling pathway). SUMMARY The use of C2C12 myoblast cell line is meaningful in pharmaceutical and biomedical research due to their expression of GLUT-4 and other features that are representative to human skeletal muscle cells. With the use of the C2C12 cell model, the impact of drug delivery systems (nanoparticles and quantum dots) on skeletal muscle, as well as the relationship between exercise, pancreatic β-cells and endothelial cells, was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Hoyle AS, Menezes ACB, Nelson MA, Swanson KC, Vonnahme KA, Berg EP, Ward AK. Fetal expression of genes related to metabolic function is impacted by supplementation of ground beef and sucrose during gestation in a swine model. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa232. [PMID: 32687162 PMCID: PMC7431213 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of maternal supplementation on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolic function in fetal muscle and liver, pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 221.58 ± 33.26 kg; n = 21) fed a complete gestation diet (corn-soybean meal based diet, CSM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isocaloric supplementation treatments: control (CON, 378 g/d CSM, n = 5), sucrose (SUGAR, 255 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), cooked ground beef (BEEF, 330 g/d n = 6), or BEEF + SUGAR (B+S, 165 g/d cooked ground beef and 129 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), from days 40 to 110 of gestation. Sows were euthanized on day 111 of gestation. Two male and 2 female fetuses of median BW were selected from each litter, and samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were collected. Relative transcript level was quantified via qPCR with HPRT1 as the reference gene for both muscle and liver samples. The following genes were selected and analyzed in the muscle: IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2R, GYS-1, IRS-1, INSR, SREBP-1C, and LEPR; while the following were analyzed in the liver: IGF2, IGF2R, FBFase, G6PC, PC, PCK1, FGF21, and LIPC. No effect of fetal sex by maternal treatment interaction was observed in mRNA abundance of any of the genes evaluated (P > 0.11). In muscle, the maternal nutritional treatment influenced (P = 0.02) IGF2 mRNA abundance, with B+S and SUGAR fetuses having lower abundance than CON, which was not different from BEEF. Additionally, SREBP-1 mRNA abundance was greater (P < 0.01) for B+S compared with CON, BEEF, or SUGAR fetuses; and females tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased abundance of SREBP-1 than males. In fetal liver, IGF2R mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.01) for CON and BEEF than SUGAR and B+S; while FBPase mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.03) for B+S compared with the other groups. In addition, maternal nutritional tended (P = 0.06) to influence LIPC mRNA abundance, with increased abundance in CON compared with SUGAR and B+S. These data indicate limited changes in transcript abundance due to substitution of supplemental sugar by ground beef during mid to late gestation. However, the differential expression of FBPase and SREBP-1c in response to the simultaneous supplementation of sucrose and ground beef warrants further investigations, since these genes may play important roles in determining the offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Hoyle
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Megan A Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Eric P Berg
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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9
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Nakajima I, Kojima M, Oe M, Ojima K, Muroya S, Chikuni K. Comparing pig breeds with genetically low and high backfat thickness: differences in expression of adiponectin, its receptor, and blood metabolites. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:54-63. [PMID: 30851697 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we characterized gene expressions in subcutaneous adipose tissue and blood metabolites of pigs with genetically low backfat (Landrace) and high backfat (Meishan). As pigs aged from 1 wk-to 3-mo old, mRNA levels of adipose-specific genes increased, although their gene expressions coding for major enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, and hormone-sensitive lipase) did not differ between lean and fat pigs. Instead, there were significant effects for adiponectin and its receptor AdipoR1 mRNA levels between the two breeds of which respective expressions were lower and higher in Meishan by 3 mo of age. Contrary to changes in gene expressions, the concentrations of blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), and NEFA in both breeds decreased during growth, and 3-mo-old Meishan evidenced lower glucose with higher TG than the Landrace. The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was also calculated from the measurements of fasting glucose and insulin concentration, and Meishan showed a higher value than the Landrace. We next examined these differences in Landrace and Meishan crossbreds, which were phenotypically distinguishable by the backfat thickness as the former lean type and the latter fat type. As with the purebreds, high backfat Meishan crosses showed the characteristics of lower glucose and higher TG in circulating levels and also lower adiponectin transcripts in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Collectively, our results demonstrate that levels of adiponectin and its receptor gene expressions, blood glucose, blood lipids, and HOMA-IR in pigs vary between lean and fat. These observations strongly suggest the possibility that overall metabolic differences rather than adipocyte ability itself contribute to the fatness of genetically high backfat pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nakajima
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan.
| | - M Kojima
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - M Oe
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - K Ojima
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - S Muroya
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - K Chikuni
- Animal Products Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
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10
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Lund J, Helle SA, Li Y, Løvsletten NG, Stadheim HK, Jensen J, Kase ET, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC. Higher lipid turnover and oxidation in cultured human myotubes from athletic versus sedentary young male subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17549. [PMID: 30510272 PMCID: PMC6277406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared fatty acid (FA) metabolism in myotubes established from athletic and sedentary young subjects. Six healthy sedentary (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) ≤ 46 ml/kg/min) and six healthy athletic (VO2max > 60 ml/kg/min) young men were included. Myoblasts were cultured and differentiated to myotubes from satellite cells isolated from biopsy of musculus vastus lateralis. FA metabolism was studied in myotubes using [14C]oleic acid. Lipid distribution was assessed by thin layer chromatography, and FA accumulation, lipolysis and re-esterification were measured by scintillation proximity assay. Gene and protein expressions were studied. Myotubes from athletic subjects showed lower FA accumulation, lower incorporation of FA into total lipids, triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester, higher TAG-related lipolysis and re-esterification, and higher complete oxidation and incomplete β-oxidation of FA compared to myotubes from sedentary subjects. mRNA expression of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III gene UQCRB was higher in cells from athletic compared to sedentary. Myotubes established from athletic subjects have higher lipid turnover and oxidation compared to myotubes from sedentary subjects. Our findings suggest that cultured myotubes retain some of the phenotypic traits of their donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siw A Helle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils G Løvsletten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans K Stadheim
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eili T Kase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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DiMenna FJ, Arad AD. Exercise as 'precision medicine' for insulin resistance and its progression to type 2 diabetes: a research review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2018; 10:21. [PMID: 30479775 PMCID: PMC6251139 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-018-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity epidemics are in effect in the United States and the two pathologies are linked. In accordance with the growing appreciation that ‘exercise is medicine,’ it is intuitive to suggest that exercise can play an important role in the prevention and/or treatment of these conditions. However, if exercise is to truly be considered as a viable alternative to conventional healthcare prevention/treatment strategies involving pharmaceuticals, it must be prescribed with similar scrutiny. Indeed, it seems reasonable to posit that the recent initiative calling for ‘precision medicine’ in the US standard healthcare system should also be applied in the exercise setting. In this narrative review, we consider a number of explanations that have been forwarded regarding the pathological progression to type 2 diabetes both with and without the concurrent influence of overweight/obesity. Our goal is to provide insight regarding exercise strategies that might be useful as ‘precision medicine’ to prevent/treat this disease. Although the etiology of type 2 diabetes is complex and cause/consequence characteristics of associated dysfunctions have been debated, it is well established that impaired insulin action plays a critical early role. Consequently, an exercise strategy to prevent/treat this disease should be geared toward improving insulin sensitivity both from an acute and chronic standpoint. However, research suggests that a chronic improvement in insulin sensitivity only manifests when weight loss accompanies an exercise intervention. This has resonance because ectopic fat accumulation appears to represent a central component of disease progression regardless of whether obesity is also part of the equation. The cause/consequence characteristics of the relationship between insulin resistance, pathological fat deposition and/or mobilsation, elevated and/or poorly-distributed lipid within myocytes and an impaired capacity to use lipid as fuel remains to be clarified as does the role of muscle mitochondria in the metabolic decline. Until these issues are resolved, a multidimensional exercise strategy (e.g., aerobic exercise at a range of intensities and resistance training for muscular hypertrophy) could provide the best alternative for prevention/treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred J DiMenna
