Mg2+ regulates cytotoxic functions of NK and CD8 T cells in chronic EBV infection through NKG2D

Associations between ionomic profile and metabolic abnormalities in a murine model of sodium sulfide induced alopecia areata

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disorder marked by non-scarring hair loss, which imposes significant psychosocial stress on patients. To investigate key metabolites and ions involved in AA's pathogenesis, we utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for non-targeted metabolomics and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for ionomics.

Methods

A total of 36 six-week-old Kunming mice were divided into control (n = 12), an AA model (n = 12), and tofacitinib-treated groups (n = 12). A mouse model of AA was established by sodium sulfide (Na2S) induction in both the model and treatment groups, while the treatment group (n = 12) received tofacitinib treatment at a dose of 1 mg/kg. GC-MS was used to determine the metabolic profiling in serum samples, and ICP-MS was applied to assess ionomic changes in the serum samples. Potential metabolites and ions were identified using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Subsequently, MetaboAnalyst 5.0 and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG) were used to map the metabolic pathways. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to identify relationships and potential regulatory interactions between differential metabolites and individual ions.

Results

Metabolomics analysis revealed that D-lactic acid, glycolic acid, linoleic acid, petroselinic acid, and stearic acid are key differential metabolites between the control, AA model, and tofacitinib groups. Pathway analysis highlighted that the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid metabolism are pivotal pathways implicated in the onset and progression of AA. Furthermore, ionomics analysis identified magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and nickel as differential ions among the three groups. The integrated metabolomics and ionomics analysis indicated that linoleic acid, a key differential metabolite according to the KEGG database, shows a positive correlation with phosphorus, vanadium, magnesium, and zinc. Among these, Mg2+ (Mg2+) play a crucial role in modulating CD8+ T cell infiltration, thereby influencing the disease progression in AA.

Conclusion

Tofacitinib inhibits CD8+ T cell infiltration in hair follicles affected by sodium sulfide-induced AA by modulating the linoleic acid metabolism-Mg2+ pathway. Our findings offer new insights and potential avenues for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AA, suggesting that targeting metabolic and ionic pathways could enhance therapeutic outcomes.

The Importance of Vitamin D and Magnesium in Athletes

Vitamin D and magnesium are essential nutrients that play key roles in an athlete's performance, recovery, and overall health. Vitamin D is crucial for bone health (aiding calcium absorption and preventing stress fractures), muscle function (preventing weakness and injury), and reducing respiratory infections. Magnesium is fundamental in muscle function, adenosine triphosphate production for muscle contraction, electrolyte balance, bone strength, and cardiovascular health. The magnesium requirement of healthy adults is estimated at 300-400 mg/day, but there is evidence that athletes may have higher magnesium needs compared to sedentary persons. Magnesium and vitamin D are closely linked-vitamin D aids magnesium absorption, while magnesium is vital for vitamin D synthesis, transport, and activation. Given their importance in athletes, this article explores their functions, interactions, and the effects of deficiencies and supplementation in athletic populations.

Lower Serum Magnesium Is Associated with Mortality in Severe COVID-19: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

Many abnormalities in laboratory tests have been described in severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but most of them probably just reflect the degree of organ dysfunction and are not true risk factors for death. The present study is a secondary analysis of a clinical trial carried out in patients hospitalized due to severe COVID-19 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier No. NCT04443673). We explored the association of clinical laboratory tests and serum cytokines with death in COVID-19 patients, either considering only the initial measurement obtained shortly after the patient's arrival at the emergency room, or by means of the weighted average of all measurements during the entire hospitalization. The study included 56 patients with a mean age of 58.6 years (range from 31.8 to 86.2 years), with a fatality rate of 58.9% (33 patients). Among initial laboratory tests, only mean corpuscular volume (MCV), erythrocyte count, serum magnesium, and age showed a trend (p < 0.10, univariable logistic regression) for an association with a fatal outcome. However, in the multivariable logistic regression, only MCV and magnesium remained associated with death, with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.253 (1.047-1.501, p = 0.014) and 0.091 (0.010-0.798, p = 0.03), respectively. Serum magnesium tended to decrease during the hospital stay in both groups, survivors and non-survivors. Compared with survivors, patients who died had a higher weighted average of urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), procalcitonin, MCV, neutrophils, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, fibrinogen/albumin ratio, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, BUN/albumin ratio, IL-6, and IL-10, as well as decreased weighted average of albumin, lymphocytes, and monocytes, among others. In conclusion, patients with severe COVID-19 who had lower serum magnesium on their arrival at the emergency room were more prone to die. On the other hand, serum magnesium tended to decrease during the patients' hospital stay, independently of the outcome.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04443673.

Human Immune Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Highlighted by Immunodeficiencies

Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) represent unique in natura models that uncover key components of immunity in humans, in particular those that predispose to infections. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most common opportunistic infectious agents in humans and is responsible for several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, nonmalignant and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and smooth muscle and epithelial tumors. For most individuals, EBV infection persists for life without pathological consequences. IEIs that do not predispose to EBV infection suggest that innate and humoral responses are not necessary or redundant for the immune response to EBV. IEIs associated with high susceptibility to EBV infection provide unequivocal genetic proof of the central role of CD8+ T cell responses in immunity to EBV. They also highlight the distinct steps and pathways required for, on the one hand, the effector cytotoxic functions of CD8+ T cells and, on the other hand, the expansion and maturation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.

Manganese-Driven Plasmid Nanofibers Formed In Situ for Cancer Gene Delivery and Metalloimmunotherapy

While nucleic-acid-based cancer vaccines hold therapeutic potential, their limited immunogenicity remains a challenge due in part to the low efficiency of cytoplasmic delivery caused by lysosomal entrapment. In this work, we found that plasmids encoding both an antigen and a STING agonist protein adjuvant can self-assemble into coordination nanofibers, triggered by manganese ions. We developed a strategy to construct a DNA vaccine, termed MnO2-OVA-CDA-mem, formed by the coencapsulation of manganese dioxide (MnO2), an antigen-expressing plasmid (encoding ovalbumin, OVA), and an adjuvant enzyme-expressing plasmid (encoding STING agonist, CDA) within dendritic cell (DC) membranes. Upon uptake into acidic lysosomes, Mn2+ released from MnO2 triggered the nucleic acids to undergo a morphological change from nanospheres (∼180 nm diameter) to nanofibers (∼1 μm length), resulting in an increase in mechanical strength by about 9-fold and consequently lysosomal membrane disruption. The antigen OVA and adjuvants Mn2+ and CDA in the cytoplasm triggered strong DC activation and antigen-specific CD8+ T cell metalloimmune responses, significantly inhibiting the growth of B16-OVA tumors and inducing long-term immune memory. Altogether, MnO2-OVA-CDA-mem holds potential as a platform for nucleic acid antigen and adjuvant delivery using an in situ self-assembly strategy in a metal-driven, stimulus-responsive, and programmable manner for cancer metalloimmunotherapy.

Effects of two different variants in the MAGT1 gene on B cell subsets, platelet function, and cell glycome composition

Introduction

X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and neoplasia (XMEN) disease is caused by hemizygous loss of function (LOF) gene variants in MAGT1. MAGT1 is a plasma membrane transporter of magnesium (Mg2+) that plays a relevant role in immune responses and acts as a second messenger in intracellular signaling, but also it is involved in the glycosylation of proteins. Here we report two gene variants in the MAGT1 gene from two different families with XMEN disease. A de novo variant c.97_98 delinsC affecting one member of one family and three members of a second family presented the hemizygous variant c.80``3G>A, p.Trp268Ter, causing a premature stop codon.

Methods

We performed a functional validation of these two variants in the MAGT1 gene and their association with decreased NKG2D expression, uncontrolled EBV viremia, and the development of lymphoma-associated complications in three members of the same family.

