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Kahma H, Paludetto MN, Neuvonen M, Kurkela M, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Backman JT. Screening of 16 major drug glucuronides for time-dependent inhibition of nine drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes - detailed studies on CYP3A inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106735. [PMID: 38423227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes has been observed for a few glucuronide metabolites of clinically used drugs. Here, we investigated the inhibitory potential of 16 glucuronide metabolites towards nine major CYP enzymes in vitro. Automated substrate cocktail methods were used to screen time-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2J2 and 3A in human liver microsomes. Seven glucuronides (carvedilol β-D-glucuronide, diclofenac acyl-β-D-glucuronide, 4-hydroxyduloxetine β-D-glucuronide, ezetimibe phenoxy-β-D-glucuronide, raloxifene 4'-glucuronide, repaglinide acyl-β-D-glucuronide and valproic acid β-D-glucuronide) caused NADPH- and time-dependent inhibition of at least one of the CYPs investigated, including CYP2A6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A. In more detailed experiments, we focused on the glucuronides of carvedilol and diclofenac, which inhibited CYP3A. Carvedilol β-D-glucuronide showed weak time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A, but the parent drug carvedilol was found to be a more potent inhibitor of CYP3A, with the half-maximal inhibitor concentration (IC50) decreasing from 7.0 to 1.1 µM after a 30-min preincubation with NADPH. The maximal inactivation constant (kinact) and the inhibitor concentration causing half of kinact (KI) for CYP3A inactivation by carvedilol were 0.051 1/min and 1.8 µM, respectively. Diclofenac acyl-β-D-glucuronide caused time-dependent inactivation of CYP3A at high concentrations, with a 4-fold IC50 shift (from 400 to 98 µM after a 30-min preincubation with NADPH) and KI and kinact values of >2,000 µM and >0.16 1/min. In static predictions, carvedilol caused significant (>1.25-fold) increase in the exposure of the CYP3A substrates midazolam and simvastatin. In conclusion, we identified several glucuronide metabolites with CYP inhibitory properties. Based on detailed experiments, the inactivation of CYP3A by carvedilol may cause clinically significant drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinä Kahma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Noëlle Paludetto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kurkela
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Rendic SP, Guengerich FP. Formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs in reactions catalyzed by human drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1581-1628. [PMID: 38520539 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Data are presented on the formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs that are substrates of human drug metabolizing enzymes. The tabular data lists the formation of potentially toxic/reactive products. The data were obtained from in vitro experiments and showed that the oxidative reactions predominate (with 96% of the total potential toxication reactions). Reductive reactions (e.g., reduction of nitro to amino group and reductive dehalogenation) participate to the extent of 4%. Of the enzymes, cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes catalyzed 72% of the reactions, myeloperoxidase (MPO) 7%, flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) 3%, aldehyde oxidase (AOX) 4%, sulfotransferase (SULT) 5%, and a group of minor participating enzymes to the extent of 9%. Within the P450 Superfamily, P450 Subfamily 3A (P450 3A4 and 3A5) participates to the extent of 27% and the Subfamily 2C (P450 2C9 and P450 2C19) to the extent of 16%, together catalyzing 43% of the reactions, followed by P450 Subfamily 1A (P450 1A1 and P450 1A2) with 15%. The P450 2D6 enzyme participated in an extent of 8%, P450 2E1 in 10%, and P450 2B6 in 6% of the reactions. All other enzymes participate to the extent of 14%. The data show that, of the human enzymes analyzed, P450 enzymes were dominant in catalyzing potential toxication reactions of drugs and their metabolites, with the major role assigned to the P450 Subfamily 3A and significant participation of the P450 Subfamilies 2C and 1A, plus the 2D6, 2E1 and 2B6 enzymes contributing. Selected examples of drugs that are activated or proposed to form toxic species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Schmidt S, Hoffmann H, Garbe LA, Harrer A, Steiner M, Himly M, Schneider RJ. Re-assessment of monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac for their application in the analysis of environmental waters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3349-3363. [PMID: 38742423 PMCID: PMC11138808 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01333b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF) is an important environmental contaminant occurring in surface waters all over the world, because, after excretion, it is not adequately removed from wastewater in sewage treatment plants. To be able to monitor this pollutant, highly efficient analytical methods are needed, including immunoassays. In a medical research project, monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac and its metabolites had been produced. Based on this monoclonal anti-DCF antibody, a new indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and applied for environmental samples. The introduction of a spacer between diclofenac and the carrier protein in the coating conjugate led to higher sensitivity. With a test midpoint of 3 μg L-1 and a measurement range of 1-30 μg L-1, the system is not sensitive enough for direct analysis of surface water. However, this assay is quite robust against matrix influences and can be used for wastewater. Without adjustment of the calibration, organic solvents up to 5%, natural organic matter (NOM) up to 10 mg L-1, humic acids up to 2.5 mg L-1, and salt concentrations up to 6 g L-1 NaCl and 75 mg L-1 CaCl2 are tolerated. The antibody is also stable in a pH range from 3 to 12. Cross-reactivity (CR) of 1% or less was determined for the metabolites 4'-hydroxydiclofenac (4'-OH-DCF), 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OH-DCF), DCF lactam, and other NSAIDs. Relevant cross-reactivity occurred only with an amide derivative of DCF, 6-aminohexanoic acid (DCF-Ahx), aceclofenac (ACF) and DCF methyl ester (DCF-Me) with 150%, 61% and 44%, respectively. These substances, however, have not been found in samples. Only DCF-acyl glucuronide with a cross-reactivity of 57% is of some relevance. For the first time, photodegradation products were tested for cross-reactivity. With the ELISA based on this antibody, water samples were analysed. In sewage treatment plant effluents, concentrations in the range of 1.9-5.2 μg L-1 were determined directly, with recoveries compared to HPLC-MS/MS averaging 136%. Concentrations in lakes ranged from 3 to 4.4 ng L-1 and were, after pre-concentration, determined with an average recovery of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Hoffmann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Hochschule Neubrandenburg, Fachbereich Agrarwirtschaft und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, D-17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Harrer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Steiner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Van Nguyen T, Bořík A, Sims JL, Kouba A, Žlábek V, Koubová A. Toxicological effects of diclofenac on signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) as related to weakly acidic and basic water pH. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106777. [PMID: 38035650 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use and continuous discharge of pharmaceuticals to environmental waters can lead to potential toxicity to aquatic biota. Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are often complex organic and environmentally persistent compounds that are bioactive at low doses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of diclofenac (DCF) on the antioxidant defence system and neurotoxicity biomarkers in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) under weakly acidic and basic conditions. Crayfish were exposed to 200 µg/L of DCF at pH 6 and 8 for 96 h and subsequently underwent the depuration phase for 96 h. Gills, hepatopancreas, and muscle were sampled after the exposure and depuration phases to assess the toxicological biomarker responses of DCF in crayfish by evaluating lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase. After the exposure phase, the hemolymph DCF concentration was detected one order higher at pH 6 than at pH 8. The DCF was subsequently fully eliminated from the hemolymph during the depuration phase. Our results showed that DCF caused alteration in the activities of six of the seven tested biomarkers in at least one crayfish tissue. Although exposure to DCF caused imbalances in the detoxification system on multiple tissue levels, it was regenerated to a balanced state after the depuration phase. Integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) showed that the highest toxicological response to DCF exposure was elicited in the gills, whereas the hepatopancreas was the highest-responding tissue after the depuration phase. Exposure to DCF at pH 6 caused higher toxicological effects than at pH 8; however, crayfish antioxidant mechanisms recovered more quickly at pH 6 than at pH 8 after the depuration phase. Our results showed that water pH influenced the toxicological effects of DCF, an ionisable compound in crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany CZ-389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany CZ-389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Jaylen L Sims
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany CZ-389 25, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Antonín Kouba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany CZ-389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Žlábek
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany CZ-389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Koubová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, Vodňany CZ-389 25, Czech Republic.
