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Wang K, Xue Y, Liu Y, Su X, Wei L, Lv C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia L, Zheng S, Ma Y, Yan H, Jiang G, Song H, Wang F, Lin Q, Hou Y. The detoxification ability of sex-role reversed seahorses determines the sexual dimorphism in immune responses to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173088. [PMID: 38735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune responses is an essential factor in environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms involved remain obscure owing to the scarcity of data from sex-role-reversed species in stressed conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most pervasive and carcinogenic organic pollutants in coastal environments. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects on renal immunotoxicity of the sex-role-reversed lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) toward environmental concentrations BaP exposure. Our results discovered the presence of different energy-immunity trade-off strategies adopted by female and male seahorses during BaP exposure. BaP induced more severe renal damage in female seahorses in a concentration-dependent manner. BaP biotransformation and detoxification in seahorses resemble those in mammals. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BPDE) and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BaP) formed DNA adducts and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis may together attribute the renal immunotoxicity. Sexual dimorphisms in detoxification of both BPDE and 9-OH-BaP, and in regulation of Ca2+, autophagy and inflammation, mainly determined the extent of renal damage. Moreover, the mechanism of sex hormones regulated sexual dimorphism in immune responses needs to be further elucidated. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of sexual dimorphism in the immunotoxicity induced by BaP exposure in seahorses, which may attribute to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaolei Su
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunhui Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Longwu Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hansheng Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guangjun Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Song JY, Kitamura SI, Oh MJ, Nakayama K. Heavy oil exposure suppresses antiviral activities in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:201-207. [PMID: 35378310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A combined treatment of heavy oil (HO) exposure and virus infection induces increased mortality in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, we addressed how HO exposure affects the immune system, especially antiviral activities, in Japanese flounder. The fish were infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), followed by exposure to HO. We analyzed virus titers in the heart and mRNA expression in the kidney of surviving fish. The virus titers in fish exposed to heavy oil were higher than the threshold for onset. The results suggest that HO exposure may allow the replication of VHSV, leading to higher mortality in the co-treated group. Gene-expression profiling demonstrated that the expression of antiviral-activity-related genes, such as those for interferon and apoptosis induction, were lower in the co-treated group than in the group with VHSV infection only. These results helped explain the high virus titers in fish treated with both stressors. Thus, interferon production in the virus-infected cells and apoptosis induction by natural killer cells worked normally in the VHSV-infected fish without HO exposure, but these antiviral activities were slightly suppressed by HO exposure, possibly leading to extensive viral replication in the host cells and the occurrence of VHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Pathology Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, South Korea
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
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Segner H, Rehberger K, Bailey C, Bo J. Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means of In Vitro Assays: Are We There Yet? Front Immunol 2022; 13:835767. [PMID: 35296072 PMCID: PMC8918558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing concepts to assess chemical hazards to fish, however, do not consider immunotoxicity. Over recent years, the application of in vitro assays for ecotoxicological hazard assessment has gained momentum, what leads to the question whether in vitro assays using piscine immune cells might be suitable to evaluate immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish. In vitro systems using primary immune cells or immune cells lines have been established from a wide array of fish species and basically from all immune tissues, and in principal these assays should be able to detect chemical impacts on diverse immune functions. In fact, in vitro assays were found to be a valuable tool in investigating the mechanisms and modes of action through which environmental agents interfere with immune cell functions. However, at the current state of knowledge the usefulness of these assays for immunotoxicity screening in the context of chemical hazard assessment appears questionable. This is mainly due to a lack of assay standardization, and an insufficient knowledge of assay performance with respect to false positive or false negative signals for the different toxicant groups and different immune functions. Also the predictivity of the in vitro immunotoxicity assays for the in vivo immunotoxic response of fishes is uncertain. In conclusion, the currently available database is too limited to support the routine application of piscine in vitro assays as screening tool for assessing immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Helmut Segner,
| | - Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China