Results

We analyzed the B-cell compartment, we found that the B-cell expansion is driven by immature/transitional (CD5- and CD5+) and naïve B cells. The patients presented normal absolute counts of memory B-cells (MBCs) but with differences between them in the diversity of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) isotype distribution in MBC, and diverse reduction of plasma cells. We also explored the alterations of platelets due to hemorrhagic events and a history of thrombocytopenia in some of our patients. We found diminished TRAP-induced calcium flux, P-selectin and CD63 exposure in XMEN patients, while when platelets from patients were stimulated ADP the results were similar to healthy controls. Finally, we explored the glycosylation pattern in platelets and lymphocytes. Our results suggest that different variants in MAGT1 gene might result in different effects on NK cells and platelet glycome composition.

Discussion

Here, we report the two different outcomes regarding EBV-driven lymphoproliferative complications, the family with three members affected that developed the malignant lymphoproliferative complications before XMEN diagnosis, and the patient with early diagnose of MAGT1 deficiency due to EBV viremia. As a recommendation, XMEN disease should be ruled out in males with impaired clearance of EBV-infection and EBV-driven lymphoproliferative complications.

Magnesium and Migraine

Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years, and the second cause of disability for adults aged 20-59 years. Magnesium deficiency is also a very common condition resulting from diverse reasons, including insufficient dietary consumption or increased loss through the gastrointestinal or renal system. Accumulated evidence from case reports, case-control studies, observational studies, and randomized, placebo-controlled trials has shown the effectiveness of magnesium supplementation in alleviating migraine, both acutely and chronically. Mechanisms that may help explain these results include the potential link between magnesium deficit and spreading cortical depression, vascular changes, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, nervous excitation, neurotransmitter release, and electrolyte imbalances. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the links between magnesium and migraine, considering the role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of migraine and the utility of magnesium in its prevention and treatment.

Unveiling the prognostic significance of RNA editing-related genes in colon cancer: evidence from bioinformatics and experiment

BACKGROUND

RNA editing is recognized as a crucial factor in cancer biology. Its potential application in predicting the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains unexplored.

METHODS

RNA editing data of COAD patients were downloaded from the Synapse database. LASSO regression was used to construct the risk model and verified by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to delineate the biological significance of the differentially expressed genes. Finally, differential analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to verify the expression of adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1).

RESULTS

We evaluated a total of 4079 RNA editing sites in 514 COAD patients from Synapse database. A prognostic signature was constructed based on five genes were significantly associated with the prognosis of COAD patients including GNL3L, NUP43, MAGT1, EMP2, and ARSD. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that RNA editing-related genes (RERGs)-related signature was an independent risk factor for COAD. Moreover, Experimental evidence shows that ADAR1 is highly expressed in colon adenocarcinoma and silencing ADAR1 can inhibit cancer cell proliferation.

CONCLUSION

We established a prognostic model based on five RERGs with strong predictive value. This model not only serves as a foundation for a novel prognostic tool but also facilitates the identification of potential drug candidates for treating COAD.

Biometallic ions and derivatives: a new direction for cancer immunotherapy

Biometallic ions play a crucial role in regulating the immune system. In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has become a breakthrough in cancer treatment, achieving good efficacy in a wide range of cancers with its specificity and durability advantages. However, existing therapies still face challenges, such as immune tolerance and immune escape. Biometallic ions (e.g. zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, etc.) can assist in enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy through the activation of immune cells, enhancement of tumor antigen presentation, and improvement of the tumor microenvironment. In addition, biometallic ions and derivatives can directly inhibit tumor cell progression and offer the possibility of effectively overcoming the limitations of current cancer immunotherapy by promoting immune responses and reducing immunosuppressive signals. This review explores the role and potential application prospects of biometallic ions in cancer immunotherapy, providing new ideas for future clinical application of metal ions as part of cancer immunotherapy and helping to guide the development of more effective and safe therapeutic regimens.

Loss-of-function variant in MAGT1 leading to XMEN disease in a Colombian patient with a common variable immunodeficiency

INTRODUCTION

Common variable immunodeficiency is a diagnosis of exclusion in immunodeficient patients with increased susceptibility to infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, deficient response to vaccination, or low percentages of switched memory B cells. In low- and middle-income countries, the elucidation and study of molecular defects in these patients may take decades.

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the genetic defect conferring impaired immunity in a patient diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The clinical phenotype was extracted from the clinical records. NKG2D expression in natural killer cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The whole exome sequencing was performed in the patient and his parents. Sanger sequencing confirmed the pathogenic variant.

RESULTS

The patient suffered from upper respiratory and urinary tract infections, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hepatopathy. NKG2D was decreased in the different blood subpopulations of natural killer cells. Serologic and viral load studies for Epstein-Barr virus were positive, but no B-cell malignancies have been documented. The patient presented a nonsense variant in the exon 3 of the MAGT1 gen (c.409C>T, rs387906724) in the X chromosome, resulting in an amino acid substitution of arginine for a stop codon in the position 137 of the protein (R137X). The mother also carried the pathogenic variant in a heterozygous state.

CONCLUSIONS

We report the clinical case of the first Colombian male patient with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 associated with XMEN disease. Genetic counseling and followup are recommended for families with similar cases to allow prompt detection of new cases.

Elevated serum magnesium levels prompt favourable outcomes in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint blockers

BACKGROUND

Magnesium deficiency influences the activation and cytotoxicity of immune cells. Nevertheless, whether serum magnesium levels influence the clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) treatment still remains ambiguous. There is an urgent need for clinical research to elucidate the relationship between serum magnesium levels and the outcomes of ICB therapy. Such insights could offer new perspectives on immunotherapy for cancer.

METHODS

A multi-center retrospective study involving in pan-cancer patients treated with ICBs at three large cancer centers from August 2012 to May 2023 was conducted. The primary objective was to assess the correlation between serum magnesium levels and therapeutic response in patients receiving ICBs, and further evaluate the associations between serum magnesium levels and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

A total of 1441 patients treated with ICBs, including 1042 with lung cancer, 270 with esophageal cancer, and 129 with Hodgkin lymphoma, were enrolled in this study. We found that patients with elevated serum magnesium levels exhibited a favourable response to ICBs treatment. The optimal cut-off point for serum magnesium level (0.79 mmol/L) was applied for stratifying patients into distinct groups. In the three tumor cohorts, patients in high magnesium level group (Mg2+ ≥ 0.79 mmol/L) had longer PFS and OS than those in low magnesium level group (Mg2+ < 0.79 mmol/L). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that the serum Mg2+ level serves as an independent prognostic factor for cancer patients receiving ICBs therapy.

CONCLUSION

Our multi-center study demonstrated that among patients receiving ICBs therapy, those with elevated serum magnesium levels exhibit significantly better clinical outcomes than those with low serum magnesium levels. Further prospective validation studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Entry into the lytic cycle exposes EBV-infected cells to NK cell killing via upregulation of the MICB ligand for NKG2D and activation of the CD56bright and NKG2A+KIR+CD56dim subsets

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is usually acquired during infancy as an asymptomatic infection and persists throughout life in a latent state under the control of the host immune system. However, EBV is associated with various malignant diseases that preferentially develop in immunodeficient individuals. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for NK cells, though the mechanisms by which EBV evades or triggers NK cell responses are poorly understood. Here, we generated EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines stably expressing an inducible form of the BZLF1 early lytic viral protein (LCL-Z) to challenge primary NK cells with EBV+ targets in either the latent or lytic phase of infection. We show that entry into the lytic phase results in drastic downregulation of HLA-E but not HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules and in increased expression of ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor, with MICB being upregulated at the cell membrane and released in a soluble form while ULBP2 and ULBP4 accumulate intracellularly. Furthermore, LCL-Z cells are killed by NK cells in an NKG2D-dependent manner and to a much higher extent during the lytic phase, but HLA-class I molecules constrain killing throughout the viral life cycle; unexpectedly, the antibody-mediated block of the inhibitory NKG2A receptor results in reduced lysis of lytic LCL-Z cells that are nearly devoid of the cognate HLA-E ligand. Accordingly, we show that NKG2A+ NK cell subsets, specifically CD56bright and NKG2A+KIR+CD56dim cells, are those that preferentially respond against cells with lytic EBV replication. Overall, these results shed light on NK/EBV+ cell interactions providing new information for improving NK cell-based immunotherapies to treat EBV-induced diseases.