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Zhang C, Su D, Choo EF, Liu L, Bobba S, Jorski JD, Ho Q, Wang J, Kenny JR, Khojasteh SC, Zhang D. Identification of a Discrete Diglucuronide of GDC-0810 in Human Plasma after Oral Administration. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1284-1294. [PMID: 37349116 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
GDC-0810 is a small molecule therapeutic agent having potential to treat breast cancer. In plasma of the first-in-human study, metabolite M2, accounting for 20.7% of total drug-related materials, was identified as a discrete diglucuronide that was absent in rats. Acyl glucuronide M6 and N-glucuronide M4 were also identified as prominent metabolites in human plasma. Several in vitro studies were conducted in incubations of [14C]GDC-0810, synthetic M6 and M4 with liver microsomes, intestinal microsomes, and hepatocytes of different species as well as recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes to further understand the formation of M2. The results suggested that 1) M2 was more efficiently formed from M6 than from M4, and 2) acyl glucuronidation was mainly catalyzed by UGT1A8/7/1 that is highly expressed in the intestines whereas N-glucuronidation was mainly catalyzed by UGT1A4 that is expressed in the human liver. This complicated mechanism presented challenges in predicting M2 formation using human in vitro systems. The absence of M2 and M4 in rats can be explained by low to no expression of UGT1A4 in rodents. M2 could be the first discrete diglucuronide that was formed from both acyl- and N-glucuronidation on a molecule identified in human plasma. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A discrete diglucuronidation metabolite of GDC-0810, a breast cancer drug candidate, was characterized as a unique circulating metabolite in humans that was not observed in rats or little formed in human in vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Dian Su
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Edna F Choo
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Sudheer Bobba
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Jamie D Jorski
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Quynh Ho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California (E.F.C., S.B., J.D.J., J.W., J.R.K., S.C.K., D.Z.); Pfizer, South San Francisco, California (C.Z.); Bicycle Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.S.); Innovative Research BU, Yifan Pharmaceutical, Hangzhou, China (L.L.); and Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California (Q.H.)
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Mendoza-Fernández PD, Silva-Correa CR, Torre VEVL, Aspajo-Villalaz CL, Calderón-Peña AA, Rosario-Chávarri JD. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz and Pav. on diclofenac-induced toxicity in rats. Vet World 2023; 16:1933-1939. [PMID: 37859960 PMCID: PMC10583873 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1933-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz and Pav. (also known as "Pájaro bobo") is known for its medicinal properties, including antiulcer, antiasthmatic, leishmanicidal, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate its hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects using a rat model of diclofenac-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods We administered three different doses of the methanolic extract of T. integrifolia (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day orally) and compared them with the commercial medicine silymarin (100 mg/kg orally). The rats received the T. integrifolia extracts for 5 days, and on days 3 and 4, 1 h after receiving the extracts, diclofenac was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The animals were euthanized 48 h after the last diclofenac injection, and blood samples were obtained to measure biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney function, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, and urea. Kidney and liver tissues were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological analysis. Results The results show that T. integrifolia has hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects. These effects are verified by the lower blood levels of ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine compared to the diclofenac group, which exhibited elevated biochemical parameters. In addition, histopathological analysis showed that the groups that received T. integrifolia did not display necrosis or infiltration, which were observed in the diclofenac group. Conclusion The methanolic extract of T. integrifolia has hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, with the highest protective activity observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen R. Silva-Correa
- Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú
| | | | - Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Animal Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú
| | - Abhel A. Calderón-Peña
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Animal Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú
| | - Jorge Del Rosario-Chávarri
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Animal Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Perú
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7
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Qi B, Gijsen M, De Vocht T, Deferm N, Van Brantegem P, Abza GB, Nauwelaerts N, Wauters J, Spriet I, Annaert P. Unravelling the Hepatic Elimination Mechanisms of Colistin. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1723-1734. [PMID: 37258948 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colistin is an antibiotic which is increasingly used as a last-resort therapy in critically-ill patients with multidrug resistant Gram-negative infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms underlying colistin's pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior and to characterize its hepatic metabolism. METHODS In vitro incubations were performed using colistin sulfate with rat liver microsomes (RLM) and with rat and human hepatocytes (RH and HH) in suspension. The uptake of colistin in RH/HH and thefraction of unbound colistin in HH (fu,hep) was determined. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) was employed to predict the hepatic clearance (CLh) of colistin. RESULTS Slow metabolism was detected in RH/HH, with intrinsic clearance (CLint) values of 9.34± 0.50 and 3.25 ± 0.27 mL/min/kg, respectively. Assuming the well-stirred model for hepatic drug elimination, the predicted rat CLh was 3.64± 0.22 mL/min/kg which could explain almost 70% of the reported non-renal in vivo clearance. The predicted human CLh was 91.5 ± 8.83 mL/min, which was within two-fold of the reported plasma clearance in healthy volunteers. When colistin was incubated together with the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP/Mrp) inhibitor benzbromarone, the intracellular accumulation of colistin in RH/HH increased significantly. CONCLUSION These findings indicate the major role of hepatic metabolism in the non-renal clearance of colistin, while MRP/Mrp-mediated efflux is involved in the hepatic disposition of colistin. Our data provide detailed quantitative insights into the hereto unknown mechanisms responsible for non-renal elimination of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qi
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Matthias Gijsen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Vocht
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neel Deferm
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Getahun B Abza
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Nauwelaerts
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
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Uchaipichat V, Rowland A, Miners JO. Inhibitory effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human liver microsomal morphine glucuronidation: Implications for drug-drug interaction liability. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 42:100442. [PMID: 34991001 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of fifteen NSAIDs from six structurally distinct classes on human liver microsomal morphine glucuronidation were investigated. Ki values of selected NSAIDs were generated and employed to assess DDI liability in vivo. Potent inhibition was observed for mefenamic acid and tolfenamic acid; respective IC50 values for morphine 3- and 6-glucuronidation were 9.2 and 13.5 μM, and 5.3 and 8.3 μM. Diclofenac and celecoxib showed moderate inhibition with IC50 values of 78 and 52 μM, and 83 and 214 μM, respectively. Estimated IC50 values for the other NSAIDs screened were >100 μM. Mefenamic acid, diclofenac, and S-naproxen competitively inhibited morphine 3- and 6-glucuronidation, with the Ki values of 11 and 12 μM, 110 and 76 μM, and 319 and 650 μM, respectively. Using the static mechanistic IVIVE approach, an approximate 40% increase in the AUC of morphine was predicted when co-administered with mefenamic acid, whereas the increase was <10% with diclofenac and S-naproxen. PBPK modeling predicted <15% increases in the morphine AUC from diclofenac and S-naproxen inhibition in virtual healthy and cirrhotic subjects. The data suggest that potential clinically significant DDIs arising from NSAID inhibition of morphine glucuronidation is unlikely, with the possible exception of some fenamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verawan Uchaipichat
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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HiPSC-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells Can Be Used as a Model for Transcriptomics-Based Study of Chemical Toxicity. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010001. [PMID: 35051043 PMCID: PMC8780865 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional toxicity risk assessment approaches have until recently focussed mainly on histochemical readouts for cell death. Modern toxicology methods attempt to deduce a mechanistic understanding of pathways involved in the development of toxicity, by using transcriptomics and other big data-driven methods such as high-content screening. Here, we used a recently described optimised method to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), to assess their potential to classify hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic chemicals and their use in mechanistic toxicity studies. The iPSC-HLCs could accurately classify chemicals causing acute hepatocellular injury, and the transcriptomics data on treated HLCs obtained by TempO-Seq technology linked the cytotoxicity to cellular stress pathways, including oxidative stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). Induction of these stress pathways in response to amiodarone, diclofenac, and ibuprofen, was demonstrated to be concentration and time dependent. The transcriptomics data on diclofenac-treated HLCs were found to be more sensitive in detecting differentially expressed genes in response to treatment, as compared to existing datasets of other diclofenac-treated in vitro hepatocyte models. Hence iPSC-HLCs generated by transcription factor overexpression and in metabolically optimised medium appear suitable for chemical toxicity detection as well as mechanistic toxicity studies.