- 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, Babcock 10th Floor, Suite 1020, New York, 10025 New York USA.,2Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Columbia University Teachers College, 525 W. 120th Street, New York, 10027 New York USA
| | - Avigdor D Arad
- 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, Babcock 10th Floor, Suite 1020, New York, 10025 New York USA
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12
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Laufs U, Dent R, Kostenuik PJ, Toth PP, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ. Why is hypercholesterolaemia so prevalent? A view from evolutionary medicine. Eur Heart J 2018; 40:2825-2830. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie; Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Paul J Kostenuik
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Phylon Pharma Services, Newbury Park, CA, USA
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
- Multimedica IRCCS Via Milanese, 300, Sesto San Giovanni, Milano, Italy
| | - M John Chapman
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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13
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Hebbar P, Nizam R, Melhem M, Alkayal F, Elkum N, John SE, Tuomilehto J, Alsmadi O, Thanaraj TA. Genome-wide association study identifies novel recessive genetic variants for high TGs in an Arab population. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1951-1966. [PMID: 30108155 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal blood lipid levels are influenced by genetic and lifestyle/dietary factors. Although many genetic variants associated with blood lipid traits have been identified in Europeans, similar data in Middle Eastern populations are limited. We performed a genome-wide association study with Arab individuals (discovery cohort: 1,353; replication cohort: 1,176) from Kuwait to identify possible associations of genetic variants with high lipid levels. We used Illumina HumanOmniExpress BeadChip and candidate SNP genotyping in the discovery and replication phases, respectively. For association tests, we used genetic models that were based on additive and recessive modes of inheritance. High triglycerides (TGs) were recessively associated with six risk variants (rs1002487/RPS6KA1, rs11805972/LAD1) rs7761746/Or5v1, rs39745/CTTNBP2-LSM8, rs2934952/PGAP3, and rs9626773/RP11-191L9.4-CERK) at genome-wide significance (P 6.12E-09), and another six variants (rs10873925/ST6GALNAC5, rs4663379/SPP2-ARL4C, rs10033119/NPY1R, rs17709449/LINC00911-FLRT2, rs11654954/CDK12-NEUROD2, and rs9972882/STARD3) were associated at borderline significance (P 5.0E-08). High TG was also additively associated with rs11654954. All of the 12 identified markers are novel and are harbored in runs of homozygosity. Literature evidence supports the involvement of these gene loci in lipid-related processes. This study in an Arab population augments international efforts to identify genetic regulation of lipid traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantha Hebbar
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait.,Faculty of Medicine, Univerisity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Naser Elkum
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait
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14
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Dyar KA, Hubert MJ, Mir AA, Ciciliot S, Lutter D, Greulich F, Quagliarini F, Kleinert M, Fischer K, Eichmann TO, Wright LE, Peña Paz MI, Casarin A, Pertegato V, Romanello V, Albiero M, Mazzucco S, Rizzuto R, Salviati L, Biolo G, Blaauw B, Schiaffino S, Uhlenhaut NH. Transcriptional programming of lipid and amino acid metabolism by the skeletal muscle circadian clock. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005886. [PMID: 30096135 PMCID: PMC6105032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are fundamental physiological regulators of energy homeostasis, but direct transcriptional targets of the muscle clock machinery are unknown. To understand how the muscle clock directs rhythmic metabolism, we determined genome-wide binding of the master clock regulators brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) and REV-ERBα in murine muscles. Integrating occupancy with 24-hr gene expression and metabolomics after muscle-specific loss of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα, here we unravel novel molecular mechanisms connecting muscle clock function to daily cycles of lipid and protein metabolism. Validating BMAL1 and REV-ERBα targets using luciferase assays and in vivo rescue, we demonstrate how a major role of the muscle clock is to promote diurnal cycles of neutral lipid storage while coordinately inhibiting lipid and protein catabolism prior to awakening. This occurs by BMAL1-dependent activation of Dgat2 and REV-ERBα-dependent repression of major targets involved in lipid metabolism and protein turnover (MuRF-1, Atrogin-1). Accordingly, muscle-specific loss of BMAL1 is associated with metabolic inefficiency, impaired muscle triglyceride biosynthesis, and accumulation of bioactive lipids and amino acids. Taken together, our data provide a comprehensive overview of how genomic binding of BMAL1 and REV-ERBα is related to temporal changes in gene expression and metabolite fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Allen Dyar
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Michaël Jean Hubert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashfaq Ali Mir
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Lutter
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Greulich
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiana Quagliarini
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Casarin
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Pertegato
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzucco
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, and IRP Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - N. Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HMGU) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Munich, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Munich, Germany
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15
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Kasch J, Kanzleiter I, Saussenthaler S, Schürmann A, Keijer J, van Schothorst E, Klaus S, Schumann S. Insulin sensitivity linked skeletal muscle Nr4a1 DNA methylation is programmed by the maternal diet and modulated by voluntary exercise in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:86-92. [PMID: 29680662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal maternal high-fat consumption is known to increase the obesity and type 2 diabetes susceptibility and to impair exercise performance in the offspring. We hypothesize that epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle are partly responsible for this phenotype. To detect skeletal muscle genes affected by maternal nutrition, male offspring of low-fat (LF) and high-fat (HF) diet fed dams (BL6 mice) received LF diet upon weaning and were sacrificed at 6 or 25 weeks of age. Gene expression of Musculus quadriceps was investigated by microarray analysis revealing an up-regulation of the nuclear receptor Nr4a1 by maternal HF feeding. This was accompanied by promoter hypomethylation of CpG-1408 which correlated with increased Nr4a1 gene expression at both ages. Offspring voluntary exercise training (by supplying running wheels from 7 to 25 weeks of age) normalized Nr4a1 methylation and gene expression respectively, and ameliorated the negative effects of maternal HF feeding on insulin sensitivity. Overall, Nr4a1 gene expression in skeletal muscle correlated with higher insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test and could, therefore, be involved in programming type 2 diabetes susceptibility in offspring exposed to perinatal high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kasch
- Department Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Isabel Kanzleiter
- Department Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sophie Saussenthaler
- Department of Experimental Diabetology German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Evert van Schothorst
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Sara Schumann
- Department Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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16
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Small L, Brandon AE, Turner N, Cooney GJ. Modeling insulin resistance in rodents by alterations in diet: what have high-fat and high-calorie diets revealed? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E251-E265. [PMID: 29118016 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For over half a century, researchers have been feeding different diets to rodents to examine the effects of macronutrients on whole body and tissue insulin action. During this period, the number of different diets and the source of macronutrients employed have grown dramatically. Because of the large heterogeneity in both the source and percentage of different macronutrients used for studies, it is not surprising that different high-calorie diets do not produce the same changes in insulin action. Despite this, diverse high-calorie diets continue to be employed in an attempt to generate a "generic" insulin resistance. The high-fat diet in particular varies greatly between studies with regard to the source, complexity, and ratio of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and protein. This review examines the range of rodent dietary models and methods for assessing insulin action. In almost all studies reviewed, rodents fed diets that had more than 45% of dietary energy as fat or simple carbohydrates had reduced whole body insulin action compared with chow. However, different high-calorie diets produced significantly different effects in liver, muscle, and whole body insulin action when insulin action was measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method. Rodent dietary models remain an important tool for exploring potential mechanisms of insulin resistance, but more attention needs to be given to the total macronutrient content and composition when interpreting dietary effects on insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewin Small
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
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17
