1
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Spatz P, Chen X, Reichau K, Huber ME, Mühlig S, Matsusaka Y, Schiedel M, Higuchi T, Decker M. Development and Initial Characterization of the First 18F-CXCR2-Targeting Radiotracer for PET Imaging of Neutrophils. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6327-6343. [PMID: 38570909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The interleukin-8 receptor beta (CXCR2) is a highly promising target for molecular imaging of inflammation and inflammatory diseases. This is due to its almost exclusive expression on neutrophils. Modified fluorinated ligands were designed based on a squaramide template, with different modification sites and synthetic strategies explored. Promising candidates were then tested for affinity to CXCR2 in a NanoBRET competition assay, resulting in tracer candidate 16b. As direct 18F-labeling using established tosyl chemistry did not yield the expected radiotracer, an indirect labeling approach was developed. The radiotracer [18F]16b was obtained with a radiochemical yield of 15% using tert-butyl (S)-3-(tosyloxy)pyrrolidine carboxylate and a pentafluorophenol ester. The subsequent time-dependent uptake of [18F]16b in CXCR2-negative and CXCR2-overexpressing human embryonic kidney cells confirmed the radiotracer's specificity. Further studies with human neutrophils revealed its diagnostic potential for functional imaging of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Spatz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg 86156, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Kora Reichau
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Max E Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Saskia Mühlig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Yohji Matsusaka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-0082, Japan
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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2
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den Hollander LS, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Pharmacological characterization of allosteric modulators: A case for chemokine receptors. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38634664 DOI: 10.1002/med.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are relevant targets for a multitude of immunological diseases, but drug attrition for these receptors is remarkably high. While many drug discovery programs have been pursued, most prospective drugs failed in the follow-up studies due to clinical inefficacy, and hence there is a clear need for alternative approaches. Allosteric modulators of receptor function represent an excellent opportunity for novel drugs, as they modulate receptor activation in a controlled manner and display increased selectivity, and their pharmacological profile can be insurmountable. Here, we discuss allosteric ligands and their pharmacological characterization for modulation of chemokine receptors. Ligands are included if (1) they show clear signs of allosteric modulation in vitro and (2) display evidence of binding in a topologically distinct manner compared to endogenous chemokines. We discuss how allosteric ligands affect binding of orthosteric (endogenous) ligands in terms of affinity as well as binding kinetics in radioligand binding assays. Moreover, their effects on signaling events in functional assays and how their binding site can be elucidated are specified. We substantiate this with examples of published allosteric ligands targeting chemokine receptors and hypothetical graphs of pharmacological behavior. This review should serve as an effective starting point for setting up assays for characterizing allosteric ligands to develop safer and more efficacious drugs for chemokine receptors and, ultimately, other G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S den Hollander
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Dawson JRD, Wadman GM, Zhang P, Tebben A, Carter PH, Gu S, Shroka T, Borrega-Roman L, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Kufareva I. Molecular determinants of antagonist interactions with chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.15.567150. [PMID: 38014122 PMCID: PMC10680698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
By driving monocyte chemotaxis, the chemokine receptor CCR2 shapes inflammatory responses and the formation of tumor microenvironments. This makes it a promising target in inflammation and immuno-oncology; however, despite extensive efforts, there are no FDA-approved CCR2-targeting therapeutics. Cited challenges include the redundancy of the chemokine system, suboptimal properties of compound candidates, and species differences that confound the translation of results from animals to humans. Structure-based drug design can rationalize and accelerate the discovery and optimization of CCR2 antagonists to address these challenges. The prerequisites for such efforts include an atomic-level understanding of the molecular determinants of action of existing antagonists. In this study, using molecular docking and artificial-intelligence-powered compound library screening, we uncover the structural principles of small molecule antagonism and selectivity towards CCR2 and its sister receptor CCR5. CCR2 orthosteric inhibitors are shown to universally occupy an inactive-state-specific tunnel between receptor helices 1 and 7; we also discover an unexpected role for an extra-helical groove accessible through this tunnel, suggesting its potential as a new targetable interface for CCR2 and CCR5 modulation. By contrast, only shape complementarity and limited helix 8 hydrogen bonding govern the binding of various chemotypes of allosteric antagonists. CCR2 residues S1012.63 and V2446.36 are implicated as determinants of CCR2/CCR5 and human/mouse orthosteric and allosteric antagonist selectivity, respectively, and the role of S1012.63 is corroborated through experimental gain-of-function mutagenesis. We establish a critical role of induced fit in antagonist recognition, reveal strong chemotype selectivity of existing structures, and demonstrate the high predictive potential of a new deep-learning-based compound scoring function. Finally, this study expands the available CCR2 structural landscape with computationally generated chemotype-specific models well-suited for structure-based antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R D Dawson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant M Wadman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Percy H Carter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
- (current affiliation) Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Gu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Lycia Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas Shroka
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Avidity Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Leire Borrega-Roman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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Abdel-Rahman SA, Gabr M. Small Molecule Immunomodulators as Next-Generation Therapeutics for Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:435. [PMID: 38275876 PMCID: PMC10814352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive astrocytic glioma, remains a therapeutic challenge despite multimodal approaches. Immunotherapy holds promise, but its efficacy is hindered by the highly immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment. This review underscores the urgent need to comprehend the intricate interactions between glioma and immune cells, shaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in GBM. Immunotherapeutic advancements have shown limited success, prompting exploration of immunomodulatory approaches targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and microglia, constituting a substantial portion of the GBM TME. Converting protumor M2-like TAMs to antitumor M1-like phenotypes emerges as a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses an additional challenge to successful immunotherapy, restricting drug delivery to GBM TME. Research efforts to enhance BBB permeability have mainly focused on small molecules, which can traverse the BBB more effectively than biologics. Despite over 200 clinical trials for GBM, studies on small molecule immunomodulators within the GBM TME are scarce. Developing small molecules with optimal brain penetration and selectivity against immunomodulatory pathways presents a promising avenue for combination therapies in GBM. This comprehensive review discusses various immunomodulatory pathways in GBM progression with a focus on immune checkpoints and TAM-related targets. The exploration of such molecules, with the capacity to selectively target key immunomodulatory pathways and penetrate the BBB, holds the key to unlocking new combination therapy approaches for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaya A. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Gabr
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Huber ME, Wurnig S, Toy L, Weiler C, Merten N, Kostenis E, Hansen FK, Schiedel M. Fluorescent Ligands Enable Target Engagement Studies for the Intracellular Allosteric Binding Site of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR2. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463496 PMCID: PMC10388362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the structure-based development of fluorescent ligands targeting the intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) of CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been pursued as a drug target in oncology and inflammation. Starting from the cocrystallized intracellular CXCR2 antagonist 00767013 (1), tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled CXCR2 ligands were designed, synthesized, and tested for their suitability as fluorescent reporters to probe binding to the IABS of CXCR2. By means of these studies, we developed Mz438 (9a) as a high-affinity and selective fluorescent CXCR2 ligand, enabling cell-free as well as cellular NanoBRET-based binding studies in a nonisotopic and high-throughput manner. Further, we show that 9a can be used as a tool to visualize intracellular target engagement for CXCR2 via fluorescence microscopy. Thus, our small-molecule-based fluorescent CXCR2 ligand 9a represents a promising tool for future studies of CXCR2 pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silas Wurnig
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lara Toy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna Weiler
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Merten