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10
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Human Family 1-4 cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of xenobiotic and physiological chemicals: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:395-472. [PMID: 33459808 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic activation of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and general chemicals by the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to Families 1-4. The data were collected from > 5152 references. The total number of data entries of reactions catalyzed by P450s Families 1-4 was 7696 of which 1121 (~ 15%) were defined as bioactivation reactions of different degrees. The data were divided into groups of General Chemicals, Drugs, Natural Products, and Physiological Compounds, presented in tabular form. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group are discussed. In most of the cases, the metabolites are directly toxic chemicals reacting with cell macromolecules, but in some cases the metabolites formed are not direct toxicants but participate as substrates in succeeding metabolic reactions (e.g., conjugation reactions), the products of which are final toxicants. We identified a high level of activation for three groups of compounds (General Chemicals, Drugs, and Natural Products) yielding activated metabolites and the generally low participation of Physiological Compounds in bioactivation reactions. In the group of General Chemicals, P450 enzymes 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 dominate in the formation of activated metabolites. Drugs are mostly activated by the enzyme P450 3A4, and Natural Products by P450s 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4. Physiological Compounds showed no clearly dominant enzyme, but the highest numbers of activations are attributed to P450 1A, 1B1, and 3A enzymes. The results thus show, perhaps not surprisingly, that Physiological Compounds are infrequent substrates in bioactivation reactions catalyzed by P450 enzyme Families 1-4, with the exception of estrogens and arachidonic acid. The results thus provide information on the enzymes that activate specific groups of chemicals to toxic metabolites.
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11
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Katsube Y, Tsujimoto M, Koide H, Hira D, Ikeda Y, Minegaki T, Morita SY, Terada T, Nishiguchi K. In Vitro Evidence of Potential Interactions between CYP2C8 and Candesartan Acyl- β-D-glucuronide in the Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:289-297. [PMID: 33446524 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that certain glucuronides function as potent inhibitors of CYP2C8. We previously reported the possibility of drug-drug interactions between candesartan cilexetil and paclitaxel. In this study, we evaluated the effects of candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide on pathways associated with the elimination of paclitaxel, including those involving organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A10 and UGT2B7 were found to increase candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide formation in a candesartan concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the uptake of candesartan N2-glucuronide and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide by cells stably expressing OATPs is a saturable process with K m of 5.11 and 12.1 μM for OATP1B1 and 28.8 and 15.7 μM for OATP1B3, respectively; both glucuronides exhibit moderate inhibition of OATP1B1/1B3. Moreover, the hydroxylation of paclitaxel was evaluated using recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Results show that candesartan, candesartan N2-glucuronide, and candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide inhibit the CYP2C8-mediated metabolism of paclitaxel, with candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide exhibiting the strongest inhibition (IC50 is 18.9 µM for candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide, 150 µM for candesartan, and 166 µM for candesartan N2-glucuronide). However, time-dependent inhibition of CYP2C8 by candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide was not observed. Conversely, the IC50 values of all the compounds are comparable for CYP3A4. Taken together, these data suggest that candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide is actively transported by OATPs into hepatocytes, and drug-drug interactions may occur with coadministration of candesartan and CYP2C8 substrates, including paclitaxel, as a result of the inhibition of CYP2C8 function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that the acyl glucuronidation of candesartan to form candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide enhances CYP2C8 inhibition while exerting minimal effects on CYP3A4, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP1B3. Thus, candesartan acyl-β-D-glucuronide might represent a potential mediator of drug-drug interactions between candesartan and CYP2C8 substrates, such as paclitaxel, in clinical settings. This work adds to the growing knowledge regarding the inhibitory effects of glucuronides on CYP2C8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Katsube
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Masayuki Tsujimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Koide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Daiki Hira
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Yoshito Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Minegaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
| | - Kohshi Nishiguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (Y.K., M.T., H.K., T.M., K.N.); Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Shiga, Japan (D.H., Y.I., S.-y.M., T.T.); and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan (D.H.)
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12
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Tateishi Y, Ohe T, Ogawa M, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Development of Novel Diclofenac Analogs Designed to Avoid Metabolic Activation and Hepatocyte Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32608-32616. [PMID: 33376898 PMCID: PMC7758955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is widely used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; however, it is associated with severe liver injury. This adverse reaction is thought to be related to the reactive quinone imine (QI) and acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites of DCF, but it remains controversial which reactive metabolites mainly contribute to DCF-induced toxicity. In this study, we synthesized five types of DCF analogs that were designed to mitigate the formation of reactive QI and/or AG metabolites and evaluated their metabolic stability, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activity, and toxicity to cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Compounds with fluorine at the 5- and 4'-positions of aromatic rings exhibited modest and high metabolic stability to oxidation by cytochrome P450, respectively, but induced cytotoxicity comparable to DCF. Replacing the carboxylic group of DCF with its bioisosteres was effective in terms of stability to oxidative metabolism and glucuronidation; however, sulfonic acid and sulfonamide groups were not preferable for COX inhibition, and tetrazole-containing analogs induced strong cytotoxicity. On the other hand, compounds that have fluorine at the benzylic position were resistant to glucuronidation and showed little toxicity to hepatocytes. In addition, among these compounds, those with hydrogen at the 4'-position (2a and 2c) selectively inhibited the COX-2 enzyme. Throughout these data, it was suggested that compounds 2a and 2c might be novel safer and more efficacious drug candidates instead of DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tateishi
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mai Ogawa
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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13
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Jarrar YB, Kim DH, Lee SJ, Shin JG. Inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) glucuronidation by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in human liver microsomes and recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 153:102055. [PMID: 31999978 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is an arachidonic acid metabolite which is known to increase platelet aggregation and cardiovascular risk. In this study, nine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) selected by chemical structures were screened to determine their effects on the glucuronidation of 20-HETE using human liver microsomes (HLMs). Then, the combined effects of the selected NSAID and genetic polymorphisms in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were investigated. Among the tested NSAIDs, diclofenac was the strongest inhibitor of 20-HETE glucuronidation with an IC50 value of 3.5 μM. Celecoxib, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, and indomethacin showed modest inhibition with IC50 values of 77, 91, 190, 208, and 220 μM, respectively, while acetylsalicylic acid, rofecoxib, and meloxicam did not inhibit 20-HETE glucuronidation. Glucuronidation of 20-HETE by UGT2B7 and UGT1A9 recombinant enzymes was significantly inhibited by indomethacin, mefanemic acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib (P < 0.001). In addition, diclofenac exhibited a competitive inhibition mechanism with the Km value of 20-HETE glucuronidation increasing from 23.5 μM to 62 μM in the presence of 3.5 μM diclofenac. Diclofenac further decreased 20-HETE glucuronidation in HLMs carrying UGT2B7*2 alleles compared with the wild-type HLMs. The results from this study would be useful in understanding the alteration of 20-HETE levels in relation to NSAID and UGT genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazun Bashir Jarrar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea.