Magnesium depletion score and gout: insights from NHANES data

Objectives

Gout is associated with hyperuricemia, and serum magnesium levels are negatively correlated with uric acid levels. Magnesium intake is also associated with a reduced risk of hyperuricemia. However, the relationship between the magnesium depletion score (MDS), which represents the systemic magnesium status, and gout is unclear. This study was conducted to investigate the association between MDS and gout as well as explore the impact of dietary magnesium intake on this relationship.

Methods

We analyzed 18,039 adults with gout data who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2016. Magnesium deficiency status was assessed using the MDS, a comprehensive scoring tool. Considering the possible effects of dietary magnesium intake, weighted multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses were used to assess the correlation between MDS and gout.

Results

The overall prevalence of gout among adults in the United States between 2007 and 2016 was 4.7%. After adjusting for confounders, MDS and gout risk showed a significant positive correlation. Individuals with an MDS of 2 and ≥ 3 had higher odds of gout than those with an MDS of 0 (MDS = 2, odds ratio: 1.86 [1.18-2.93], p = 0.008; MDS = 3, odds ratio: 2.17 [1.37-3.43], p = 0.001; p for trend <0.001). Dietary magnesium intake did not moderate the correlation between MDS and gout risk.

Conclusion

A positive correlation exists between magnesium deficiency, as quantified using the MDS, and gout risk among adults in the United States. Additionally, dietary magnesium intake did not alter this association.

How Epstein Barr Virus Causes Lymphomas

Since Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) was isolated 60 years ago, it has been studied clinically, epidemiologically, immunologically, and molecularly in the ensuing years. These combined studies allow a broad mechanistic understanding of how this ubiquitous human pathogen which infects more than 90% of adults can rarely cause multiple types of lymphomas. We survey these findings to provide a coherent description of its oncogenesis.

Immunomodulatory metal-based biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy, as an emerging cancer treatment approach, harnesses the patient's own immune system to effectively prevent tumor recurrence or metastasis. However, its clinical application has been significantly hindered by relatively low immune response rates. In recent years, metal-based biomaterials have been extensively studied as effective immunomodulators and potential tools for enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, enabling the reversal of immune suppression without inducing toxic side effects. This review introduces the classification of bioactive metal elements and summarizes their immune regulatory mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the immunomodulatory roles of biomaterials constructed from various metals, including aluminum, manganese, gold, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium, and copper. More importantly, a systematic overview of their applications in enhancing immunotherapy is provided. Finally, the prospects and challenges of metal-based biomaterials with immunomodulatory functions in cancer immunotherapy are outlined.

Next-generation aluminum adjuvants: Immunomodulatory layered double hydroxide NanoAlum reengineered from first-line drugs

Aluminum adjuvants (Alum), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, have been extensively used in vaccines containing recombinant antigens, subunits of pathogens, or toxins for almost a century. While Alums typically elicit strong humoral immune responses, their ability to induce cellular and mucosal immunity is limited. As an alternative, layered double hydroxide (LDH), a widely used antacid, has emerged as a novel class of potent nano-aluminum adjuvants (NanoAlum), demonstrating advantageous physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and adjuvanticity in both humoral and cellular immune responses. In this review, we summarize and compare the advantages and disadvantages of Alum and NanoAlum in these properties and their performance as adjuvants. Moreover, we propose the key features for ideal adjuvants and demonstrate that LDH NanoAlum is a promising candidate by summarizing its current progress in immunotherapeutic cancer treatments. Finally, we conclude the review by offering our integrated perspectives about the remaining challenges and future directions for NanoAlum's application in preclinical/clinical settings.

XMEN-associated Systemic EBV-positive T-cell Lymphoma of Childhood: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review

X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and neoplasia (XMEN) is an extremely rare inborn error of immunity (IEI) caused by X-linked recessive inheritance and loss-of-function mutations in the MAGT1 gene, resulting in magnesium ion channel defects. This article reports 2 cases of systemic EBV-positive T-cell Lymphoma of childhood (SETLC) associated with XMEN, which have not been reported before. Whole exome sequencing (WES) in their family revealed previously unreported MAGT1 gene mutations (c.77T>C, p.I26T; c.956-957del: p.Ser319Tyrfs) inherited from their mothers. These mutations expand the spectrum of gene mutations in XMEN disease. The importance of genetic testing for MAGT1 mutations in the initial diagnosis of SETLC was emphasized. We also review the literature on this uncommon IEI.

Effect of magnesium level before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation on outcome in acute leukemia

This study assessed the effect of serum magnesium levels and their role in the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in acute leukemia. Fifty-four patients with acute leukemia who underwent allo-HSCT were divided into two groups according to their serum magnesium levels before transplantation. The results showed that serum magnesium level is an independent factor influencing the prognosis of patients undergoing allo-HSCT. Low magnesium levels were associated with inferior overall survival and event-free survival compared with the associations of high magnesium levels (HR = 0.149; (95% CI: 0.029-0.755 for overall survival; HR = 0.369; 95% CI: 0.144-0.949, p = 0.039 for event-free survival). The competing risk model showed that the cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease was significantly low in the high magnesium group (p = 0.028). In general, there is a correlation between high magnesium levels and superior outcomes, including less and milder acute graft-versus-host disease, which does not affect cyclosporine-A levels. These findings provide valuable information for identifying the risk of poor prognosis in patients preparing for transplantation.

Mannosylated Fluoropolypeptide Nanovaccines Remodeling Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment to Achieve Highly Potent Cancer Immunotherapy

It is challenging for nanovaccines (NVs) to effectively deliver antigens/neoantigens to prime specifically potent immunities and remodel immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) for combating immune "cold" cancers. Herein, a novel kind of mannosylated fluoropolypeptide NVs of MFPCOFG (i.e., mannosylated fluoropoly(D,L-cysteine) ovalbumin-loaded Fe2+-gallic acid) is designed that synergistically integrates triple antigen-metal-thermoimmunity to remodel immunosuppressive TME and achieve highly potent immunities. MFPCOFG plus near-infrared irradiation (NIR) effectively facilitated antigen uptake and escape, induced the maturation and antigen cross-presentations of dendritic cells and macrophages, polarized anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype M2 into tumoricial M1, primed potent CD4+/CD8+T cells responses, proinflammatory cytokines secretion and immune memory effects, showcasing triple antigen-metal-thermoimmunity outperforming combo/mono-immunity. Importantly, both MFPCOFG + NIR and personalized NVs can remarkably enhance the tumor infiltration of CD4+/CD8+T and NK cells to boost potent immunities and long-lasting memory effects, reduce regulatory T (Tregs) and M2 to remodel immunosuppressive TME in B16-OVA and 4T1 models, achieving superior tumor prevention, ablation, and tumor relapse and metastasis inhibition, as further orchestrated with anti-PD-1. Consequently, this work opens up a new avenue to design biocompatible polypeptide nanovaccines with potent immune-priming and TME-remodeling capabilities, holding great potentials to combat immune "cold" cancers with clinic-used anti-PD-1 for cancer immunotherapy and personalized immunotherapy.

