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Andersson Nystedt T, Herder T, Agardh A, Asamoah BO. No evidence, no problem? A critical interpretive synthesis of the vulnerabilities to and experiences of sexual violence among young migrants in Europe. Glob Health Action 2024; 17:2340114. [PMID: 38651216 PMCID: PMC11041515 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2340114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that young migrants are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence, however most research has focused on instances of sexual violence occurring in conflict zones and during transit. Much less attention has been given to the vulnerabilities to and experiences of sexual violence among young migrants in Europe. OBJECTIVES To understand the scientific evidence regarding the experiences of and vulnerabilities to sexual violence among young migrants (aged 11-30 years) in Europe. METHODS A search of three databases resulted in 1279 peer reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2022. Of these, 11 were included in this review. A critical interpretive synthesis methodology was applied. RESULTS Few studies investigate sexual violence among young migrants in Europe. The existing studies focus on very specific sub-groups of migrants, and as such, experiences of persons outside these groups are largely absent from the academic discourse. How sexual violence is understood varies across studies, often conflated with other forms of violence, hampering comparisons. However, the results of this review indicate that young migrants in Europe, both male and female, experience sexual violence and there are multiple sources of vulnerabilities at all levels of the socioecological model. CONCLUSION The scarcity of research regarding sexual violence among young migrants in Europe could give rise to the perception that no evidence means no problem, resulting in a continued lack of attention to this issue. There is a critical need to address this gap to inform prevention interventions, to identify victims, and to facilitate access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Andersson Nystedt
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tobias Herder
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette Agardh
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Benedict Oppong Asamoah
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Villagrán AM, Santirso FA, Lila M, Gracia E. Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Latin America: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2065-2077. [PMID: 37897366 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231205825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are being increasingly recognized as a central issue for comprehensively understanding this complex phenomenon. While IPVAW remains widespread in Latin America, knowledge about it and research on attitudes toward IPVAW are limited. This systematic review synthesized quantitative peer-reviewed studies that address attitudes toward IPVAW in Latin America. The review was conducted between April 2020 and July 2022 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations using the Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. In total, 52 of the 149 eligible articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Four sets of attitudes toward IPVAW were identified: legitimacy, acceptability, attitudes toward the intervention, and perceived severity. Attitude correlates were the most common research topic in more than half of the studies but were generally focused on a single country. Among the few multi-country studies, the sample of Latin American countries was small. The remaining studies were divided into three research themes: attitude as a predictor, interventions for attitude change, and scale validation. Our study aims to motivate future research on the identified knowledge gaps and may be useful for the implementation of appropriate prevention policies and intervention programs to counter IPVAW on a regional scale.
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Dai X, Chu X, Qi G, Yuan P, Zhou Y, Xiang H, Shi X. Worldwide Perinatal Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2363-2376. [PMID: 38001566 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231211950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women who have experienced perinatal intimate partner violence (P-IPV) has gradually attracted the attention of psychologists, mental health, and health care professionals. However, a comprehensive understanding of its prevalence and associated risk factors is still lacking. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence and explore influencing factors for PTSD in women who have suffered P-IPV. Our study inclusion criteria were: women who experienced IPV in the year before conception, throughout pregnancy, during delivery, and up to 1 year after giving birth for which a quantitative assessment of PTSD was done using validated diagnostic or screening tools. This study searched nine English databases and four Chinese databases. The final analysis included 16 studies, involving 9,098 female subjects. Meta-analysis was performed on the extracted data using the Stata 16.0 software (Stata Corp. LP, College Station, TX, USA).Fixed or random effect models were selected to pool odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of PTSD after heterogeneity test. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of PTSD in women who suffered P-IPV was 30.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = [22.0%, 37.0%]). Only nine studies described influencing factors for PTSD based on multivariate logistic regression analysis. The five identified influencing factors were: non-immigrants (OR = 2.56; 95% CI [1.29, 5.08]), non-cohabitation (OR = 2.45; [1.35, 4.42]), trauma history (OR = 1.80; [1.18, 2.76]), education below senior high school (OR = 1.32; [0.64, 2.75]), and age 18 to 29 years (OR = 1.06; [0.94, 1.19]). These findings provided a reference value of PTSD prevalence, risk factors, and potential association with P-IPV among women worldwide. However, the geographical coverage of the reviewed studies is limited and epidemiological investigations from more diverse areas are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Dai
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | | | - Guojia Qi
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanna Zhou
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Henry Xiang
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Xiuquan Shi
- Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA
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Khurana B, Olson RM, Temple JR, Loder RT. Age-specific Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence Related Injuries in US Emergency Departments. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:1249-1255. [PMID: 38506777 PMCID: PMC11102314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify intimate partner violence (IPV)-related injury patterns of U.S. patients of three age groups: <18 years (adolescents), 18-25 years (emerging adults), and >25 years (adults). METHODS We performed a nationally representative retrospective review of all patients presenting to U.S. Emergency Department for IPV-related injuries from 2005 through 2020. Demographics and injury patterns were calculated using statistical methods accounting for the weighted stratified data. Main outcomes were injury morphology, mechanism, severity, location, and temporal associations of IPV-related injuries among the three age groups. RESULTS There was a higher proportion of female victims, sexual assault cases, and lower trunk injuries among adolescents compared to emerging adults and adults. There was increasing injury severity, fractures, and hospital admissions with increasing age. Adolescents experienced a greater prevalence of fractures of the head, neck, hands, fingers, and distal lower extremity, while trunk fractures increased with age. The peak prevalence of violence-related Emergency Department visits among adolescents was in June and September, with the peak day as Tuesday. DISCUSSION Injurious forms of IPV are prevalent across all age groups, with sexual assault cases demonstrably higher among adolescents and increasing severity of injuries as victims age. Identification of age-specific injury patterns will aid health-care professionals and policymakers in developing targeted interventions for adolescents who experience IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Khurana
- Trauma Imaging Research and Innovation Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Rose McKeon Olson
- Trauma Imaging Research and Innovation Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, School of Behavioral Health Sciences, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Randall T Loder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana University Shcool of Medicine, Riley Children's Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Ibrahim H, Goessmann K, Neuner F, Iffland B. Continuous chains: childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence victimization among displaced women in a war context. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:319. [PMID: 38824574 PMCID: PMC11143579 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood victimization has been associated with long-term psychological effects and an increased risk of being victimized in later life. Previous research has primarily focused on sexual abuse during childhood, and a wide range of consequences have been identified. However, a significant gap remains in our understanding of the complex interaction between different forms of childhood abuse and violence in later life, particularly in the context of broader social stressors such as armed conflict and displacement. METHODS This study examines the association between exposure to different types of childhood maltreatment in the context of family and intimate partner violence (IPV) among displaced women living in refugee camps in northern Iraq. Structured interviews were conducted by trained female psychologists with 332 women aged between 20 and 62 years. RESULTS Results indicated that over one-third of the participating women reported experiencing at least one occurrence of IPV by their husbands within the past year. In addition, participants reported experiences of different types of maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual violence and physical and emotional neglect) perpetrated by family members in their childhood. While all forms of childhood maltreatment showed an association with IPV within the past year, only emotional childhood maltreatment was found to be a significant predictor of IPV in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The study highlights the ongoing impact of child maltreatment and its contribution to increased vulnerability to IPV victimization in later life. In addition, this study describes the specific cultural and contextual elements that contribute to IPV in refugee camps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawkar Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- vivo international e.V., Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Katharina Goessmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Violence Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- vivo international e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Seifu BL, Asebe HA, Legesse BT, Mulaw GF, Tebeje TM, Mare KU. Prognostic factors of first intimate partner violence among ever-married women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Gompertz gamma shared frailty modeling. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303187. [PMID: 38820457 PMCID: PMC11142580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence, is a significant Concern for public health as well as a violation of the human rights of women especially in low and middle-income countries. However, there was limited evidence how soon an ever-married women experience intimate partner violence in Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the timing of first intimate partner violence (FIPV) among ever-married women in 30 SSA countries and to identify the risk factors of the timing. METHODS The present study has utilized 125,731 weighted samples, who participated in the domestic violence module of the survey from Demographic and Health Surveys of 30 SSA countries. The Gompertz gamma shared frailty model was fitted to determine the predictors. For model evaluation, the theta value, Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), and deviance were used. The Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was reported in the multivariable Gompertz gamma shared frailty model to highlight the strength and statistical significance of the associations. RESULT One-third (31.02%) of ever-married women had reported experiencing IPV. The overall incidence rate of FIPV was 57.68 persons per 1000 person-years (95% CI = 50.61-65.76). Age at marriage, age difference, educational status, employment, residence, women's decision-making autonomy, husband who drink alcohol and wealth status were significantly associated with the timing of FIPV. CONCLUSION The findings show that ever-married women are at high and increasing risk of violence. Thus, we recommend establishing effective health and legal response services for IPV, strengthening laws governing the sale and purchase of alcohol, empowering women, raising the educational attainment of women, and putting policies in place to combat the culture of societal tolerance for IPV all contribute to the empowerment of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beminate Lemma Seifu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Hiowt Altaye Asebe
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Bruck Tesfaye Legesse
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Fentaw Mulaw
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Mulat Tebeje
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Kusse Urmale Mare
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Stulz V, Francis L, Naidu A, O'Reilly R. Women escaping domestic violence to achieve safe housing: an integrative review. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:314. [PMID: 38822284 PMCID: PMC11140925 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This integrative review summarises original research that explores women's experiences of escaping domestic violence to achieve safe housing. METHODS Integrative review. A robust search strategy was conducted using the following databases: Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Cochrane, Medline and PubMed. All articles were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) scoring. Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) five stage approach was used to analyse the primary literature related to women's and stakeholders' experiences of escaping domestic violence to achieve safe housing. RESULTS A total of 41 articles were retrieved and 12 papers were included in this review (six qualitative, one quantitative and five mixed methods) that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four overarching themes were identified: 'Experiences of leaving domestic violence', 'Barriers to achieving safe housing', 'Facilitators to achieving safe housing' and 'The road to recovery'. The 'Experiences of leaving domestic violence' theme included two subthemes: 'the losses' and 'ongoing contact with the perpetrator'. The 'Barriers to achieving safe housing' theme included three subthemes: 'financial insecurity', 'being judged by others for leaving and service availability'. The 'Facilitators to achieving safe housing' theme included two sub-themes: 'support, partnership, and collaboration between women and service providers' and 'feeling respected and heard'. The 'Road to recovery' theme included two sub-themes: 'being a good mother' and 'empowerment after leaving domestic violence'. CONCLUSIONS This review has highlighted the need for service and health care providers to work together and collaborate effectively with the woman experiencing and escaping domestic violence, especially in rural and remote areas. This means giving women access to the most suitable educational resources and services that are appropriate for their unique situation. Tailoring support for women is crucial to enable women to achieve safe housing and to be able to live a safe life with their children, away from the perpetrator of the domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Stulz
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Canberra, Building 10, Office 10B7, 11 Kirinari St, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia.
| | - Lyn Francis
- Western Sydney University, PO Box 63, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Anshu Naidu
- Western Sydney University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Sydney, NSW, 2745, Australia
| | - Rebecca O'Reilly
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, 40 Edward St, North Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
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Brounéus K, Forsberg E, Bhattarai P, de Mel N, Lonergan K, Peiris P, Roy P, Samarasinghe G, Wanasinghe-Pasqual M. Women, peace and insecurity: The risks of peacebuilding in everyday life for women in Sri Lanka and Nepal. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303023. [PMID: 38809820 PMCID: PMC11135728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Truth telling processes, initiatives to prosecute war-time perpetrators, and ex-combatant reintegration are examples of common peacebuilding practices after war. Yet, little is known of how women are affected by peacebuilding initiatives such as these, or how they perceive these initiatives for peace. For many women, peace after war does not bring peace to everyday life; research shows that domestic violence increases during and after war. In addition, some peacebuilding measures have been found to increase risk and insecurity, not least for women. To better understand the interconnections between gender and post-conflict attitudes to peacebuilding, we asked 2,041 women and men in Sri Lanka and Nepal of their views on post-war peace initiatives. In line with our expectations, we find that women are more skeptical than men towards peacebuilding measures that involve increased risk in everyday life, such as truth-telling and coexisting with former adversaries and warring groups reintegrating in local communities. There are no gender differences pertaining to peacebuilding initiatives that take place far away at the national level, for example, concerning accountability or, in the case of Nepal, the peace agreement. Our findings suggest that international peacebuilding practice is blind to the everyday insecurities of women after war. That a basic gendered lens is missing from most peacebuilding designs is both alarming and deeply troubling, but identifying this critical aspect provides the opportunity for imperative change. By shedding light on the challenges women face after war, we hope this article contributes to finding ways to mitigate unknown and unintended side-effects of peacebuilding efforts, and thereby to the development of better, evidence-based peacebuilding practice-of benefit to both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brounéus
- Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Forsberg
- Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kate Lonergan
- Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Pawan Roy
- Centre for Social Change (CSC), Kathmandu, Nepal
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Zhu J, Exner-Cortens D, Dobson K, Wells L, Noel M, Madigan S. Adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence: A meta-analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:929-943. [PMID: 37009672 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) represents a significant public health concern. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) represent one risk factor for IPV, however, the results of existing research on the association between ACEs and IPV demonstrate mixed findings. The present research sought to meta-analytically examine the association between ACEs and (a) IPV perpetration and (b) IPV victimization. Moderator analyses were conducted to determine factors that may impact the association between ACEs and IPV involvement. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO in August of 2021. One-hundred and twenty-three records were screened for inclusion. All studies included a measure of ACEs and IPV victimization or perpetration. Among the 27 studies and 41 samples included in the meta-analysis, 65,330 participants were included. The results of the meta-analyses demonstrated that ACEs were positively associated with IPV perpetration and victimization. Significant methodological and measurement moderators further inform our understanding of ACEs and IPV involvement. The present meta-analyses demonstrates that trauma-informed approaches to IPV screening, prevention, and intervention may be useful, given that individuals who are involved with IPV may be more likely to possess a history of ACEs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenney Zhu
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deinera Exner-Cortens
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lana Wells