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14
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Giri P, Patel H, Srinivas NR. Use of Cocktail Probe Drugs for Indexing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Clinical Pharmacology Studies - Review of Case Studies. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 13:3-18. [PMID: 30451124 DOI: 10.2174/1872312812666181119154734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cocktail approach of probing drug metabolizing enzymes, in particular cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, is a cornerstone in clinical pharmacology studies. The first report of the famous "Pittsburg cocktail" has led the way for the availability of numerous cocktail substrate mixtures that provide options for indexing of CYP enzymes and/or evaluating the perpetrator capacity of the drug. OBJECTIVE The key objectives were: 1) To collate, tabulate, and discuss the various cocktail substrates to determine specific CYP enzyme activity in clinical pharmacology studies with specific case studies; 2) To introspect on how the cocktail approach has withstood the test of time and evolved for enabling key decision(s); 3) To provide some futuristic views on the use of cocktail in drug discovery and development. METHOD The review was compiled after consultation with databases such as PubMed (NCBI database) and Google scholar to source various published literature on cocktail approaches in drug development. RESULTS In the reviewed case studies, CYP indexing was achieved using a single time point (differing for specific CYP enzyme) plasma determination of the metabolite to parent ratio for all CYP enzymes with the exception of CYP3A4/5, where multiple time points were required for exposure measurement of midazolam and its metabolite. Likewise, a single void of urine, for a specific time duration, has been utilized for the recovery measurements of parent and metabolite for CYP indexing purposes. CONCLUSION The review provides a comprehensive list of various types of cocktail approaches and discusses some key considerations including the evolution of the cocktail approaches over time, perspectives and futuristic views for the use of probe drugs to aid the execution of clinical pharmacology studies and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Giri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya. Tal: Sanand, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Harilal Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya. Tal: Sanand, Ahmedabad-382 210, India
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya. Tal: Sanand, Ahmedabad-382 210, India.,Suramus Bio, Drug Development, J.P. Nagar First Phase, Bangalore 560078, India
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15
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Awad H, Ahmed A, Urman RD, Stoicea N, Bergese SD. Potential role of pharmacogenomics testing in the setting of enhanced recovery pathways after surgery. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2019; 12:145-154. [PMID: 31440074 PMCID: PMC6666379 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s198224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2001, a group of European academic surgeons created the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) study group and established the first official ERAS protocol. One of the most significant challenges during ERAS implementation is variability of drugs used throughout the perioperative period. Pharmacogenomic testing (blood or saliva) results (obtained within approximately 48 hrs) provide guidelines on how to prescribe the optimal drug with the optimal dosage to each patient based on an individual's unique genetic profile. Pharmacogenomic testing of various methods of multimodal analgesia is an essential element of ERAS protocols spanning the entire perioperative period to ultimately optimize postoperative pain control. The key goal for anesthetic management in ERAS protocols is to facilitate rapid emergence by using the shortest acting agents available, thus accelerating recovery and reducing length of stay, hospital expenses, and postoperative complications. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is an additional challenge that should be overcome to ensure an enhanced recovery and shorter length of stay with the use of antiemetics. Postoperative ileus (POI) can result in longer hospital stay with increasing susceptibility to associated morbidities along with an increase in associated hospitalization costs. Genetics-guided pharmacotherapy and its impact on clinical outcomes should be thoroughly studied for better understanding and managing drug administration in the settings of ERAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Awad
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicoleta Stoicea
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sergio D Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Jones S, Yarbrough AL, Shoeib A, Bush JM, Fantegrossi WE, Prather PL, Radominska-Pandya A, Fujiwara R. Enzymatic analysis of glucuronidation of synthetic cannabinoid 1-naphthyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (FDU-PB-22). Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1388-1395. [PMID: 30739533 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1580403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a rise in abuse of synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs). The consumption of SCBs results in various effects and can induce toxic reactions, including paranoia, seizures, tachycardia and even death. 1-Naphthyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate (FDU-PB-22) is a third generation SCB whose metabolic pathway has not been fully characterized. In this study, we conducted in vitro pharmacokinetic analysis of FDU-PB-22 metabolism. Metabolic reactions containing FDU-PB-22 and human liver microsomes (HLMs) were independent of NADPH but not UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), suggesting that UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the primary enzymes involved in this metabolism. It was further determined that the metabolite extensively formed after incubating FDU-PB-22 with UDPGA in HLMs was the glucuronide of FDU-PB-22 3-carboxyindole (FBI-COOH). Various hepatic UGTs showed enzymatic activity for FBI-COOH. A series of UGT inhibitors showed moderate to strong inhibition of FBI-COOH-glucuronidation in HLMs, suggesting that multiple UGT isoforms are involved in FBI-COOH-glucuronidation in the liver. Interestingly, an extra-hepatic isoform, UGT1A10, exhibited the highest activity with a Km value of 38 µM and a Vmax value of 5.90 nmol/min/mg. Collectively, these results suggest that both genetic mutations of and the co-administration of inhibitors for FDU-PB-22-metabolizing UGTs will likely increase the risk of FDU-PB-22-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,Department of Physics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas Fay etteville , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Azure L Yarbrough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,Department of Biology, University of Arkansas Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Amal Shoeib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - John M Bush
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas Little Rock , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Anna Radominska-Pandya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
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17
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Rodrigues D, Rowland A. From Endogenous Compounds as Biomarkers to Plasma-Derived Nanovesicles as Liquid Biopsy; Has the Golden Age of Translational Pharmacokinetics-Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion-Drug-Drug Interaction Science Finally Arrived? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:1407-1420. [PMID: 30554411 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is now established that a drug's pharmacokinetics (PK) absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) and drug-drug interaction (DDI) profile can be modulated by age, disease, and genotype. In order to facilitate subject phenotyping and clinical DDI assessment, therefore, various endogenous compounds (in plasma and urine) have been pursued as drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter biomarkers. Compared with biomarkers, however, the topic of circulating extracellular vesicles as "liquid biopsy" has received little attention within the ADME community; most organs secrete nanovesicles (e.g., exosomes) into the blood that contain luminal "cargo" derived from the originating organ (proteins, messenger RNA, and microRNA). As such, ADME profiling of plasma exosomes could be leveraged to better define genotype-phenotype relationships and the study of ontogeny, disease, and complex DDIs. If methods to support the isolation of tissue-derived plasma exosomes are successfully developed and validated, it is envisioned that they will be used jointly with genotyping, biomarkers, and modeling tools to greatly progress translational PK-ADME-DDI science.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodrigues
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Itkonen MK, Tornio A, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT. Clopidogrel and Gemfibrozil Strongly Inhibit the CYP2C8-Dependent Formation of 3-Hydroxydesloratadine and Increase Desloratadine Exposure In Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:377-385. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Chipangura J, Wolter K, Naidoo V. Percentage of faecal excretion of meloxicam in the Cape vultures (Gyps corprotheres). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:41-46. [PMID: 30336288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asian Gyps vulture species are gradually recovering from the devastating effect of diclofenac being present in contaminated carcasses. This drug was responsible for the death of over 10 million vultures in India, Nepal and Pakistan. To prevent the extinction of vultures, meloxicam was introduced after the ban of veterinary diclofenac. Meloxicam's safety in vultures was attributed to its short elimination half-life in contrast with diclofenac. The reason for the rapid elimination of meloxicam is yet to be explained. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of biotransformation in the elimination of meloxicam. Six Cape griffon vultures (Gyps coprotheres) were treated with 2 mg/kg meloxicam intramuscularly for faecal and plasma quantification of meloxicam concentration over time. In the plasma meloxicam was characterised by a half-life, mean residence time, clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of 0.37 ± 0.10 h, 0.90 ± 0.12 h, 0.02 ± 0.00 l/h kg and 0.02 ± 0.00 l/kg respectively (presented as geometric mean). Over the 24 h monitoring period, the total non-metabolised meloxicam in the faeces was 1.35 ± 0.71% of the total concentration in the plasma. Based on the short meloxicam elimination half-life and low cumulative concentration of total faecal meloxicam over a period in excess of 10 half-lives, this study indicates that Cape griffon vultures are efficient metaboliser of meloxicam, which is suggestive of different set of cytochrome enzymes being involved in the metabolism to that for diclofenac in this species. Identification of orthologous human CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzyme families in vultures will be an important further step in explaining the differences in the metabolic pathway(s) of meloxicam and diclofenac for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lillian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Chipangura
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kerri Wolter
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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20
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Kawase A, Kaneto A, Ishibashi M, Kobayashi A, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Involvement of diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide in diclofenac-induced cytotoxicity in glutathione-depleted isolated murine hepatocytes co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 29:203-210. [PMID: 30489186 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1544384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct hepatotoxic effects of drugs can occur when a parent drug and/or its reactive metabolites induces the formation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive metabolites of diclofenac (DIC) such as DIC acyl-β-d-glucuronide (DIC-AG) bind covalently to proteins, potentially decreasing protein function or inducing an immune response. However, it is unclear whether the macrophages and GSH depletion participate in DIC-induced cytotoxicity. Mouse hepatocytes (Hep) co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages (PMs) were used to clarify the effects of presence of PM with GSH depletion on DIC-induced cytotoxicity in Hep. DIC-AG but not hydroxy-DIC concentrations in medium were significantly increased in Hep co-cultured with PM with GSH depletion. Depletion of GSH resulted in significantly higher LDH leakage. Interestingly, LDH leakage in Hep/PM (1:0.4) with GSH depletion was significantly higher than in Hep/PM (1:0 and 1:0.1) with BSO. It is likely that macrophages with GSH depletion could facilitate DIC-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Ayaka Kaneto
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Mao Ishibashi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Akihiro Kobayashi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
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Dong J, Park MS. Discussions on the hepatic well-stirred model: Re-derivation from the dispersion model and re-analysis of the lidocaine data. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation of Hepatic Fraction of Metabolism by P450 in Dogs. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1017-1026. [PMID: 30244007 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) has been widely used as a nonspecific mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. It is extensively used in preclinical studies to determine the relative contribution of oxidative metabolism mediated by P450 in vitro and in vivo. The aim of present study was to understand the translation of fraction metabolized by P450 in dog hepatocytes to in vivo using ABT, for canagliflozin, known to be cleared by P450-mediated oxidation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases-mediated glucuronidation, and 3 drug discovery project compounds mainly cleared by hepatic metabolism. In a dog hepatocyte, intrinsic clearance assay with and without preincubation of ABT, 3 Lilly compounds exhibited a wide range of fraction metabolized by P450. Subsequent metabolite profiling in dog hepatocytes demonstrated a combination of metabolism by P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. In vivo, dogs were pretreated with 50 mg/kg ABT or vehicle at 2 h before intravenous administration of canagliflozin and Lilly compounds. The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were compared for the ABT-pretreated and vehicle-pretreated groups. The measured AUCABT/AUCveh ratios were correlated to fraction of metabolism by P450 in dog hepatocytes, suggesting that in vitro ABT inhibition in hepatocytes is useful to rank order compounds for in vivo fraction of metabolism assessment.
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Adawaren EO, Mukandiwa L, Njoya EM, Bekker L, Duncan N, Naidoo V. The use of liver slices from the Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) to better understand the role of liver toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in vultures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:147-155. [PMID: 30025357 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was responsible for the death of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent, following the consumption of diclofenac contaminated carcasses. The aim of this research was to establish if liver slices could serve as an alternate means of predicting the toxicity of NSAIDs in Gyps vultures. The Cape vulture liver slices was prepared and incubated with four NSAIDs for 6 h. A percent clearance of 1.0 ± 0.253, 0.58 ± 0.153, 0.961 ± 0.312 and 1.242 ± 0.406 (%/h*g) was attained for diclofenac, carprofen, ketoprofen and meloxicam respectively. Both meloxicam and diclofenac exerted toxic effects on the hepatic cells. Protein content indicated that the vulture tissue had lower enzyme levels than expected for an animal of its size. The poor distinction between the ex vivo hepatic percent clearance of meloxicam and diclofenac indicates that liver slices is not an ideal model to investigate NSAIDs toxicity in Cape vulture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Mukandiwa
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lizette Bekker
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Neil Duncan
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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Aycan İÖ, Elpek Ö, Akkaya B, Kıraç E, Tuzcu H, Kaya S, Coşkunfırat N, Aslan M. Diclofenac induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity is alleviated by thymoquinone treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:795-804. [PMID: 29935248 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether thymoquinone (TQ) could alleviate diclofenac (DCLF)-induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity in rats. Diclofenac was administered via intramuscular injection twice daily for 5 days and TQ was given by gavage for the same period. Hematological and biochemical profiles were measured with autoanalyzers while reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assayed by standard kits. Tissue injuries were evaluated by microscopy and histopathological scoring. Diclofenac treatment caused kidney and liver function test abnormalities, reduced hematocrit and hemoglobin levels but increased WBC and platelet counts. Histopathological findings showed renal tubular damage, gastrointestinal lesions and increased fibrosis in DCLF treated rats. Thymoquinone administration, along with DCLF treatment, attenuated hematological test abnormalities and DCLF induced renal functional impairment as evident by significantly restored serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Similarly, TQ treatment significantly alleviated liver function test abnormalities and decreased tissue injury in the stomach and duodenum. Diclofenac treatment caused increased ROS/RNS formation and decreased TAC in the kidney, stomach and duodenal tissue. Thymoquinone administration increased gastrointestinal and renal TAC in DCLF treated rats. These results indicate that TQ could ameliorate gastrointestinal and renal toxicity induced by high dose DCLF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlker Öngüç Aycan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Elpek
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Bahar Akkaya
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Kıraç