Strategies for the development of metalloimmunotherapies

Metal ions play crucial roles in the regulation of immune pathways. In fact, metallodrugs have a long record of accomplishment as effective treatments for a wide range of diseases. Here we argue that the modulation of interactions of metal ions with molecules and cells involved in the immune system forms the basis of a new class of immunotherapies. By examining how metal ions modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as host-microbiota interactions, we discuss strategies for the development of such metalloimmunotherapies for the treatment of cancer and other immune-related diseases.

Efficacy of NKG2D CAR-T cells with IL-15/IL-15Rα signaling for treating Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-PTLD) is a life-threatening complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT), for which no standard therapeutic means have been developed. Significant increase expression of natural killer group 2 member D ligands (NKG2DLs) was observed on B-lymphoblastoid cells of EBV-PTLD, indicating NKG2DLs as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of EBV-PTLD. In this study, the recombinant constructs of NKG2D CAR and IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR were generated with a retroviral vector and then transduced to human T cells to produce NKG2D CAR-T and IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR-T cells, respectively. B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs) and the xenografted mouse models were established to evaluate the efficacy of these CAR-T cells. IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR-T cells exhibited superior proliferation and antigen-specific cytotoxic effect compared to NKG2D CAR-T, as IL-15/IL-15Rα signaling promoted the expansion of less differentiated central memory T cells (TCM) and increased expression of CD107a and IFN-γ. Moreover, EBV DNA load was dramatically reduced, and 80% B-LCL cells were eliminated by IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR-T cells after co-culturing. In-vivo study confirmed that IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR-T cell therapy significantly enhanced antiviral efficacy in mice, as the serum load of EBV after IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR-T cell infusion was 1500 times lower than the untreated control (P < 0.001). The enhanced efficacy of IL-15/IL-15Rα-NKG2D CAR T cells was probably due to the IL-15/IL-15Rα signaling improved homing and persistence of NKG2D CAR-T cells in vivo, and increased the production of IFN-γ, Perforin, and Granulysin. In conclusion, NKG2D CAR-T cells co-expressing IL-15/IL-15Rα promoted the central memory CAR T cell proliferation and improved the homing and persistence of CAR T cells in vivo, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor and anti-viral effects in treating EBV-PTLD.

HLH and Recurrent EBV Lymphoma as the presenting manifestation of MAGT1 Deficiency: A Systematic Review of the Expanding Disease Spectrum

Magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) gene loss-of-function variants lead to X-linked MAGT1 deficiency with increased susceptibility to EBV infection and N-glycosylation defect (XMEN), a condition with a variety of clinical and immunological effects. In addition, MAGT1 deficiency has been classified as a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) due to its unique role in glycosylation of multiple substrates including NKG2D, necessary for viral protection. Due to the predisposition for EBV, this etiology has been linked with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), however only limited literature exists. Here we present a complex case with HLH and EBV-driven classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) as the presenting manifestation of underlying immune defect. However, the patient's underlying immunodeficiency was not identified until his second recurrence of Hodgkin disease, recurrent episodes of Herpes Zoster, and after he had undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. This rare presentation of HLH and recurrent lymphomas without some of the classical immune deficiency manifestations of MAGT1 deficiency led us to review the literature for similar presentations and to report the evolving spectrum of disease in published literature. Our systematic review showcased that MAGT1 predisposes to multiple viruses (including EBV) and adds risk of viral-driven neoplasia. The roles of MAGT1 in the immune system and glycosylation were highlighted through the multiple organ dysfunction showcased by the previously validated Immune Deficiency and Dysregulation Activity (IDDA2.1) score and CDG-specific Nijmegen Pediatric CDG Rating Scale (NPCRS) score for the patient cohort in the systematic review.

A randomized clinical trial investigating the impact of magnesium supplementation on clinical and biochemical measures in COVID-19 patients

BACKGROUND

This study sought to examine the impact of magnesium supplementation on clinical outcomes and biochemical factors among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

METHODS

This double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted at Razi Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran, between September 2021 and March 2022. Participants aged 18-70 years with moderate disease severity were enrolled. Magnesium supplementation (300 mg daily) was administered to the intervention group, while the control group received a placebo. Clinical outcomes, including the need for oxygen therapy, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, fever, hs-CRP and TNF-α levels, as well as quality of life and mental health, were assessed. Blood samples were collected to measure biochemical variables.

RESULTS

The main result was the count of individuals requiring oxygen therapy. Additional outcomes comprised of oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, fever, hs-CRP and TNF-α levels, as well as quality of life and mental health. Out of 64 participants, 60 completed the study. The results showed that magnesium supplementation significantly reduced the number of patients requiring oxygen therapy (9 vs. 14; P < 0.001). Moreover, the magnesium group demonstrated improved oxygen saturation compared to the control group (4.55 ± 2.35 vs. 1.8 ± 1.67; P < 0.001). Furthermore, we observed a noteworthy enhancement in the quality of life and depression score in the magnesium group. No significant differences were observed in respiratory rate, fever, hs-CRP, and TNF-α levels (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that magnesium supplementation may have beneficial effects on clinical outcomes and arterial oxygen saturation in COVID-19 patients. More investigation is necessary to delve into its potential mechanisms and long-term effects on patient outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study is registered on Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) under identifier IRCT20210413050957N1. (The registration date: May 1, 2021).

Revisiting the immunopathology of congenital disorders of glycosylation: an updated review

Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification that plays a pivotal role in several biological processes, such as the immune response. Alterations in glycosylation can modulate the course of various pathologies, such as the case of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a group of more than 160 rare and complex genetic diseases. Although the link between glycosylation and immune dysfunction has already been recognized, the immune involvement in most CDG remains largely unexplored and poorly understood. In this study, we provide an update on the immune dysfunction and clinical manifestations of the 12 CDG with major immune involvement, organized into 6 categories of inborn errors of immunity according to the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). The immune involvement in phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2)-CDG - the most frequent CDG - was comprehensively reviewed, highlighting a higher prevalence of immune issues during infancy and childhood and in R141H-bearing genotypes. Finally, using PMM2-CDG as a model, we point to links between abnormal glycosylation patterns in host cells and possibly favored interactions with microorganisms that may explain the higher susceptibility to infection. Further characterizing immunopathology and unusual host-pathogen adhesion in CDG can not only improve immunological standards of care but also pave the way for innovative preventive measures and targeted glycan-based therapies that may improve quality of life for people living with CDG.

Hypomagnesemia May Predict Better Survival and Reduced Nonrelapse Mortality in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients

BACKGROUND

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential element that is required as a cofactor for many cellular reactions, including immunologic pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of serum Mg levels on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) outcomes.

METHODS

Medical records of 340 alloHSCT recipients (median age: 45 [18-71] years; M/F: 210/130) were reviewed for this retrospective study. Serum Mg levels on days -28, -7, 0, +7, +14, +21, +30, +60, and +90 were included in the analysis.

RESULTS

Serum Mg+14 levels predicted nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (P = .025) and had a significant impact on the development of mucositis (P = .027), fungal infection (P = .006), engraftment syndrome (P < .001), sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) (P = .001), cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation (P = .039), and acute graft vs host disease (GvHD) (P < .001). Based on the optimal threshold of serum Mg+14 level (1.33 mg/dL; area under the curve: 0.581 [0.515-0.648]; P = .018), the study group was divided into 2 subgroups as low- and high-Mg+14. The incidence of acute GvHD (P = .002), SOS (P = .013), engraftment syndrome (P = .013), CMV reactivation (P = .001), and Epstein Barr virus reactivation (P = .005) was significantly lower in low-Mg+14 group. The probability of overall survival (OS) was significantly better (P = .002), whereas NRM was lower in the low-Mg+14 group (P = .001).