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Finn K Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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den Hollander LS, Béquignon OJM, Wang X, van Wezel K, Broekhuis J, Gorostiola González M, de Visser KE, IJzerman AP, van Westen GJP, Heitman LH. Impact of cancer-associated mutations in CC chemokine receptor 2 on receptor function and antagonism. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115399. [PMID: 36581051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), a G protein-coupled receptor, plays a role in many cancer-related processes such as metastasis formation and immunosuppression. Since ∼ 20 % of human cancers contain mutations in G protein-coupled receptors, ten cancer-associated CCR2 mutants obtained from the Genome Data Commons were investigated for their effect on receptor functionality and antagonist binding. Mutations were selected based on either their vicinity to CCR2's orthosteric or allosteric binding sites or their presence in conserved amino acid motifs. One of the mutant receptors, namely S101P2.63 with a mutation near the orthosteric binding site, did not express on the cell surface. All other studied mutants showed a decrease in or a lack of G protein activation in response to the main endogenous CCR2 ligand CCL2, but no change in potency was observed. Furthermore, INCB3344 and LUF7482 were chosen as representative orthosteric and allosteric antagonists, respectively. No change in potency was observed in a functional assay, but mutations located at F1163.28 impacted orthosteric antagonist binding significantly, while allosteric antagonist binding was abolished for L134Q3.46 and D137N3.49 mutants. As CC chemokine receptor 2 is an attractive drug target in cancer, the negative effect of these mutations on receptor functionality and drugability should be considered in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S den Hollander
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - O J M Béquignon
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - X Wang
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K van Wezel
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Broekhuis
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Gorostiola González
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K E de Visser
- Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden University, Department of Immunology, Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A P IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G J P van Westen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L H Heitman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Huber ME, Toy L, Schmidt MF, Weikert D, Schiedel M. Small Molecule Tools to Study Cellular Target Engagement for the Intracellular Allosteric Binding Site of GPCRs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202565. [PMID: 36193681 PMCID: PMC10100284 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A conserved intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) has recently been identified at several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Ligands targeting the IABS, so-called intracellular allosteric antagonists, are highly promising compounds for pharmaceutical intervention and currently evaluated in several clinical trials. Beside co-crystal structures that laid the foundation for the structure-based development of intracellular allosteric GPCR antagonists, small molecule tools that enable an unambiguous identification and characterization of intracellular allosteric GPCR ligands are of utmost importance for drug discovery campaigns in this field. Herein, we discuss recent approaches that leverage cellular target engagement studies for the IABS and thus play a critical role in the evaluation of IABS-targeted ligands as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lara Toy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Toy L, Huber ME, Schmidt MF, Weikert D, Schiedel M. Fluorescent Ligands Targeting the Intracellular Allosteric Binding Site of the Chemokine Receptor CCR2. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2142-2152. [PMID: 35838163 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled ligands are versatile molecular tools to study G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and can be used for a range of different applications, including bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays. Here, we report the structure-based development of fluorescent ligands targeting the intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) of the CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), a class A GPCR that has been pursued as a drug target in oncology and inflammation. Starting from previously reported intracellular CCR2 antagonists, several tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled CCR2 ligands were designed, synthesized, and tested for their suitability as fluorescent reporters to probe binding to the IABS of CCR2. By means of these studies, we developed 14 as a fluorescent CCR2 ligand, enabling cell-free as well as cellular NanoBRET-based binding studies in a non-isotopic and high-throughput manner. Further, we show that 14 can be used as a tool for fragment-based screening approaches. Thus, our small-molecule-based fluorescent CCR2 ligand 14 represents a promising tool for future studies of CCR2 pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Toy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max E Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Billen M, Schols D, Verwilst P. Targeting chemokine receptors from the inside-out: discovery and development of small-molecule intracellular antagonists. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4132-4148. [PMID: 35274633 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the first biologically active chemokines were discovered in the late 1980s, these messenger proteins and their receptors have been the target for a plethora of drug discovery efforts in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in academia. Owing to the publication of several chemokine receptor X-ray crystal structures, a highly druggable, intracellular, allosteric binding site which partially overlaps with the G protein binding site was discovered. This intriguing, new approach for chemokine receptor antagonism has captured researchers around the world, pushing the exploration of this intracellular binding site and new antagonists thereof. In this review, we have highlighted the past two decades of research on small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists that modulate receptor function at the intracellular binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Billen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verwilst
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Huber ME, Toy L, Schmidt MF, Vogt H, Budzinski J, Wiefhoff MFJ, Merten N, Kostenis E, Weikert D, Schiedel M. Chemisch‐biologischer Werkzeugkasten für die intrazelluläre Bindungsstelle von CCR9: Fluoreszierende Liganden, neue Leitstrukturen und PROTACs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max E. Huber
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Lara Toy
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Maximilian F. Schmidt
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Hannah Vogt
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Julian Budzinski
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Martin F. J. Wiefhoff
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Universität Bonn Nussallee 6 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Nicole Merten
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Universität Bonn Nussallee 6 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Universität Bonn Nussallee 6 53115 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Department Chemie and Pharmazie Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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11
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Huber ME, Toy L, Schmidt MF, Vogt H, Budzinski J, Wiefhoff MFJ, Merten N, Kostenis E, Weikert D, Schiedel M. A Chemical Biology Toolbox Targeting the Intracellular Binding Site of CCR9: Fluorescent Ligands, New Drug Leads and PROTACs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116782. [PMID: 34936714 PMCID: PMC9306553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A conserved intracellular allosteric binding site (IABS) has recently been identified at several G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). Starting from vercirnon, an intracellular C−C chemokine receptor type 9 (CCR9) antagonist and previous phase III clinical candidate for the treatment of Crohn's disease, we developed a chemical biology toolbox targeting the IABS of CCR9. We first synthesized a fluorescent ligand enabling equilibrium and kinetic binding studies via NanoBRET as well as fluorescence microscopy. Applying this molecular tool in a membrane‐based setup and in living cells, we discovered a 4‐aminopyrimidine analogue as a new intracellular CCR9 antagonist with improved affinity. To chemically induce CCR9 degradation, we then developed the first PROTAC targeting the IABS of GPCRs. In a proof‐of‐principle study, we succeeded in showing that our CCR9‐PROTAC is able to reduce CCR9 levels, thereby offering an unprecedented approach to modulate GPCR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Erhard Huber
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Lara Toy
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Maximilian Franz Schmidt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Hannah Vogt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Julian Budzinski
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Martin Ferdinand Josef Wiefhoff
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, GERMANY
| | - Nicole Merten
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, GERMANY
| | - Evi Kostenis
- University of Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, GERMANY
| | - Dorothee Weikert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, Erlangen, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
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12
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Joshi N, Tripathi DK, Nagar N, Poluri KM. Hydroxyl Groups on Annular Ring-B Dictate the Affinities of Flavonol-CCL2 Chemokine Binding Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10306-10317. [PMID: 34056184 PMCID: PMC8153786 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the astounding biological properties, dietary plant flavonoids have received considerable attention toward developing unique supplementary food sources to prevent various ailments. Chemokines are chemotactic proteins involved in leukocyte trafficking through their interactions with G-protein-coupled receptors and cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). CCL2 chemokine, a foremost member of CC chemokines, is associated with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory infirmities, thus making the CCL2-Receptor (CCR2)/GAG axis a potential pharmacological target. The current study is designed to unravel the structural details of CCL2-flavonol interactions. Molecular interactions between flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin) with human/murine CCL2 orthologs and their monomeric/dimeric variants were systematically investigated using a combination of biophysical approaches. Fluorescence studies have unveiled that flavonols interact with CCL2 orthologs specifically but with differential affinities. The dissociation constants (K d) were in the range of 10-5-10-7 μM. The NMR- and computational docking-based outcomes have strongly suggested that the flavonols interact with CCL2, comprising the N-terminal and β1- and β3-sheets. It has also been observed that the number of hydroxyl groups on the annular ring-B imposed a significant cumulative effect on the binding affinities of flavonols for CCL2 chemokine. Further, the binding surface of these flavonols to CCL2 orthologs was observed to be extensively overlapped with that of the receptor/GAG-binding surface, thus suggesting attenuation of CCL2-CCR2/GAG interactions in their presence. Considering the pivotal role of CCL2 during monocyte/macrophage trafficking and the immunomodulatory features of these flavonols, their direct interactions highlight the promising role of flavonols as nutraceuticals.