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Hazal Tuzcu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Sabriye Kaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Nesil Coşkunfırat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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Nerimetla R, Premaratne G, Liu H, Krishnan S. Improved electrocatalytic metabolite production and drug biosensing by human liver microsomes immobilized on amine-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Thakare R, Alamoudi JA, Gautam N, Rodrigues AD, Alnouti Y. Species differences in bile acids II. Bile acid metabolism. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1336-1352. [PMID: 29845631 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) involves alterations in bile acid (BA) homeostasis and elimination, which encompass several metabolic pathways including hydroxylation, amidation, sulfation, glucuronidation and glutathione conjugation. Species differences in BA metabolism may play a major role in the failure of currently used in vitro and in vivo models to predict reliably the DILI during the early stages of drug discovery and development. We developed an in vitro cofactor-fortified liver S9 fraction model to compare the metabolic profiles of the four major BAs (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid) between humans and several animal species. High- and low-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of BAs and their metabolites. Major species differences were found in the metabolism of BAs. Sulfation into 3-O-sulfates was a major pathway in human and chimpanzee (4.8%-52%) and it was a minor pathway in all other species (0.02%-14%). Amidation was primarily with glycine (62%-95%) in minipig and rabbit and it was primarily with taurine (43%-81%) in human, chimpanzee, dog, hamster, rat and mice. Hydroxylation was highest (13%-80%) in rat and mice followed by hamster, while it was lowest (1.6%-22%) in human, chimpanzee and minipig. C6-β hydroxylation was predominant (65%-95%) in rat and mice, while it was at C6-α position in minipig (36%-97%). Glucuronidation was highest in dog (10%-56%), while it was a minor pathway in all other species (<12%). The relative contribution of the various pathways involved in BA metabolism in vitro were in agreement with the observed plasma and urinary BA profiles in vivo and were able to predict and quantify the species differences in BA metabolism. In general, overall, BA metabolism in chimpanzee is most similar to human, while BA metabolism in rats and mice is most dissimilar from human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhishikesh Thakare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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27
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Schmidt S, Hoffmann H, Garbe LA, Schneider RJ. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection of diclofenac and related compounds in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1538:112-116. [PMID: 29397981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A frequently studied environmental contaminant is the active substance diclofenac, which is removed insufficiently in sewage treatment plants. Since its inclusion in the watch list of the EU Water Framework Directive, the concentrations in surface waters will be determined throughout Europe. For this, still, more precise analytical methods are needed. As a reference, HPLC-MS is frequently employed. One of the major metabolites is 4'-hydroxydiclofenac (4'-OH-DCF). Also, diclofenac lactam is important for assessing degradation and transformation. Aceclofenac (ACF), the glycolic acid ester of diclofenac is used as a drug, too, and could potentially be cleaved to yield diclofenac again. In various sewage treatment plant influent samples, diclofenac, 4'-OH-DCF, DCF lactam and ACF could be determined with detection limits of 3 μg/L, 0.2 μg/L, 0.17 μg/L and 10 ng/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schmidt
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Hoffmann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Hochschule Neubrandenburg, Department of Agroscience and Food Science, Brodaer Str. 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Wilson CE, Dickie AP, Schreiter K, Wehr R, Wilson EM, Bial J, Scheer N, Wilson ID, Riley RJ. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1953-1967. [PMID: 29721588 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were investigated following single oral doses of 10 mg/kg to chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG and C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the metabolism and excretion were investigated in chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG mice. Diclofenac reached maximum blood concentrations of 2.43 ± 0.9 µg/mL (n = 3) at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 3.67 µg h/mL and an effective half-life of 0.86 h (n = 2). In the murinized animals, maximum blood concentrations were determined as 3.86 ± 2.31 µg/mL at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 4.94 ± 2.93 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.52 ± 0.03 h (n = 3). In C57BL/6J mice, mean peak blood concentrations of 2.31 ± 0.53 µg/mL were seen 0.25 h post-dose with a mean AUCinf of 2.10 ± 0.49 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.51 ± 0.49 h (n = 3). Analysis of blood indicated only trace quantities of drug-related material in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice. Metabolic profiling of urine, bile and faecal extracts revealed a complex pattern of metabolites for both humanized and murinized animals with, in addition to unchanged parent drug, a variety of hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites detected. The profiles in humanized mice were different to those of both murinized and wild-type animals, e.g., a higher proportion of the dose was detected in the form of acyl glucuronide metabolites and much reduced amounts as taurine conjugates. Comparison of the metabolic profiles obtained from the present study with previously published data from C57BL/6J mice and humans revealed a greater, though not complete, match between chimeric humanized mice and humans, such that the liver humanized FRG model may represent a model for assessing the biotransformation of such compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wilson
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers, Route des Colles, BP 87, 06902, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
| | - A P Dickie
- Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - K Schreiter
- Evotec International GmbH, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Wehr
- Evotec International GmbH, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E M Wilson
- Yecuris Corporation, PO Box 4645, Tualatin, OR, 97062, USA
| | - J Bial
- Yecuris Corporation, PO Box 4645, Tualatin, OR, 97062, USA
| | - N Scheer
- CEVEC Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Str. 60-62, 51105, Cologne, Germany
| | - I D Wilson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R J Riley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
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29
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Lazarska KE, Dekker SJ, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Effect of UGT2B7*2 and CYP2C8*4 polymorphisms on diclofenac metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2017; 284:70-78. [PMID: 29203276 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of diclofenac is associated with rare but severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in a very small number of patients. The factors which predispose susceptible patients to hepatotoxicity of diclofenac are still incompletely understood. Formation of protein-reactive metabolites by UDP-glucuronosyl transferases and cytochromes P450 is commonly considered to play an important role, as indicated by the detection of covalent protein adducts and antibodies in the serum of patients suffering from diclofenac-induced liver injury. Since no associations have been found with HLA-alleles, polymorphisms of genes encoding for proteins involved in the disposition of diclofenac may be important. Previous association studies showed that possession of the UGT2B7*2 and CYP2C8*4 alleles is more common in cases of diclofenac-induced DILI. In the present study, the metabolism of diclofenac by UGT2B7*2 and CYP2C8*4 was compared with their corresponding wild-type enzymes. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed that recombinant UGT2B7*2 showed an almost 6-fold lower intrinsic clearance of diclofenac glucuronidation compared to UGT2B7*1. The mutant CYP2C8*4 showed approximately 35% reduced activity in the 4'-hydroxylation of diclofenac acyl glucuronide. Therefore, a decreased hepatic exposure to diclofenac acyl glucuronide is expected in patients with the UGT2B7*2 genotype. The increased risk for hepatotoxicity, therefore, might be the result from a shift to oxidative bioactivation to cytotoxic quinoneimines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna E Lazarska
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J Dekker