CONCLUSION

Hypomagnesemia seems to provide a considerable advantage for the post-transplant outcome, which may confirm its potential role in the immunologic microenvironment and adaptive immunity.

Magnesium and the Hallmarks of Aging

Magnesium is an essential ion in the human body that regulates numerous physiological and pathological processes. Magnesium deficiency is very common in old age. Age-related chronic diseases and the aging process itself are frequently associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, called 'inflammaging'. Because chronic magnesium insufficiency has been linked to excessive generation of inflammatory markers and free radicals, inducing a chronic inflammatory state, we formerly hypothesized that magnesium inadequacy may be considered among the intermediaries helping us explain the link between inflammaging and aging-associated diseases. We show in this review evidence of the relationship of magnesium with all the hallmarks of aging (genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, disabled autophagy, dysbiosis, and chronic inflammation), which may positively affect the human healthspan. It is feasible to hypothesize that maintaining an optimal balance of magnesium during one's life course may turn out to be a safe and economical strategy contributing to the promotion of healthy aging. Future well-designed studies are necessary to further explore this hypothesis.

Adult-onset neurodegeneration in XMEN disease

BACKGROUND

XMEN (X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and N-linked glycosylation defect) disease results from loss-of-function mutations in MAGT1, a protein that serves as a magnesium transporter and a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. MAGT1 deficiency disrupts N-linked glycosylation, a critical regulator of immune function. XMEN results in recurrent EBV infections and a propensity for EBV-driven malignancies. Although XMEN is recognized as a systemic congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), its neurological involvement is rare and poorly characterized.

CASES

Two young men, ages 32 and 33, are described here with truncating mutations in MAGT1, progressive behavioral changes, and neurodegenerative symptoms. These features manifested well into adulthood. Both patients still presented with many of the molecular and clinical hallmarks of the typical XMEN patient, including chronic EBV viremia and decreased expression of NKG2D.

CONCLUSION

While previously unrecognized, XMEN may include prominent and disabling CNS manifestations. How MAGT1 deficiency directly or indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration remains unclear. Elucidating this mechanism may contribute to the understanding of neurodegeneration more broadly.

Manganese and IL-12 treatment alters the ovarian tumor microenvironment

Metal immunotherapy is a novel adjuvant immunotherapy. Mn2+ can activate STING-a type I IFN response protein-that promotes innate immunity and increases anti-tumor activity by promoting macrophage phagocytosis. IL-12, a cytokine that increases the antigen-presenting ability to promote effector T-cell activation, has potent antitumor activity, albeit with severe adverse effects. In this study, we observed that the combination of Mn2+ and IL-12 has a better antitumor effect and possibly reflects a better safety profile, providing a novel approach and theoretical basis for safe and rapid cancer treatment.

Cytokine Storm Syndromes Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous and predominantly B cell tropic virus. One of the most common viruses to infect humans, EBV, is best known as the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM). Although most people experience asymptomatic infection, EBV is a potent immune stimulus and as such it elicits robust proliferation and activation of the B-lymphocytes it infects as well as the immune cells that respond to infection. In certain individuals, such as those with inherited or acquired defects affecting the immune system, failure to properly control EBV leads to the accumulation of EBV-infected B cells and EBV-reactive immune cells, which together contribute to the development of often life-threatening cytokine storm syndromes (CSS). Here, we review the normal immune response to EBV and discuss several CSS associated with EBV, such as chronic active EBV infection, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Given the critical role for cytokines in driving inflammation and contributing to disease pathogenesis, we also discuss how targeting specific cytokines provides a rational and potentially less toxic treatment for EBV-driven CSS.

Genetics of Primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) constitutes a rare, potentially life-threatening hyperinflammatory immune dysregulation syndrome that can present with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, including fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and abnormal laboratory and immunological findings such as cytopenias, hyperferritinemia, hypofibrinogenemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated blood levels of soluble CD25 (interleukin (IL)-2 receptor α-chain), or diminished natural killer (NK)-cell cytotoxicity (reviewed in detail in Chapter 11 of this book). While HLH can be triggered by an inciting event (e.g., infections), certain monogenic causes have been associated with a significantly elevated risk of development of HLH, or recurrence of HLH in patients who have recovered from their disease episode. These monogenic predisposition syndromes are variably referred to as "familial" (FHL) or "primary" HLH (henceforth referred to as "pHLH") and are the focus of this chapter. Conversely, secondary HLH (sHLH) often occurs in the absence of monogenic etiologies that are commonly associated with pHLH and can be triggered by infections, malignancies, or rheumatological diseases; these triggers and the genetics associated with sHLH are discussed in more detail in other chapters in this book.

Magnesium enhances the graft-versus-tumor effect of donor lymphocytic infusion on hematologic malignancies

Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) cures relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation through the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect. Although the important role of magnesium in enhancing immunity has been mentioned in studies, limited clinical data have explored how magnesium affects the efficacy of DLI. Besides, although laboratory data demonstrate that magnesium can enhance CD8+ T cells effector function, whether magnesium regulates the tumor killing effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remains to be explored. Here, for the retrospective study, we collected clinical data of relapsed patients receiving DLI and explored the relationship between different serum magnesium levels and patient outcomes. For in vitro studies, we investigated the effect of magnesium on the cytotoxicity of DLI cells which were PBMCs and preliminarily explored the mechanism. Eighty-one patients were enrolled in this study. It was found that the high post-DLI magnesium level was significantly associated with a higher incidence of complete remission (CR) or partial remission (CR/PR) and a higher possibility of survival. The magnesium level after DLI was an independent risk factor of overall survival. In vitro studies proved that increased magnesium enhanced the cytotoxic function of PBMCs on hematologic malignancies. Besides, magnesium modulated LFA-1 headpiece opening. When blocking the integrin-ligand interaction between LFA-1 and ICAM-1, the regulation effect of magnesium on PBMCs was weakened. Therefore, it was possible that magnesium regulated PBMCs effector function by stimulating LFA-1. These results show that serum magnesium levels affect immunological responses mediated by donor lymphocytes in hematologic malignancies.

Case report: XMEN disease: a patient with recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma and immune thrombocytopenia

Here we present the case of a 28-year-old man with X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and neoplasia (XMEN) disease. He presented with immune thrombocytopenia within 1 year after successful autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent EBV-associated classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). The combination of EBV- associated malignancy, autoimmunity, recurrent airway infections at young age and bronchiectasis, prompted immunological investigation for an inborn error of immunity (IEI). Genetic testing revealed XMEN disease. XMEN disease is characterized by a glycosylation defect due to mutations in the MAGT1 gene. Germline mutations in the MAGT1 gene disrupt glycosylation of the NKG2D receptor in immune cells, including natural killer and CD8-positive T cells, vital for immune surveillance, especially against EBV. Consequently, individuals with XMEN disease, are prone to EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in addition to auto-immunity. Early recognition of adult onset IEI-related B-lymphoproliferative disorders, including CHL is of vital importance for treatment decisions, including (allogeneic) haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and family screening.

Association of magnesium sulfate use with mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study

BACKGROUND

Trials have demonstrated lower rates of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients receiving magnesium supplementation, but they have yielded conflicting results regarding mortality.

METHODS

This is a retrospective cohort study based on the MIMIC-IV (Medical Information Mart in Intensive Care-IV) database. Adult critically ill patients with sepsis were included in the analysis. The exposure was magnesium sulfate use during ICU stay. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted at a 1:1 ratio. Multivariable analyses were used to adjust for confounders.