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13
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, Chahal KK, Šimková T, van der Horst C, Zheng Y, Inoue A, Theunissen E, Mallee L, van der Es D, Louvel J, IJzerman AP, Handel TM, Kufareva I, Heitman LH. Design and Characterization of an Intracellular Covalent Ligand for CC Chemokine Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2608-2621. [PMID: 33600174 PMCID: PMC7958898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Covalently acting inhibitors constitute a large and growing fraction of approved
small-molecule therapeutics as well as useful tools for a variety of in
vitro and in vivo applications. Here, we aimed to develop a
covalent antagonist of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), a class A GPCR that has been
pursued as a therapeutic target in inflammation and immuno-oncology. Based on a known
intracellularly binding CCR2 antagonist, several covalent derivatives were synthesized
and characterized by radioligand binding and functional assays. These studies revealed
compound 14 as an intracellular covalent ligand for CCR2. In
silico modeling followed by site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that
14 forms a covalent bond with one of three proximal cysteine residues,
which can be engaged interchangeably. To our knowledge, compound 14
represents the first covalent ligand reported for CCR2. Due to its unique properties, it
may represent a promising tool for ongoing and future studies of CCR2 pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kirti K Chahal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tereza Šimková
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cas van der Horst
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Emy Theunissen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lloyd Mallee
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van der Es
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Louvel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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15
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An X, Bai Q, Bing Z, Liu H, Zhang Q, Liu H, Yao X. Revealing the Positive Binding Cooperativity Mechanism between the Orthosteric and the Allosteric Antagonists of CCR2 by Metadynamics and Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:628-637. [PMID: 31968162 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and its endogenous CC chemokine ligands are associated with numerous inflammatory, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. CCR2 is becoming an attractive target in the treatment of autoimmune disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The orthosteric antagonist BMS-681 and allosteric antagonist CCR2-RA-[R] of CCR2 show positive binding cooperativity. We performed well-tempered metadynamics simulations and Gaussian accelerated MD simulations to reveal the influence of the orthosteric antagonist on the unbinding of allosteric antagonist of CCR2. We revealed different unbinding pathways of CCR2-RA-[R] in binary complex CCR2-VT5 and ternary complex CCR2-73R-VT5. The different unbinding pathways of CCR2-RA-[R] are due to the conformational dynamics of TM6. We obtained the significant conformational differences of the intracellular side of TM6 upon CCR2 binding to different ligands by GaMD simulation. The conformational dynamics of TM6 are consistent with the unbinding pathway analysis. GaMD simulations indicate that BMS-681 binding restricts the bend of intracellular side of TM6 by stabilizing the extracellular sides of TM6 and TM7. The charged residues Arg2065.43 of TM5 and Glu2917.39 of TM7 play key roles in stabling TM7 and TM6. TM6 and TM7 are crucial components in the orthosteric and allosteric binding sites. Our results illustrate the conformational details about the effect of the orthosteric antagonist on the allosteric antagonist of CCR2. The conformational dynamics of CCR2 upon binding to different ligands can provide a rational basis for development of allosteric ligands of CCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhitong Bing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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16
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, van Veldhoven JPD, den Hollander LS, Dogan B, Openy J, Hsiao YY, Lenselink EB, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Triazolopyrimidinone Derivatives as Noncompetitive, Intracellular Antagonists for CC Chemokine Receptors 2 and 5. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11035-11053. [PMID: 31742400 PMCID: PMC6935887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
CC chemokine receptors 2 (CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) are involved
in many
inflammatory diseases; however, most CCR2 and CCR5 clinical candidates
have been unsuccessful. (Pre)clinical evidence suggests that dual
CCR2/CCR5 inhibition might be more effective in the treatment of such
multifactorial diseases. In this regard, the highly conserved intracellular
binding site in chemokine receptors provides a new avenue for the
design of multitarget ligands. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated
the biological activity of a series of triazolopyrimidinone
derivatives in CCR2 and CCR5. Radioligand binding assays first showed
that they bind to the intracellular site of CCR2, and in combination
with functional assays on CCR5, we explored structure–affinity/activity
relationships in both receptors. Although most compounds were CCR2-selective, 39 and 43 inhibited β-arrestin recruitment
in CCR5 with high potency. Moreover, these compounds displayed an
insurmountable mechanism of inhibition in both receptors, which holds
promise for improved efficacy in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Lisa S den Hollander
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Burak Dogan
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Openy
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ya-Yun Hsiao
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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17
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G-Protein/Receptor inhibitors as blockers of receptor signaling. J Theor Biol 2019; 480:23-33. [PMID: 31356763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the behavior of binding and functional receptor systems where an antagonist of the receptor/G protein binding reaction is added as a blocker of agonist-induced receptor function. For agonist radioligands, the reduction of G protein receptor interaction leads to a possible change in the binding affinity of the agonist radioligand to the receptor. Reciprocally, the allosteric cooperativity between the agonist and the G protein binding site antagonist (quantified by the factor γB) affects the potency of the G protein antagonist modulator; this model presents the various profiles that would be expected for modulators that reduce (γB = 0.01), have no effect on (γB = 1) and increase (γB = 100) the affinity of the agonist for the receptor. It will be seen that modulators that increase the affinity of the receptor for the agonist are the most potent antagonists and may attain a profile of some special negative allosteric modulators referred to as PAM antagonists. In all cases, these modulators will be inverse agonists of constitutive receptor activity. This model presents a strategy for the discovery of PAM antagonists for therapeutic blockade of physiological signaling.