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Salvador-Oscco E, Santander-Cahuantico AC, Fernandez-Guzman D, Bendezu-Quispe G. Factors associated with non-help-seeking among women victims of physical or sexual intimate partner violence in Peru: Findings from the National Demographic and Family Health Survey, 2017 to 2019. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:470-481. [PMID: 38149362 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231216357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the factors associated with non-help-seeking in victims of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in Peru. METHODS This was an analytical cross-sectional study of 3-year data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey. The sample comprised women aged 18 to 49 who had experienced physical or sexual IPV at some time in their lives. The dependent variable was non-help-seeking after suffering physical or sexual IPV. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the factors associated with non-help-seeking. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was carried out in which only women who suffered physical or sexual IPV in the last year were considered. RESULTS Data from 15,265 female victims of physical or sexual IPV were analyzed. It was found that 57.4% did not seek help after suffering physical or sexual IPV. The main reasons for non-help-seeking included thinking it was unnecessary (42.3%) and embarrassment (14.9%). Age between 30 and 49 years old (PRa:1.15; 95%CI [1.06, 1.25]) and residing in a rural area (PRa:1.07; 95%CI [1.00, 1.13]) were associated with a higher probability of non-help-seeking. On the other hand, having a secondary education level (PRa:0.91; 95% CI [0.86, 0.97]) or higher (PRa:0.90; 95%CI [0.82, 0.99]), having a partner who drinks alcohol (PRa:0.94; 95%CI [0.89, 0.99]), having experienced physical or sexual IPV during a pregnancy (PRa:0.87; 95%CI [0.80, 0.94]), and having experienced moderate (PRa:0.81; 95%CI [0.76, 0.86]), or severe physical or sexual IPV (PRa:0.74; 95%CI [0.67, 0.82]), were associated with a lower probability of non-help-seeking. These associations were consistent in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION Half of the women who experience physical or sexual IPV do not seek help. There are sociodemographic factors related to this non-seeking of help that are useful for identifying and prioritizing interventions to reduce IPV and improve the health status of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Salvador-Oscco
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | - Guido Bendezu-Quispe
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Montesanti S, Sehgal A, Zaeem L, McManus C, Squires S, Silverstone P. Assessing primary health care provider and organization readiness to address family violence in Alberta, Canada: development of a Delphi consensus readiness tool. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2024; 25:146. [PMID: 38684969 PMCID: PMC11059610 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family violence, which includes intimate partner abuse, child abuse, and elder abuse, is a serious public health concern. Primary healthcare (PHC) offers a vital opportunity to identify and address family violence, yet barriers prevent the effective implementation of family violence interventions in PHC settings. The purpose of this study is to improve family violence identification and response in Alberta's PHC settings by exploring readiness factors. METHODS An integrated knowledge translation approach, combining implementation science and participatory action research, was employed to develop a readiness assessment tool for addressing family violence within PHC settings in Alberta. The research involved three phases: phase 1 involved a rapid evidence assessment, phase 2 engaged a panel of healthcare and family violence experts to explore readiness components in the Alberta context, and phase 3 utilized a 3-round Delphi consensus-building process to refine readiness indicators. RESULTS Phase 1 findings from a rapid evidence assessment highlighted five main models/tools for assessing readiness to implement family violence interventions in PHC settings. In phase 2, additional concepts were identified through exploration with healthcare and family violence expert panel members, resulting in a total of 16 concepts for assessing family violence readiness within the Alberta PHC context. The 3-round Delphi consensus-building process in Phase 3 involved nine panelists, who collectively agreed on the inclusion of all concepts and indicators, yielding a total of 60 items for the proposed readiness assessment tool for addressing family violence in PHC within Alberta. CONCLUSION The current study lays the groundwork for future family violence intervention programs, offering insights into key components that promote readiness for implementing comprehensive programs and supporting PHC organizations in effectively addressing family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Montesanti
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Centre for Healthy Communities, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Anika Sehgal
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lubna Zaeem
- Islamic Family and Social Services Association, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carrie McManus
- Sagesse Domestic Violence Prevention Society, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne Squires
- Westgrove Clinic, Westview Primary Care Network, Spruce Grove, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Silverstone
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Luetke M, Kristiansen D. The Effect of Economic Reliance, Stress, and Women's Employment Status on Intimate Partner Violence Risk Among Partnered Women in Burkina Faso and Kenya. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241243342. [PMID: 38622889 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241243342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Economic factors, such as economic reliance on male partners, and economic stressors such as household income or employment loss, play an important role in the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) within romantic partnerships. To investigate these relationships, we used survey data from IPUMS Performance Monitoring for Action that were collected in 2020 and 2021. We assessed the relationship between several economic factors-(1) women's economic reliance on their partners, (2) household income loss, and (3) respondent's employment status over the past year-and experience of IPV in the past year in Burkina Faso (N = 2,646) and Kenya (N = 3,416). Women who reported being economically reliant on their partners were less likely to experience physical or psychological violence in Burkina Faso (Prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.64 and PR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59-0.94, respectively), and physical violence in Kenya (PR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52-0.90) compared to women who reported not being economically reliant. In Kenya, women in households that experienced a complete loss of income were more likely to experience IPV compared to households that did not experience income loss-1.9 times more likely to experience psychological violence, and three times more likely to experience sexual violence. In Burkina Faso, no significant relationship was found between household income loss and IPV. Our findings indicate that both relative economic empowerment and overall economic stress may act as important risk factors for IPV, particularly where patriarchal and gender inequitable norms are relevant. These findings reinforce the need for a nuanced and intersectional understanding of IPV risk and intervention development, with the relationships between economic dynamics and IPV varying across countries and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Luetke
- Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Devon Kristiansen
- Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Hatoum S, Mukamana D, Gishoma D, Kayiranga D, Pan W, Relf MV. Intimate Partner Violence Among Rwandan Women With HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2024:00001782-990000000-00101. [PMID: 38569185 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In Rwanda, women have higher incidence of HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of IPV among women living with HIV (WWH) in Rwanda and measure the difference in psychological outcomes, demographic data, and HIV-related outcomes using a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational design. A convenience sample of 162 Rwandan WWH were purposefully recruited to participate. The study collected demographic data and data about IPV, depression, HIV-related stigma, coping, self-esteem, and hope. The prevalence of any form of IPV in the sample was 27% with psychological IPV being the most prevalent. Demographic data had no statistical significance with the prevalence of IPV. WWH who experienced IPV had higher HIV stigma, lower coping self-efficacy, lower self-esteem, and less hope and worse HIV psychological outcomes. Further studies are needed to look into the correlation between the two and interventions addressing IPV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Hatoum
- Sandy Hatoum, MSc-GH, BScN, is a Graduate of the Master of Science, Global Health program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Donatilla Mukamana, PhD, RMHN, FAAN, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Darius Gishoma, PhD, RMHN, is an Associate Professor, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dieudonne Kayiranga, MSN, RN, is an Assistant Lecturer and PhD in Nursing Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Wei Pan, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Michael Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ANEF, FAAN, is a Professor of Nursing and Global Health, Duke University, School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donatilla Mukamana
- Sandy Hatoum, MSc-GH, BScN, is a Graduate of the Master of Science, Global Health program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Donatilla Mukamana, PhD, RMHN, FAAN, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Darius Gishoma, PhD, RMHN, is an Associate Professor, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dieudonne Kayiranga, MSN, RN, is an Assistant Lecturer and PhD in Nursing Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Wei Pan, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Michael Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ANEF, FAAN, is a Professor of Nursing and Global Health, Duke University, School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darius Gishoma
- Sandy Hatoum, MSc-GH, BScN, is a Graduate of the Master of Science, Global Health program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Donatilla Mukamana, PhD, RMHN, FAAN, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Darius Gishoma, PhD, RMHN, is an Associate Professor, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dieudonne Kayiranga, MSN, RN, is an Assistant Lecturer and PhD in Nursing Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Wei Pan, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Michael Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ANEF, FAAN, is a Professor of Nursing and Global Health, Duke University, School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dieudonne Kayiranga