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Baek KW, Cha HJ, Ock MS, Kim HS, Gim JA, Park JJ. Effects of regular-moderate exercise on high-fat diet-induced intramyocellular lipid accumulation in the soleus muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:32-38. [PMID: 29511650 PMCID: PMC5833965 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1835166.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we monitored the expression level of the pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in the skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced obese rats in order to assess muscle damage. In this study, we analyzed whether exercise or dietary adjustment was more effective at preventing high-fat diet-induced muscle damage. High-fat diet-induced obese rats were divided into three groups: the high-fat diet (HFD), the combined high-fat diet and exercise (HFD+EXE), and the dietary adjustment (DA) groups. For 6 weeks, the HFD+EXE group was subjected to exercise on an animal treadmill. Capsase-3 protein was quantified, and histopathology of the soleus muscle was performed. Both the HFD+EXE and DA interventions resulted in a reduction of lipid accumulation in the soleus muscle, and nucleus infiltration was significantly lower in the DA group. The inflammatory response, caspase-3 level, and relative muscle weight were significantly higher in the HFD+EXE group compared to the HFD group. An increase in intramyocellular lipids in the soleus muscle by obesity and exercise stimulated apoptosis. When the rats exercised, muscle growth was normal and unrelated to the effects of lipid accumulation. These data indicate that exercise was more effective than dietary adjustment in reducing lipid accumulation and increasing muscle metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Wan Baek
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.,Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Mee Sun Ock
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hong Soo Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Jun Park
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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18
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans' primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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19
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 PMCID: PMC5710317 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans’ primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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20
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Du M, Ford SP, Zhu MJ. Optimizing livestock production efficiency through maternal nutritional management and fetal developmental programming. Anim Front 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Stephen P. Ford
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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21
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Al Qarni AA, Joatar FE, Das N, Awad M, Eltayeb M, Al-Zubair AG, Ali ME, Al Masaud A, Shire AM, Gumaa K, Giha HA. Association of Plasma Ghrelin Levels with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Saudi Subjects. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2017; 32:230-240. [PMID: 28555463 PMCID: PMC5503868 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2017.32.2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the exact mechanism of insulin resistance (IR) has not yet been established, IR is the hallmark characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between plasma ghrelin levels and IR in Saudi subjects with T2DM. METHODS Patients with T2DM (n=107, cases) and non-diabetic apparently healthy subjects (n=101, controls) from Saudi Arabia were included in this study. The biochemical profiles and plasma insulin levels of all subjects were analyzed, and IR was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Active ghrelin levels in plasma were measured using the radioimmunoassay technique. RESULTS Only 46.7% (50 of 107) of the T2DM subjects had IR, including 26% (28 of 107) with severe IR (HOMA-IR ≥5), while 5.9% (six of 101) of the controls had moderate IR (3 ≤HOMA-IR <5). HOMA-IR values were not associated with age, disease duration, or gender. Importantly, T2DM itself and the co-occurrence of IR with T2DM were significantly associated with low plasma ghrelin levels. However, ghrelin levels were inversely correlated with the HOMA-IR index, body weight, and fasting plasma insulin levels, mainly in the control subjects, which was indicative of the breakdown of metabolic homeostasis in T2DM. CONCLUSION The prevalence of IR was relatively low, and IR may be inversely associated with plasma ghrelin levels among Saudi patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmed Al Qarni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Elbahi Joatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagalla Das
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mohamed Awad
- Primary Health Centre, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Eltayeb
- Primary Health Centre, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gasim Al-Zubair
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhalab E Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Abdulaziz Al Masaud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdirashid M Shire
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, King Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Gumaa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hayder A Giha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf University College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain.
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Sabag A, Way KL, Keating SE, Sultana RN, O'Connor HT, Baker MK, Chuter VH, George J, Johnson NA. Exercise and ectopic fat in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2017; 43:195-210. [PMID: 28162956 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic adipose tissue surrounding the intra-abdominal organs (visceral fat) and located in the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle, is linked to cardio-metabolic complications commonly experienced in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the effect of exercise on ectopic fat in adults with type 2 diabetes. Relevant databases were searched to February 2016. Included were randomised controlled studies, which implemented≥4 weeks of aerobic and/or resistance exercise and quantified ectopic fat via magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy or muscle biopsy before and after intervention. Risk of bias and study quality was assessed using Egger's funnel plot test and modified Downs and Black checklist, respectively. Of the 10,750 studies retrieved, 24 were included involving 1383 participants. No studies were found assessing the interaction between exercise and cardiac or pancreas fat. One study assessed the effect of exercise on intramyocellular triglyceride concentration. There was a significant pooled effect size for the meta-analysis comparing exercise vs. control on visceral adiposity (ES=-0.21, 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.05; P=0.010) and a near-significant pooled effect size for liver steatosis reduction with exercise (ES=-0.28, 95% CI: -0.57 to 0.01; P=0.054). Aerobic exercise (ES=-0.23, 95% CI: -0.44 to -0.03; P=0.025) but not resistance training exercise (ES=-0.13, 95% CI: -0.37 to 0.12; P=0.307) was effective for reducing visceral fat in overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that exercise effectively reduces visceral and perhaps liver adipose tissue and that aerobic exercise should be a key feature of exercise programs aimed at reducing visceral fat in obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Further studies are required to assess the relative efficacy of exercise modality on liver fat reduction and the effect of exercise on pancreas, heart, and intramyocellular fat in type 2 diabetes and to clarify the effect of exercise on ectopic fat independent of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sabag
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K L Way
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S E Keating
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - R N Sultana
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
| | - H T O'Connor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M K Baker
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
| | - V H Chuter
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N A Johnson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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23
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Prasad RB, Lessmark A, Almgren P, Kovacs G, Hansson O, Oskolkov N, Vitai M, Ladenvall C, Kovacs P, Fadista J, Lachmann M, Zhou Y, Sonestedt E, Poon W, Wollheim CB, Orho-Melander M, Stumvoll M, Tuomi T, Pääbo S, Koranyi L, Groop L. Excess maternal transmission of variants in the THADA gene to offspring with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1702-13. [PMID: 27155871 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 65 genetic loci associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the contribution of distorted parental transmission of alleles to risk of type 2 diabetes has been mostly unexplored. Our goal was therefore to search for parent-of-origin effects (POE) among type 2 diabetes loci in families. METHODS Families from the Botnia study (n = 4,211, 1,083 families) were genotyped for 72 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type 2 diabetes and assessed for POE on type 2 diabetes. The family-based Hungarian Transdanubian Biobank (HTB) (n = 1,463, >135 families) was used to replicate SNPs showing POE. Association of type 2 diabetes loci within families was also tested. RESULTS Three loci showed nominal POE, including the previously reported variants in KCNQ1, for type 2 diabetes in families from Botnia (rs2237895: p POE = 0.037), which can be considered positive controls. The strongest POE was seen for rs7578597 SNP in the THADA gene, showing excess transmission of the maternal risk allele T to diabetic offspring (Botnia: p POE = 0.01; HTB p POE = 0.045). These data are consistent with previous evidence of allelic imbalance for expression in islets, suggesting that the THADA gene can be imprinted in a POE-specific fashion. Five CpG sites, including those flanking rs7578597, showed differential methylation between diabetic and non-diabetic donor islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, the data emphasise the need for genetic studies to consider from which parent an offspring has inherited a susceptibility allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Anna Lessmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Almgren
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Ola Hansson
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikolay Oskolkov
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marta Vitai
- Heart Center Foundation, DRC, Balatonfured, Hungary
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joao Fadista
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Yuedan Zhou
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Wenny Poon
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes B Wollheim
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.