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Xenobiotic metabolism and its physiological consequences in high-Antarctic Notothenioid fishes. Polar Biol 2021; 45:345-358. [PMID: 35221461 PMCID: PMC8818001 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Antarctic ecosystem is progressively exposed to anthropogenic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). So far, it is largely unknown if PAHs leave a mark in the physiology of high-Antarctic fish. We approached this issue via two avenues: first, we examined the functional response of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), which is a molecular initiating event of many toxic effects of PAHs in biota. Chionodraco hamatus and Trematomus loennbergii served as representatives for high-Antarctic Notothenioids, and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua as non-polar reference species. We sequenced and cloned the Ahr ligand binding domain (LBD) of the Notothenioids and deployed a GAL4-based luciferase reporter gene assay expressing the Ahr LBD. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), beta-naphthoflavone and chrysene were used as ligands for the reporter gene assay. Second, we investigated the energetic costs of Ahr activation in isolated liver cells of the Notothenioids during acute, non-cytotoxic BaP exposure. In the reporter assay, the Ahr LBD of Atlantic cod and the Antarctic Notothenioids were activated by the ligands tested herein. In the in vitro assays with isolated liver cells of high-Antarctic Notothenioids, BaP exposure had no effect on overall respiration, but caused shifts in the respiration dedicated to protein synthesis. Thus, our study demonstrated that high-Antarctic fish possess a functional Ahr that can be ligand-activated in a concentration-dependent manner by environmental contaminants. This is associated with altered cost for cellular protein synthesis. Future studies have to show if the toxicant-induced activation of the Ahr pathway may lead to altered organism performance of Antarctic fish.
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Segner H, Bailey C, Tafalla C, Bo J. Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics in Fish: A Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179460. [PMID: 34502366 PMCID: PMC8430475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of anthropogenic contaminants on the immune system of fishes is an issue of growing concern. An important xenobiotic receptor that mediates effects of chemicals, such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Fish toxicological research has focused on the role of this receptor in xenobiotic biotransformation as well as in causing developmental, cardiac, and reproductive toxicity. However, biomedical research has unraveled an important physiological role of the AhR in the immune system, what suggests that this receptor could be involved in immunotoxic effects of environmental contaminants. The aims of the present review are to critically discuss the available knowledge on (i) the expression and possible function of the AhR in the immune systems of teleost fishes; and (ii) the impact of AhR-activating xenobiotics on the immune systems of fish at the levels of immune gene expression, immune cell proliferation and immune cell function, immune pathology, and resistance to infectious disease. The existing information indicates that the AhR is expressed in the fish immune system, but currently, we have little understanding of its physiological role. Exposure to AhR-activating contaminants results in the modulation of numerous immune structural and functional parameters of fish. Despite the diversity of fish species studied and the experimental conditions investigated, the published findings rather uniformly point to immunosuppressive actions of xenobiotic AhR ligands in fish. These effects are often associated with increased disease susceptibility. The fact that fish populations from HAH- and PAH-contaminated environments suffer immune disturbances and elevated disease susceptibility highlights that the immunotoxic effects of AhR-activating xenobiotics bear environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China
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He Y, Su S, Cheng J, Tang Z, Ren S, Lyu Y. Bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of cyclic methylsiloxanes in the food web of a large subtropical lake in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125354. [PMID: 33609872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Available information on the bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of cyclic methylsiloxanes in aquatic food webs is insufficient for a reliable understanding of their toxicity and potential ecological harm. The concentrations of four cyclic methylsiloxanes in aquatic species collected from Lake Chaohu (China) were measured and the total concentration was in range of 2.01-36.1 ng/g dry weight. Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) represented 57.7% of the total measured methylsiloxane concentration. The distribution of these methylsiloxanes constitute the first tissue-specific record. The hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) tended to accumulate preferentially in fish muscles, while D6 was preferentially accumulated in fish liver and gills. In Lake Chaohu, significant trophic magnification of D3 (p < 0.01) and dilution of D6 (p < 0.05) were observed, and the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were estimated at 4.94 and 0.68, respectively. No significant trends in D4 and D5 (p > 0.05) were observed within the food web. This study further confirmed the complexity of trophic transfer of the methylsiloxanes in the aquatic food web. The findings suggest that tissue-specific methylsiloxane distribution in aquatic species might also affect the observed TMFs. More research is required to investigate methylsiloxanes in additional species and their trophodynamics in different food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shuai Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yang Lyu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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Song JY, Casanova-Nakayama A, Möller AM, Kitamura SI, Nakayama K, Segner H. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Is Functional in Immune Cells of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6323. [PMID: 32878328 PMCID: PMC7503690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important signaling pathway in the immune system of mammals. In addition to its physiological functions, the receptor mediates the immunotoxic actions of a diverse range of environmental contaminants that bind to and activate the AhR, including planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs or dioxin-like compounds) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). AhR-binding xenobiotics are immunotoxic not only to mammals but to teleost fish as well. To date, however, it is unknown if the AhR pathway is active in the immune system of fish and thus may act as molecular initiating event in the immunotoxicity of AhR-binding xenobiotics to fish. The present study aims to examine the presence of functional AhR signaling in immune cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Focus is given to the toxicologically relevant AhR2 clade. By means of RT-qPCR and in situ hybdridization, we show that immune cells of rainbow trout express ahr 2α and ahr 2β mRNA; this applies for immune cells isolated from the head kidney and from the peripheral blood. Furthermore, we show that in vivo as well as in vitro exposure to the AhR ligand, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), causes upregulation of the AhR-regulated gene, cytochrome p4501a, in rainbow trout immune cells, and that this induction is inhibited by co-treatment with an AhR antagonist. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that functional AhR signaling exists in the immune cells of the teleost species, rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; (S.-I.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Ayako Casanova-Nakayama
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Anja-Maria Möller
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; (S.-I.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; (S.-I.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
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Katagi T. In vitro metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in fish. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:1-15. [PMID: 32110158 PMCID: PMC7024743 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d19-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is one of the most important factors in controlling the toxicity and bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish. In vitro systems using subcellular fractions, cell lines, hepatocytes and tissues of a specific organ, each of which is characterized by usability, enzyme activity and chemical transport via membrane, have been applied to investigate the metabolic profiles of pesticides. Not only species and organs but also the fishkeeping conditions are known to greatly affect the in vitro metabolism of pesticides. A comparison of the metabolic profiles of pesticides and industrial chemicals taken under similar conditions has shown that in vitro systems using a subcellular S9 fraction and hepatocytes qualitatively reproduce many in vivo metabolic reactions. More investigation of these in vitro systems for pesticides is necessary to verify their applicability to the estimation of pesticide metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Katagi
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3–1–98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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Song Y, Nahrgang J, Tollefsen KE. Transcriptomic analysis reveals dose-dependent modes of action of benzo(a)pyrene in polar cod (Boreogadus saida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:176-189. [PMID: 30408666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) has been used as a model Arctic species for hazard assessment of environmental stressors such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, most of the PAH studies using polar cod rely on targeted biomarker-based analysis thus may not adequately address the complexity of the toxic mechanisms of the stressors. The present study was performed to develop a broad-content transcriptomic platform for polar cod and apply it for understanding the toxic mechanisms of a model PAH, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Hepatic transcriptional analysis using a combination of high-density polar cod oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR was conducted to characterize the stress responses in polar cod after 14d repeated dietary exposure to 0.4 (Low) and 20.3 μg/g fish/feeding (High) BaP doses. Bile metabolic analysis was performed to identify the storage of a key BaP hepatic biotransformation product, 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OH-BaP). The results clearly showed that 3-OH-BaP was detected in the bile of polar cod after both Low and High BaP exposure. Dose-dependent hepatic stress responses were identified, with Low BaP suppressing genes involved in the defense mechanisms and High BaP inducing genes associated with these pathways. The results suggested that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis were the common modes of action (MoA) of BaP between polar cod or other vertebrates, whereas induction of protein degradation and disturbance of mitochondrial functions were proposed as novel MoAs. Furthermore, conceptual toxicity pathways were proposed for BaP-mediated effects in Arctic fish. The present study has for the first time reported a transcriptome-wide analysis using a polar cod-specific microarray and suggested novel MoAs of BaP. The analytical tools, bioinformatics solutions and mechanistic knowledge generated by this study may facilitate mechanistically-based hazard assessment of environmental stressors in the Arctic using this important fish as a model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jasmine Nahrgang