- Sandy Hatoum, MSc-GH, BScN, is a Graduate of the Master of Science, Global Health program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Donatilla Mukamana, PhD, RMHN, FAAN, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Darius Gishoma, PhD, RMHN, is an Associate Professor, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dieudonne Kayiranga, MSN, RN, is an Assistant Lecturer and PhD in Nursing Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Wei Pan, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Michael Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ANEF, FAAN, is a Professor of Nursing and Global Health, Duke University, School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Pan
- Sandy Hatoum, MSc-GH, BScN, is a Graduate of the Master of Science, Global Health program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Donatilla Mukamana, PhD, RMHN, FAAN, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Darius Gishoma, PhD, RMHN, is an Associate Professor, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dieudonne Kayiranga, MSN, RN, is an Assistant Lecturer and PhD in Nursing Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Wei Pan, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Michael Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ANEF, FAAN, is a Professor of Nursing and Global Health, Duke University, School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael V Relf
- Sandy Hatoum, MSc-GH, BScN, is a Graduate of the Master of Science, Global Health program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Donatilla Mukamana, PhD, RMHN, FAAN, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Darius Gishoma, PhD, RMHN, is an Associate Professor, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Dieudonne Kayiranga, MSN, RN, is an Assistant Lecturer and PhD in Nursing Student, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, Kigali, Rwanda
- Wei Pan, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Michael Relf, PhD, RN, AACRN, ANEF, FAAN, is a Professor of Nursing and Global Health, Duke University, School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Bhuwania P, Raub A, Sprague A, Martin A, Bose B, Kidman R, Nandi A, Behrman JR, Heymann J. Impact of laws prohibiting domestic violence on wasting in early childhood. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301224. [PMID: 38547244 PMCID: PMC10977741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects an estimated 641 million women and girls globally with far-reaching consequences for the health of women and children. Yet, laws that prohibit domestic violence (DV) are not universal. Countries actively debate the effectiveness of DV laws in improving conditions given the inconclusive evidence on deterrent effects within households particularly in low- and middle-income countries that have limited infrastructure, and fewer resources to implement and enforce policy changes. This is the first study to rigorously examine the impact of DV laws on women's health decision-making and the intergenerational impact on children's wasting, a key predictor of mortality. We used the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data collected between 2000-2020 across 23 African countries. Exploiting the staggered adoption of laws, we used a difference-in-differences study design to estimate the impact of DV laws in the treated countries compared to countries without such laws. We find that DV laws increased women's decision-making autonomy in healthcare by 16.7% as well as other measures of women's autonomy that matter for health such as financial autonomy by 6.3% and social mobility by 11.0%. The improvements in women's autonomy translated into reductions in the probability of wasting among children aged 0-23 months by 5.4% points, a 30.9% reduction from the mean. DV laws also reduced wasting among older children aged 24-59 months by 3.6% points, a 38.7% reduction from the mean. The laws were effective in all 6 countries analyzed individually that criminalized DV. A civil prohibition in the seventh country was not found to be effective. The effect was positive and significant for all wealth and geographical categories. Our findings demonstrate the value of enacting criminal laws that prohibit domestic violence as one important tool to reducing the profound health impacts of IPV, a critical health and human rights issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Bhuwania
- WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Raub
- WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aleta Sprague
- WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alfredo Martin
- WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bijetri Bose
- WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Kidman
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Arijit Nandi
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health and the Institute for Health and Social Policy, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jere R. Behrman
- Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jody Heymann
- WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Namer E, Shimbre MS, Alagaw A, Guyo TG. Intimate partner violence and associated factors among married adolescent girls and young women in the pastoralist community of South Ethiopia: is intimate partner violence associated with cultural phenomena? Front Public Health 2024; 12:1329699. [PMID: 38584912 PMCID: PMC10995306 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1329699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against women is a major public health problem that affects the physical, sexual, mental, and social wellbeing of more than one-third of all women worldwide. Hence the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and associated factors among married adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) belonging to the pastoralist community of Dassenech district, South Omo Zone, South Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among married AGYW in the Dassenech district from March 1, 2022, to April 1, 2022. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select 545 participants. The data were collected using pre-tested and standardized WHO multi-country study tools. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the independent predictors of physical and sexual intimate partner violence. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the effect size, and finally, a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The prevalence of physical IPV among AGYW belonging to the pastoralist community of Dassenech district was 44.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 40%, 48%) and that of sexual IPV was 39.3% (95% CI: 35%, 43%). The husband only deciding for the household (AOR = 11.36; 95% CI: 6.97, 18.53), the father performing the Dimi cultural ceremony (AOR = 3.70; 95% CI: 2.22, 6.14), and frequent quarrels (AOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.99) are significantly associated with physical IPV. Both partners drinking alcohol (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.94, 6.20), the husband only deciding for the household (AOR = 11.23; 95% CI: 6.91, 18.27), and frequent quarrels (AOR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.15, 4.56) were factors significantly associated with sexual IPV. Conclusion Physical and sexual intimate partner violence is a significant public health problem in the study area. Therefore, interventional measures to change the attitude of cultural leaders, providing education to married men and women on risky sexual behavior, and empowering women need to be prioritized to prevent the occurrence of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergudo Namer
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Shegaze Shimbre
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Amsalu Alagaw
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Gezahegn Guyo
- Department of Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Khalid N, Zhou Z, Nawaz R. Exclusive breastfeeding and its association with intimate partner violence during pregnancy: analysis from Pakistan demographic and health survey. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:186. [PMID: 38509533 PMCID: PMC10953127 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global social issue and increasingly asks for the attention of policymakers. IPV is one of the main factors that affect the health of pregnant women and their infants during pregnancy and after childbirth; it will not only cause direct harm to women themselves but also reduce women's exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) behavior and pose a threat to newborn health. Existing facts on the association between IPV and EBF in the Pakistani context are negligible and incomplete to an enduring measure of IPV practice. To this effect, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between EBF and IPV practiced during the prenatal period and post-delivery. METHODS The statistics study has drawn from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2018. A total of 1191 breastfeeding females aged 15-49 with children under 6 months were selected for the present study. T-test or chi-square test of Univariate test of hypothesis; Logistic regression model was utilized to explore the potential impact of IPV on female exclusive breastfeeding from three dimensions of physical, sexual and psychological violence, to provide data support for the Pakistani government to formulate policies to promote female EBF. All investigations have been performed in STATA software 16.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) at 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Among the 1191 participants, 43.6% (520 / 1191) of the females were EBF, while the rates of physical, sexual, and emotional IPV were 47.44%, 30.23%, and 51.72%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that females who have experienced physical IPV were 32% less likely to be exclusively breastfed (aOR = 0.68; 95% CI; 0.490, 0.980; P < 0.05), the chances of EBF were reduced by 22% in women who experienced IPV (aOR = 0.78; 95 CI; 0.55, 1.00; P < 0.05), females who experienced emotional IPV were 31% less probable to exclusively breastfed (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI; 0.47, 0.92; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study determines the adverse effects of sexual and psychological violence on EBF practices in women. Policymakers in Pakistan should actively implement assistance programs to reduce IPV, emphasize monitoring women's experiences of IPV before and after giving birth, and encourage women to break the "culture of silence" when they experience IPV to maximize their access to assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelum Khalid
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Rashed Nawaz