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Chen T, Yao L, Ke D, Cao W, Zuo G, Zhou L, Jiang J, Yamahara J, Li Y, Wang J. Treatment with Rhodiola crenulata root extract ameliorates insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats by modulating sarcolemmal and intracellular fatty acid translocase/CD36 redistribution in skeletal muscle. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:209. [PMID: 27405506 PMCID: PMC4942897 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhodiola species have been used for asthenia, depression, fatigue, poor work performance and cardiovascular diseases, all of which may be associated with insulin resistance. To disclose the underlying mechanisms of action, the effect of Rhodiola crenulata root (RCR) on insulin resistance was investigated. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with liquid fructose in their drinking water over 18 weeks. The extract of RCR was co-administered (once daily by oral gavage) during the last 5 weeks. The indexes of lipid and glucose homeostasis were determined enzymatically and/or by ELISA. Gene expression was analyzed by Real-time PCR, Western blot and/or confocal immunofluorescence. Results RCR extract (50 mg/kg) suppressed fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and the increases in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and the adipose tissue insulin resistance index in rats. Additionally, this treatment had a trend to restore the ratios of glucose to insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) to insulin. Mechanistically, RCR suppressed fructose-induced acceleration of the clearance of plasma NEFA during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and decreased triglyceride content and Oil Red O staining area in the gastrocnemius. Furthermore, RCR restored fructose-induced sarcolemmal overexpression and intracellular less distribution of fatty acid translocase/CD36 that contributes to etiology of insulin resistance by facilitating fatty acid uptake. Conclusion These results suggest that RCR ameliorates insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats by modulating sarcolemmal and intracellular CD36 redistribution in the skeletal muscle. Our findings may provide a better understanding of the traditional use of Rhodila species.
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Nourizadeh-Sedaghati A, Herbin M, Lukas-Croisier C, Novella JL, Delemer B. Study of Insulin Requirement Modeling in Hospitalized Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at a Late Stage of Stepwise Escalation Therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:308-15. [PMID: 27028570 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the relationships between exogenous insulin requirements and endogenous variables in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients with T2D 65 years of age or older were enrolled for a short hospitalization period in order to start or change their basal-bolus therapy. The following data were collected: age, sex, diabetes duration, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and triglyceride (TG) levels. RESULTS Data from 71 elderly T2D patients (31 men/40 women; 75.7 ± 6 years of age) were analyzed by data mining techniques. The total daily dose of insulin (TDI) ranged from 0.24 U/kg to 2.5 U/kg (ratio >1:10). Three clusters of patients were identified: Cluster 1 (n = 22) consisted of older patients (age, 82.05 ± 3.6 years) (P < 0.0001) with a TDI of 0.59 ± 0.21 U/kg/day and lower TG level (1.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L) (P < 0.0001). Cluster 2 (n = 22) consisted of patients with a TDI of 0.71 ± 0.24 U/kg/day with a higher eGFR (75.3 ± 18.8 mL/min) (P < 0.001) and a shorter duration of diabetes (13.6 ± 6.4 years) (P < 0.001). Cluster 3 (n = 27) consisted of patients with a larger proportion of macroangiopathic complications (P < 0.05), having a TDI of 1.31 ± 0.54 U/kg/day, higher TG level (2.2 ± 0.7 mmol/L) (P < 0.001), and lower eGFR (46.3 ± 16 mL/min). The average basal-bolus ratio was 43%/57% with a maximum bolus requirement due to carbohydrate intake at breakfast. CONCLUSIONS Insulin requirements in elderly T2D patients vary widely. Age, TG level, and eGFR appeared to be the most predictive factors of TDI. Because of the small sample size, further studies would be required to extrapolate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Herbin
- 2 CReSTIC (EA 3804), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims, France
| | - Céline Lukas-Croisier
- 1 Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital , Reims, France
| | - Jean-Luc Novella
- 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital , Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- 1 Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition, University Hospital , Reims, France
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26
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Cavaliere G, Trinchese G, Bergamo P, De Filippo C, Mattace Raso G, Gifuni G, Putti R, Moni BH, Canani RB, Meli R, Mollica MP. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Diet Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance, Modulating Mitochondrial Respiratory Uncoupling in Rat Skeletal Muscle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149033. [PMID: 26901315 PMCID: PMC4762694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Omega (ω)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are dietary compounds able to attenuate insulin resistance. Anyway, the precise actions of ω-3PUFAs in skeletal muscle are overlooked. We hypothesized that PUFAs, modulating mitochondrial function and efficiency, would ameliorate pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant signs of nutritionally induced obesity. Study Design To this aim, rats were fed a control diet (CD) or isocaloric high fat diets containing either ω-3 PUFA (FD) or lard (LD) for 6 weeks. Results FD rats showed lower weight, lipid gain and energy efficiency compared to LD-fed animals, showing higher energy expenditure and O2 consumption/CO2 production. Serum lipid profile and pro-inflammatory parameters in FD-fed animals were reduced compared to LD. Accordingly, FD rats exhibited a higher glucose tolerance revealed by an improved glucose and insulin tolerance tests compared to LD, accompanied by a restoration of insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. PUFAs increased lipid oxidation and reduced energy efficiency in subsarcolemmal mitochondria, and increase AMPK activation, reducing both endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Increased mitochondrial respiration was related to an increased mitochondriogenesis in FD skeletal muscle, as shown by the increase in PGC1-α and -β. Conclusions our data strengthened the association of high dietary ω3-PUFA intake with reduced mitochondrial energy efficiency in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR-ISA, Avellino, Italy
| | - Chiara De Filippo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Gifuni
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Bottu Heleena Moni
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, European Laboratory for Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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27
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Workman M, Baker J, Lancaster JB, Mermier C, Alcock J. Birth weight predicted baseline muscular efficiency, but not response of energy expenditure to calorie restriction: An empirical test of the predictive adaptive response hypothesis. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:484-92. [PMID: 26680695 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aiming to test the evolutionary significance of relationships linking prenatal growth conditions to adult phenotypes, this study examined whether birth size predicts energetic savings during fasting. We specifically tested a Predictive Adaptive Response (PAR) model that predicts greater energetic saving among adults who were born small. METHODS Data were collected from a convenience sample of young adults living in Albuquerque, NM (n = 34). Indirect calorimetry quantified changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and active muscular efficiency that occurred in response to a 29-h fast. Multiple regression analyses linked birth weight to baseline and postfast metabolic values while controlling for appropriate confounders (e.g., sex, body mass). RESULTS Birth weight did not moderate the relationship between body size and energy expenditure, nor did it predict the magnitude change in REE or muscular efficiency observed from baseline to after fasting. Alternative indicators of birth size were also examined (e.g., low v. normal birth weight, comparison of tertiles), with no effects found. However, baseline muscular efficiency improved by 1.1% per 725 g (S.D.) increase in birth weight (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Birth size did not influence the sensitivity of metabolic demands to fasting-neither at rest nor during activity. Moreover, small birth size predicted a reduction in the efficiency with which muscles convert energy expended into work accomplished. These results do not support the ascription of adaptive function to phenotypes associated with small birth size. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:484-492, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Workman
