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van Kooten E, Zhao X, Franchi I, Tung PY, Fairclough S, Walmsley J, Onyett I, Schiller M, Bizzarro M. The nucleosynthetic fingerprint of the outermost protoplanetary disk and early Solar System dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp1613. [PMID: 38875339 PMCID: PMC11177941 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the nucleosynthetic isotope composition of the outermost protoplanetary disk is critical to understand the formation and early dynamical evolution of the Solar System. We report the discovery of outer disk material preserved in a pristine meteorite based on its chemical composition, organic-rich petrology, and 15N-rich, deuterium-rich, and 16O-poor isotope signatures. We infer that this outer disk material originated in the comet-forming region. The nucleosynthetic Fe, Mg, Si, and Cr compositions of this material reveal that, contrary to current belief, the isotope signature of the comet-forming region is ubiquitous among outer Solar System bodies, possibly reflecting an important planetary building block in the outer Solar System. This nucleosynthetic component represents fresh material added to the outer disk by late accretion streamers connected to the ambient molecular cloud. Our results show that most Solar System carbonaceous asteroids accreted material from the comet-forming region, a signature lacking in the terrestrial planet region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishevah van Kooten
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xuchao Zhao
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ian Franchi
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Po-Yen Tung
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Fairclough
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK
| | - John Walmsley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, CB3 0FS Cambridge, UK
| | - Isaac Onyett
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Schiller
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bizzarro
- Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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2
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Leone G, Tanaka HK. Igneous processes in the small bodies of the Solar System I. Asteroids and comets. iScience 2023; 26:107160. [PMID: 37534155 PMCID: PMC10391981 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Igneous processes were quite widespread in the small bodies of the Solar System (SBSS) and were initially fueled by short-lived radioisotopes, the proto-Sun, impact heating, and differentiation heating. Once they finished, long-lived radioisotopes continued to warm the active bodies of the Earth, (possibly) Venus, and the cryovolcanism of Enceladus. The widespread presence of olivine and pyroxenes in planets and also in SBSS suggests that they were not necessarily the product of igneous processes and they might have been recycled from previous nebular processes or entrained in comets from interstellar space. The difference in temperature between the inner and the outer Solar System has clearly favored thermal annealing of the olivine close to the proto-Sun. Transport of olivine within the Solar System probably occurred also due to protostellar jets and winds but the entrainment in SBSS from interstellar space would overcome the requirement of initial turbulent regime in the protoplanetary nebula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Leone
- Instituto de Investigación en Astronomía y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama, Chile
- Virtual Muography Institute, Global, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki K.M. Tanaka
- Virtual Muography Institute, Global, Tokyo, Japan
- International Muography Research Organization (MUOGRAPHIX), The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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3
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Yang YN, Du Z, Lu W, Qi Y, Zhang YQ, Zhang WF, Zhang PF. NanoSIMS analysis of water content in bridgmanite at the micron scale: An experimental approach to probe water in Earth's deep mantle. Front Chem 2023; 11:1166593. [PMID: 37090248 PMCID: PMC10119403 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1166593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Water, in trace amounts, can greatly alter chemical and physical properties of mantle minerals and exert primary control on Earth's dynamics. Quantifying how water is retained and distributed in Earth's deep interior is essential to our understanding of Earth's origin and evolution. While directly sampling Earth's deep interior remains challenging, the experimental technique using laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) is likely the only method available to synthesize and recover analog specimens throughout Earth's lower mantle conditions. The recovered samples, however, are typically of micron sizes and require high spatial resolution to analyze their water abundance. Here we use nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to characterize water content in bridgmanite, the most abundant mineral in Earth's lower mantle. We have established two working standards of natural orthopyroxene that are likely suitable for calibrating water concentration in bridgmanite, i.e., A119(H2O) = 99 ± 13 μg/g (1SD) and A158(H2O) = 293 ± 23 μg/g (1SD). We find that matrix effect among orthopyroxene, olivine, and glass is less than 10%, while that between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene can be up to 20%. Using our calibration, a bridgmanite synthesized by LH-DAC at 33 ± 1 GPa and 3,690 ± 120 K is measured to contain 1,099 ± 14 μg/g water, with partition coefficient of water between bridgmanite and silicate melt ∼0.025, providing the first measurement at such condition. Applying the unique analytical capability of NanoSIMS to minute samples recovered from LH-DAC opens a new window to probe water and other volatiles in Earth's deep mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Nan Yang, ; Zhixue Du,
| | - Zhixue Du
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Nan Yang, ; Zhixue Du,
| | - Wenhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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4
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Shimma S. Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2022; 11:A0102. [PMID: 35291501 PMCID: PMC8900255 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a technique for obtaining information on the distribution of various molecules by performing mass spectrometry directly on the sample surface. The applications range from small molecules such as lipids to large molecules such as proteins. It is also possible to detect pharmaceuticals and elemental isotopes in interstellar matter. This review will introduce various applications of MSI with examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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5
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Ultrafast olivine-ringwoodite transformation during shock compression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4305. [PMID: 34262045 PMCID: PMC8280208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Meteorites from interplanetary space often include high-pressure polymorphs of their constituent minerals, which provide records of past hypervelocity collisions. These collisions were expected to occur between kilometre-sized asteroids, generating transient high-pressure states lasting for several seconds to facilitate mineral transformations across the relevant phase boundaries. However, their mechanisms in such a short timescale were never experimentally evaluated and remained speculative. Here, we show a nanosecond transformation mechanism yielding ringwoodite, which is the most typical high-pressure mineral in meteorites. An olivine crystal was shock-compressed by a focused high-power laser pulse, and the transformation was time-resolved by femtosecond diffractometry using an X-ray free electron laser. Our results show the formation of ringwoodite through a faster, diffusionless process, suggesting that ringwoodite can form from collisions between much smaller bodies, such as metre to submetre-sized asteroids, at common relative velocities. Even nominally unshocked meteorites could therefore contain signatures of high-pressure states from past collisions. Meteorites from space often include denser polymorphs of their minerals, providing records of past hypervelocity collisions. An olivine mineral crystal was shock-compressed by a high-power laser, and its transformation into denser ringwoodite was time-resolved using an X-ray free electron laser.