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18
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Gustavsson M, Dyer DP, Zhao C, Handel TM. Kinetics of CXCL12 binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal a role for the receptor N terminus in chemokine binding. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/598/eaaw3657. [PMID: 31506383 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines bind to membrane-spanning chemokine receptors, which signal through G proteins and promote cell migration. However, atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) does not appear to couple to G proteins, and instead of directly promoting cell migration, it regulates the extracellular concentration of chemokines that it shares with the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) CXCR3 and CXCR4, thereby influencing the responses of these receptors. Understanding how these receptors bind their ligands is important for understanding these different processes. Here, we applied association and dissociation kinetic measurements coupled to β-arrestin recruitment assays to investigate ACKR3:chemokine interactions. Our results showed that CXCL12 binding is unusually slow and driven by the interplay between multiple binding epitopes. We also found that the amino terminus of the receptor played a key role in chemokine binding and activation by preventing chemokine dissociation. It was thought that chemokines initially bind receptors through interactions between the globular domain of the chemokine and the receptor amino terminus, which then guides the chemokine amino terminus into the transmembrane pocket of the receptor to initiate signaling. On the basis of our kinetic data, we propose an alternative mechanism in which the amino terminus of the chemokine initially forms interactions with the extracellular loops and transmembrane pocket of the receptor, which is followed by the receptor amino terminus wrapping around the core of the chemokine to prolong its residence time. These data provide insight into how ACKR3 competes and cooperates with canonical GPCRs in its function as a scavenger receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.
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19
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Massink A, Amelia T, Karamychev A, IJzerman AP. Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors by amiloride and its derivatives. Perspectives for drug discovery? Med Res Rev 2019; 40:683-708. [PMID: 31495942 PMCID: PMC7028016 DOI: 10.1002/med.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The function of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be modulated by compounds that bind to other sites than the endogenous orthosteric binding site, so‐called allosteric sites. Structure elucidation of a number of GPCRs has revealed the presence of a sodium ion bound in a conserved allosteric site. The small molecule amiloride and analogs thereof have been proposed to bind in this same sodium ion site. Hence, this review seeks to summarize and reflect on the current knowledge of allosteric effects by amiloride and its analogs on GPCRs. Amiloride is known to modulate adenosine, adrenergic, dopamine, chemokine, muscarinic, serotonin, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone, GABAB, and taste receptors. Amiloride analogs with lipophilic substituents tend to be more potent modulators than amiloride itself. Adenosine, α‐adrenergic and dopamine receptors are most strongly modulated by amiloride analogs. In addition, for a few GPCRs, more than one binding site for amiloride has been postulated. Interestingly, the nature of the allosteric effect of amiloride and derivatives varies considerably between GPCRs, with both negative and positive allosteric modulation occurring. Since the sodium ion binding site is strongly conserved among class A GPCRs it is to be expected that amiloride also binds to class A GPCRs not evaluated yet. Investigating this typical amiloride‐GPCR interaction further may yield general insight in the allosteric mechanisms of GPCR ligand binding and function, and possibly provide new opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Massink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tasia Amelia
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Karamychev
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Advantages and shortcomings of cell-based electrical impedance measurements as a GPCR drug discovery tool. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 137:33-44. [PMID: 31077988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) transduce extracellular signals and activate intracellular pathways, usually through activating associated G proteins. Due to their involvement in many human diseases, they are recognized worldwide as valuable drug targets. Many experimental approaches help identify small molecules that target GPCRs, including in vitro cell-based reporter assays and binding studies. Most cell-based assays use one signaling pathway or reporter as an assay readout. Moreover, they often require cell labeling or the integration of reporter systems. Over the last decades, cell-based electrical impedance biosensors have been explored for drug discovery. This label-free method holds many advantages over other cellular assays in GPCR research. The technology requires no cell manipulation and offers real-time kinetic measurements of receptor-mediated cellular changes. Instead of measuring the activity of a single reporter, the impedance readout includes information on multiple signaling events. This is beneficial when screening for ligands targeting orphan GPCRs since the signaling cascade(s) of the majority of these receptors are unknown. Due to its sensitivity, the method also applies to cellular models more relevant to disease, including patient-derived cell cultures. Despite its advantages, remaining issues regarding data comparability and interpretability has limited implementation of cell-based electrical impedance (CEI) in drug discovery. Future optimization must include both full exploitation of CEI response data using various ways of analysis as well as further exploration of its potential to detect biased activities early on in drug discovery. Here, we review the contribution of CEI technology to GPCR research, discuss its comparative benefits, and provide recommendations.
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21
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Apel AK, Cheng RK, Tautermann CS, Brauchle M, Huang CY, Pautsch A, Hennig M, Nar H, Schnapp G. Crystal Structure of CC Chemokine Receptor 2A in Complex with an Orthosteric Antagonist Provides Insights for the Design of Selective Antagonists. Structure 2019; 27:427-438.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Sanchez J, E Huma Z, Lane JR, Liu X, Bridgford JL, Payne RJ, Canals M, Stone MJ. Evaluation and extension of the two-site, two-step model for binding and activation of the chemokine receptor CCR1. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3464-3475. [PMID: 30567735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between secreted immune proteins called chemokines and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in inflammatory responses. The two-site, two-step model describes these interactions. It involves initial binding of the chemokine N-loop/β3 region to the receptor's N-terminal region and subsequent insertion of the chemokine N-terminal region into the transmembrane helical bundle of the receptor concurrent with receptor activation. Here, we test aspects of this model with C-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) and several chemokine ligands. First, we compared the chemokine-binding affinities of CCR1 with those of peptides corresponding to the CCR1 N-terminal region. Relatively low affinities of the peptides and poor correlations between CCR1 and peptide affinities indicated that other regions of the receptor may contribute to binding affinity. Second, we evaluated the contributions of the two CCR1-interacting regions of the cognate chemokine ligand CCL7 (formerly monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3)) using chimeras between CCL7 and the non-cognate ligand CCL2 (formerly MCP-1). The results revealed that the chemokine N-terminal region contributes significantly to binding affinity but that differences in binding affinity do not completely account for differences in receptor activation. On the basis of these observations, we propose an elaboration of the two-site, two-step model-the "three-step" model-in which initial interactions of the first site result in low-affinity, nonspecific binding; rate-limiting engagement of the second site enables high-affinity, specific binding; and subsequent conformational rearrangement gives rise to receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sanchez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Zil E Huma
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - J Robert Lane
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Xuyu Liu
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Jessica L Bridgford
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Meritxell Canals
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Stone
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
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23
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, van Veldhoven JPD, Portner L, van Spronsen E, Ullo S, Veenhuizen M, van der Velden WJC, Zweemer AJM, Kreekel RM, Oenema K, Lenselink EB, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Pyrrolone Derivatives as Intracellular Allosteric Modulators for Chemokine Receptors: Selective and Dual-Targeting Inhibitors of CC Chemokine Receptors 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9146-9161. [PMID: 30256641 PMCID: PMC6328288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