- Department of Biology, Pima Community College, Tucson, Arizona, 85709
| | - Jack Baker
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Jane B Lancaster
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| | - Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
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28
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Wang G. Raison d'être of insulin resistance: the adjustable threshold hypothesis. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140892. [PMID: 25320065 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemics of obesity and diabetes demand a deeper understanding of insulin resistance, for which the adjustable threshold hypothesis is formed in this paper. To test the hypothesis, mathematical modelling was used to analyse clinical data and to simulate biological processes at both molecular and organismal levels. I found that insulin resistance roots in the thresholds of the cell's bistable response. By assuming heterogeneity of the thresholds, single cells' all-or-none response can collectively produce a graded response at the whole-body level-conforming to existing data. The thresholds have to be adjustable to adapt to extreme conditions. During pregnancy, for example, the thresholds increase consistently to strengthen the mother's insulin resistance to meet the increasing glucose demand of the expanding fetal brain. I also found that hysteresis, a key element of the adjustable threshold hypothesis, can explain reactive hypoglycaemia, which is characteristic of diabetes complications but remains poorly understood. Contrary to the common belief that insulin promotes glucose disposal, the results imply that insulin is the body's 'ration stamp' to restricting glucose utilization by peripheral tissues and that insulin resistance is primarily a well-evolved mechanism. The hypothesis provides an intuitive and dynamical description of the previously formless insulin resistance, which may make the detection of pre-diabetes possible and may shed light on the optimal timing of therapeutic intervention. It also provides valuable clues to defining subtypes of type 2 diabetes that might respond differently to specific prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Wang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
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29
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Oh YT, Tran D, Buchanan TA, Selsted ME, Youn JH. θ-Defensin RTD-1 improves insulin action and normalizes plasma glucose and FFA levels in diet-induced obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E154-60. [PMID: 25991648 PMCID: PMC4504933 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00131.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in metabolic abnormalities in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Because θ-defensins have anti-inflammatory activities, we tested whether RTD-1, a θ-defensin, improves metabolic conditions in diet-induced obesity (DIO). DIO was induced by high-fat feeding in obese-prone CD rats from 4 wk of age. Starting at age 10 wk, the DIO rats were treated with saline or RTD-1 for 4 or 8 wk. DIO rats gained more weight than low-fat-fed controls. RTD-1 treatment did not alter body weight or calorie intake in DIO rats. Plasma glucose, FFA, triglyceride (TG), and insulin levels increased in DIO rats; RTD-1 normalized plasma glucose and FFA levels and showed tendencies to lower plasma insulin and TG levels. Hepatic and skeletal muscle TG contents increased in DIO rats; RTD-1 decreased muscle, but not hepatic, TG content. Insulin sensitivity, estimated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and the glucose clamp technique, decreased in DIO rats, but this change was markedly reversed by RTD-1. RTD-1 had no significant effects on plasma cytokine/chemokine levels or IL-1β and TNF-α expression in liver or adipose tissues. RTD-1 treatment decreased hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, suggesting that the effect of RTD-1 on plasma glucose (or insulin action) might be mediated by its effect to decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis. Thus, RTD-1 ameliorated insulin resistance and normalized plasma glucose and FFA levels in DIO rats, supporting the potential of RTD-1 as a novel therapeutic agent for insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Taek Oh
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dat Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Michael E Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jang H Youn
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California;
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30
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetic efficiency and aging. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10674-85. [PMID: 25970752 PMCID: PMC4463669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of maximal cell functionality, and mitochondria are considered a key factor in aging process, since they determine the ATP availability in the cells. Mitochondrial performance during aging in skeletal muscle is reported to be either decreased or unchanged. This heterogeneity of results could partly be due to the method used to assess mitochondrial performance. In addition, in skeletal muscle the mitochondrial population is heterogeneous, composed of subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria. Therefore, the purpose of the present review is to summarize the results obtained on the functionality of the above mitochondrial populations during aging, taking into account that the mitochondrial performance depends on organelle number, organelle activity, and energetic efficiency of the mitochondrial machinery in synthesizing ATP from the oxidation of fuels.
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31
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Du M, Wang B, Fu X, Yang Q, Zhu MJ. Fetal programming in meat production. Meat Sci 2015; 109:40-7. [PMID: 25953215 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient fluctuations during the fetal stage affects fetal development, which has long-term impacts on the production efficiency and quality of meat. During the early development, a pool of mesenchymal progenitor cells proliferate and then diverge into either myogenic or adipogenic/fibrogenic lineages. Myogenic progenitor cells further develop into muscle fibers and satellite cells, while adipogenic/fibrogenic lineage cells develop into adipocytes, fibroblasts and resident fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells. Enhancing the proliferation and myogenic commitment of progenitor cells during fetal development enhances muscle growth and lean production in offspring. On the other hand, promoting the adipogenic differentiation of adipogenic/fibrogenic progenitor cells inside the muscle increases intramuscular adipocytes and reduces connective tissue, which improves meat marbling and tenderness. Available studies in mammalian livestock, including cattle, sheep and pigs, clearly show the link between maternal nutrition and the quantity and quality of meat production. Similarly, chicken muscle fibers develop before hatching and, thus, egg and yolk sizes and hatching temperature affect long-term growth performance and meat production of chicken. On the contrary, because fishes are able to generate new muscle fibers lifelong, the impact of early nutrition on fish growth performance is expected to be minor, which requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Xing Fu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
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Maternal high-fat diet consumption impairs exercise performance in offspring. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e61. [PMID: 26101629 PMCID: PMC4473145 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to scrutinise the influence of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) consumption during gestation and lactation on exercise performance and energy metabolism in male mouse offspring. Female C3H/HeJ mice were fed either a semi-synthetic high-fat diet (HFD; 40 % energy from fat) or a low-fat diet (LFD; 10 % energy from fat) throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, male offspring of both groups received the LFD. At the age of 7·5 weeks half of the maternal LFD (n 20) and the mHFD (n 21) groups were given access to a running wheel for 28 d as a voluntary exercise training opportunity. We show that mHFD consumption led to a significantly reduced exercise performance (P < 0·05) and training efficiency (P < 0·05) in male offspring. There were no effects of maternal diet on offspring body weight. Lipid and glucose metabolism was disturbed in mHFD offspring, with altered regulation of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) (P < 0·001), fatty acid synthase (P < 0·05) and GLUT1 (P < 0·05) gene expression in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, maternal consumption of a HFD is linked to decreased exercise performance and training efficiency in the offspring. We speculate that this may be due to insufficient muscle energy supply during prolonged exercise training. Further, this compromised exercise performance might increase the risk of obesity development in adult life.