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6
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Potapov A, McCoustra M. Physics and chemistry on the surface of cosmic dust grains: a laboratory view. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2021.1918498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Potapov
- Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin McCoustra
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Yester JW, Liu H, Gyngard F, Ammanamanchi N, Little KC, Thomas D, Sullivan MLG, Lal S, Steinhauser ML, Kühn B. Use of stable isotope-tagged thymidine and multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) for quantification of human cardiomyocyte division. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1995-2022. [PMID: 33627842 PMCID: PMC8221415 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of cellular proliferation in humans is important for understanding biology and responses to injury and disease. However, existing methods require administration of tracers that cannot be ethically administered in humans. We present a protocol for the direct quantification of cellular proliferation in human hearts. The protocol involves administration of non-radioactive, non-toxic stable isotope 15Nitrogen-enriched thymidine (15N-thymidine), which is incorporated into DNA during S-phase, in infants with tetralogy of Fallot, a common form of congenital heart disease. Infants with tetralogy of Fallot undergo surgical repair, which requires the removal of pieces of myocardium that would otherwise be discarded. This protocol allows for the quantification of cardiomyocyte proliferation in this discarded tissue. We quantitatively analyzed the incorporation of 15N-thymidine with multi-isotope imaging spectrometry (MIMS) at a sub-nuclear resolution, which we combined with correlative confocal microscopy to quantify formation of binucleated cardiomyocytes and cardiomyocytes with polyploid nuclei. The entire protocol spans 3-8 months, which is dependent on the timing of surgical repair, and 3-4.5 researcher days. This protocol could be adapted to study cellular proliferation in a variety of human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie W Yester
- Division of Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Honghai Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank Gyngard
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Niyatie Ammanamanchi
- Division of Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn C Little
- Clinical Research Support Services (CRSS), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dawn Thomas
- Clinical Research Support Services (CRSS), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mara L G Sullivan
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sean Lal
- Division of Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute, UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Bridgeside Point 1, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Division of Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics (I-HRT), UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Zhang H, Wang C, Zhou G. Ultra-Microtome for the Preparation of TEM Specimens from Battery Cathodes. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:867-877. [PMID: 32867869 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application of ultra-microtome sectioning in the preparation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens with bio- and organic materials, here, we report an ultra-microtome-based method for the preparation of TEM specimens from cathodes of Li-ion batteries. The ultra-microtome sectioning reduces the sample thickness to tens of nanometers and yields atomic resolution from the core region of particles of hundreds of nanometers. Analysis indicates that the mechanical cross-sectioning introduces no observable microstructural artifacts or structural damage, such as microcracking and nanoporosity. These results demonstrate the high efficiency of the ultra-microtome approach in preparing well-thinned specimens of particulate materials that allow for atomic-scale TEM imaging of a large number of sectioned particles in one single TEM specimen, thereby providing statistically significant results of the TEM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan430078, Hubei, P. R. China
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902, USA
- NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902, USA
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA99352, USA
| | - Guangwen Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902, USA
- NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY13902, USA
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9
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Hazen RM, Morrison SM. An evolutionary system of mineralogy. Part I: Stellar mineralogy (>13 to 4.6 Ga). THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 2020; 105:627-651. [PMID: 33867541 PMCID: PMC8051151 DOI: 10.2138/am-2020-7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Minerals preserve records of the physical, chemical, and biological histories of their origins and subsequent alteration, and thus provide a vivid narrative of the evolution of Earth and other worlds through billions of years of cosmic history. Mineral properties, including trace and minor elements, ratios of isotopes, solid and fluid inclusions, external morphologies, and other idiosyncratic attributes, represent information that points to specific modes of formation and subsequent environmental histories-information essential to understanding the co-evolving geosphere and biosphere. This perspective suggests an opportunity to amplify the existing system of mineral classification, by which minerals are defined solely on idealized end-member chemical compositions and crystal structures. Here we present the first in a series of contributions to explore a complementary evolutionary system of mineralogy-a classification scheme that links mineral species to their paragenetic modes. The earliest stage of mineral evolution commenced with the appearance of the first crystals in the universe at >13 Ga and continues today in the expanding, cooling atmospheres of countless evolved stars, which host the high-temperature (T > 1000 K), low-pressure (P < 10-2 atm) condensation of refractory minerals and amorphous phases. Most stardust is thought to originate in three distinct processes in carbon- and/or oxygen-rich mineral-forming stars: (1) condensation in the cooling, expanding atmospheres of asymptotic giant branch stars; (2) during the catastrophic explosions of supernovae, most commonly core collapse (Type II) supernovae; and (3) classical novae explosions, the consequence of runaway fusion reactions at the surface of a binary white dwarf star. Each stellar environment imparts distinctive isotopic and trace element signatures to the micro- and nanoscale stardust grains that are recovered from meteorites and micrometeorites collected on Earth's surface, by atmospheric sampling, and from asteroids and comets. Although our understanding of the diverse mineral-forming environments of stars is as yet incomplete, we present a preliminary catalog of 41 distinct natural kinds of stellar minerals, representing 22 official International Mineralogical Association (IMA) mineral species, as well as 2 as yet unapproved crystalline phases and 3 kinds of non-crystalline condensed phases not codified by the IMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Hazen
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, U.S.A
| | - Shaunna M. Morrison
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, U.S.A
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10
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Ogliore RC, Dwyer C, Krawczynski MJ, Couvy H, Eisele M, Filiberto J. Identification of Large Isotope Anomalies in Quartz by Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:767-773. [PMID: 31107100 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819842558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique to detect quartz grains with large isotope anomalies. We synthesized isotopically doped quartz and used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in two different instruments: a traditional far-field instrument and a neaSpec nanoFT-IR, to quantify the shift in the peak of the Si-O stretch near 780 cm-1 as a function of isotope composition, and the uncertainty in this shift. From these measurements, we estimated the minimum detectable isotope anomaly using FT-IR. The described technique can be used to nondestructively detect very small (30 nm) presolar grains. In particular, supernova grains, which can have very large isotope anomalies, are detectable by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Ogliore
- 1 Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cosette Dwyer
- 2 W. M. Keck Science Department, Scripps College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Krawczynski
- 3 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hélène Couvy