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Dept. of Arctic and Marine Biology, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Dept. for Environmental Sciences, Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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10
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Chen H, Sheng L, Gong Z, Ru S, Bian H. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms of hepatic injury upon naphthalene exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:650-660. [PMID: 29748829 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene has been used worldwide as a commercial insecticide for decades, which when detected in the environment can have various negative effects on non-target organism, such as hepatotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of how naphthalene acts to affect the liver in zebrafish (Danio rerio) remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the potential toxic effects of naphthalene on livers in female adult zebrafish over a 21-day subacute exposure. Global hepatic gene expression was examined by microarrays and the results indicated the regulated genes were associated significantly with vital hepatic injury pathways and GO categories upon naphthalene exposure, such as disruptions in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and the carcinogenic processes. According to our observations of liver histology, nuclear enlargement as a potential indicator of cancers and hepatic lipometabolic disorder precisely were supported. The 96 h acute naphthalene tests on Tg(lysC:DsRed) and LiPan lines larvae revealed recruitment of neutrophils by the liver, as well as decreased liver size, which further confirmed hepatic inflammation response to naphthalene exposure. Thus, these findings advance the field of ecotoxicology by unveiling a new role of naphthalene as a leading cause of liver damage and provide potential biomarker-genes for environmental naphthalene monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Lianxi Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong province, China
| | - Hongfeng Bian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
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Strobel A, Mark FC, Segner H, Burkhardt-Holm P. Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes and superoxide dismutase in the Antarctic eelpout Pachycara brachycephalum exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1487-1495. [PMID: 29315775 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway mediates many, if not all, responses of fish to dioxin-like compounds. The Southern Ocean is progressively exposed to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants. Antarctic fish are known to accumulate those pollutants, yet nothing is known about their capability to induce chemical biotransformation via the AhR pathway. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether Antarctic eelpout, Pachycara brachycephalum, respond to anthropogenic pollutants by activation of the AhR and its target gene cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), and of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which served as a representative for oxidative stress. We exposed P. brachycephalum to 10 and 100 mg benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)/kg body weight for 10 d and measured the expression of AhR, CYP1A, and SOD in liver tissue via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We identified two distinct AhR isoforms in the liver of P. brachycephalum. Antarctic eelpout responded to both BaP exposures by an up-regulation of AhR and SOD, and by a particularly strong induction of CYP1A expression, which remained high until day 10 of the exposure time. Our data suggest that P. brachycephalum possesses the potential to up-regulate xenobiotic biotransformation pathways, at least at the gene expression level. The time course of the AhR and CYP1A response points to an efficient but slow xenobiotics metabolism. Moreover, BaP exposure could include adverse effects such as oxidative stress. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1487-1495. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Strobel
- Man-Society-Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix C Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Man-Society-Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Franco ME, Sutherland GE, Lavado R. Xenobiotic metabolism in the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B: Biomarkers of CYP450 activity and oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 206-207:32-40. [PMID: 29496489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of fish cell cultures has proven to be an effective tool in the study of environmental and aquatic toxicology. Valuable information can be obtained from comparisons between cell lines from different species and organs. In the present study, specific chemicals were used and biomarkers (e.g. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) were measured to assess the metabolic capabilities and cytotoxicity of the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the fish gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B. These cell lines were exposed to β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the pharmaceutical tamoxifen (TMX), and the organic peroxide tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP). Cytotoxicity in gill cell lines was significantly higher than in hepatic cells, with BNF and TMX being the most toxic compounds. CYP1-like associated activity, measured through EROD activity, was only detected in hepatic cells; Hepa-E1 cells showed the highest activity after exposure to both BNF and BaP. Significantly higher levels of CYP3A-like activity were also observed in Hepa-E1 cells exposed to TMX, while gill cell lines presented the lowest levels. Measurements of ROS and antioxidant enzymes indicated that peroxide levels were higher in gill cell lines in general. However, levels of superoxide were significantly higher in RTH-149 cells, where no distinctive increase of superoxide-related antioxidants was observed. The present study demonstrates the importance of selecting adequate cell lines in measuring specific metabolic parameters and provides strong evidence for the fish hepatocarcinoma Hepa-E1 cells to be an excellent alternative in assessing metabolism of xenobiotics, and in expanding the applicability of fish cell lines for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Grace E Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