recent crystal structures of CC chemokine receptors 2 and 9
(CCR2 and CCR9) have provided structural evidence for an allosteric,
intracellular binding site. The high conservation of residues involved
in this site suggests its presence in most chemokine receptors, including
the close homologue CCR1. By using [3H]CCR2-RA-[R], a high-affinity, CCR2 intracellular ligand, we report
an intracellular binding site in CCR1, where this radioligand also
binds with high affinity. In addition, we report the synthesis and
biological characterization of a series of pyrrolone derivatives for
CCR1 and CCR2, which allowed us to identify several high-affinity
intracellular ligands, including selective and potential multitarget
antagonists. Evaluation of selected compounds in a functional [35S]GTPγS assay revealed that they act as inverse agonists
in CCR1, providing a new manner of pharmacological modulation. Thus,
this intracellular binding site enables the design of selective and
multitarget inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura Portner
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Spronsen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Salviana Ullo
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Margo Veenhuizen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Annelien J M Zweemer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Roy M Kreekel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Kenny Oenema
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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24
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, Lenselink EB, IJzerman AP, Handel TM, Heitman LH. Intracellular Receptor Modulation: Novel Approach to Target GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:547-559. [PMID: 29653834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent crystal structures of multiple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have revealed a highly conserved intracellular pocket that can be used to modulate these receptors from the inside. This novel intracellular site partially overlaps with the G protein and β-arrestin binding site, providing a new manner of pharmacological intervention. Here we provide an update of the architecture and function of the intracellular region of GPCRs, until now portrayed as the signaling domain. We review the available evidence on the presence of intracellular binding sites among chemokine receptors and other class A GPCRs, as well as different strategies to target it, including small molecules, pepducins, and nanobodies. Finally, the potential advantages of intracellular (allosteric) ligands over orthosteric ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tracy M Handel
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Lu S, Zhang J. Small Molecule Allosteric Modulators of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Drug–Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2018; 62:24-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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26
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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27
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Yao W, Ba Q, Li X, Li H, Zhang S, Yuan Y, Wang F, Duan X, Li J, Zhang W, Wang H. A Natural CCR2 Antagonist Relieves Tumor-associated Macrophage-mediated Immunosuppression to Produce a Therapeutic Effect for Liver Cancer. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:58-67. [PMID: 28754304 PMCID: PMC5552238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor in the digestive tract with limited therapeutic choices. Although sorafenib, an orally administered multikinase inhibitor, has produced survival benefits for patients with advanced HCC, favorable clinical outcomes are limited due to individual differences and resistance. The application of immunotherapy, a promising approach for HCC is urgently needed. Macrophage infiltration, mediated by the CCL2/CCR2 axis, is a potential immunotherapeutic target. Here, we report that a natural product from Abies georgei, named 747 and related in structure to kaempferol, exhibits sensitivity and selectivity as a CCR2 antagonist. The specificity of 747 on CCR2 was demonstrated via calcium flux, the binding domain of CCR2 was identified in an extracellular loop by chimera binding assay, and in vivo antagonistic activity of 747 was confirmed through a thioglycollate-induced peritonitis model. In animals, 747 elevated the number of CD8 + T cells in tumors via blocking tumor-infiltrating macrophage-mediated immunosuppression and inhibited orthotopic and subcutaneous tumor growth in a CD8 + T cell-dependent manner. Further, 747 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose sorafenib without obvious toxicity, through elevating the numbers of intra-tumoral CD8 + T cells and increasing death of tumor cells. Thus, we have discovered a natural CCR2 antagonist and have provided a new perspective on development of this antagonist for treatment of HCC. In mouse models of HCC, 747 enhanced the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and potentiated the therapeutic effect of sorafenib, indicating that the combination of an immunomodulator with a chemotherapeutic drug could be a new approach for treating HCC. We identified a natural product, 747, as an antagonist of CCR2. 747 exhibited anticancer properties and potentiated the efficacy of sorafenib in mouse models of HCC. A combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy could be a new approach for treating HCC.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor that arises in people with a chronic liver disorder and inflammation. Macrophage infiltration, controlled by the CCL2/CCR2 axis, is evident in various liver diseases, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and tumor progression, making it a therapeutic immune target for liver cancer. In the present investigation, we identified a CCR2 antagonist, 747, from Abies georgei. In a mouse model of HCC, 747 alone exhibited anticancer properties and potentiated the antitumor efficacy of a low dose of sorafenib. Our findings indicate that a combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy could be a new approach for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qian Ba
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shoude Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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28
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Kyaw T, Peter K, Li Y, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A. Cytotoxic lymphocytes and atherosclerosis: significance, mechanisms and therapeutic challenges. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3956-3972. [PMID: 28471481 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes encompass natural killer lymphocytes (cells) and cytotoxic T cells that include CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, γ, δ (γδ)-T cells and human CD4 + CD28- T cells. These cells play critical roles in inflammatory diseases and in controlling cancers and infections. Cytotoxic lymphocytes can be activated via a number of mechanisms that may involve dendritic cells, macrophages, cytokines or surface proteins on stressed cells. Upon activation, they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxins to promote inflammation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions including vulnerable lesions, which are strongly implicated in myocardial infarctions and strokes. Here, we review the mechanisms that activate and regulate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, including activating and inhibitory receptors, cytokines, chemokine receptors-chemokine systems utilized to home to inflamed lesions and cytotoxins and cytokines through which they affect other cells within lesions. We also examine their roles in human and mouse models of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms by which they exert their pathogenic effects. Finally, we discuss strategies for therapeutically targeting these cells to prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions and vulnerable plaques and the challenge of developing highly targeted therapies that only minimally affect the body's immune system, avoiding the complications, such as increased susceptibility to infections, which are currently associated with many immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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29
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Huma ZE, Sanchez J, Lim HD, Bridgford JL, Huang C, Parker BJ, Pazhamalil JG, Porebski BT, Pfleger KDG, Lane JR, Canals M, Stone MJ. Key determinants of selective binding and activation by the monocyte chemoattractant proteins at the chemokine receptor CCR2. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/480/eaai8529. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai8529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Kufareva I, Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Stephens BS, Handel TM. What Do Structures Tell Us About Chemokine Receptor Function and Antagonism? Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:175-198. [PMID: 28532213 PMCID: PMC5764094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their cell surface G protein-coupled receptors are critical for cell migration, not only in many fundamental biological processes but also in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Recent X-ray structures of two chemokines complexed with full-length receptors provided unprecedented insight into the atomic details of chemokine recognition and receptor activation, and computational modeling informed by new experiments leverages these insights to gain understanding of many more receptor:chemokine pairs. In parallel, chemokine receptor structures with small molecules reveal the complicated and diverse structural foundations of small molecule antagonism and allostery, highlight the inherent physicochemical challenges of receptor:chemokine interfaces, and suggest novel epitopes that can be exploited to overcome these challenges. The structures and models promote unique understanding of chemokine receptor biology, including the interpretation of two decades of experimental studies, and will undoubtedly assist future drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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31