- 3 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Ishii HA. Comparison of GEMS in Interplanetary Dust Particles and GEMS-like Objects in a Stardust Impact Track in Aerogel. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE 2019; 54:202-219. [PMID: 30713419 PMCID: PMC6350812 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comet 81P/Wild 2 dust, the first comet sample of known provenance, was widely expected to resemble anhydrous chondritic porous (CP) interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). GEMS, distinctly characteristic of CP IDPs, have yet to be unambiguously identified in the Stardust mission samples despite claims of likely candidates. One such candidate is Stardust impact track 57 "Febo" in aerogel, which contains fine-grained objects texturally and compositionally similar to GEMS. Their position adjacent the terminal particle suggests that they may be indigenous, fine-grained, cometary material, like that in CP IDPs, shielded by the terminal particle from damage during deceleration from hypervelocity. Darkfield imaging and multi-detector energy-dispersive x-ray mapping were used to compare GEMS-like-objects in the Febo terminal particle with GEMS in an anhydrous, chondritic IDP. GEMS in the IDP are within 3× CI (solar) abundances for major and minor elements. In the Febo GEMS-like objects, Mg and Ca are systematically and strongly depleted relative to CI; S and Fe are somewhat enriched; and Au, a known aerogel contaminant is present, consistent with ablation, melting, abrasion and mixing of the SiOx aerogel with crystalline Fe-sulfide and minor enstatite, high-Ni sulfide and augite identified by elemental mapping in the terminal particle. Thus, GEMS-like objects in "caches" of fine-grained debris abutting terminal particles are most likely deceleration debris packed in place during particle transit through the aerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Ishii
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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12
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Hoppe P, Rubin M, Altwegg K. Presolar Isotopic Signatures in Meteorites and Comets: New Insights from the Rosetta Mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2018; 214:106. [PMID: 37265997 PMCID: PMC10229468 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Comets are considered the most primitive planetary bodies in our Solar System, i.e., they should have best preserved the solid components of the matter from which our Solar System formed. ESA's recent Rosetta mission to Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG) has provided a wealth of isotope data which expanded the existing data sets on isotopic compositions of comets considerably. In this paper we review our current knowledge on the isotopic compositions of H, C, N, O, Si, S, Ar, and Xe in primitive Solar System materials studied in terrestrial laboratories and how the Rosetta data acquired with the ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Sensor for Ion and Neutral Analysis) and COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer) mass spectrometer fit into this picture. The H, Si, S, and Xe isotope data of comet 67P/CG suggest that this comet might be particularly primitive and might have preserved large amounts of unprocessed presolar matter. We address the question whether the refractory Si component of 67P/CG contains a presolar isotopic fingerprint from a nearby Type II supernova (SN) and discuss to which extent C and O isotope anomalies originating from presolar grains should be observable in dust from 67P/CG. Finally, we explore whether the isotopic fingerprint of a potential late SN contribution to the formation site of 67P/CG in the solar nebula can be seen in the volatile component of 67P/CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoppe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Rubin
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Altwegg
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Ishii HA, Bradley JP, Bechtel HA, Brownlee DE, Bustillo KC, Ciston J, Cuzzi JN, Floss C, Joswiak DJ. Multiple generations of grain aggregation in different environments preceded solar system body formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6608-6613. [PMID: 29891720 PMCID: PMC6042113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720167115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The solar system formed from interstellar dust and gas in a molecular cloud. Astronomical observations show that typical interstellar dust consists of amorphous (a-) silicate and organic carbon. Bona fide physical samples for laboratory studies would yield unprecedented insight about solar system formation, but they were largely destroyed. The most likely repositories of surviving presolar dust are the least altered extraterrestrial materials, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) with probable cometary origins. Cometary IDPs contain abundant submicron a-silicate grains called GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides), believed to be carbon-free. Some have detectable isotopically anomalous a-silicate components from other stars, proving they are preserved dust inherited from the interstellar medium. However, it is debated whether the majority of GEMS predate the solar system or formed in the solar nebula by condensation of high-temperature (>1,300 K) gas. Here, we map IDP compositions with single nanometer-scale resolution and find that GEMS contain organic carbon. Mapping reveals two generations of grain aggregation, the key process in growth from dust grains to planetesimals, mediated by carbon. GEMS grains, some with a-silicate subgrains mantled by organic carbon, comprise the earliest generation of aggregates. These aggregates (and other grains) are encapsulated in lower-density organic carbon matrix, indicating a second generation of aggregation. Since this organic carbon thermally decomposes above ∼450 K, GEMS cannot have accreted in the hot solar nebula, and formed, instead, in the cold presolar molecular cloud and/or outer protoplanetary disk. We suggest that GEMS are consistent with surviving interstellar dust, condensed in situ, and cycled through multiple molecular clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Ishii
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822;
| | - John P Bradley
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Donald E Brownlee
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Christine Floss
- Laboratory for Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - David J Joswiak
- Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Wooden DH, Ishii HA, Zolensky ME. Cometary dust: the diversity of primitive refractory grains. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:20160260. [PMID: 28554979 PMCID: PMC5454228 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Comet dust is primitive and shows significant diversity. Our knowledge of the properties of primitive cometary particles has expanded significantly through microscale investigations of cosmic dust samples (anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), chondritic porous (CP) IDPs and UltraCarbonaceous Antarctic micrometeorites, Stardust and Rosetta), as well as through remote sensing (Spitzer IR spectroscopy). Comet dust are aggregate particles of materials unequilibrated at submicrometre scales. We discuss the properties and processes experienced by primitive matter in comets. Primitive particles exhibit a diverse range of: structure and typology; distribution of constituents; concentration and form of carbonaceous and refractory organic matter; Mg- and Fe-contents of the silicate minerals; sulfides; existence/abundance of type II chondrule fragments; high-temperature calcium-aluminium inclusions and ameboid-olivine aggregates; and rarely occurring Mg-carbonates and magnetite, whose explanation requires aqueous alteration on parent bodies. The properties of refractory materials imply there were disc processes that resulted in different comets having particular selections of primitive materials. The diversity of primitive particles has implications for the diversity of materials in the protoplanetary disc present at the time and in the region where the comets formed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Cometary science after Rosetta'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Wooden
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-0001, USA
| | - H A Ishii
- University of Hawaii, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - M E Zolensky
- NASA Johnson Space Center, ARES, X12 2010 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058-3607, USA
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15
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Amari S. Nucleosynthetic Signatures in Presolar SiC and Graphite Grains. JPS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 2016; 14:010303. [PMID: 30740603 PMCID: PMC6364310 DOI: 10.7566/jpscp.14.010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Presolar SiC and graphite grains are the grain types whose isotopic signatures have been extensively studied. Isotopic compositions of light and intermediate elements in single grains have been analyzed mostly using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Detailed information about nucleosynthetic conditions can be obtained from isotopic compositions of heavy elements. Isotopic compositions of heavy elements in SiC and graphite grains have been analyzed using resonant ionization mass spectrometry. Analyses of heavy elements and noble gases are likely to produce new insights into presolar grains using newly-developed instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Amari
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences and Physics Department, Washington University St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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16