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Reyal HP, Dissanayake N, Gunarathna H, Soysa D, Fernando MS, Senarathna L. Association between individual-level socioeconomic factors and intimate partner violence victimisation in women: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080117. [PMID: 38503416 PMCID: PMC10952995 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health problem. Although both men and women experience IPV, the burden is more on women. To address IPV effectively, it is important to understand the factors that cause IPV including the socioeconomic factors. However, there is an inadequacy of knowledge on how socioeconomic factors at different levels affect IPV. Hence, the objective is to review the individual-level socioeconomic factors associated with IPV victimisation of women and girls. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The search strategy was developed to identify publications from January 2010 to 30 June 2024. The selected electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct will be searched. The eligibility criteria for data collection are based on participants/population (women and girls), exposure (socioeconomic factors) and outcome (IPV). In primary search, the title and abstracts will be screened and reference lists of selected articles will be screened for additional studies. Two researchers will independently screen the articles, and in any disagreements, a third researcher will be consulted. The data will be tabulated to present the study and participant characteristics, comparison descriptors between victims and non-victims, inclusion and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary outcomes data, results, limitations and implications. A quality assessment will be performed on the selected studies to avoid bias. A narrative synthesis will summarise the findings. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was waived because only secondary data are used. The protocol will be published, and the findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022373535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizana Parween Reyal
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayomi Dissanayake
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Harsha Gunarathna
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilukshi Soysa
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lalith Senarathna
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
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Wallace C, Smirl JD, Adhikari SP, Jones KE, Rieger M, Rothlander K, van Donkelaar P. Neurovascular coupling is altered in women who have a history of brain injury from intimate partner violence: a preliminary study. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 5:1344880. [PMID: 38495125 PMCID: PMC10940333 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1344880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health crisis with 30% of women over the age of 15 experiencing at least one event in their lifetime. Brain injury (BI) due to head impacts and/or strangulation is a common but understudied part of this experience. Previous research has shown BI from other injury mechanisms can disrupt neurovascular coupling (NVC). To gain further insight into whether similar changes occur in this population, we assessed NVC responses in women with a history of IPV-BI. Methods NVC responses were measured for the middle and posterior cerebral arteries (MCA, PCA) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound while participants performed a complex visual search task. The lifetime history of previous exposure to IPV-BI was captured using the Brain Injury Severity Assessment (BISA) along with measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, substance use, and demographic information. Initial analyses of NVC metrics were completed comparing participants who scored low vs. high on the BISA or did or did not experience non-fatal strangulation followed by a stepwise multiple regression to examine the impact of PTSD, anxiety, and depression on the relationship between the NVC metrics and IPV-BI. Results Baseline and peak cerebral blood velocity were higher and the percentage increase was lower in the PCA in the low compared to the high BISA group whereas no differences between the groups were apparent in the MCA. In addition, those participants who had been strangled had a lower initial slope and area under the curve in the PCA than those who had not experienced strangulation. Finally, the stepwise multiple regression demonstrated the percentage increase in the PCA was significantly related to the BISA score and both depression and anxiety significantly contributed to different components of the NVC response. Conclusions This preliminary study demonstrated that a lifetime history of IPV-BI leads to subtle but significant disruptions to NVC responses which are modulated by comorbid depression and anxiety. Future studies should examine cerebrovascular function at the acute and subacute stages after IPV episodes to shed additional light on this experience and its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Wallace
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Okanagan College, Penticton, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Smirl
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shambhu P. Adhikari
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - K. Elisabeth Jones
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Matt Rieger
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Krystal Rothlander
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Paul van Donkelaar
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Fan XM, Kim HW. The status of intimate partner violence against pregnant women in contemporary China: a scoping review. WOMEN'S HEALTH NURSING (SEOUL, KOREA) 2024; 30:41-55. [PMID: 38650326 PMCID: PMC11073557 DOI: 10.4069/whn.2024.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review explored the status of publications on intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women in contemporary China. METHODS The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases were searched using the terms "IPV," "pregnant woman," "Chinese," and synonyms in English, along with related keywords for Chinese publications. All literature pertaining to IPV during pregnancy, conducted in China, and published between 1987 and September 2023 was included. RESULTS A total of 37 articles from 30 studies were selected. The prevalence of IPV during pregnancy ranged from 2.5% to 31.3%, with psychological violence being the most common form. Frequently identified risk factors included unintended pregnancy, poor family economic conditions, male partners engaging in health risk behaviors, poor employment status of women or their partners, low education levels among women, physical or mental health issues, strained couple relationships, and in-law conflicts. IPV during pregnancy primarily led to mental health problems for the victims and could result in adverse obstetric outcomes, as well as negative effects on the temperament and development of the offspring. Victims in China demonstrated a low willingness to seek help from professionals. Furthermore, relevant research in mainland China is scarce, with a limited number of studies and non-standardized research methodologies. CONCLUSION Future research should investigate IPV in pregnancy from various perspectives, identify factors unique to IPV during pregnancy, and focus on high-risk groups. Considering the conditions in China, there is a pressing need to increase public awareness of IPV and to investigate interventions aimed at addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei Fan
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Center for Human-Caring Nurse Leaders for the Future by Brain Korea 21 (BK 21) Four Project, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Badenes-Sastre M, Beltrán-Morillas AM, Expósito F. Absence Versus Presence of Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of Spanish Women: Conflict Resolution Strategies and Associated Variables. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:832-853. [PMID: 36628445 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221147907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Through two studies (N = 544 women), the role of types of relational problems (absence vs. presence of intimate partner violence [IPV]) in the use of conflict resolution strategies (exit and loyalty) was analyzed, considering the serial mediating effect of dependency and commitment and the moderating effect of benevolent sexism. The main results showed that higher scores in dependency and commitment predicted less use of exit strategies among women who reported IPV. No significant results were found regarding loyalty strategy and benevolent sexism. Ultimately, implications for women's perceived risk of future violence were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Badenes-Sastre
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M Beltrán-Morillas
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Expósito
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Sheridan-Johnson J, Mumford E, Maitra P, Rothman EF. Perceived Impact of COVID-19 on Cyberabuse, Sexual Aggression, and Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241233264. [PMID: 38379202 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241233264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Quarantine guidelines that arose with the COVID-19 pandemic limited opportunities for social interaction, raising concerns about increases in intimate partner violence and cyberabuse while simultaneously restricting access to help. The current study assessed increases in cyberabuse, sexual aggression, and intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in a U.S. nationally representative sample of young adults ages 18 to 35, recruited from a probability-based household panel. Data were collected between November 2020 and May 2021. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess the prevalence of any self-reported increase in cyberabuse, sexual aggression, or intimate partner victimization or perpetration during the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression models were run for each outcome measuring any increase compared to no increase. Approximately one in ten U.S. young adults ages 18 to 35 reported experiencing an increase in cyberabuse victimization (12.6%) and cyberabuse perpetration (8.9%) during the pandemic. Similar proportions were observed for increased sexual aggression victimization (11.8%) and perpetration (9.0%). More than one in five respondents (21.4%) reported that their intimate partner was more physically, sexually, or emotionally aggressive toward them during the pandemic. Conversely, 16.2% of respondents reported that they were more physically, sexually, or emotionally aggressive themselves toward an intimate partner, compared to their behavior before the onset of the pandemic. Having an intimate partner and staying at home more than usual during the pandemic were protective factors for both cyberabuse and sexual aggression victimization. Respondent age, education, and race and ethnicity were not associated with increased victimization or perpetration of cyberabuse or sexual aggression. However, women reported lower odds of increased sexual aggression perpetration than men. These findings improve understanding of changes to interpersonal abuse and associated risk factors during a period of social disruption.