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Thum S, Kokornaczyk AK, Seki T, De Maria M, Ortiz Zacarias NV, de Vries H, Weiss C, Koch M, Schepmann D, Kitamura M, Tschammer N, Heitman LH, Junker A, Wünsch B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of chemokine receptor ligands with 2-benzazepine scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:401-413. [PMID: 28463783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeting CCR2 and CCR5 receptors is considered as promising concept for the development of novel antiinflammatory drugs. Herein, we present the development of the first probe-dependent positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of CCR5 receptors with a 2-benzazepine scaffold. Compound 14 (2-isobutyl-N-({[N-methyl-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl)-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2-benzazepine-4-carboxamide) activates the CCR5 receptor in a CCL4-dependent manner, but does not compete with [3H]TAK-779 binding at the CCR5. Furthermore, introduction of a p-tolyl moiety at 7-position of the 2-benzazepine scaffold turns the CCR5 PAM 14 into the selective CCR2 receptor antagonist 26b. The structure affinity and activity relationships presented here offer new insights into ligand recognition by CCR2 and CCR5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Thum
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Artur K Kokornaczyk
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tomoaki Seki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Monica De Maria
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Developmental Biology, Friedrich Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalia V Ortiz Zacarias
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Weiss
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Drug Discovery - Lead Discovery Wuppertal, Aprather Weg 18a, Gebäude 456, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Drug Discovery - Lead Discovery Wuppertal, Aprather Weg 18a, Gebäude 456, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Masato Kitamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Floessergasse 4, 81369 München, Germany
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Junker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
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32
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Arimont M, Sun SL, Leurs R, Smit M, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. Structural Analysis of Chemokine Receptor-Ligand Interactions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4735-4779. [PMID: 28165741 PMCID: PMC5483895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This
review focuses on the construction and application of structural chemokine
receptor models for the elucidation of molecular determinants of chemokine
receptor modulation and the structure-based discovery and design of
chemokine receptor ligands. A comparative analysis of ligand binding
pockets in chemokine receptors is presented, including a detailed
description of the CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR9, and US28 X-ray structures,
and their implication for modeling molecular interactions of chemokine
receptors with small-molecule ligands, peptide ligands, and large
antibodies and chemokines. These studies demonstrate how the integration
of new structural information on chemokine receptors with extensive
structure–activity relationship and site-directed mutagenesis
data facilitates the prediction of the structure of chemokine receptor–ligand
complexes that have not been crystallized. Finally, a review of structure-based
ligand discovery and design studies based on chemokine receptor crystal
structures and homology models illustrates the possibilities and challenges
to find novel ligands for chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shan-Liang Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Bot I, Ortiz Zacarías NV, de Witte WEA, de Vries H, van Santbrink PJ, van der Velden D, Kröner MJ, van der Berg DJ, Stamos D, de Lange ECM, Kuiper J, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. A novel CCR2 antagonist inhibits atherogenesis in apoE deficient mice by achieving high receptor occupancy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:52. [PMID: 28246398 PMCID: PMC5427923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) and its endogenous ligand CCL2 are involved in a number of diseases, including atherosclerosis. Several CCR2 antagonists have been developed as potential therapeutic agents, however their in vivo clinical efficacy was limited. In this report, we aimed to determine whether 15a, an antagonist with a long residence time on the human CCR2, is effective in inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis in a mouse disease model. First, radioligand binding assays were performed to determine affinity and binding kinetics of 15a on murine CCR2. To assess the in vivo efficacy, western-type diet fed apoE-/- mice were treated daily with 15a or vehicle as control. Treatment with 15a reduced the amount of circulating CCR2+ monocytes and the size of the atherosclerotic plaques in both the carotid artery and the aortic root. We then showed that the long pharmacokinetic half-life of 15a combined with the high drug concentrations ensured prolonged CCR2 occupancy. These data render 15a a promising compound for drug development and confirms high receptor occupancy as a key parameter when targeting chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan van der Berg
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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35
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Zheng Y, Qin L, Zacarías NVO, de Vries H, Han GW, Gustavsson M, Dabros M, Zhao C, Cherney RJ, Carter P, Stamos D, Abagyan R, Cherezov V, Stevens RC, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH, Tebben A, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Structure of CC chemokine receptor 2 with orthosteric and allosteric antagonists. Nature 2016; 540:458-461. [PMID: 27926736 PMCID: PMC5159191 DOI: 10.1038/nature20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is one of 19 members of the chemokine receptor subfamily of human class A G-protein-coupled receptors. CCR2 is expressed on monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and T-cell subpopulations, and mediates their migration towards endogenous CC chemokine ligands such as CCL2 (ref. 1). CCR2 and its ligands are implicated in numerous inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, neuropathic pain, and diabetic nephropathy, as well as cancer. These disease associations have motivated numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials (see http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) in search of therapies that target the CCR2-chemokine axis. To aid drug discovery efforts, here we solve a structure of CCR2 in a ternary complex with an orthosteric (BMS-681 (ref. 6)) and allosteric (CCR2-RA-[R]) antagonist. BMS-681 inhibits chemokine binding by occupying the orthosteric pocket of the receptor in a previously unseen binding mode. CCR2-RA-[R] binds in a novel, highly druggable pocket that is the most intracellular allosteric site observed in class A G-protein-coupled receptors so far; this site spatially overlaps the G-protein-binding site in homologous receptors. CCR2-RA-[R] inhibits CCR2 non-competitively by blocking activation-associated conformational changes and formation of the G-protein-binding interface. The conformational signature of the conserved microswitch residues observed in double-antagonist-bound CCR2 resembles the most inactive G-protein-coupled receptor structures solved so far. Like other protein-protein interactions, receptor-chemokine complexes are considered challenging therapeutic targets for small molecules, and the present structure suggests diverse pocket epitopes that can be exploited to overcome obstacles in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gye Won Han
- Bridge Institute, Departments of Chemistry and Physics &Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Marta Dabros
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Percy Carter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Dean Stamos