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Wirtz T, Philipp P, Audinot JN, Dowsett D, Eswara S. High-resolution high-sensitivity elemental imaging by secondary ion mass spectrometry: from traditional 2D and 3D imaging to correlative microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:434001. [PMID: 26436905 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/43/434001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) constitutes an extremely sensitive technique for imaging surfaces in 2D and 3D. Apart from its excellent sensitivity and high lateral resolution (50 nm on state-of-the-art SIMS instruments), advantages of SIMS include high dynamic range and the ability to differentiate between isotopes. This paper first reviews the underlying principles of SIMS as well as the performance and applications of 2D and 3D SIMS elemental imaging. The prospects for further improving the capabilities of SIMS imaging are discussed. The lateral resolution in SIMS imaging when using the microprobe mode is limited by (i) the ion probe size, which is dependent on the brightness of the primary ion source, the quality of the optics of the primary ion column and the electric fields in the near sample region used to extract secondary ions; (ii) the sensitivity of the analysis as a reasonable secondary ion signal, which must be detected from very tiny voxel sizes and thus from a very limited number of sputtered atoms; and (iii) the physical dimensions of the collision cascade determining the origin of the sputtered ions with respect to the impact site of the incident primary ion probe. One interesting prospect is the use of SIMS-based correlative microscopy. In this approach SIMS is combined with various high-resolution microscopy techniques, so that elemental/chemical information at the highest sensitivity can be obtained with SIMS, while excellent spatial resolution is provided by overlaying the SIMS images with high-resolution images obtained by these microscopy techniques. Examples of this approach are given by presenting in situ combinations of SIMS with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), helium ion microscopy (HIM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wirtz
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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17
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Xu Y, Zinner E, Gallino R, Heger A, Pignatari M, Lin Y. SULFUR ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF SUBMICROMETER SiC GRAINS FROM THE MURCHISON METEORITE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Amari S. Recent Progress in Presolar Grain Studies. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2014; 3:S0042. [PMID: 26819886 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Presolar grains are stardust that condensed in stellar outflows or stellar ejecta, and was incorporated in meteorites. They remain mostly intact throughout the journey from stars to the earth, keeping information of their birthplaces. Studies of presolar grains, which started in 1987, have produced a wealth of information about nucleosynthesis in stars, mixing in stellar ejecta, and temporal variations of isotopic and elemental abundances in the Galaxy. Recent instrumental advancements in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) brought about the identification of presolar silicate grains. Isotopic and mineralogical investigations of sub-μm grains have been performed using a combination of SIMS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) techniques. Two instruments have been developed to study even smaller grains (∼50 nm) and measure isotopes and elements of lower abundances than those in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Amari
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences and the Physics Department, Washington University
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19
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Jiang H, Favaro E, Goulbourne CN, Rakowska PD, Hughes GM, Ryadnov MG, Fong LG, Young SG, Ferguson DJP, Harris AL, Grovenor CRM. Stable isotope imaging of biological samples with high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and complementary techniques. Methods 2014; 68:317-24. [PMID: 24556558 PMCID: PMC4222523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable isotopes are ideal labels for studying biological processes because they have little or no effect on the biochemical properties of target molecules. The NanoSIMS is a tool that can image the distribution of stable isotope labels with up to 50 nm spatial resolution and with good quantitation. This combination of features has enabled several groups to undertake significant experiments on biological problems in the last decade. Combining the NanoSIMS with other imaging techniques also enables us to obtain not only chemical information but also the structural information needed to understand biological processes. This article describes the methodologies that we have developed to correlate atomic force microscopy and backscattered electron imaging with NanoSIMS experiments to illustrate the imaging of stable isotopes at molecular, cellular, and tissue scales. Our studies make it possible to address 3 biological problems: (1) the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes; (2) glutamine metabolism in cancer cells; and (3) lipoprotein interactions in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Materials Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - E Favaro
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - C N Goulbourne
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - P D Rakowska
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - G M Hughes
- Materials Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - M G Ryadnov
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - D J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A L Harris
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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20
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Bromley ST, Goumans TPM, Herbst E, Jones AP, Slater B. Challenges in modelling the reaction chemistry of interstellar dust. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18623-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Chew YV, Holmes AJ, Cliff JB. Visualization of metabolic properties of bacterial cells using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1096:133-146. [PMID: 24515366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-712-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
NanoSIMS combines high-resolution imaging and mass spectrometry with simultaneous collection of up to seven different masses, providing an invaluable technique for determining the isotopic and elemental composition in microscopic target samples. It has been used in varying fields, from studying the elemental composition of mineral samples to tracking cell uptake of isotope-labelled substrates. In combination with in situ hybridization techniques, NanoSIMS offers a powerful method of linking metabolic capacity to phylogenetic identity in cell samples. Here, we describe methods and considerations for microbial sample preparation, visualization, and analysis using NanoSIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Vee Chew
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Goumans TPM, Bromley ST. Stardust silicate nucleation kick-started by SiO+TiO₂. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20110580. [PMID: 23734047 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dust particles are quintessential for the chemical evolution of the Universe. Dust nucleates in stellar outflows of dying stars and subsequently travels through the interstellar medium, continuously evolving via energetic processing, collisions and condensation. Finally, dust particles are incorporated in the next-generation star or its surrounding planetary system. In oxygen-rich stellar outflows, silicates are observed in the condensation zone (1200-1000 K), but, in spite of several decades of experimental and theoretical study, the stardust nucleation process remains poorly understood. We have previously shown that under these conditions ternary Mg-Si-O clusters may start forming at high enough rates from SiO, Mg and H₂O through heteromolecular association processes. In this reaction scheme, none of the possible initial association reactions was thermodynamically favourable owing to the large entropy loss at these temperatures. Here, we follow a previous idea that the incorporation of TiO₂ could help to initiate stardust nucleation. In contrast to these studies, we find that there is no need for TiO₂ cluster seeds-instead, one molecule of TiO₂ is sufficient to kick-start the subsequent nucleation of a silicate dust particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P M Goumans
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
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23
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Abstract
Tiny dust grains extracted from primitive meteorites are identified to have originated in the atmospheres of stars on the basis of their anomalous isotopic compositions. Although isotopic analysis with the ion microprobe plays a major role in the laboratory analysis of these stardust grains, many other microanalytical techniques are applied to extract the maximum amount of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Zinner
- Laboratory for Space Sciences and the Physics Department, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.