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Kifle ME, Aychiluhm SB, Anbesu EW. Global prevalence of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic among women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:127. [PMID: 38368323 PMCID: PMC10874578 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the coronavirus pandemic, people faced strict preventive measures, including staying at home and maintaining social distance, which led to increasing rates of intimate partner violence. Women have been facing dual health emergencies, including COVID-19 and domestic violence. Despite this, there is a lack of representative data on intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic and inconsistent findings. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used to develop the systematic review and meta-analysis. All English-language studies conducted between 31 December 2019 and May 15/2022 were extracted from databases such as PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI). The I2 was used to assess heterogeneity among studies. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot inspection and Egger's test. A random effect model was used for the analysis using RevMan and STATA 14 software. RESULT A total of 5065 studies were retrieved, and 14 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of intimate partner violence was 31% (95% CI: 22, 40). Subgroup analysis based on region showed that the highest prevalence of intimate partner violence was in developing regions (33, 95% CI: 23.0, 43.0) compared to developed regions (14, 95% CI: 11.0, 17.0). Subgroup analysis based on country showed that Uganda had the highest prevalence of IPV 68% (95% CI: 62.0, 72.0), and the lowest was in the USA 10% (95% CI: 7.0, 15.0). CONCLUSION Nearly one in three women experienced intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subgroup analysis based on region showed that the highest prevalence of intimate partner violence was in developing regions (33%). All forms of intimate partner violence (physical, sexual, emotional, and economic) were prevalent. Thus, available interventions should be implemented to alleviate women's intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic and similar emerging and remerging pandemics, particularly in developing countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022334613 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Setognal Birara Aychiluhm
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Etsay Woldu Anbesu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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23
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Rohn E, Tenkorang EY. Motivations and Barriers to Help-Seeking Among Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Ghana. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:524-550. [PMID: 36408705 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221137924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This study used qualitative data from 30 women in three of Ghana's 16 administrative regions to explore motivations and barriers to help-seeking among victims of intimate partner violence. Results of the thematic analysis showed low reporting to formal support networks, such as the Domestic Violence and Victim Support Unit or the police, with higher preference for informal sources, such as family members and friends. Motivations to seek help included fatigue, severity of abuse, abusive partner's negligence in honoring marital obligations, and trust in family members. Barriers to help-seeking included: fear of divorce, stigmatization, lack of trust in formal support channels, sociocultural norms emphasizing gender role expectations, and family privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Rohn
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Y Tenkorang
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University, St. John's, Canada
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Raziani Y, Hasheminasab L, Gheshlagh RG, Dalvand P, Baghi V, Aslani M. The prevalence of intimate partner violence among Iranian pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Public Health 2024; 52:108-118. [PMID: 36207824 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence against pregnant women is an important public health concern and human rights issue. According to the various findings of previous studies, this study was conducted to assess the pooled prevalence of intimate partner violence against Iranian women. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MagIran, and Scientific Information Database without a time limit. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochrane Q test statistics and the I2 test, and the results were incorporated into a random effects model to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence. Data analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.2. RESULTS The overall prevalence of intimate partner violence was reported to be 51.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 45.0-58.1), and the prevalence rate of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence was 18.0% (95% CI 15.1-20.9), 22.1% (95% CI 17.7-26.60) and 43.2% (95% CI 36.6-49.8), respectively. The lowest level of physical, sexual, and emotional intimate partner violence rate was observed in district 1 of Iran (includes Tehran, the capital of Iran and the surrounding provinces). The rate of physical and sexual intimate partner violence prevalence decreased with the increased mean age of the husband (P=0.005) and the mean age of the wife (P=0.035), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Studies included in this review report that more than half of Iranian women experience violence during pregnancy. In order to prevent adverse maternal and neonatal consequences, it is necessary to identify these women and introduce them to support centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Raziani
- Nursing Department, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulimaniya, Iraq
| | - Leila Hasheminasab
- Clinical Care Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Pegah Dalvand
- Department of Mathematics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Vajiheh Baghi
- Be'sat Hospital, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Marzieh Aslani
- Department of Nursing, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
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Kim W, Cho H, Hong S, Nelson A, Allen J. Concurrent Intimate Partner Violence: Survivors' Health and Help-Seeking. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:503-523. [PMID: 36266994 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221132307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined intimate partner violence patterns using the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a nationally representative sample collected in 2010. The latent class analysis detected six distinctive patterns: Sexual Violence, Psychological Aggression, Multiple Violence, Coercive Control, Physical and Psychological Violence, and Stalking. Multiple Violence was the most common among males, while Coercive Control was the most common among females. Multiple Violence and Physical and Psychological Violence perpetrators inflicted more negative health consequences than the other types. Intervention and prevention approaches that consider perpetrator types as a part of survivor need assessments will improve services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojong Kim
- The University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Hyunkag Cho
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Seunghye Hong
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Abbie Nelson
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lakhdir MPA, Ambreen S, Sameen S, Asim M, Batool S, Azam I, Usmani BA, Iqbal R. Association between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child stunting: a secondary analysis of the Demographic Health Surveys of four South Asian countries. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e071882. [PMID: 38245010 PMCID: PMC10806751 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association between maternal exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and child stunting using the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data comparing four South Asian countries. DESIGN A secondary analysis. SETTING Data from the seventh round of the DHS data of four South Asian countries; Pakistan, Nepal, India and Maldives. PARTICIPANTS Married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) from each household were randomly selected, having at least one child less than 5 years of age for whom all anthropometric measures were available. OUTCOME MEASURE The exposure variable was maternal IPV including, sexual violence, physical violence or both. The outcome variable was moderate or severe stunting, measured based on the height-for-age Z-score of children aged 6-59 months old . Multiple Cox proportional regression analyses were used separately on each country's data to determine the association between maternal IPV and child stunting. RESULTS The prevalence of IPV among women ranged from 10.17% in the Maldives to 31% in India. The burden of child stunting was the lowest in the Maldives at 14.04% and the highest in Pakistan at 35.86%. The number of severely stunted children was the highest in Pakistan (16.60%), followed by India (14.79%). In India, children whose mothers were exposed to IPV showed a 7% increase in the prevalence of moderate to severe child stunting (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14). Additionally, in Nepal, severe stunting was strongly associated with the prevalence of physical IPV (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.87). CONCLUSION Our study findings suggest that maternal exposure to IPV is associated with child stunting. Further research investigating the relationship between IPV and child outcomes using improved and advanced statistical analyses can provide substantial evidence to enhance public awareness and potentially reduce the burden of child stunting in South Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pyar Ali Lakhdir
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Ambreen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Sameen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saila Batool