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute, Departments of Chemistry and Physics &Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- The Bridge Institute, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Nederpelt I, Vergroesen R, IJzerman A, Heitman L. Persistent GnRH receptor activation in pituitary αT3-1 cells analyzed with a label-free technology. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:721-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay P, Baggelaar M, Erdelyi K, Cao Z, Cinar R, Fezza F, Ignatowska‐Janlowska B, Wilkerson J, van Gils N, Hansen T, Ruben M, Soethoudt M, Heitman L, Kunos G, Maccarrone M, Lichtman A, Pacher P, Van der Stelt M. The novel, orally available and peripherally restricted selective cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist LEI-101 prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:446-58. [PMID: 26398481 PMCID: PMC4728411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here, we have characterized 3-cyclopropyl-1-(4-(6-((1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)methyl)-5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)benzyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione hydrochloride (LEI-101) as a novel, peripherally restricted cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist, using both in vitro and in vivo models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the effects of LEI-101 on binding and functional activity. We assessed its in vitro and in vivo selectivity. Efficacy of LEI-101 was determined in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. KEY RESULTS LEI-101 behaved as a partial agonist at CB2 receptors using β-arrestin and GTPγS assays and was ~100-fold selective in CB2 /CB1 receptor-binding assays. It did not display any activity on endocannabinoid hydrolases and nor did it react with serine hydrolases in an activity-based protein profiling assay. In mice, LEI-101 had excellent oral bioavailability reaching high concentrations in the kidney and liver with minimal penetration into the brain. LEI-101 up to a dose of 60 mg·kg(-1) (p.o.) did not exert any CNS-mediated effects in the tetrad assay, in mice. LEI-101 (p.o. or i.p.) at 3 or 10 mg·kg(-1) dose-dependently prevented kidney dysfunction and/or morphological damage induced by cisplatin in mice. These protective effects were associated with improved renal histopathology, attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney. These effects were absent in CB2 receptor knockout mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results indicate that LEI-101 is a selective, largely peripherally restricted, orally available CB2 receptor agonist with therapeutic potential in diseases that are associated with inflammation and/or oxidative stress, including kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Baggelaar
- Department of Bio‐organic SynthesisLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Filomena Fezza
- Department Experimental Medicine & SurgeryTor Vergata University of RomeRomeItaly
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Noortje van Gils
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Bio‐organic SynthesisLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Ruben
- Department of Bio‐organic SynthesisLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
- Present address: Mercachem Inc.NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Heitman
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia FoundationRomeItaly
- Department of MedicineCampus Bio‐Medico University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Aron Lichtman
- Department Experimental Medicine & SurgeryTor Vergata University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Pál Pacher
- National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors are involved in various pathologies such as inflammatory diseases, cancer, and HIV infection. Small molecule and antibody-based antagonists have been developed to inhibit chemokine-induced receptor activity. Currently two small molecule inhibitors targeting CXCR4 and CCR5 are on the market for stem cell mobilization and the treatment of HIV infection, respectively. Antibody fragments (e.g., nanobodies) targeting chemokine receptors are primarily orthosteric ligands, competing for the chemokine binding site. This is opposed by most small molecules, which act as allosteric modulators and bind to the receptor at a topographically distinct site as compared to chemokines. Allosteric modulators can be distinguished from orthosteric ligands by unique features, such as a saturable effect and probe dependency. For successful drug development, it is essential to determine pharmacological parameters (i.e., affinity, potency, and efficacy) and the mode of action of potential drugs during early stages of research in order to predict the biological effect of chemokine receptor targeting drugs in the clinic. This chapter explains how the pharmacological profile of chemokine receptor targeting ligands can be determined and quantified using binding and functional experiments.
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Nederpelt I, Georgi V, Schiele F, Nowak‐Reppel K, Fernández‐Montalván AE, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Characterization of 12 GnRH peptide agonists - a kinetic perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:128-41. [PMID: 26398856 PMCID: PMC4813373 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Drug-target residence time is an important, yet often overlooked, parameter in drug discovery. Multiple studies have proposed an increased residence time to be beneficial for improved drug efficacy and/or longer duration of action. Currently, there are many drugs on the market targeting the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor for the treatment of hormone-dependent diseases. Surprisingly, the kinetic receptor-binding parameters of these analogues have not yet been reported. Therefore, this project focused on determining the receptor-binding kinetics of 12 GnRH peptide agonists, including many marketed drugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel radioligand-binding competition association assay was developed and optimized for the human GnRH receptor with the use of a radiolabelled peptide agonist, [(125) I]-triptorelin. In addition to radioligand-binding studies, a homogeneous time-resolved FRET Tag-lite™ method was developed as an alternative assay for the same purpose. KEY RESULTS Two novel competition association assays were successfully developed and applied to determine the kinetic receptor-binding characteristics of 12 high-affinity GnRH peptide agonists. Results obtained from both methods were highly correlated. Interestingly, the binding kinetics of the peptide agonists were more divergent than their affinities with residence times ranging from 5.6 min (goserelin) to 125 min (deslorelin). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our research provides new insights by incorporating kinetic, next to equilibrium, binding parameters in current research and development that can potentially improve future drug discovery targeting the GnRH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Nederpelt
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Victoria Georgi
- Global Drug Discovery, Lead Discovery BerlinBayer Healthcare PharmaceuticalsBerlinGermany
| | - Felix Schiele
- Global Drug Discovery, Lead Discovery BerlinBayer Healthcare PharmaceuticalsBerlinGermany
| | - Katrin Nowak‐Reppel
- Global Drug Discovery, Lead Discovery BerlinBayer Healthcare PharmaceuticalsBerlinGermany
| | | | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Junker A, Kokornaczyk AK, Zweemer AJM, Frehland B, Schepmann D, Yamaguchi J, Itami K, Faust A, Hermann S, Wagner S, Schäfers M, Koch M, Weiss C, Heitman LH, Kopka K, Wünsch B. Synthesis, binding affinity and structure-activity relationships of novel, selective and dual targeting CCR2 and CCR5 receptor antagonists. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2407-22. [PMID: 25566983 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02397h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CCR2 and CCR5 receptors play a key role in the development and progression of several inflammatory, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, dual targeting of both receptors appeals as a promising strategy for the treatment of such complex, multifactorial disorders. Herein we report on the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of benzo[7]annulene- and [7]annulenothiophene-based selective and dual CCR2 and CCR5 receptor antagonists. Intermediates were designed in such a way that diversification could be introduced at the end of the synthesis. Starting from the lead compound TAK-779 (1), the quaternary ammonium moiety was exchanged by different non-charged moieties, the 4-methylphenyl moiety was extensively modified and the benzo[7]annulene core was replaced bioisosterically by the [7]annulenothiophene system. The naphthyl derivative 9h represents the most promising dual antagonist (Ki (CCR2) = 25 nM, IC50 (CCR5) = 17 nM), whereas the 6-isopropoxy-3-pyridyl and 4-methoxycarbonylphenyl derivatives 9k and 9r show more than 20-fold selectivity for the CCR2 (Ki = 19 nM) over the CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Junker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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de Witte WEA, Wong YC, Nederpelt I, Heitman LH, Danhof M, van der Graaf PH, Gilissen RAHJ, de Lange ECM. Mechanistic models enable the rational use of in vitro drug-target binding kinetics for better drug effects in patients. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 11:45-63. [PMID: 26484747 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-target binding kinetics are major determinants of the time course of drug action for several drugs, as clearly described for the irreversible binders omeprazole and aspirin. This supports the increasing interest to incorporate newly developed high-throughput assays for drug-target binding kinetics in drug discovery. A meaningful application of in vitro drug-target binding kinetics in drug discovery requires insight into the relation between in vivo drug effect and in vitro measured drug-target binding kinetics. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss both the relation between in vitro and in vivo measured binding kinetics and the relation between in vivo binding kinetics, target occupancy and effect profiles. EXPERT OPINION More scientific evidence is required for the rational selection and development of drug-candidates on the basis of in vitro estimates of drug-target binding kinetics. To elucidate the value of in vitro binding kinetics measurements, it is necessary to obtain information on system-specific properties which influence the kinetics of target occupancy and drug effect. Mathematical integration of this information enables the identification of drug-specific properties which lead to optimal target occupancy and drug effect in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- a Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Yin Cheong Wong