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24
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Ireland TR. Invited review article: Recent developments in isotope-ratio mass spectrometry for geochemistry and cosmochemistry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:011101. [PMID: 23387630 DOI: 10.1063/1.4765055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is fundamental to measurements of isotope ratios for applications in isotope geochemistry, geochronology, and cosmochemistry. Magnetic-sector mass spectrometers are most common because these provide the best precision in isotope ratio measurements. Where the highest precision is desired, chemical separation followed by mass spectrometric analysis is carried out with gas (noble gas and stable isotope mass spectrometry), liquid (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), or solid (thermal ionization mass spectrometry) samples. Developments in in situ analysis, including ion microprobes and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, have opened up issues concerning homogeneity according to domain size, and allow ever smaller amounts of material to be analyzed. While mass spectrometry is built solidly on developments in the 20th century, there are new technologies that will push the limits in terms of precision, accuracy, and sample efficiency. Developments of new instruments based on time-of-flight mass spectrometers could open up the ultimate levels of sensitivity per sample atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ireland
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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25
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Thiemens MH, Chakraborty S, Dominguez G. The Physical Chemistry of Mass-Independent Isotope Effects and Their Observation in Nature. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2012; 63:155-77. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the physical chemistry of isotope effects and precise measurements in samples from nature have provided information on processes that could not have been obtained otherwise. With the discovery of a mass-independent isotopic fractionation during the formation of ozone, a new physical chemical basis for isotope effects required development. Combined theoretical and experimental developments have broadened this understanding and extended the range of chemical systems where these unique effects occur. Simultaneously, the application of mass-independent isotopic measurements to an extensive range of both terrestrial and extraterrestrial systems has furthered the understanding of events such as solar system origin and evolution and planetary atmospheric chemistry, present and past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;,
| | - Subrata Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;,
| | - Gerardo Dominguez
- Department of Physics, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096
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26
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Polerecky L, Adam B, Milucka J, Musat N, Vagner T, Kuypers MMM. Look@NanoSIMS--a tool for the analysis of nanoSIMS data in environmental microbiology. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1009-23. [PMID: 22221878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe an open-source freeware programme for high throughput analysis of nanoSIMS (nanometre-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry) data. The programme implements basic data processing and analytical functions, including display and drift-corrected accumulation of scanned planes, interactive and semi-automated definition of regions of interest (ROIs), and export of the ROIs' elemental and isotopic composition in graphical and text-based formats. Additionally, the programme offers new functions that were custom-designed to address the needs of environmental microbiologists. Specifically, it allows manual and automated classification of ROIs based on the information that is derived either from the nanoSIMS dataset itself (e.g. from labelling achieved by halogen in situ hybridization) or is provided externally (e.g. as a fluorescence in situ hybridization image). Moreover, by implementing post-processing routines coupled to built-in statistical tools, the programme allows rapid synthesis and comparative analysis of results from many different datasets. After validation of the programme, we illustrate how these new processing and analytical functions increase flexibility, efficiency and depth of the nanoSIMS data analysis. Through its custom-made and open-source design, the programme provides an efficient, reliable and easily expandable tool that can help a growing community of environmental microbiologists and researchers from other disciplines process and analyse their nanoSIMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubos Polerecky
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
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27
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Cosmochemical evidence for astrophysical processes during the formation of our solar system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19152-8. [PMID: 22106251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the laboratory study of ancient solar system materials such as meteorites and comet dust, we can recognize evidence for the same star-formation processes in our own solar system as those that we can observe now through telescopes in nearby star-forming regions. High temperature grains formed in the innermost region of the solar system ended up much farther out in the solar system, not only the asteroid belt but even in the comet accretion region, suggesting a huge and efficient process of mass transport. Bi-polar outflows, turbulent diffusion, and marginal gravitational instability are the likely mechanisms for this transport. The presence of short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system, especially (60)Fe, (26)Al, and (41)Ca, requires a nearby supernova shortly before our solar system was formed, suggesting that the Sun was formed in a massive star-forming region similar to Orion or Carina. Solar system formation may have been "triggered" by ionizing radiation originating from massive O and B stars at the center of an expanding HII bubble, one of which may have later provided the supernova source for the short-lived radionuclides. Alternatively, a supernova shock wave may have simultaneously triggered the collapse and injected the short-lived radionuclides. Because the Sun formed in a region where many other stars were forming more or less contemporaneously, the bi-polar outflows from all such stars enriched the local region in interstellar silicate and oxide dust. This may explain several observed anomalies in the meteorite record: a near absence of detectable (no extreme isotopic properties) presolar silicate grains and a dichotomy in the isotope record between (26)Al and nucleosynthetic (nonradiogenic) anomalies.
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Abstract
Primitive meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, and comets contain dust grains that formed around stars that lived their lives before the solar system formed. These remarkable objects have been intensively studied since their discovery a little over twenty years ago and they provide samples of other stars that can be studied in the laboratory in exquisite detail with modern analytical tools. The properties of stardust grains are used to constrain models of nucleosynthesis in red giant stars and supernovae, the dominant sources of dust grains that are recycled into the interstellar medium by stars.