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Palyzová A, Zahradník J, Marešová H, Sokolová L, Kyslíková E, Grulich M, Štěpánek V, Řezanka T, Kyslík P. Potential of the strain Raoultella sp. KDF8 for removal of analgesics. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:273-282. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Cvijić S, Aleksić I, Ibrić S, Parojčić J. Assessing the risk of alcohol-induced dose dumping from sustained-release oral dosage forms: in vitro-in silico approach. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:921-932. [PMID: 29043886 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1392973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of alcoholic beverages with sustained-release oral dosage forms may pose a risk to patients due to potential alcohol-induced dose dumping (ADD). Regulatory guidances recommend in vitro dissolution testing to identify the risk of ADD, but the question remains whether currently proposed test conditions can be considered biopredictive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate different dissolution setups to assess ADD, and the potential of combined in vitro-in silico approach to predict drug absorption after concomitant alcohol intake for hydrophilic and lipophilic sustained-release tablets containing ibuprofen or diclofenac sodium. According to the obtained results, the impact of ethanol was predominantly governed by the influence on matrix integrity, with the increase in drug solubility being less significant. Hydrophilic matrix tablets were less susceptible to ADD than lipophilic matrices, although the conclusion on formulation ethanol-vulnerability depended on the employed experimental conditions. In silico predictions indicated that the observed changes in drug dissolution would not result in plasma concentrations beyond therapeutic window, but sustained-release characteristics of the formulations might be lost. Overall, the study demonstrated that in vitro-in silico approach may provide insight into the effect of ADD on drug clinical performance, and serve as a tool for ADD risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cvijić
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology , University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Ivana Aleksić
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology , University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology , University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Jelena Parojčić
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology , University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy , Belgrade , Serbia
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Predicting Oral Drug Absorption: Mini Review on Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9040041. [PMID: 28954416 PMCID: PMC5750647 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most marketed drugs are administered orally, despite the complex process of oral absorption that is difficult to predict. Oral bioavailability is dependent on the interplay between many processes that are dependent on both compound and physiological properties. Because of this complexity, computational oral physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have emerged as a tool to integrate these factors in an attempt to mechanistically capture the process of oral absorption. These models use inputs from in vitro assays to predict the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in the human body. The most common oral PBPK models are compartmental approaches, in which the gastrointestinal tract is characterized as a series of compartments through which the drug transits. The focus of this review is on the development of oral absorption PBPK models, followed by a brief discussion of the major applications of oral PBPK models in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Ma Y, Fu Y, Khojasteh SC, Dalvie D, Zhang D. Glucuronides as Potential Anionic Substrates of Human Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8). J Med Chem 2017; 60:8691-8705. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deepak Dalvie
- Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus
Point Drive, San Diego California 92121, United States
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Abstract
There is interpatient variability to analgesic administration. Much can be traced to pharmacogenomics variations between individuals. Certain ethnicities are more prone to reduced function of CYP2D6. Weak opioids are subject to interpatient variation based on their CYP2D6 type. Strong opioids have variations based on their transport and individual metabolism. Several cytochrome enzymes have been found to be involved with ketamine but there is no strong evidence of individual polymorphisms manifesting in clinical outcomes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have adverse outcomes that certain CYP variants are more prone toward. There are now recommendations for dosing based on specific genomic makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Saba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health Science Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, Room 659, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Uraki M, Kawase A, Sayama H, Matsushima Y, Iwaki M. Effects of Adjuvant-Induced Inflammation on Disposition of Diclofenac and Its Metabolites in Perfused Rat Liver. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kawase A, Hashimoto R, Shibata M, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Involvement of Reactive Metabolites of Diclofenac in Cytotoxicity in Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:260-267. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581817700584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diclofenac (DIC) is metabolized to reactive metabolites such as diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide (DIC-AG). It is possible that such reactive metabolites could cause tissue damage by formation of covalent protein adducts and other modification of cellular proteins or by induction of immune responses against its covalent protein adducts. However, the detailed mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) have been unclear. The objective is to clarify the involvement of DIC-AG and 4′hydroxydiclofenac (4′OH-DIC) in acute DILI. Methods: We examined the effects of inhibiting DIC-AG and 4′OH-DIC production on covalent protein adduct formation and lactate dehydrogenase leakage using sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs). Results: After pretreatment of SCRH with (−)-borneol (BOR, a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase inhibitor) or sulfaphenazole (SUL, a cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor) for 30 minutes, intracellular concentrations of DIC, DIC-AG, and 4′OH-DIC were determined after further treating cells with 300 μM DIC for 3 hours. The decreased levels of reactive metabolites caused by BOR or SUL pretreatment resulted in decreased lactate dehydrogenase leakage from SCRH, although the formation of covalent protein adducts was not affected. Conclusion: These results suggested that both DIC-AG and 4′OH-DIC may be involved in acute cytotoxicity by DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Shibata
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
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Vollmer M, Klingebiel M, Rohn S, Maul R. Alamethicin for using in bioavailability studies? - Re-evaluation of its effect. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:111-118. [PMID: 27940284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major pathway for the elimination of drugs is the biliary and renal excretion following the formation of more hydrophilic secondary metabolites such as glucuronides. For in vitro investigations of the phase II metabolism, hepatic microsomes are commonly used in the combination with the pore-forming peptide alamethicin, also to give estimates for the in vivo situation. Thus, alamethicin may represent a neglected parameter in the characterization of microsomal in vitro assays. In the present study, the influence of varying alamethicin concentrations on glucuronide formation of selected phenolic compounds was investigated systematically. A correlation between the alamethicin impact and the lipophilicity of the investigated substrates was analyzed as well. Lipophilicity was determined by the logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient. For every substrate, a distinct alamethicin concentration could be detected leading to a maximal glucuronidation activity. Further increase of the alamethicin application led to negative effects. The differences between the maximum depletion rates with and without alamethicin addition varied between 2.7% and 18.2% depending on the substrate. A dependence on the lipophilicity could not be confirmed. Calculation of the apparent intrinsic clearance led to a more than 2-fold increase using the most effective alamethicin concentration compared to the alamethicin free control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Vollmer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mirko Klingebiel
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ronald Maul
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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38
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Kuepfer L, Niederalt C, Wendl T, Schlender JF, Willmann S, Lippert J, Block M, Eissing T, Teutonico D. Applied Concepts in PBPK Modeling: How to Build a PBPK/PD Model. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016; 5:516-531. [PMID: 27653238 PMCID: PMC5080648 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this tutorial is to introduce the fundamental concepts of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling with a special focus on their practical implementation in a typical PBPK model building workflow. To illustrate basic steps in PBPK model building, a PBPK model for ciprofloxacin will be constructed and coupled to a pharmacodynamic model to simulate the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuepfer
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - C Niederalt
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Wendl
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | - J Lippert
- Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Block
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Eissing
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - D Teutonico
- Bayer Technology Services, Leverkusen, Germany.