RESULTS

The pre-matched and propensity score-matched cohorts included 10 999 and 6052 patients, respectively. In the PSM analysis, 28-day all-cause mortality rate was 20.2% (611/3026) in the magnesium sulfate use group and 25.0% (757/3026) in the no use group. Magnesium sulfate use was associated with lower 28-day all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.61-0.79; P<0.001). Lower mortality was observed regardless of baseline serum magnesium status: for hypomagnesaemia, HR, 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45-0.93; P=0.020; for normomagnesaemia, HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.61-0.80; P<0.001. Magnesium sulfate use was also associated with lower ICU mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.52; 95% CI, 0.42-0.64; P<0.001), lower in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55-0.77; P<0.001), and renal replacement therapy (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.87; P=0.002). A sensitivity analysis using the entire cohort also demonstrated lower 28-day all-cause mortality (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.56-0.69; P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Magnesium sulfate use was associated with lower mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis. Prospective studies are needed to verify this finding.

MAGT1 deficiency in XMEN disease is associated with severe platelet dysfunction and impaired platelet glycoprotein N-glycosylation

BACKGROUND

X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and neoplasia (XMEN) disease is a primary immunodeficiency due to loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding for magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1). Furthermore, as MAGT1 is involved in the N-glycosylation process, XMEN disease is classified as a congenital disorder of glycosylation. Although XMEN-associated immunodeficiency is well described, the mechanisms underlying platelet dysfunction and those responsible for life-threatening bleeding events have never been investigated.

OBJECTIVES

To assess platelet functions in patients with XMEN disease.

METHODS

Two unrelated young boys, including one before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, were investigated for their platelet functions, glycoprotein expression, and serum and platelet-derived N-glycans.

RESULTS

Platelet analysis highlighted abnormal elongated cells and unusual barbell-shaped proplatelets. Platelet aggregation, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, calcium mobilization, and protein kinase C activity were impaired between both patients. Strikingly, platelet responses to protease-activated receptor 1 activating peptide were absent at both low and high concentrations. These defects were also associated with decreased molecular weights of glycoprotein Ibα, glycoprotein VI, and integrin αIIb due to partial impairment of N-glycosylation. All these defects were corrected after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

CONCLUSION

Our results highlight prominent platelet dysfunction related to MAGT1 deficiency and defective N-glycosylation in several platelet proteins that could explain the hemorrhages reported in patients with XMEN disease.

Recent progress of metal-based nanomaterials with anti-tumor biological effects for enhanced cancer therapy

Metal-based nanomaterials have attracted broad attention recently due to their unique biological physical and chemical properties after entering tumor cells, namely biological effects. In particular, the abilities of Ca2+ to modulate T cell receptors activation, K+ to regulate stem cell differentiation, Mn2+ to activate the STING pathway, and Fe2+/3+ to induce tumor ferroptosis and enhance catalytic therapy, make the metal ions and metal-based nanomaterials play crucial roles in the cancer treatments. Therefore, due to the superior advantages of metal-based nanomaterials and the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, we will summarize the recent progress of the anti-tumor biological effects of metal-based nanomaterials. Based on the different effects of metal-based nanomaterials on tumor cells, this review mainly focuses on the following five aspects: (1) metal-enhanced radiotherapy sensitization, (2) metal-enhanced catalytic therapy, (3) metal-enhanced ferroptosis, (4) metal-enhanced pyroptosis, and (5) metal-enhanced immunotherapy. At the same time, the shortcomings of the biological effects of metal-based nanomaterials on tumor therapy are also discussed, and the future research directions have been prospected. The highlights of promising biosafety, potent efficacy on biological effects for tumor therapy, and the in-depth various biological effects mechanism studies of metal-based nanomaterials provide novel ideas for the future biological application of the nanomaterials.

Nutritional Behavior in European Countries during COVID-19 Pandemic-A Review

COVID-19 is highly linked with hyperinflammation and dysfunction of the immune cells. Studies have shown that adequate nutrition, a modifiable factor affecting immunity and limiting systemic inflammation, may play an adjunct role in combating the negative consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to the global lockdown conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed, among others, to restrictions on fresh food availability and changes in lifestyle and eating behaviors. The aim of this paper was to review the data regarding eating habits in European countries within the general population of adults and some specific subpopulations, including obese, diabetic, and psychiatric patients, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The PubMed database and the official websites of medical organizations and associations were searched for the phrases "COVID" and "eating habits". Papers regarding the pediatric population, non-European countries, presenting aggregated data from different countries worldwide, and reviews were excluded. During the COVID-19 pandemic, unhealthy lifestyles and eating behaviors were commonly reported. These included increased snacking, intake of caloric foods, such as sweets, pastries, and beverages, and a decline in physical activity. Data suggest that poor eating habits that create a positive energy balance have persisted over time as an additional post-COVID negative consequence.

The emerging era of lactate: A rising star in cellular signaling and its regulatory mechanisms

Cellular metabolites are ancient molecules with pleiotropic implications in health and disease. Beyond their cognate roles, they have signaling functions as the ligands for specific receptors and the precursors for epigenetic or posttranslational modifications. Lactate has long been recognized as a metabolic waste and fatigue product mainly produced from glycolytic metabolism. Recent evidence however suggests lactate is an unique molecule with diverse signaling attributes in orchestration of numerous biological processes, including tumor immunity and neuronal survival. The copious metabolic and non-metabolic functions of lactate mediated by its bidirectional shuttle between cells or intracellular organelles lead to a phenotype called "lactormone." Importantly, the mechanisms of lactate signaling, via acting as a molecular sensor and a regulator of NAD+ metabolism and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling, and via the newly identified lactate-driven lactylation, have been discovered. Further, we include a brief discussion about the autocrine regulation of efferocytosis by lactate in Sertoli cells which favoraerobic glycolysis. By emphasizing a repertoire of the most recent discovered mechanisms of lactate signaling, this review will open tantalizing avenues for future investigations cracking the regulatory topology of lactate signaling covered in the veil of mystery.

A narrative review on the role of magnesium in immune regulation, inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer

BACKGROUND

Magnesium (Mg) has gained much importance recently because of its unique range of biological functions. It is one of the most significant micronutrients in biological systems. This review aims to outline the immune-regulating actions of Mg and its crucial role in regulating inflammation and immune response to infectious agents and malignancies.

METHODS

We conducted a literature review on MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science to determine the impact of Mg on immune regulation in three settings of inflammation, infection, and cancer. We thoroughly examined all abstracts and full-text articles and selected the most relevant ones for inclusion in this review.

RESULTS

Mg has long been associated with immunological responses, both nonspecific and specific. It plays a pivotal role in diverse immune responses by participating in multiple mechanisms. It facilitates substance P binding to lymphoblasts, promotes T helper, B cell, and macrophage responses to lymphokines, and facilitates antibody-dependent cytolysis and immune cell adherence. Besides, Mg serves as a cofactor for C'3 convertase and immunoglobulin synthesis. It additionally boasts a significant anti-cancer effect. Chronic Mg deficiency leads to enhanced baseline inflammation associated with oxidative stress, related to various age-associated morbidities. A deficiency of Mg in rodents has been observed to impact the cell-mediated immunity and synthesis of IgG adversely. This deficiency can lead to various complications, such as lymphoma, histaminosis, hypereosinophilia, increased levels of IgE, and atrophy of the thymus. The immunological consequences of Mg deficiency in humans can be influenced by the genetic regulation of Mg levels in blood cells. Mg can also mediate cell cycle progression. There has been a renewed interest in the physiology and therapeutic efficacy of Mg. However, the in-depth mechanisms, their clinical significance, and their importance in malignancies and inflammatory disorders still need to be clarified.