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Moore KL, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Grovenor CRM. Elemental imaging at the nanoscale: NanoSIMS and complementary techniques for element localisation in plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:3263-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have led to revolutionary discoveries in cosmochemistry. Instrumental advances have been made along two lines: (i) increase in spatial resolution and sensitivity of detection, allowing for the study of increasingly smaller samples, and (ii) increase in the precision of isotopic analysis that allows more precise dating, the study of isotopic heterogeneity in the Solar System, and other studies. A variety of instrumental techniques are discussed, and important examples of discoveries are listed. Instrumental techniques and instruments include the ion microprobe, laser ablation gas MS, Auger EM, resonance ionization MS, accelerator MS, transmission EM, focused ion-beam microscopy, atom probe tomography, X-ray absorption near-edge structure/electron loss near-edge spectroscopy, Raman microprobe, NMR spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma MS.
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Holzapfel C, Soldera F, Vollmer C, Hoppe P, Mücklich F. TEM foil preparation of sub-micrometre sized individual grains by focused ion beam technique. J Microsc 2009; 235:59-66. [PMID: 19566627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of presolar silicate grains provides new knowledge on interstellar and circumstellar environments and can be used to test models of the Galactic chemical evolution. However, structural information of these grains is rare because sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy is very difficult due to the small dimensions of these grains (<0.5 mum). With the use of the focused ion beam technique thin foils from these grains for transmission electron microscopy analysis can be prepared. Nevertheless, reaching the required precision of some tens of nanometres for the preparation of the transmission electron microscopy foil in the place of interest is not trivial. Furthermore, in the current samples, the grain of interest can only be identified by its different isotopic composition; i.e. there is no contrast difference in scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy images which allow the identification of the grain. Therefore, the grain has to be marked in some way before preparing the transmission electron microscopy foil. In the present paper, a method for transmission electron microscopy foil preparation of grains about 200 to 400 nm in diameter is presented. The method utilizes marking of the grain by Pt deposition and milling of holes to aid in the exact orientation of the transmission electron microscopy foil with respect to the grain. The proposed method will be explained in detail by using an example grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Holzapfel
- Department Materials Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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33
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Ishii HA, Bradley JP, Dai ZR, Chi M, Kearsley AT, Burchell MJ, Browning ND, Molster F. Comparison of comet 81P/Wild 2 dust with interplanetary dust from comets. Science 2008; 319:447-50. [PMID: 18218892 DOI: 10.1126/science.1150683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Stardust mission returned the first sample of a known outer solar system body, comet 81P/Wild 2, to Earth. The sample was expected to resemble chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles because many, and possibly all, such particles are derived from comets. Here, we report that the most abundant and most recognizable silicate materials in chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles appear to be absent from the returned sample, indicating that indigenous outer nebula material is probably rare in 81P/Wild 2. Instead, the sample resembles chondritic meteorites from the asteroid belt, composed mostly of inner solar nebula materials. This surprising finding emphasizes the petrogenetic continuum between comets and asteroids and elevates the astrophysical importance of stratospheric chondritic porous interplanetary dust particles as a precious source of the most cosmically primitive astromaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Ishii
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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34
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Li T, Wu TD, Mazéas L, Toffin L, Guerquin-Kern JL, Leblon G, Bouchez T. Simultaneous analysis of microbial identity and function using NanoSIMS. Environ Microbiol 2007; 10:580-8. [PMID: 18028417 PMCID: PMC2253709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the function of uncultured microbes in their environments today remains one of the main challenges for microbial ecologists. In this article, we describe a new method allowing simultaneous analysis of microbial identity and function. This method is based on the visualization of oligonucleotide probe-conferred hybridization signal in single microbial cells and isotopic measurement using high-resolution ion microprobe (NanoSIMS). In order to characterize the potential of the method, an oligonucleotide containing iodized cytidine was hybridized on fixed cells of Escherichia coli cultured on media containing different levels of 13C or 15N. Iodine signals could clearly be localized on targeted cells and the isotopic enrichment could be monitored at the single-cell level. The applicability of this new technique to the study of in situ ecophysiology of uncultured microorganisms within complex microbial communities is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlun Li
- Cemagref, Unité de Recherche Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, Parc de Tourvoie, BP 44, 92163 Antony Cedex, France
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35
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Lechene C, Hillion F, McMahon G, Benson D, Kleinfeld AM, Kampf JP, Distel D, Luyten Y, Bonventre J, Hentschel D, Park KM, Ito S, Schwartz M, Benichou G, Slodzian G. High-resolution quantitative imaging of mammalian and bacterial cells using stable isotope mass spectrometry. J Biol 2007; 5:20. [PMID: 17010211 PMCID: PMC1781526 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is an important tool for investigating isotopic composition in the chemical and materials sciences, but its use in biology has been limited by technical considerations. Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS), which combines a new generation of SIMS instrument with sophisticated ion optics, labeling with stable isotopes, and quantitative image-analysis software, was developed to study biological materials. Results The new instrument allows the production of mass images of high lateral resolution (down to 33 nm), as well as the counting or imaging of several isotopes simultaneously. As MIMS can distinguish between ions of very similar mass, such as 12C15N- and 13C14N-, it enables the precise and reproducible measurement of isotope ratios, and thus of the levels of enrichment in specific isotopic labels, within volumes of less than a cubic micrometer. The sensitivity of MIMS is at least 1,000 times that of 14C autoradiography. The depth resolution can be smaller than 1 nm because only a few atomic layers are needed to create an atomic mass image. We illustrate the use of MIMS to image unlabeled mammalian cultured cells and tissue sections; to analyze fatty-acid transport in adipocyte lipid droplets using 13C-oleic acid; to examine nitrogen fixation in bacteria using 15N gaseous nitrogen; to measure levels of protein renewal in the cochlea and in post-ischemic kidney cells using 15N-leucine; to study DNA and RNA co-distribution and uridine incorporation in the nucleolus using 15N-uridine and 81Br of bromodeoxyuridine or 14C-thymidine; to reveal domains in cultured endothelial cells using the native isotopes 12C, 16O, 14N and 31P; and to track a few 15N-labeled donor spleen cells in the lymph nodes of the host mouse. Conclusion MIMS makes it possible for the first time to both image and quantify molecules labeled with stable or radioactive isotopes within subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lechene