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Stadnicka-Michalak J, Weiss FT, Fischer M, Tanneberger K, Schirmer K. Biotransformation of Benzo[ a]pyrene by Three Rainbow Trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss) Cell Lines and Extrapolation To Derive a Fish Bioconcentration Factor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3091-3100. [PMID: 29400055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Permanent fish cell lines constitute a promising complement or substitute for fish in the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. We demonstrate the potential of a set of cell lines originating from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) to aid in the prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish, using benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) as a model chemical. We selected three cell lines from different tissues to more fully account for whole-body biotransformation in vivo: the RTL-W1 cell line, representing the liver as major site of biotransformation, and the RTgill-W1 (gill) and RTgutGC (intestine) cell lines, as important environment-organism interfaces, which likely influence chemical uptake. All three cell lines were found to effectively biotransform BaP. However, rates of in vitro clearance differed, with the RTL-W1 cell line being most efficient, followed by RTgutGC. Co-exposures with α-naphthoflavone as potent inhibitor of biotransformation, assessment of CYP1A catalytic activity, and the progression of cellular toxicity upon prolonged BaP exposure revealed that BaP is handled differently in the RTgill-W1 compared to the other two cell lines. Application of the cell-line-derived in vitro clearance rates into a physiology-based toxicokinetic model predicted a BaP bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 909-1057 compared to 920 reported for rainbow trout in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Frederik T Weiss
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | - Katrin Tanneberger
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Ecosens AG, 8304 Wallisellen , Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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14
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Wei M, Xu WT, Li HL, Wang L, Xiu YJ, Yang YM, Li YZ, Zhao FZ, Chen SL. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a novel r-spondin member (rspo2l) in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:436-442. [PMID: 29154943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest R-spondins (Rspos) plays a role in mammalian sex development and differentiation by activating WNT signaling pathways. However, Rspos are frequently less reported in teleosts. In this study, a molecular characterization and expression analysis was conducted with a new rspondin member in the Chinese tongue sole, rspondin2-like (rspo2l). The length of rspo2l cDNA is 1251 bp with 732 bp of coding sequence. A qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcription of rspo2l was distributed in various tissues, with high transcription levels in the liver, skin, and gills which might indicate a possible role in immunity. We next examined a time-course of transcription levels in four immune tissues (gill, liver, spleen, and kidney) after Vibrio harveyi challenge. It was found that rspo2l was up-regulated in the gills, spleen, and kidney and down-regulated in the liver, and the greatest responses occurred at 24 and 48 h after bacterial challenge. An assessment of β-catenin, the key regulator of the canonical WNT signaling pathway, at different time points in four immune organs revealed that its transcription profile was similar to that of rspo2l after bacterial challenge. The results suggest that tongue sole rspo2l might play a role in immune responses after bacterial challenge, while the potential link with the WNT signaling pathway still requires further investigation. This is the first report about the involvement of rspondins in fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wen-Teng Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Research Institute of Metabolic Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yun-Ji Xiu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ying-Ming Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang-Zhen Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fa-Zhen Zhao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Song-Lin Chen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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15