CONCLUSIONS

Mg is essential for optimal immune function and regulating inflammation. Deficiency in Mg can lead to temporary or long-term immune dysfunction. A balanced diet usually provides sufficient Mg, but supplementation may be necessary in some cases. Excessive supplementation can have negative impacts on immune function and should be avoided. This review provides an update on the importance of Mg in an immune response against cancer cells and infectious agents and how it regulates inflammation, oxidative stress, cell progression, differentiation, and apoptosis.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Therapeutic Effect of Magnesium-L-Threonate Supplementation for Persistent Pain After Breast Cancer Surgery

Purpose

Post-mastectomy pain syndrome is a common yet debilitating neuropathic complication after breast cancer procedures, resulting in significantly reduced quality of life. Recently, emerging evidence has supported the therapeutic effect of magnesium administration in chronic pain. However, the role of magnesium supplementation in development of chronic pain after breast cancer surgery remains less known. The aim of this study was to evaluate therapeutic effect of magnesium supplementation on persistent pain after breast cancer procedure.

Patients and Methods

This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 109 patients who underwent breast cancer procedure received magnesium-L-threonate (n = 48) or placebo (n = 61) for 12 weeks. Chronic pain incidence, short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) were evaluated at 3- and 6-month follow-up.

Results

About 31% (15 out of 48) of patients reported chronic pain after magnesium supplementation, and 26% (16 out of 61) of the control group at 6-month follow-up respectively. Total scores of SF-MPQ were significantly increased in the control group 6 months after surgical intervention (mean difference, 1.475; 95% CI, -2.730 to -0.2211), but NOT in the magnesium treated group (mean difference, 1.250; 95% CI, -2.775 to 0.2748). No significant differences were found between two cohorts on SF-MPQ, GAD-7, PHQ-9, PSQI, or TICS at each timepoint.

Conclusion

Oral supplementation of magnesium-L-threonate did not effectively prevent the development of persistent pain in breast cancer survivors, nor provide sufficient pain relief over placebo. We did not observe improvement of pain, mood, sleep disorder, or cognitive function after 12-week magnesium supplementation. Future study may focus on magnesium combined with other effective anti-neuropathic pain treatment.

Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19

A large amount of published research points to the interesting concept (hypothesis) that magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course. As an essential element, Mg plays basic biochemical, cellular, and physiological roles required for cardiovascular, immunological, respiratory, and neurological functions. Both low serum and dietary Mg have been associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality; both are also associated with COVID-19 risk factors such as older age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma. In addition, populations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization tend to consume diets high in modern processed foods, which are generally low in Mg. In this review, we review the research to describe and consider the possible impact of Mg and Mg status on COVID-19 showing that (1) serum Mg between 2.19 and 2.26 mg/dL and dietary Mg intakes > 329 mg/day could be protective during the disease course and (2) inhaled Mg may improve oxygenation of hypoxic COVID-19 patients. In spite of such promise, oral Mg for COVID-19 has thus far been studied only in combination with other nutrients. Mg deficiency is involved in the occurrence and aggravation of neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, including memory loss, cognition, loss of taste and smell, ataxia, confusion, dizziness, and headache. Potential of zinc and/or Mg as useful for increasing drug therapy effectiveness or reducing adverse effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs is reviewed. Oral Mg trials of patients with COVID-19 are warranted.

Responsive manganese-based nanoplatform amplifying cGAS-STING activation for immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

The activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway has attracted great attention for its ability to up-regulate innate immune response and thus enhance cancer immunotherapy. However, many STING agonists limit the further advancement of immunotherapy due to weak tumor responsiveness or low activation efficiency. The responsive and effective activation of cGAS-STING signaling in tumors is a highly challenging process.

METHODS

In this study, a manganese-based nanoplatform (MPCZ NPs) was constructed that could responsively and efficiently generate more manganese ions (Mn²⁺) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to activate cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Briefly, manganese dioxide (MnO₂) was loaded with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZPP) molecule and coated by polydopamine (PDA) embedded with NH₄HCO₃ to obtain MPCZ NPs. Additionally, MPCZ NPs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their antitumor effects by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and TUNEL assays, respectively.

RESULTS

In this system, tumor responsiveness was achieved by exogenous (laser irradiation) and endogenous (high levels GSH) stimulation, which triggered the collapse or degradation of PDA and MnO₂. Moreover, the release of Mn²⁺ augmented the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and enhanced the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to hydroxyl radical (·OH) under NIR laser irradiation. Furthermore, the release of ZPP and the elimination of GSH by MPCZ NPs inhibited HO-1 activity and prevented ROS consumption, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This adopted open source and reduce expenditure strategy to effectively generate more ROS and Mn²⁺ to responsively activate cGAS-STING signaling pathway, providing a new strategy for improving immunotherapy.

When to suspect inborn errors of immunity in Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disorders

BACKGROUND

More than 95% of humans have been infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and develop anti-EBV IgG antibodies, conferring immunity. However, among specific populations, EBV may induce a range of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). EBV may also contribute to T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoproliferation. The immune system is essential to prevent infection and development of cancer. Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are a heterogenous group of more than 450 genetic disorders predisposing to severe and/or recurrent infection, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, or early-onset/severe neoplasia or lymphoproliferation. Monogenic disorders of T-cell and B-cell signalling are classic IEIs that predispose to EBV-associated LPDs.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to outline the various clinical manifestations of EBV-associated LPDs and the underlying IEIs associated with such presentations and discuss the recommended management and therapeutic options pertaining to these disorders.

SOURCES

We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection on 30 September 2021. Clinical studies, systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and case reports were identified through search strategy and cross reference from primary literature.

CONTENT

Effective T-cell and NK-cell cytotoxicity towards EBV-infected B cells relies on intact MAGT1-dependent NKG2D pathways and signalling lymphocyte activation molecular-associated protein-dependent signalling lymphocyte activation molecular receptors. The interaction between CD27 and CD70 is also critical to drive the expansion of EBV-specific T cells. IEIs due to T-cell and B-cell signalling defects and/or impaired T-cell and NK-cell cytotoxicity predispose to EBV-related lymphoproliferation. This includes classic disorders such as X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 1 (due to SH2D1A mutations), X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 2 (XIAP), and other genetic diseases, such as ITK, MAGT1, CD27, CD70, CTPS1, RASGRP1, and CORO1A deficiencies. EBV-driven lymphoproliferation may manifest to a lesser degree in MST1/STK4, DOCK8, STIM1, CORO1A, IL21R, PIK3CD gain-of-function, and PI3KR1 deficiencies.

IMPLICATIONS

Early screening for IEIs is indicated in cases of EBV-related lymphoproliferation because different forms of IEIs have specific prognostic and therapeutic implications.

The human MRS2 magnesium-binding domain is a regulatory feedback switch for channel activity

Mitochondrial RNA splicing 2 (MRS2) forms a magnesium (Mg2+) entry protein channel in mitochondria. Whereas MRS2 contains two transmembrane domains constituting a pore on the inner mitochondrial membrane, most of the protein resides within the matrix. Yet, the precise structural and functional role of this obtrusive amino terminal domain (NTD) in human MRS2 is unknown. Here, we show that the MRS2 NTD self-associates into a homodimer, contrasting the pentameric assembly of CorA, an orthologous bacterial channel. Mg2+ and calcium suppress lower and higher order oligomerization of MRS2 NTD, whereas cobalt has no effect on the NTD but disassembles full-length MRS2. Mutating-pinpointed residues-mediating Mg2+ binding to the NTD not only selectively decreases Mg2+-binding affinity ∼sevenfold but also abrogates Mg2+ binding-induced secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure changes. Disruption of NTD Mg2+ binding strikingly potentiates mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake in WT and Mrs2 knockout cells. Our work exposes a mechanism for human MRS2 autoregulation by negative feedback from the NTD and identifies a novel gain of function mutant with broad applicability to future Mg2+ signaling research.