- National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francois Hillion
- Cameca, 29 Quai des Gresillons, 92622 Gennevilliers Cedex, France
| | - Greg McMahon
- National Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Alan M Kleinfeld
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - J Patrick Kampf
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Daniel Distel
- Ocean Genome Legacy Foundation, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Yvette Luyten
- Ocean Genome Legacy Foundation, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Joseph Bonventre
- Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dirk Hentschel
- Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Harvard Medical School and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susumu Ito
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Harvard Medical School and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Georges Slodzian
- Universite Paris-Sud, Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse, 91406 Orsay, France
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Herrmann AM, Clode PL, Fletcher IR, Nunan N, Stockdale EA, O'Donnell AG, Murphy DV. A novel method for the study of the biophysical interface in soils using nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:29-34. [PMID: 17131465 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial location of microorganisms and their activity within the soil matrix have major impacts on biological processes such as nutrient cycling. However, characterizing the biophysical interface in soils is hampered by a lack of techniques at relevant scales. A novel method for studying the distribution of microorganisms that have incorporated isotopically labelled substrate ('active' microorganisms) in relation to the soil microbial habitat is provided by nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Pseudomonas fluorescens are ubiquitous in soil and were therefore used as a model for 'active' microorganisms in soil. Batch cultures (NCTC 10038) were grown in a minimal salt medium containing 15N-ammonium sulphate (15/14N ratio of 1.174), added to quartz-based white sand or soil (coarse textured sand), embedded in Araldite 502 resin and sectioned for NanoSIMS analysis. The 15N-enriched P. fluorescens could be identified within the soil structure, demonstrating that the NanoSIMS technique enables the study of spatial location of microbial activity in relation to the heterogeneous soil matrix. This technique is complementary to the existing techniques of digital imaging analysis of soil thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. Together with advanced computer-aided tomography of soils and mathematical modelling of soil heterogeneity, NanoSIMS may be a powerful tool for studying physical and biological interactions, thereby furthering our understanding of the biophysical interface in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Herrmann
- School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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37
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Zolensky ME, Zega TJ, Yano H, Wirick S, Westphal AJ, Weisberg MK, Weber I, Warren JL, Velbel MA, Tsuchiyama A, Tsou P, Toppani A, Tomioka N, Tomeoka K, Teslich N, Taheri M, Susini J, Stroud R, Stephan T, Stadermann FJ, Snead CJ, Simon SB, Simionovici A, See TH, Robert F, Rietmeijer FJM, Rao W, Perronnet MC, Papanastassiou DA, Okudaira K, Ohsumi K, Ohnishi I, Nakamura-Messenger K, Nakamura T, Mostefaoui S, Mikouchi T, Meibom A, Matrajt G, Marcus MA, Leroux H, Lemelle L, Le L, Lanzirotti A, Langenhorst F, Krot AN, Keller LP, Kearsley AT, Joswiak D, Jacob D, Ishii H, Harvey R, Hagiya K, Grossman L, Grossman JN, Graham GA, Gounelle M, Gillet P, Genge MJ, Flynn G, Ferroir T, Fallon S, Fakra S, Ebel DS, Dai ZR, Cordier P, Clark B, Chi M, Butterworth AL, Brownlee DE, Bridges JC, Brennan S, Brearley A, Bradley JP, Bleuet P, Bland PA, Bastien R. Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/Wild 2 nucleus samples. Science 2006; 314:1735-9. [PMID: 17170295 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Zolensky
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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38
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Characterization of ultralow-energy implants and towards the analysis of three-dimensional dopant distributions using three-dimensional atom-probe tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1116/1.2141621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Michel Monnin M. Prof. Robert M. Walker, a great scientist, a great man. RADIAT MEAS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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El Amri C, Maurel MC, Sagon G, Baron MH. The micro-distribution of carbonaceous matter in the Murchison meteorite as investigated by Raman imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 61:2049-56. [PMID: 15911391 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbonaceous Murchison chondrite is one of the most studied meteorites. It is considered to be an astrobiology standard for detection of extraterrestrial organic matter. Considerable work has been done to resolve the elemental composition of this meteorite. Raman spectroscopy is a very suitable technique for non-destructive rapid in situ analyses to establish the spatial distribution of carbonaceous matter. This report demonstrates that Raman cartography at a resolution of 1 microm2 can be performed. Two-dimensional distribution of graphitised carbon, amorphous carbonaceous matter and minerals were obtained on 100 microm2 maps. Maps of the surface of native stones and of a powdered sample are compared. Graphitic and amorphous carbonaceous domains are found to be highly overlapping in all tested areas at the surface of the meteorite and in its interior as well. Pyroxene, olivine and iron oxide grains are embedded into this mixed carbonaceous material. The results show that every mineral grain with a size of less than a few microm2 is encased in a thin carbonaceous matrix, which accounts for only 2.5 wt.%. This interstitial matter sticks together isolated mineral crystallites or concretions, including only very few individualized graphitised grains. Grinding separates the mineral particles but most of them retain their carbonaceous coating. This Raman study complements recent findings deduced from other spatial analyses performed by microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionisation mass spectrometry (microL2MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazade El Amri
- Laboratoire de Bioactivation des Peptides, Institut Jacques-Monod, Université Paris VI, tour 43, 2, place Jussieu, Paris Cedex 75251, France
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41
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Abstract
An interplanetary dust particle contains a submicrometer crystalline silicate aggregate of probable supernova origin. The grain has a pronounced enrichment in 18O/16O (13 times the solar value) and depletions in 17O/16O (one-third solar) and 29Si/28Si (<0.8 times solar), indicative of formation from a type II supernova. The aggregate contains olivine (forsterite 83) grains <100 nanometers in size, with microstructures that are consistent with minimal thermal alteration. This unusually iron-rich olivine grain could have formed by equilibrium condensation from cooling supernova ejecta if several different nucleosynthetic zones mixed in the proper proportions. The supernova grain is also partially encased in nitrogen-15-rich organic matter that likely formed in a presolar cold molecular cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Messenger
- Mail Code KR, Robert M. Walker Laboratory for Space Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
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42
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Lipschutz ME, Wolf SF, Culp FB, Hanchar JM. Geochemical and Cosmochemical Materials. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3717-36. [PMID: 15952753 DOI: 10.1021/ac050566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Lipschutz
- Department of Chemistry, Wetherill Laboratory, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2038, USA.