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Azam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmed Usmani
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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Maude P, James R, Searby A. The use of Open Dialogue in Trauma Informed Care services for mental health consumers and their family networks: A scoping review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38230967 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Open Dialogue was developed in Finland in the 1980s by clinical psychologist, Jaakko Seikkula. It is a development of family therapy, recognises previous trauma and has proven to be very effective in situations of acute mental illness, and in particular psychosis. Trauma Informed Care is a practice based on the understanding of and responsiveness to the impact of trauma. When people have experienced trauma, they may have difficulties in their everyday life and experience negative physical health outcomes as well as the risk of developing mental ill health. Open Dialogue is aligned to mental health care which aims to be trauma-informed, person-centred and rights-based. Examples exist of the use of both approaches for service delivery with limited evaluation. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: To our knowledge, no formal evaluation has been made of the use of open dialogue as a Trauma Informed therapy approach to support individuals and their family networks. Although both approaches recognise the impact of trauma on individuals, no study has explored the effectiveness of this treatment combination for use by mental health nurses. This review is timely as it provides insights into contemporary services that are trauma informed and have used Open Dialogue to extend therapy work with individuals and their family/networks. This scoping review was able to determine whether recommendations for clinical practice and training in Open Dialogue with Trauma Informed Care approaches could be identified. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: This review provided a broad overview on the current types of trauma-informed care services incorporating Open Dialogue approaches into their practice. The literature, though sparce, identifies that Trauma Informed Care recognises multiple origins for mental ill health. Open dialogue has an affinity with the common values of mental health nurses. As combined therapies, they are demonstrating usefulness in engaging families and people in their journey towards recovery. Rigid adherence to Open Dialogue focus and delivery as well as training practices could be revised to make them more open to what people and their families wish to discuss. The person with mental ill health and previous trauma should be able to direct the narrative. Trauma Informed Practice principles could be adapted to improve consumer satisfaction with Open Dialogue approaches. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: A large proportion of people who access mental health services have a lived experienced of trauma and are more likely to have a history of complex trauma. Open Dialogue and Trauma Informed Care practices identify previous trauma as a factor related to later psychosis. This scoping review has identified similarities and contrasts in how an Open Dialogue and Trauma Informed Care approach have been combined to complement one another for clinical work with people presenting with psychosis and previous trauma. AIM We aimed to answer the following research question in this scoping review: What is known of the combined use of Open Dialogue and Trauma Informed Care practice when working with consumers and their family networks? As such, the purpose of this paper was to explore the application to practice and identify if any training existed and been evaluated. METHOD This scoping review was based on the Arksey and O'Malley's framework. A comprehensive search was performed across five electronic databases. Grey literature was also searched through Psyche Info and Google Scholar for books, Dissertation and Theses, alongside hand searching of the reference of the studies. Articles searched was from January 2013 to January 2023. RESULTS Five distinct themes were identified from the literature: (1) Linking open dialogue with trauma, (2) Response to treatment, (3) Empowerment and information sharing, (4) Interpretation by clinical services, (5) Staff training outcomes. DISCUSSION Some tentative recommendations for practice recognised the individuals' unique story and perspective, suggested that trauma is an important concept to assess. Services practising as Trauma Informed Services that have incorporated an Open Dialogue approach have mixed experiences. The use of Open Dialogue may have some benefits for family work and exploring consumer narratives while building a network of support. However, consumers identified similar frustrations with service delivery as with the family therapy literature. For example, it was difficult to bring family members together and difficult to discuss previous traumatic events in front of family. People experiencing training in Open Dialogue reported it taking a slow pace and not what they were familiar with. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Open Dialogue can facilitate engagement of consumers and their family networks and greater recognition of the peer workforce to promote collaboration in therapy is needed. Future research should also focus on evaluating the effectiveness of such services and comparing their outcomes across regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Maude
- La Trobe Rural Health School, Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health Research, Latrobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Russell James
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Adam Searby
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Zharima C, Singh R, Closson K, Beksinska M, Zulu B, Jesson J, Pakhomova T, Dong E, Dietrich J, Kaida A, Basham CA. Economic hardship and perpetration of intimate partner violence by young men in South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022): a cross-sectional study. Inj Epidemiol 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38229136 PMCID: PMC10790426 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-024-00483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic hardship is a potential trigger for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. While higher IPV rates have been reported in low-income regions, few African studies have focused on IPV being triggered by economic hardship among young men during the COVID-19 pandemic. We therefore estimated economic hardship's effect on IPV perpetration by young men in eThekwini District, South Africa, during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of COVID-19 pandemic experiences was conducted among youth aged 16-24 years through an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, including questions about economic hardship (increased difficulty accessing food or decreased income) and IPV perpetration. A prespecified statistical analysis plan with a directed acyclic graph of assumed exposure, outcome, and confounder relationships guided our analyses. We measured association of economic hardship and IPV perpetration through odds ratios (ORs) computed from a multivariable logistic regressions adjusted for measured confounders. Secondary outcomes of physical and sexual IPV perpetration were analyzed separately using the same specifications. Propensity score matching weights (PS-MW) were used in sensitivity analyses. Analysis code repository: https://github.com/CAndrewBasham/Economic_Hardship_IPV_perpetration/ RESULTS: Among 592 participants, 12.5% reported perpetrating IPV, 67.6% of whom reported economic hardship, compared with 45.6% of those not reporting IPV perpetration (crude OR = 2.49). Median age was 22 years (interquartile range 20-24). Most (80%) were in a relationship and living together. Three quarters identified as Black, 92.1% were heterosexual, and half had monthly household income < R1600. We estimated an effect of economic hardship on the odds of perpetrating IPV as OR = 1.83 (CI 0.98-3.47) for IPV perpetration overall, OR = 6.99 (CI 1.85-36.59) for sexual IPV perpetration, and OR = 1.34 (CI 0.69-2.63) for physical IPV perpetration. PS-MW-weighted ORs for IPV perpetration by economic hardship were 1.57 (overall), 4.45 (sexual), and 1.26 (physical). CONCLUSION We estimated 83% higher odds of self-reported IPV perpetration by self-reported economic hardship among young South African men during the COVID-19 pandemic. The odds of sexual IPV perpetration were The seven-times higher by economic hardship, although with limited precision. Among young men in South Africa, economic hardship during COVID-19 was associated with IPV perpetration by men. Our findings warrant culturally relevant and youth-oriented interventions among young men to reduce the likelihood of IPV perpetration should they experience economic hardship. Further research into possible causal mechanisms between economic hardship and IPV perpetration could inform public health measures in future pandemic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campion Zharima
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rishav Singh
- Vaccine Evaluation Centre, BC Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kalysha Closson
- Center On Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall Rm 10522, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Mags Beksinska
- MRU (MatCH Research Unit), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe Zulu
- MRU (MatCH Research Unit), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Durban, South Africa
| | - Julie Jesson
- Center for Epidemiology and Research in POPulation Health (CERPOP), Inserm, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Tatiana Pakhomova
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall Rm 10522, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Erica Dong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall Rm 10522, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Janan Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa
- African Social Sciences Unit of Research and Evaluation (ASSURE), A Division of the Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall Rm 10522, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada.