The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and Related Diseases: Current Understanding and Hints for Novel Therapies

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus most often transmitted during infancy and infecting the vast majority of human beings. Usually, EBV infection is nearly asymptomatic and results in life-long persistency of the virus in a latent state under the control of the host immune system. Yet EBV can cause an acute infectious mononucleosis (IM), particularly in adolescents, and is associated with several malignancies and severe diseases that pose a serious threat to individuals with specific inborn error of immunity (IEI). While there is a general consensus on the requirement for functional CD8 T cells to control EBV infection, the role of the natural killer (NK) cells of the innate arm of immunity is more enigmatic. Here we provide an overview of the interaction between EBV and NK cells in the immunocompetent host as well as in the context of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Moreover, we report in vitro data on the mechanisms that regulate the capacity of NK cells to recognize and kill EBV-infected cell targets and discuss the potential of recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies for the treatment of EBV-associated diseases.

Bioactive inorganic nanomaterials for cancer theranostics

Bioactive materials are a special class of biomaterials that can react in vivo to induce a biological response or regulate biological functions, thus achieving a better curative effect than traditional inert biomaterials. For cancer theranostics, compared with organic or polymer nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials possess unique physical and chemical properties, have stronger mechanical stability on the basis of maintaining certain bioactivity, and are easy to be compounded with various carriers (polymer carriers, biological carriers, etc.), so as to achieve specific antitumor efficacy. After entering the nanoscale, due to the nano-size effect, high specific surface area and special nanostructures, inorganic nanomaterials exhibit unique biological effects, which significantly influence the interaction with biological organisms. Therefore, the research and applications of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials in cancer theranostics have attracted wide attention. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent progress of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials in cancer theranostics, and also introduce the definition, synthesis and modification strategies of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials. Thereafter, the applications of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials in tumor imaging and antitumor therapy, including tumor microenvironment (TME) regulation, catalytic therapy, gas therapy, regulatory cell death and immunotherapy, are discussed. Finally, the biosafety and challenges of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials are also mentioned, and their future development opportunities are prospected. This review highlights the bioapplication of bioactive inorganic nanomaterials.

The association of serum magnesium with infection in new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients

OBJECTIVE

To assess the association of serum magnesium with infection in new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

METHODS

We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of new-onset SLE patients from 2012 to 2021. The hospitalized SLE patients were divided into infection and noninfection groups. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of hypomagnesemia with infection.

RESULTS

A total of 476 new-onset SLE patients were included, with 299 cases in the infection group and 177 cases in the noninfection group. The patients were mostly females (81.7%). The average age at diagnosis was 43.7 years. The median duration was 1.0 month. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia (<0.70), normomagnesemia (0.70-1.10), and hypermagnesemia (>1.10) in new-onset SLE patients was 14.3%, 83.4%, and 2.3%, respectively. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 18.4% in the infection group and 7.3% in the noninfection group (p = .001). The baseline value of serum magnesium was 0.819 mmol/L, with values of 0.799 mmol/L in the infection group and 0.854 mmol/L in the noninfection group (p = .000). The following clinical variables were significantly different between the two groups (p < .05): age, duration, hospitalization stay, fever, serositis, and SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI 2K). The laboratory parameters, including hemoglobin, white blood cell count, albumin level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, and complement C3 were also significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). The mortality was 4.4% (21/476), with 20 cases occurring in the infection group. Logistic regression analysis showed that hypomagnesemia was associated with an increased risk of infection (p = .001) and poor prognosis (p = .015).

CONCLUSION

Hypermagnesemia was rare in new-onset SLE patients. Hypomagnesemia was common and was associated with an increased risk of infection in new-onset SLE patients.

Prognostic Value of Magnesium in COVID-19: Findings from the COMEPA Study

Magnesium (Mg) plays a key role in infections. However, its role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still underexplored, particularly in long-term sequelae. The aim of the present study was to examine the prognostic value of serum Mg levels in older people affected by COVID-19. Patients were divided into those with serum Mg levels ≤1.96 vs. >1.96 mg/dL, according to the Youden index. A total of 260 participants (mean age 65 years, 53.8% males) had valid Mg measurements. Serum Mg had a good accuracy in predicting in-hospital mortality (area under the curve = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74-0.91). Low serum Mg at admission significantly predicted in-hospital death (HR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.03-2.68) after adjusting for several confounders. A value of Mg ≤ 1.96 mg/dL was associated with a longer mean length of stay compared to those with a serum Mg > 1.96 (15.2 vs. 12.7 days). Low serum Mg was associated with a higher incidence of long COVID symptomatology (OR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.30-4.31), particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (OR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.24-16.40). In conclusion, low serum Mg levels were significant predictors of mortality, length of stay, and onset of long COVID symptoms, indicating that measuring serum Mg in COVID-19 may be helpful in the prediction of complications related to the disease.

The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on clinical symptoms and serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with COVID-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on clinical symptoms and serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with COVID-19.

TRIAL DESIGN

This study is a 4-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a factorial design and the intervention period is 3 weeks.

PARTICIPANTS

This study is conducted on COVID-19 patients admitted to the Shahid Mohammadi hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran, who are eligible for inclusion in the study. Patients are included only if they meet all of the following criteria: (1) aged from 18 to 65 years old; (2) confirmation of COVID-19 by RT-PCR test; (3) completing informed consent; (4) passing less than 48 h since the patient's hospitalization; (5) no skin or gastrointestinal allergies due to taking multivitamin supplements, vitamin D, and magnesium; and (6) having more than 30 breaths per minute and less than 93% oxygen saturation in room air and sea level. Patients are excluded if they have any of the following conditions: (1) pregnancy or lactation; (2) taking a daily multivitamin or take a vitamin D or magnesium supplement in the last month; (3) participating in other clinical trials; (4) renal failure or dialysis, severe liver disease or cirrhosis; (5) known diagnosis of hypercalcemia; (6) discharging from the hospital less than 24 h after the start of the intervention; (7) history of kidney stones in the last year; (8) transfer the patient to the ICU; (9) baseline vitamin D levels above 80 ng/ml; (10) baseline magnesium levels above 2.6 mg/dl; and (11) unwillingness of the patient to continue the study.

INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR

Participants will be randomly allocated to one of the four following groups: (A) vitamin D (two 50,000 IU capsules at the beginning of the study, two 50,000 IU capsules on the 4th day, one 50,000 IU capsule on the 11th day, and one 50,000 IU capsule on the 17th day) and magnesium supplement (300 mg/day); (B) vitamin D capsule and magnesium placebo; (C) magnesium supplement and vitamin D placebo; and (D) vitamin D placebo and magnesium placebo.

MAIN OUTCOMES

The resolution of clinical symptoms (fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, headache, myalgia, oxygen saturation, and mortality rate) and interpretation of laboratory assays (CRP, MDA, TAC, WBC, neutrophils count, lymphocytes count, ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and magnesium) will be assessed in the study groups.

RANDOMIZATION

A computer-generated block randomization list is used for randomization.

BLINDING (MASKING)

Investigators and patients are blinded to group allocation and treatment. A double-blind design is achieved using matched placebos.

NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMIZED (SAMPLE SIZE)

A total of 104 eligible patients are randomized into four groups of 26 subjects (1:1:1:1 allocation ratio).

DISCUSSION

With the rapid prevalence of COVID-19 in recent years, more attention has been paid to effective dietary supplementation to improve clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters in these patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in combination with magnesium or alone with respect to this infectious disease. The findings of the current RCT will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of dietary supplementation strategies to improve COVID-19 outcomes.

TRIAL STATUS

Ethical approval of the first version of the study protocol was obtained from the medical ethics committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran on May 30, 2021 (IR.HUMS.REC.1400.085). Currently, the recruitment phase is ongoing since August 23, 2021, and is anticipated to be complete by the end of August 2022.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( https://www.irct.ir ; IRCT20210702051763N1) on August 14, 2021. https://www.irct.ir/trial/57413 FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.