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43
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Hashizume K, Chaussidon M. A non-terrestrial 16O-rich isotopic composition for the protosolar nebula. Nature 2005; 434:619-22. [PMID: 15800617 DOI: 10.1038/nature03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery in primitive components of meteorites of large oxygen isotopic variations that could not be attributed to mass-dependent fractionation effects has raised a fundamental question: what is the composition of the protosolar gas from which the host grains formed? This composition is probably preserved in the outer layers of the Sun, but the resolution of astronomical spectroscopic measurements is still too poor to be useful for comparison with planetary material. Here we report a precise determination of the oxygen isotopic composition of the solar wind from particles implanted in the outer hundreds of nanometres of metallic grains in the lunar regolith. These layers of the grains are enriched in 16O by >20 +/- 4 per thousand relative to the Earth, Mars and bulk meteorites, which implies the existence in the solar accretion disk of reactions--as yet unknown--that were able to change the 17O/16O and 18O/16O ratios in a way that was not dependent strictly on the mass of the isotope. Photochemical self-shielding of the CO gas irradiated by ultraviolet light may be one of these key processes, because it depends on the abundance of the isotopes, rather than their masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Hashizume
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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44
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Galli Marxer C, Kraft ML, Weber PK, Hutcheon ID, Boxer SG. Supported membrane composition analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry with high lateral resolution. Biophys J 2005; 88:2965-75. [PMID: 15695628 PMCID: PMC1305390 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.057257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral organization of lipid components within membranes is usually investigated with fluorescence microscopy, which, though highly sensitive, introduces bulky fluorophores that might alter the behavior of the components they label. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy performed with a NanoSIMS 50 instrument also provides high lateral resolution and sensitivity, and many species can be observed in parallel without the use of bulky labels. A tightly focused beam (approximately 100 nm) of Cs ions is scanned across a sample, and up to five of the resulting small negative secondary ions can be simultaneously analyzed by a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Thin layers of (15)N- and (19)F-labeled proteins were microcontact-printed on an oxidized silicon substrate and imaged using the NanoSIMS 50, demonstrating the sensitivity and selectivity of this approach. Supported lipid bilayers were assembled on an oxidized silicon substrate, then flash-frozen and freeze-dried to preserve their lateral organization. Lipid bilayers were analyzed with the NanoSIMS 50, where the identity of each specific lipid was determined through detection of its unique secondary ions, including (12)C(1)H(-), (12)C(2)H(-), (13)C(-), (12)C(14)N(-), and (12)C(15)N(-). Steps toward obtaining quantitative composition analysis of lipid membranes that varied spatially in isotopic composition are presented. This approach has the potential to provide a composition-specific analysis of membrane organization that compliments other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Galli Marxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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45
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Bradley J, Dai ZR, Erni R, Browning N, Graham G, Weber P, Smith J, Hutcheon I, Ishii H, Bajt S, Floss C, Stadermann F, Sandford S. An Astronomical 2175 Å Feature in Interplanetary Dust Particles. Science 2005; 307:244-7. [PMID: 15653501 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The 2175 angstrom extinction feature is the strongest (visible-ultraviolet) spectral signature of dust in the interstellar medium. Forty years after its discovery, the origin of the feature and the nature of the carrier(s) remain controversial. Using a transmission electron microscope, we detected a 5.7-electron volt (2175 angstrom) feature in interstellar grains embedded within interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). The carriers are organic carbon and amorphous silicates that are abundant in IDPs and in the interstellar medium. These multiple carriers may explain the enigmatic invariant central wavelength and variable bandwidth of the astronomical 2175 angstrom feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bradley
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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46
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Kwok S. The synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds in evolved stars. Nature 2004; 430:985-91. [PMID: 15329712 DOI: 10.1038/nature02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent isotopic analysis of meteorites and interplanetary dust has identified solid-state materials of pre-solar origin. We can now trace the origin of these inorganic grains to the circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars. Moreover, organic (aromatic and aliphatic) compounds have been detected in proto-planetary nebulae and planetary nebulae, which are the descendants of carbon stars. This implies that molecular synthesis is actively happening in the circumstellar environment on timescales as short as several hundred years. The detection of stellar grains in the Solar System suggests that they can survive their journey through the interstellar medium and that they are a major contributor of interstellar grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kwok
- Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, PO Box 23-141, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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47
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Nagashima K, Krot AN, Yurimoto H. Stardust silicates from primitive meteorites. Nature 2004; 428:921-4. [PMID: 15118720 DOI: 10.1038/nature02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primitive chondritic meteorites contain material (presolar grains), at the level of a few parts per million, that predates the formation of our Solar System. Astronomical observations and the chemical composition of the Sun both suggest that silicates must have been the dominant solids in the protoplanetary disk from which the planets of the Solar System formed, but no presolar silicates have been identified in chondrites. Here we report the in situ discovery of presolar silicate grains 0.1-1 microm in size in the matrices of two primitive carbonaceous chondrites. These grains are highly enriched in 17O (delta17O(SMOW) > 100-400 per thousand ), but have solar silicon isotopic compositions within analytical uncertainties, suggesting an origin in an oxygen-rich red giant or an asymptotic giant branch star. The estimated abundance of these presolar silicates (3-30 parts per million) is higher than reported for other types of presolar grains in meteorites, consistent with their ubiquity in the early Solar System, but is about two orders of magnitude lower than their abundance in anhydrous interplanetary dust particles. This result is best explained by the destruction of silicates during high-temperature processing in the solar nebula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Nagashima
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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48
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49
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Abstract
We have discovered nine presolar silicate grains from the carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094. Their anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions indicate formation in the atmospheres of evolved stars. Two grains are identified as pyroxene, two as olivine, one as a glass with embedded metal and sulfides (GEMS), and one as an Al-rich silicate. One grain is enriched in 26Mg, which is attributed to the radioactive decay of 26Al and provides information about mixing processes in the parent star. This discovery opens new means for studying stellar processes and conditions in various solar system environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann N Nguyen
- Laboratory for Space Sciences and the Physics Department, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- A G G M Tielens
- Space Organization of the Netherlands (SRON)-Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
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