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Langan LM, Arossa S, Owen SF, Jha AN. Assessing the impact of benzo[a]pyrene with the in vitro fish gut model: An integrated approach for eco-genotoxicological studies. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 826:53-64. [PMID: 29412870 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models are emerging tools for reducing reliance on traditional toxicity tests, especially in areas where information is sparse. For studies of fish, this is especially important for extrahepatic organs, such as the intestine, which, until recently, have been largely overlooked in favour of the liver or gill. Considering the importance of dietary uptake of contaminants, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine-derived cell line RTgutGC was cultured, to test its suitability as a high-throughput in vitro model. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is an important contaminant and a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Over 48 h exposure, a range of endpoints and xenobiotic metabolism rates were examined at three different pH levels indicative of the in vitro (pH 7.5) and in vivo mid-gut (pH 7.7) and hind-gut (pH 7.4) regions as a function of time. These endpoints included (i) cell viability: acid phosphatase (APH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays; (ii) glucose uptake; (iii) cytochrome P450 enzyme activity: 7-ethoxyresoorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay; (iv) glutathione transferase (GST) activity; (v) genotoxic damage determined using the comet assay. Absence of cell viability loss, in parallel with decrease in the parent compound (B[a]P) in the medium and its subsequent increase in the cells suggested active sequestration, biotransformation, and removal of this representative PAH. With respect to genotoxic response, significant differences were observed at both the sampling times and the two highest concentrations of B[a]P. No significant differences were observed for the different pH conditions. Overall, this in vitro xenobiotic metabolism system appears to be a robust model, providing a basis for further development to evaluate metabolic and toxicological potential of contaminants without use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Silvia Arossa
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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16
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Shirmohammadi M, Chupani L, Salamat N. Responses of immune organs after single-dose exposure to phenanthrene in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus): CYP1A induction and oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:686-694. [PMID: 28826128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of phenanthrene (Phe) on induction of ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD) activity and oxidative stress was examined in immune organs of yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus. Fish were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection at 2, 20, or 40 mg kg-1. The Phe concentration in spleen, EROD activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, ascorbic acid (AsA), total glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonylation (PC) levels in spleen and head kidney were assessed at one, four, seven, and 14 days post-injection. Dose response relationship was explored for data on day four. Phe concentration reached the highest observed level on day four, showed decline on day seven, and was undetectable at the end of trial. EROD activity in both organs followed the pattern of Phe level in all treated groups. Catalase and SOD activity at low Phe concentrations was significantly higher than controls, while LPO and PC level showed no differences from controls. In contrast, at 20 and 40 mg kg-1, CAT and SOD activity, an indicator of oxidative stress, was significantly lower than in untreated controls, while AsA, GSH, LPO, and PC levels were higher on days 4 and 7. No parameter of any treatment group in either organ tissue showed difference from control values at the end of the experiment. The SOD and CAT activity in both organs exhibited a biphasic (initial stimulatory effect) effect, whereas other parameters showed a monophasic effect in terms of dose-response. Results suggest that Phe induced CYP1A and antioxidant responses in immune organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
| | - Latifeh Chupani
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Province, Iran
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17
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Phalen LJ, Köllner B, Hogan NS, van den Heuvel MR. Transcriptional response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) B cells and thrombocytes following in vivo exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 53:212-218. [PMID: 28662488 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fishes has been frequently reported but the reasons for differential cell toxicity remains unclear. Rainbow trout were exposed in vivo with a single intraperitoneal injection of corn oil or 100mg/kg of the immunotoxic PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in corn oil. Leukocytes were harvested from head kidney, spleen and blood after 14days, the optimal time for B cell depletion found in a previous study. The mRNA expression of five cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and an intrinsic pathway apoptosis checkpoint (p53) in B cells and thrombocytes were examined. Transcript levels were measured in immunomagnetically-isolated B cells and thrombocytes from those tissues as well as in liver as B cells had been previously shown to be responsive the BaP whereas thrombocytes were not. There was induction of CYP1A1 in liver, blood B cells, and blood and spleen thrombocytes; CYP1B1 in blood B cells, blood and spleen thrombocytes; CYP1A3 in liver, blood and spleen B cells, and blood thrombocytes; CYP1C1 in liver; and AhR in liver and spleen thrombocytes. There was no change in CYP1C2, or p53 mRNA levels across tissues or cell type. Induction in mRNA was observed 14 d after exposure, indicating a prolonged physiological effect of a single B[a]P injection. CYP1A1 and CYP1A3 were the most abundantly expressed CYP genes and CYP1B1 was generally least abundant. B[a]P-induced thrombocytes had a significantly different pattern of CYP expression than either liver or B cells. Given the importance of metabolites in the toxicity of PAHs, differences in CYP expression between tissues may explain differences in toxicity previously observed between B cells and thrombocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Phalen
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael R van den Heuvel
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada.