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Key Words
- CD36, cluster of differentiation 36
- Cpt1b, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1b
- Esrrg, oestrogen-related receptor-γ
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- LFD, low-fat diet
- Offspring
- REE, resting energy expenditure
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- RW, running wheel
- Serca2, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase 2
- Skeletal muscle
- Training
- eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue
- mHFD, maternal high-fat diet
- mLFD, maternal low-fat diet
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Alvarado CB, Vázquez JS, Oscoy MASC, Acosta OG, Robledo LA. Efecto de la administración subcrónica de glucosamina oral en la regulación del peso corporal, glucemia y dislipidemias provocada por una dieta hipercalórica en rata Wistar. REV NUTR 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-52732014000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la glucosamina oral en el sobrepeso y dislipidemia provocada por una dieta hipercalórica en ratas.Métodos: En 4 grupos de ratas Wistar: alimentados con dieta comercial para roedores y agua de beber sin grupo de control y con glucosamina (500 mg/kg-1 por día) grupo glucosamina y con dieta hipercalórica enriquecida al 24% (g/g) compuesta por manteca de cerdo y agua de beber sin grupo hipercalórico y con glucosamina grupo hipercalórico + grupo glucosamina, durante 22 semanas, se evaluaron el peso corporal, grasa abdominal, niveles de glucemia, triglicéridos, colesterol total y lipoproteínas de alta densidad en suero.Resultados: Se observó un aumento del peso corporal y glucemia en suero con dislipidemias en el grupo con dieta hipercalórica grupo hipercalórico versusgrupo de controle (p<0.001); al administrarse glucosamina para esta misma dieta grupo hipercalórico + grupo glucosamina se minimizaron los efectos presentados, disminuyendo la cantidad de grasa abdominal y los niveles del perfil lípido en suero (p>0.05) y regulándose el peso corporal, las lipoproteínas de alta densidad y la glucemia basal (p<0.05).Conclusion: La glucosamina reguló el peso corporal y la glucemia en sangre y minimizó las dislipidemias provocadas por la dieta hipercalórica, favoreciendo el aumento de colesterol lipoproteínas de alta densidad en las ratas. No afectó el peso corporal y el metabolismo lipídico cuando se administró con dieta comercial.
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Thankamony A, Capalbo D, Marcovecchio ML, Sleigh A, Jørgensen SW, Hill NR, Mooslehner K, Yeo GSH, Bluck L, Juul A, Vaag A, Dunger DB. Low circulating levels of IGF-1 in healthy adults are associated with reduced β-cell function, increased intramyocellular lipid, and enhanced fat utilization during fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2198-207. [PMID: 24617714 PMCID: PMC4413372 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low serum IGF-1 levels have been linked to increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes. However, the physiological role of IGF-1 in glucose metabolism is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to explore glucose and lipid metabolism associated with variations in serum IGF-1 levels. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS IGF-1 levels were measured in healthy, nonobese male volunteers aged 18 to 50 years from a biobank (n = 275) to select 24 subjects (age 34.8 ± 8.9 years), 12 each in the lowest (low-IGF) and highest (high-IGF) quartiles of age-specific IGF-1 SD scores. Evaluations were undertaken after a 24-hour fast and included glucose and glycerol turnover rates using tracers, iv glucose tolerance test to estimate peripheral insulin sensitivity (IS) and acute insulin and C-peptide responses (indices of insulin secretion), magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs), calorimetry, and gene expression studies in a muscle biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Acute insulin and C-peptide responses, IS, and glucose and glycerol rate of appearance (Ra) were evaluated. RESULTS Fasting insulin and C-peptide levels and glucose Ra were reduced (all P < .05) in low-IGF compared with high-IGF subjects, indicating increased hepatic IS. Acute insulin and C-peptide responses were lower (both P < .05), but similar peripheral IS resulted in reduced insulin secretion adjusted for IS in low-IGF subjects (P = 0.044). Low-IGF subjects had higher overnight levels of free fatty acids (P = .028) and β-hydroxybutyrate (P = .014), increased accumulation of IMCLs in tibialis anterior muscle (P = .008), and a tendency for elevated fat oxidation rates (P = .058); however, glycerol Ra values were similar. Gene expression of the fatty acid metabolism pathway (P = .0014) was upregulated, whereas the GLUT1 gene was downregulated (P = .005) in the skeletal muscle in low-IGF subjects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that serum IGF-1 levels could be an important marker of β-cell function and glucose as well as lipid metabolic responses during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Thankamony
- Department of Paediatrics (A.T., D.C., M.L.M., K.M., D.B.D.) and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (A.S.), University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (G.S.H.Y.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; MRC Human Nutrition Research of Growth and Reproduction (L.B.); and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre (D.B.D.), Cambridge, CB1 9NL, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology (S.W.J., A.V.), Rigshospitalet and Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Denmark; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (N.R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom; and Department of Growth and Reproduction (A.J.), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DK-2100 Denmark
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Progressive Resistance Training in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Can Pumping Iron Improve Clinical Outcomes? Sports Med 2014; 44:1197-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yan X, Zhu MJ, Dodson MV, Du M. Developmental programming of fetal skeletal muscle and adipose tissue development. J Genomics 2013; 1:29-38. [PMID: 25031653 PMCID: PMC4091428 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
All important developmental milestones are accomplished during the fetal stage, and nutrient fluctuation during this stage produces lasting effects on offspring health, so called fetal programming or developmental programming. The fetal stage is critical for skeletal muscle development, as well as adipose and connective tissue development. Maternal under-nutrition at this stage affects the proliferation of myogenic precursor cells and reduces the number of muscle fibers formed. Maternal over-nutrition results in impaired myogenesis and elevated adipogenesis. Because myocytes, adipocytes and fibrocytes are all derived from mesenchymal stem cells, molecular events which regulate the commitment of stem cells to different lineages directly impact fetal muscle and adipose tissue development. Recent studies indicate that microRNA is intensively involved in myogenic and adipogenic differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells, and epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation are expected to alter cell lineage commitment during fetal muscle and adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- 1. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- 1. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Michael V Dodson
- 2. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Min Du
- 1. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 ; 2. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
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Stamatikos AD, Paton CM. Role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in skeletal muscle function and metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E767-75. [PMID: 23941875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) converts saturated fatty acids (SFA) into monounsaturated fatty acids and is necessary for proper liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. While there is a wealth of information regarding SCD1 expression in the liver, research on its effect in skeletal muscle is scarce. Furthermore, the majority of information about its role is derived from global knockout mice, which are known to be hypermetabolic and fail to accumulate SCD1's substrate, SFA. We now know that SCD1 expression is important in regulating lipid bilayer fluidity, increasing triglyceride formation, and enabling lipogenesis and may protect against SFA-induced lipotoxicity. Exercise has been shown to increase SCD1 expression, which may contribute to an increase in intramyocellular triglyceride at the expense of free fatty acids and diacylglycerol. This review is intended to define the role of SCD1 in skeletal muscle and discuss the potential benefits of its activity in the context of lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, exercise training, and obesity.