- a Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Indira Nederpelt
- b Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- b Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Meindert Danhof
- a Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Piet H van der Graaf
- a Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H J Gilissen
- c A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Janssen Research and Development , Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340 , Belgium
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- a Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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Strunz AK, Zweemer AJ, Weiss C, Schepmann D, Junker A, Heitman LH, Koch M, Wünsch B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of spirocyclic antagonists of CCR2 (chemokine CC receptor subtype 2). Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4034-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vilums M, Zweemer AJM, Dilanchian A, van Veldhoven JPD, de Vries H, Brussee J, Saunders J, Stamos D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Evaluation of (4-Arylpiperidin-1-yl)cyclopentanecarboxamides As High-Affinity and Long-Residence-Time Antagonists for the CCR2 Receptor. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1249-58. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vilums M, Zweemer AJ, Barmare F, van der Gracht AM, Bleeker DC, Yu Z, de Vries H, Gross R, Clemens J, Krenitsky P, Brussee J, Stamos D, Saunders J, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. When structure–affinity relationships meet structure–kinetics relationships: 3-((Inden-1-yl)amino)-1-isopropyl-cyclopentane-1-carboxamides as CCR2 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:121-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Christopoulos A, Changeux JP, Catterall WA, Fabbro D, Burris TP, Cidlowski JA, Olsen RW, Peters JA, Neubig RR, Pin JP, Sexton PM, Kenakin TP, Ehlert FJ, Spedding M, Langmead CJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XC. multisite pharmacology: recommendations for the nomenclature of receptor allosterism and allosteric ligands. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:918-47. [PMID: 25026896 PMCID: PMC11060431 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.008862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric interactions play vital roles in metabolic processes and signal transduction and, more recently, have become the focus of numerous pharmacological studies because of the potential for discovering more target-selective chemical probes and therapeutic agents. In addition to classic early studies on enzymes, there are now examples of small molecule allosteric modulators for all superfamilies of receptors encoded by the genome, including ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases. As a consequence, a vast array of pharmacologic behaviors has been ascribed to allosteric ligands that can vary in a target-, ligand-, and cell-/tissue-dependent manner. The current article presents an overview of allostery as applied to receptor families and approaches for detecting and validating allosteric interactions and gives recommendations for the nomenclature of allosteric ligands and their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - William A Catterall
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Richard W Olsen
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - John A Peters
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Frederick J Ehlert
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Michael Spedding
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.C., P.M.S., C.J.L.); Collège de France and CNRS URA 2182, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (J.-P.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (W.A.C.); PIQUR Therapeutics AG, Basel, Switzerland (D.F.); Department of Pharmacological & Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Louisiana (T.P.B.); Signal Transduction Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.); Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (R.W.O.); Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.A.P.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (R.R.N.); Institut de Genomique Fonctionelle, CNRS, Montpellier, France (J.-P.P.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.P.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California (F.J.E.); and Research Solutions SARL, Paris, France (M.S.)
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Hsieh CL, Niemi EC, Wang SH, Lee CC, Bingham D, Zhang J, Cozen ML, Charo I, Huang EJ, Liu J, Nakamura MC. CCR2 deficiency impairs macrophage infiltration and improves cognitive function after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1677-88. [PMID: 24806994 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) provokes inflammatory responses, including a dramatic rise in brain macrophages in the area of injury. The pathway(s) responsible for macrophage infiltration of the traumatically injured brain and the effects of macrophages on functional outcomes are not well understood. C-C-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is known for directing monocytes to inflamed tissues. To assess the role of macrophages and CCR2 in TBI, we determined outcomes in CCR2-deficient (Ccr2(-/-)) mice in a controlled cortical impact model. We quantified brain myeloid cell numbers post-TBI by flow cytometry and found that Ccr2(-/-) mice had greatly reduced macrophage numbers (∼80-90% reduction) early post-TBI, compared with wild-type mice. Motor, locomotor, and cognitive outcomes were assessed. Lack of Ccr2 improved locomotor activity with less hyperactivity in open field testing, but did not affect anxiety levels or motor coordination on the rotarod three weeks after TBI. Importantly, Ccr2(-/-) mice demonstrated greater spatial learning and memory, compared with wild-type mice eight weeks after TBI. Although there was no difference in the volume of tissue loss, Ccr2(-/-) mice had significantly increased neuronal density in the CA1-CA3 regions of the hippocampus after TBI, compared with wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that Ccr2 directs the majority of macrophage homing to the brain early after TBI and indicates that Ccr2 may facilitate harmful responses. Lack of Ccr2 improves functional recovery and neuronal survival. These results suggest that therapeutic blockade of CCR2-dependent responses may improve outcomes following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Hsieh
- 1 Immunology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center , San Francisco, California
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Zweemer AJ, Bunnik J, Veenhuizen M, Miraglia F, Lenselink EB, Vilums M, de Vries H, Gibert A, Thiele S, Rosenkilde MM, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Discovery and Mapping of an Intracellular Antagonist Binding Site at the Chemokine Receptor CCR2. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:358-68. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.093328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Vilums M, Zweemer AJM, Yu Z, de Vries H, Hillger JM, Wapenaar H, Bollen IAE, Barmare F, Gross R, Clemens J, Krenitsky P, Brussee J, Stamos D, Saunders J, Heitman LH, Ijzerman AP. Structure-kinetic relationships--an overlooked parameter in hit-to-lead optimization: a case of cyclopentylamines as chemokine receptor 2 antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7706-14. [PMID: 24028535 DOI: 10.1021/jm4011737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of inflammatory diseases (e.g., neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis) have pointed to a critical role of the chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). However, one of the biggest problems of high-affinity inhibitors of CCR2 is their lack of efficacy in clinical trials. We report a new approach for the design of high-affinity and long-residence-time CCR2 antagonists. We developed a new competition association assay for CCR2, which allows us to investigate the relation of the structure of the ligand and its receptor residence time [i.e., structure-kinetic relationship (SKR)] next to a traditional structure-affinity relationship (SAR). By applying combined knowledge of SAR and SKR, we were able to re-evaluate the hit-to-lead process of cyclopentylamines as CCR2 antagonists. Affinity-based optimization yielded compound 1 with good binding (Ki = 6.8 nM) but very short residence time (2.4 min). However, when the optimization was also based on residence time, the hit-to-lead process yielded compound 22a, a new high-affinity CCR2 antagonist (3.6 nM), with a residence time of 135 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris Vilums
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University , Post Office Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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