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18
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Grech A, Brochot C, Dorne JL, Quignot N, Bois FY, Beaudouin R. Toxicokinetic models and related tools in environmental risk assessment of chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:1-15. [PMID: 27842969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of chemicals for the protection of ecosystems integrity is a key regulatory and scientific research field which is undergoing constant development in modelling approaches and harmonisation with human risk assessment. This review focuses on state-of-the-art toxicokinetic tools and models that have been applied to terrestrial and aquatic species relevant to environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Both empirical and mechanistic toxicokinetic models are discussed using the results of extensive literature searches together with tools and software for their calibration and an overview of applications in environmental risk assessment. These include simple tools such as one-compartment models, multi-compartment models to physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models, mostly available for aquatic species such as fish species and a number of chemical classes including plant protection products, metals, persistent organic pollutants, nanoparticles. Data gaps and further research needs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Grech
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Quignot
- LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Y Bois
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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19
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Burkina V, Rasmussen MK, Pilipenko N, Zamaratskaia G. Comparison of xenobiotic-metabolising human, porcine, rodent, and piscine cytochrome P450. Toxicology 2017; 375:10-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Floehr T, Scholz-Starke B, Xiao H, Hercht H, Wu L, Hou J, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Segner H, Kammann U, Yuan X, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Linking Ah receptor mediated effects of sediments and impacts on fish to key pollutants in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China - A comprehensive perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:191-211. [PMID: 26298852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), created in consequence of the Yangtze River's impoundment by the Three Gorges Dam, faces numerous anthropogenic impacts that challenge its unique ecosystem. Organic pollutants, particularly aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, have been widely detected in the Yangtze River, but only little research was yet done on AhR-mediated activities. Hence, in order to assess effects of organic pollution, with particular focus on AhR-mediated activities, several sites in the TGR area were examined applying the "triad approach". It combines chemical analysis, in vitro, in vivo and in situ investigations to a holistic assessment. Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011/2012, respectively, to identify relevant endpoints. Sediment was tested in vitro with the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction assay, and in vivo with the Fish Embryo Toxicity Test and Sediment Contact Assay with Danio rerio. Activities of phase I (EROD) and phase II (glutathione-S-transferase) biotransformation enzymes, pollutant metabolites and histopathological alterations were studied in situ in P. vachellii. EROD induction was tested in vitro and in situ to evaluate possible relationships. Two sites, near Chongqing and Kaixian city, were identified as regional hot-spots and further investigated in 2013. The sediments induced in the in vitro/in vivo bioassays AhR-mediated activities and embryotoxic/teratogenic effects - particularly on the cardiovascular system. These endpoints could be significantly correlated to each other and respective chemical data. However, particle-bound pollutants showed only low bioavailability. The in situ investigations suggested a rather poor condition of P. vachellii, with histopathological alterations in liver and excretory kidney. Fish from Chongqing city exhibited significant hepatic EROD induction and obvious parasitic infestations. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene was detected in bile of fish from all sites. All endpoints in combination with the chemical data suggest a pivotal role of PAHs in the observed ecotoxicological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Floehr
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Hercht
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Junli Hou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrike Kammann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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21
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Floehr T, Scholz-Starke B, Xiao H, Koch J, Wu L, Hou J, Wolf A, Bergmann A, Bluhm K, Yuan X, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:63-82. [PMID: 26702969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Besides obvious benefits, the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) ecosystem. In order to record organic contamination, to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring, several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method. Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels, mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts. Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013. Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011 (165-1653ng/g), emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area. Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing (150-433ng/g) and Kaixian (127-590ng/g) in 2013. Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers. However, the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216-636kgPAH/day (0.2-0.6mgPAH/(m(2)·day)), indicating an ecotoxicological risk. PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section, whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section. Furthermore, sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay. Additionally, significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P. vachellii were detected (Chongqing/Kaixian), demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as an important mode of action in the TGR's fish. PAHs, their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Floehr