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38
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Bhopal RS. A four-stage model explaining the higher risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asians compared with European populations. Diabet Med 2013; 30:35-42. [PMID: 22998210 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With approximately 1.5 billion people at risk, the staggeringly high risk of Type 2 diabetes in South Asians comprises a global problem. The causes of this high risk are complex, with 23 major risk factors identified in a Lancet seminar. This paper proposes a four-stage explanatory model: (1) the birth of a small, adipose, lowlean mass South Asian baby--the phenotype tracking through life; (2) in childhood and early adulthood, the deposition of any excess energy intake preferentially in upper body and ectopic fat stores rather than in the lower body or superficial subcutaneous fat stores; (3) as a consequence of points 1 and 2, and exacerbated by an environment of low physical activity and excess calories, the accelerated appearance of high levels of plasma insulin, triglycerides and glucose, and the fatty-liver vicious cycle; (4) β-cell failure as a result of fewer β-cells at birth, exposure to apoptotic triggers such as fat in the pancreas, and high demand from insulin resistance, which causes diabetes. Other risk factors--especially energy-dense hyperglycaemic diet and low physical activity--play into this pathway. The recommended behavioural changes fit with this model, which brings clarity to guide future research, policy, practice and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bhopal
- Edinburgh Ethnicity and Health Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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39
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Soeters MR, Soeters PB, Schooneman MG, Houten SM, Romijn JA. Adaptive reciprocity of lipid and glucose metabolism in human short-term starvation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1397-407. [PMID: 23074240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human organism has tools to cope with metabolic challenges like starvation that are crucial for survival. Lipolysis, lipid oxidation, ketone body synthesis, tailored endogenous glucose production and uptake, and decreased glucose oxidation serve to protect against excessive erosion of protein mass, which is the predominant supplier of carbon chains for synthesis of newly formed glucose. The starvation response shows that the adaptation to energy deficit is very effective and coordinated with different adaptations in different organs. From an evolutionary perspective, this lipid-induced effect on glucose oxidation and uptake is very strong and may therefore help to understand why insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is difficult to treat. The importance of reciprocity in lipid and glucose metabolism during human starvation should be taken into account when studying lipid and glucose metabolism in general and in pathophysiological conditions in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk K, Wieteska-Skrzeczyńska W, Grabiec K, Tokarska J. High glucose-mediated alterations of mechanisms important in myogenesis of mouse C2C12 myoblasts. Cell Biol Int 2012; 37:29-35. [PMID: 23319319 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the progression and regulation of myogenesis, cellular levels of IGFBP-4, -5, -6, and several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (fibronectin, integrin α5, β1 subunits and a disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM12) in murine C2C12 myoblasts during 3-day differentiation under high glucose alone or combined with high insulin, factors characteristic for type 1 and 2 diabetes. High ambient glucose inhibited myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts, an effect manifested by a twofold decrease in myoblast fusion, a drop in intracellular MyoD, myogenin and MHC levels, and increased cellular content of active myostatin isoform. Reduction in myogenesis by high glucose is accompanied by increase in cellular levels of IGFBP-4 and -6 and decrease in IGFBP-5. High glucose could modify ECM components assembly, by the increase in fibronectin levels and the decrease in metalloprotease ADAM12, without the effect on integrin α5 and β1 subunits. In contrast, high glucose and high insulin activate myoblast differentiation, manifested by an increase in fusion index and myogenin, as well as a drop in myostatin levels. The presence of high insulin prevented high-glucose-dependent changes in IGFBPs and ECM proteins. The data indicate the potential mechanisms of the influence of extracellular environment associated with maternal diabetes and insulin resistance on foetal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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41
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Du M, Huang Y, Das AK, Yang Q, Duarte MS, Dodson MV, Zhu MJ. Meat Science and Muscle Biology Symposium: manipulating mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation to optimize performance and carcass value of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:1419-27. [PMID: 23100595 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beef cattle are raised for their lean tissue, and excessive fat accumulation accounts for large amounts of waste. On the other hand, intramuscular fat or marbling is essential for the palatability of beef. In addition, tender beef is demanded by consumers, and connective tissue contributes to the background toughness of beef. Recent studies show that myocytes, adipocytes, and fibroblasts are all derived from a common pool of progenitor cells during embryonic development. It appears that during early embryogenesis, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells first diverge into either myogenic or adipogenic-fibrogenic lineages; myogenic progenitor cells further develop into muscle fibers and satellite cells whereas adipogenic-fibrogenic lineage cells develop into the stromal-vascular fraction of skeletal muscle where reside adipocytes, fibroblasts, and resident fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (the counterpart of satellite cells). Strengthening myogenesis (i.e., formation of muscle cells) enhances lean growth, promoting intramuscular adipogenesis (i.e., formation of fat cells) increases marbling, and reducing intramuscular fibrogenesis (i.e., formation of fibroblasts and synthesis of connective tissue) improves overall tenderness of beef. Because the abundance of progenitor cells declines as animals age, it is more effective to manipulate progenitor cell differentiation at an early developmental stage. Nutritional, environmental, and genetic factors shape progenitor cell differentiation; however, up to now, our knowledge regarding mechanisms governing progenitor cell differentiation remains rudimentary. In summary, altering mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation through nutritional management of cows, or fetal programming, is a promising method to improve cattle performance and carcass value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA.
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Stannard SR. Ramadan and Its Effect on Fuel Selection during Exercise and Following Exercise Training. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:127-33. [PMID: 22375231 PMCID: PMC3289214 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting induces short-term physiological adaptations which spare the body's remaining carbohydrate stores and mobilize lipid stores to provide a substitute fuel for many tissues and organs, especially skeletal muscle. Rodent studies show that regular occurrence of fasting then refeeding, stimulates adaptations in muscle which make the animal better placed to withstand a further period of fasting by possessing a better ability to oxidise lipid.This review explores the research describing these adaptations, with an emphasis on Ramadan, a human model of repeated fasting/refeeding. Separately, a single bout of endurance exercise places similar metabolic stress on the body as fasting since the exercising muscle must reduce its use of carbohydrate and utilize lipid more readily as exercise progresses. Not surprisingly therefore, adaptations in muscle to repeated bouts of endurance exercise (endurance training) are similar to those seen with repeated fasting/refeeding. Superimposing the stressors of repeated fasting/refeeding and exercise training, and subsequent adaptations to the muscle and exercise response, are examined by describing the published research which has investigated the situation where athletes continue their training whilst participating in Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Stannard
- Corresponding Author: Address: Private Bag 11-222, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand. E-mail:
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Zhou D, Strakovsky RS, Zhang X, Pan YX. The skeletal muscle Wnt pathway may modulate insulin resistance and muscle development in a diet-induced obese rat model. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1577-84. [PMID: 22349736 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is involved in lipid metabolism and obesity development. Skeletal muscle, a pivotal tissue for metabolism, is regulated by the Wnt signaling. However, little is known of this pathway's involvement in insulin sensitivity and myogenesis in animals. The current study focused on the potential role of Wnt signaling in insulin sensitivity and myogenic events and its further impact on intramuscular fat accumulation. Obesity resistant (OR) and obesity prone (OP) rats were fed a high-fat (HF, 45% kcal fat) diet for 13 weeks. Body weight and circulating triglyceride (TG) were measured and gastrocnemius muscle was collected for analysis of gene expression and protein amount. OP rats had higher body weight and blood TG than OR, and our study demonstrated that the skeletal muscle of OR and OP rats had different levels of β-catenin, which also corresponded to the expression of Wnt downstream genes. The expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) was significantly lower in OP than OR skeletal muscle, as was the protein amount of phosphorylated Akt, myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2), and GLUT4. Expression of Myogenic regulatory factor (Myf) 5 and Myf3 (MyoD) were decreased significantly in OP skeletal muscle when compared to OR. Additionally, intramuscular fat was higher in OP than in OR rats. Thus, we propose that the differential Wnt signaling in the skeletal muscle of OR and OP rats is highly likely associated with the differences in insulin sensitivity and myogenic capability in these two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Chen H, Saad S, Sandow SL, Bertrand PP. Cigarette smoking and brain regulation of energy homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:147. [PMID: 22848202 PMCID: PMC3404499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an addictive behavior, and is the primary cause of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, and cancer (among other diseases). Cigarette smoke contains thousands of components that may affect caloric intake and energy expenditure, although nicotine is the major addictive substance present, and has the best described actions. Nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke can change brain feeding regulation to reduce appetite via both energy homeostatic and reward mechanisms, causing a negative energy state which is characterized by reduced energy intake and increased energy expenditure that are linked to low body weight. These findings have led to the public perception that smoking is associated with weight loss. However, its effects at reducing abdominal fat mass (a predisposing factor for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance) are marginal, and its promotion of lean body mass loss in animal studies suggests a limited potential for treatment in obesity. Smoking during pregnancy puts pressure on the mother's metabolic system and is a significant contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Smoking is a predictor of future risk for respiratory dysfunction, social behavioral problems, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Catch-up growth is normally observed in children exposed to intrauterine smoke, which has been linked to subsequent childhood obesity. Nicotine can have a profound impact on the developing fetal brain, via its ability to rapidly and fully pass the placenta. In animal studies this has been linked with abnormal hypothalamic gene expression of appetite regulators such as downregulation of NPY and POMC in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Maternal smoking or nicotine replacement leads to unhealthy eating habits (such as junk food addiction) and other behavioral disorders in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Faculty of Science, School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun L. Sandow
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul P. Bertrand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Bistability is a fundamental phenomenon in nature. In biology, a number of fine properties of bistability have been identified. However, these properties are only consequences of bistability at the physiological level, which do not explain why it had to emerge during evolution. Using optimal homeostasis as the first principle, I find that bistability emerges as an indispensable control mechanism. It is the only solution to a dilemma in glucose homeostasis: high insulin efficiency is required to confer rapidness in plasma glucose clearance, whereas an insulin sparing state is required to guarantee the brain's safety during fasting. The optimality consideration renders a clear correspondence between the molecular and physiological levels. This new perspective can illuminate studies on the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes and the corresponding intervening strategies. For example, overnutrition and sedentary lifestyle may represent sudden environmental changes that cause the lose of optimality, which may contribute to the marked rise of obesity and diabetes in our generation. Because this bistability result is independent of the parameters of the mathematical model (for which the result is quite general), some other biological systems may also use bistability to control homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Wang
- Department of Physics, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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46
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Human cardiac autonomic responses to head-up tilting during 72-h starvation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2331-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Poděbradská R, Stejskal P, Schwarz D, Poděbradský J. Physical activity as a part of overweight and obesity treatment. ACTA GYMNICA 2011. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2011.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sudano M, Gregorio F. Ancestral diets and modern diseases. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-011-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sugita S, Kamei Y, Akaike F, Suganami T, Kanai S, Hattori M, Manabe Y, Fujii N, Takai-Igarashi T, Tadaishi M, Oka JI, Aburatani H, Yamada T, Katagiri H, Kakehi S, Tamura Y, Kubo H, Nishida K, Miura S, Ezaki O, Ogawa Y. Increased systemic glucose tolerance with increased muscle glucose uptake in transgenic mice overexpressing RXRγ in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20467. [PMID: 21655215 PMCID: PMC3105070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoid X receptor (RXR) γ is a nuclear receptor-type transcription
factor expressed mostly in skeletal muscle, and regulated by nutritional
conditions. Previously, we established transgenic mice overexpressing
RXRγ in skeletal muscle (RXRγ mice), which showed lower blood
glucose than the control mice. Here we investigated their glucose
metabolism. Methodology/Principal Findings RXRγ mice were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and
glucose transporter expression levels, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and
glucose uptake were analyzed. Microarray and bioinformatics analyses were
done. The glucose tolerance test revealed higher glucose disposal in
RXRγ mice than in control mice, but insulin tolerance test revealed no
difference in the insulin-induced hypoglycemic response. In the
hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study, the basal glucose disposal rate was
higher in RXRγ mice than in control mice, indicating an
insulin-independent increase in glucose uptake. There was no difference in
the rate of glucose infusion needed to maintain euglycemia (glucose infusion
rate) between the RXRγ and control mice, which is consistent with the
result of the insulin tolerance test. Skeletal muscle from RXRγ mice
showed increased Glut1 expression, with increased glucose uptake, in an
insulin-independent manner. Moreover, we performed in vivo
luciferase reporter analysis using Glut1 promoter
(Glut1-Luc). Combination of RXRγ and PPARδ
resulted in an increase in Glut1-Luc activity in skeletal
muscle in vivo. Microarray data showed that RXRγ
overexpression increased a diverse set of genes, including glucose
metabolism genes, whose promoter contained putative PPAR-binding motifs. Conclusions/Significance Systemic glucose metabolism was increased in transgenic mice overexpressing
RXRγ. The enhanced glucose tolerance in RXRγ mice may be mediated at
least in part by increased Glut1 in skeletal muscle. These results show the
importance of skeletal muscle gene regulation in systemic glucose
metabolism. Increasing RXRγ expression may be a novel therapeutic
strategy against type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumiko Akaike
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kanai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Hattori
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuko Manabe
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences,
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences,
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Takai-Igarashi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School
of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Miki Tadaishi
- Nutritional Science Program, National
Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of
Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Oka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Research Center for Advanced Science and
Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center for
Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi,
Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Center for
Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi,
Japan
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and
Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and
Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University,
Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Miura
- Nutritional Science Program, National
Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ezaki
- Nutritional Science Program, National
Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,
Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program,
International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases,
Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo,
Japan
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Sukala WR, Page R, Rowlands DS, Krebs J, Lys I, Leikis M, Pearce J, Cheema BS. South Pacific Islanders resist type 2 diabetes: comparison of aerobic and resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:317-25. [PMID: 21556816 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two exercise modalities for improving glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and associated clinical outcomes in Polynesian adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and visceral obesity. Twenty-six adults were randomized to receive resistance training or aerobic training, 3×/week, for 16 weeks. Dependent variables collected before and after intervention included: diabetes markers including HbA1c, blood lipids, relevant cytokines (C-reactive protein, adiponectin), and anthropometric and hemodynamic indices. Eighteen participants (72% female; age: 49.3 ± 5.3 years; waist circumference: 128.7 ± 18.7 cm) completed the intervention and follow-up assessments. Body mass index in the whole cohort at baseline indicated Class III (morbid) obesity (43.8 ± 9.5 kg/m(2)). Compliance to training was 73 ± 19 and 67 ± 18% in the aerobic and resistance training groups, respectively. HbA1c remained elevated in both groups after training. Aerobic training reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increased serum triglycerides (all P < 0.05). No other exercise-induced adaptations were noted within or between groups. Post hoc analysis using pooled data indicated that higher adherence to training (≥75% attendance, n = 8) significantly reduced waist circumference (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce body weight and fasting insulin (all P ≤ 0.11) versus lower adherence (<75% attendance, n = 10). In conclusion, this study did not demonstrate an improvement in HbA1c with exercise in morbidly obese Polynesian people. Future investigations involving exercise regimens that are more practicable and which involve greater frequency and duration of training may be required to induce significant and clinically meaningful adaptations in this unique diabetes population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Sukala
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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