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Gan J, Ma S, Zhang D. Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:473-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:168-241. [PMID: 26721703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 has emerged as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. CYP2C8 is highly expressed in human liver and is known to metabolize more than 100 drugs. CYP2C8 substrate drugs include amodiaquine, cerivastatin, dasabuvir, enzalutamide, imatinib, loperamide, montelukast, paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rosiglitazone, and the number is increasing. Similarly, many drugs have been identified as CYP2C8 inhibitors or inducers. In vivo, already a small dose of gemfibrozil, i.e., 10% of its therapeutic dose, is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of CYP2C8. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that the acyl-β-glucuronides of gemfibrozil and clopidogrel cause metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP2C8, leading to a strong potential for drug interactions. Also several other glucuronide metabolites interact with CYP2C8 as substrates or inhibitors, suggesting that an interplay between CYP2C8 and glucuronides is common. Lack of fully selective and safe probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers challenges execution and interpretation of drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Apart from drug-drug interactions, some CYP2C8 genetic variants are associated with altered CYP2C8 activity and exhibit significant interethnic frequency differences. Herein, we review the current knowledge on substrates, inhibitors, inducers, and pharmacogenetics of CYP2C8, as well as its role in clinically relevant drug interactions. In addition, implications for selection of CYP2C8 marker and perpetrator drugs to investigate CYP2C8-mediated drug metabolism and interactions in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
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41
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Shah I, Barker J, Naughton DP, Barton SJ, Ashraf SS. Determination of diclofenac concentrations in human plasma using a sensitive gas chromatography mass spectrometry method. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:52. [PMID: 27540412 PMCID: PMC4989500 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) method for the determination of diclofenac in human plasma has been developed and validated. Results This method utilizes hexane which is a relatively less toxic extraction solvent compared to heptane and benzene. In addition, phosphoric acid and acetone were added to the samples as deproteination agents, which increased the recovery of diclofenac. These revised processes allow clean extraction and near-quantitative recovery of analyte (approx. 89–95 %). Separation was achieved on a BP-1 column with helium as carrier gas. The molecular ion peaks of the indolinone derivatives of diclofenac ion (m/z 277) and the internal standard, 4-hydroxydiclofenac ion (m/z 439) were monitored by a mass-selective detector using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The linear range for the newly developed and highly sensitive assay was between 0.25–50 ng/mL. The detection and lower quantifiable limits were 0.125 and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. The inter-day and intra-day coefficients of variation for high, medium and low quality control concentrations were less than 9 %. The robustness and efficacy of this sensitive GCMS method was further demonstrated by using it for a pharmacokinetic study of an oral dosage form of diclofenac, 100 mg of modified-release capsules (Rhumalgan XL), in human plasma. Conclusions This method is rapid, sensitive, specific, reproducible and robust, and offers improved sensitivity over previous methods. This method has considerable potential to be used for detailed pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and bioequivalence studies of diclofenac in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE UK
| | - Declan P Naughton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE UK
| | - Stephen J Barton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE UK
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
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Characterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in sequential two-step bioactivation of diclofenac to reactive p-benzoquinone imines. Toxicol Lett 2016; 253:46-54. [PMID: 27130197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced lever injury (IDILI) is a rare but severe side effect of diclofenac (DF). Several mechanisms have been proposed as cause of DF-induced toxicity including the formation of protein-reactive diclofenac-1',4'-quinone imine (DF-1',4'-QI) and diclofenac-2,5-quinone imine (DF-2,5-QI). Formation of these p-benzoquinone imines result from two-step oxidative metabolism involving aromatic hydroxylation to 4'-hydroxydiclofenac and 5-hydroxydiclofenac followed by dehydrogenation to DF-1',4'-QI and DF-2,5-QI, respectively. Although the contribution of individual cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in aromatic hydroxylation of DF is well studied, the enzymes involved in the dehydrogenation reactions have been poorly characterized. The results of the present study show that both formation of 4'-hydroxydiclofenac and it subsequent bioactivation to DF-1',4'-QI is selectively catalyzed by CYP2C9. However, the two-step bioactivation to DF-2,5-QI appears to be catalyzed with highest activity by two different CYPs: 5-hydroxylation of DF is predominantly catalyzed by CYP3A4, whereas its subsequent bioactivation to DF-2,5-QI is catalyzed with 14-fold higher intrinsic clearance by CYP2C9. The fact that both CYPs involved in two-step bioactivation of DF show large interindividual variability may play a role in different susceptibility of patients to DF-induced IDILI. Furthermore, expression levels of these enzymes and protective enzymes might be important factors determining sensitivity of in vitro models for hepatotoxicity.
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Knöspel F, Jacobs F, Freyer N, Damm G, De Bondt A, van den Wyngaert I, Snoeys J, Monshouwer M, Richter M, Strahl N, Seehofer D, Zeilinger K. In Vitro Model for Hepatotoxicity Studies Based on Primary Human Hepatocyte Cultivation in a Perfused 3D Bioreactor System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:584. [PMID: 27092500 PMCID: PMC4849040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of the potential hepatotoxic nature of new pharmaceuticals remains highly challenging. Therefore, novel in vitro models with improved external validity are needed to investigate hepatic metabolism and timely identify any toxicity of drugs in humans. In this study, we examined the effects of diclofenac, as a model substance with a known risk of hepatotoxicity in vivo, in a dynamic multi-compartment bioreactor using primary human liver cells. Biotransformation pathways of the drug and possible effects on metabolic activities, morphology and cell transcriptome were evaluated. Formation rates of diclofenac metabolites were relatively stable over the application period of seven days in bioreactors exposed to 300 µM diclofenac (300 µM bioreactors (300 µM BR)), while in bioreactors exposed to 1000 µM diclofenac (1000 µM BR) metabolite concentrations declined drastically. The biochemical data showed a significant decrease in lactate production and for the higher dose a significant increase in ammonia secretion, indicating a dose-dependent effect of diclofenac application. The microarray analyses performed revealed a stable hepatic phenotype of the cells over time and the observed transcriptional changes were in line with functional readouts of the system. In conclusion, the data highlight the suitability of the bioreactor technology for studying the hepatotoxicity of drugs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - An De Bondt
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | | | - Jan Snoeys
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | | | - Marco Richter
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Nadja Strahl
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Han YH, Putluru SP, Matta MK, Kole P, Mandlekar S, Furlong MT, Liu T, Iyer RA, Marathe P, Yang Z, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. Diclofenac and Its Acyl Glucuronide: Determination of In Vivo Exposure in Human Subjects and Characterization as Human Drug Transporter Substrates In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:320-8. [PMID: 26714763 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the metabolism and disposition of diclofenac (DF) has been studied extensively, information regarding the plasma levels of its acyl-β-d-glucuronide (DF-AG), a major metabolite, in human subjects is limited. Therefore, DF-AG concentrations were determined in plasma (acidified blood derived) of six healthy volunteers following a single oral DF dose (50 mg). Levels of DF-AG in plasma were high, as reflected by a DF-AG/DF ratio of 0.62 ± 0.21 (Cmax mean ± S.D.) and 0.84 ± 0.21 (area under the concentration-time curve mean ± S.D.). Both DF and DF-AG were also studied as substrates of different human drug transporters in vitro. DF was identified as a substrate of organic anion transporter (OAT) 2 only (Km = 46.8 µM). In contrast, DF-AG was identified as a substrate of numerous OATs (Km = 8.6, 60.2, 103.9, and 112 µM for OAT2, OAT1, OAT4, and OAT3, respectively), two organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1, Km = 34 µM; OATP2B1, Km = 105 µM), breast cancer resistance protein (Km = 152 µM), and two multidrug resistance proteins (MRP2, Km = 145 µM; MRP3, Km = 196 µM). It is concluded that the disposition of DF-AG, once formed, can be mediated by various candidate transporters known to be expressed in the kidney (basolateral, OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3; apical, MRP2, BCRP, and OAT4) and liver (canalicular, MRP2 and BCRP; basolateral, OATP1B1, OATP2B1, OAT2, and MRP3). DF-AG is unstable in plasma and undergoes conversion to parent DF. Therefore, caution is warranted when assessing renal and hepatic transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions with DF and DF-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yong-Hae Han
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Siva Prasad Putluru
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Murali Krishna Matta
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Prashant Kole
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Michael T Furlong
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Ramaswamy A Iyer
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Punit Marathe
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Yang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
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He W, Wu JJ, Ning J, Hou J, Xin H, He YQ, Ge GB, Xu W. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by licochalcone A, a naturally occurring constituent of licorice. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1569-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Fong SYK, Zhang Y, Wong YC, Zhou L, Han Q, Zuo Z. Identification and disposition of novel mono-hydroxyl mefenamic acid and their potentially toxic 1-O-acyl-glucuronidesin vivo. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:529-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Yui Kau Fong
- School of Pharmacy; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Yin Cheong Wong
- School of Pharmacy; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Limin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Quanbin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine; Hong Kong Baptist University; 7 Baptist University Road Kowloon Tong Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong
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47
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Effects of dose, flow rate, and bile acid on diclofenac disposition in the perfused rat liver. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:301-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Prediction of hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation using in vitro–in vivo extrapolation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kazmi F, Barbara JE, Yerino P, Parkinson A. A Long-Standing Mystery Solved: The Formation of 3-Hydroxydesloratadine Is Catalyzed by CYP2C8 But Prior Glucuronidation of Desloratadine by UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 Is an Obligatory Requirement. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:523-33. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Interaction of environmental contaminants with zebrafish organic anion transporting polypeptide, Oatp1d1 (Slco1d1). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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