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Björn Scholz-Starke
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Koch
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lingling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junli Hou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Anja Wolf
- IWW Rhenish-Westfalian Institute for Water Research, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Axel Bergmann
- IWW Rhenish-Westfalian Institute for Water Research, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Research Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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22
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Strobel A, Burkhardt-Holm P, Schmid P, Segner H. Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolism and EROD and GST Biotransformation Activity in the Liver of Red- and White-Blooded Antarctic Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8022-8032. [PMID: 25965896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic pollution are of increasing concern in remote areas such as Antarctica. The evolutionary adaptation of Antarctic notothenioid fish to the cold and stable Southern Ocean led to a low plasticity of their physiological functions, what may limit their capacity to deal with altered temperature regimes and pollution in the Antarctic environment. Using a biochemical approach, we aimed to assess the hepatic biotransformation capacities of Antarctic fish species by determining (i) the activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and (ii) the metabolic clearance of benzo(a)pyrene by hepatic S9 supernatants. In addition, we determined the thermal sensitivity of the xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes. We investigated the xenobiotic metabolism of the red-blooded Gobionotothen gibberifrons and Notothenia rossii, the hemoglobin-less Chaenocephalus aceratus and Champsocephalus gunnari, and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as a reference. Our results revealed similar metabolic enzyme activities and metabolic clearance rates between red- and white-blooded Antarctic fish, but significantly lower rates in comparison to rainbow trout. Therefore, bioaccumulation factors for metabolizable lipophilic contaminants may be higher in Antarctic than in temperate fish. Likewise, the thermal adaptive capacities and flexibilities of the EROD and GST activities in Antarctic fish were significantly lower than in rainbow trout. As a consequence, increasing water temperatures in the Southern Ocean will additionally compromise the already low detoxification capacities of Antarctic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Strobel
- †University of Basel, Departement of Environmental Sciences, Programme Man-Society-Environment MGU, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- §University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- †University of Basel, Departement of Environmental Sciences, Programme Man-Society-Environment MGU, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- ∥Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Peter Schmid
- ‡Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- §University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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23
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Möller AM, Korytář T, Köllner B, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Segner H. The teleostean liver as an immunological organ: Intrahepatic immune cells (IHICs) in healthy and benzo[a]pyrene challenged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:518-529. [PMID: 24718255 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a resident population of intrahepatic immune cells (IHICs) is well documented for mammalian vertebrates, however, it is uncertain whether IHICs are present in the liver of teleostean fish. In the present study we investigated whether trout liver contains an IHIC population, and if so, what the relative cellular composition of this population is. The results provide clear evidence for the existence of an IHIC population in trout liver, which constitutes 15-29% of the non-hepatocytes in the liver, and with a cellular composition different to that of the blood leukocyte population. We also analyzed the response of IHICs to a non-infectious liver challenge with the hepatotoxic and immunotoxic chemical, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Juvenile trout were treated with BaP (25 or 100mg/kgbw) at levels sufficient to induce the molecular pathway of BaP metabolism while not causing pathological and inflammatory liver changes. The IHIC population responded to the BaP treatments in a way that differed from the responses of the leukocyte populations in trout blood and spleen, suggesting that IHICs are an independently regulated immune cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja-Maria Möller
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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