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - C Andrew Basham
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall Rm 10522, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Vásquez L, Kim C, Rajah V. Intimate Partner Violence in El Salvador: A Relationship Between Femicide Attempts and Barriers to Help-Seeking. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012231222489. [PMID: 38166483 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231222489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Research has examined the relationship between femicides, understood as the killing of any woman, and intimate partner violence (IPV). Additionally, women have been found to seek out formal help when they deem their experiences to be severe, yet many reasons prevent them from doing so; hindering our ability to interrupt the cycle of violence and further victimization. Using the Salvadoran 2017 Violence Against Women National Survey, this study examines the relationships between femicide attempts, IPV, and formal help-seeking. We find a significant positive relationship between experiencing a femicide attempt and IPV, and specific reasons for not seeking formal help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Vásquez
- Department of Criminal Justice, John Jay College/Graduate Center CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chunrye Kim
- Sociology and Criminal Justice Department, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valli Rajah
- Department of Criminal Justice, John Jay College/Graduate Center CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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30
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Hoang TG, Pham MK, Sterk CE, Evans DP, Miedema SS, Yount KM. Prevalence of violence victimisation and poly-victimisation among female sex workers in Haiphong, Viet Nam: A cross-sectional study. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2308709. [PMID: 38295852 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2024.2308709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study is the first to describe the prevalence of violence and poly-victimisation among 310 female sex workers (FSWs) who were cisgender in Haiphong, Viet Nam. An adapted version of the WHO-Multi-Country Study on Violence against Women Survey Instrument was administered to assess physical, sexual, economic and emotional forms of violence perpetrated by an intimate partner, paying partner/client, and/or others (e.g. relatives, police, strangers and other FSWs) during adulthood. The ACE-Q scale was administered to assess adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before age 18 years. Our findings showed that FSWs are exposed to high rates of multiple forms of violence by multiple perpetrators. For any male client-perpetrated violence (CPV), lifetime prevalence was 70.0%, with 12-month prevalence 61.3%. Lifetime prevalence of male intimate partner violence (IPV) was 62.1%, and the 12-month prevalence was 58.2%. Lifetime and prior 12-month prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by other perpetrators (OPV) was 18.1% and 14.2%, respectively. Sixty-five percent of FSWs reported at least one type of ACE. Overall, 21.6 percent of FSWs reported having experienced all three forms of violence (IPV, CPV and OPV) in their lifetime. Policy and programme recommendations for screening and prevention of violence are needed in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Giang Hoang
- Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Haiphong, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Khue Pham
- Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Haiphong, Viet Nam
| | - Claire E Sterk
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dabney P Evans
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kathryn M Yount
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Shubina O, Mshana G, Sichalwe S, Malibwa D, Mosha N, Hashim R, Nahay F, Ayieko P, Kapiga S, Stöckl H. The association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence in young male perpetrators in Mwanza, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2185967. [PMID: 36927456 PMCID: PMC10026741 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2185967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, few studies have been conducted among young males in low- and middle-income countries. Alcohol consumption and IPV are both complex phenomena, whose association requires more in-depth exploration regarding drinking patterns and the alcohol-related manifestation of five different forms of IPV. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to explore the relationship between alcohol use and IPV in young Tanzanian men and to identify differences in the magnitude of past-year IPV perpetration among alcohol drinkers and abstainers. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the association between various drinking patterns with the perpetration of different forms of IPV. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 1002 young males residing in Mwanza, Tanzania, was conducted in 2021-2022. Data on alcohol consumption were collected using the alcohol use disorder identification test. IPV perpetration was assessed using an index total of 19 items on acts of physical, sexual, economic, emotional abuse, and controlling behaviour. Logistic regression models were conducted to estimate the relationship between alcohol use and the perpetration of each form of IPV. RESULTS Among partnered respondents currently consuming alcohol (n = 189, 18.8%), the most and the least prevalent IPV forms in the past 12 months were controlling behaviour (84.1%) and physical IPV (25.4%), respectively. Those reporting recent alcohol consumption reported higher rates of all forms of past-year IPV perpetration compared to abstainers. While no form of IPV was associated with low-risk consumption versus abstention, all forms of IPV were associated with hazardous drinking. CONCLUSION Young men who drink alcohol, especially those drinking hazardously, are also more likely to report perpetrating IPV. An understanding of the different drinking patterns and manifestations of forms of IPV can contribute to better-tailored alcohol-related interventions and has the potential to improve young adults' health and reduce IPV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Shubina
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerry Mshana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Neema Mosha
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Fauzia Nahay
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Philip Ayieko
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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Bentley A, Riutort-Mayol G. The association between intimate partner violence type and mental health in migrant women living in Spain: findings from a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1307841. [PMID: 38145064 PMCID: PMC10740158 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1307841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health has been clearly established in the literature, however the differential associations between IPV type and mental health are less well understood, particularly in migrant groups who are at increased risk of both IPV and poor mental health. Under-studied and emerging forms of violence such as economic abuse and technology-facilitated abuse must be considered alongside more traditionally studied forms of IPV in order to fully understand the complex nature of violence. This study makes a novel contribution to the literature by assessing multiple forms of IPV including psychological, physical, sexual, economic and technology-facilitated IPV and their relationship with symptoms of depression and anxiety in migrant women, disaggregated by IPV type. Methods A cross-sectional survey of migrant women living in the Valencian Community of Spain was conducted, to assess experiences of IPV and symptoms of mental health. Regression analysis from the Bayesian perspective was performed. Results 1,998 women accessed the survey. They had an average age of 37, and came predominantly from Europe (49%), namely Western Europe, followed by Latin America (38%). The majority had been in Spain between 1 and 3 years, and 80% had resident status. A total of 1,156 responded to questions on violence and mental health. Results showed that the prevalence of IPV was high, with 59% of women reporting any experience of violence. Economic abuse was the most commonly reported form of violence, and showed the strongest relationship with symptoms of depression. Sexual violence was the strongest predictor of anxiety. In both cases, in the presence of violence, the odds of having more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increases by over 2.25. Technology-facilitated abuse was as detrimental to women's mental health as face-to-face violence. Discussion The findings from the study are relevant to researchers, policy-makers and service providers. They highlight the complex nature of IPV experiences faced by migrant women and the importance of understanding how different types of IPV can impact migrant mental health, in order to ensure survivors receive adequate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Bentley
- Instituto de Investigación en Políticas de Bienestar Social (Polibienestar), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Riutort-Mayol
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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Nascimento CTDJS, Vidigal MTC, Oliveira VHFPD, Franco RPAV, Vieira WA, de-Jesus-Soares A, Lima RR, Franco A, Paranhos LR. Knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding domestic violence against women: a systematic review. SAO PAULO MED J 2023; 142:e2022682. [PMID: 38055422 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0682.r1.180723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Tereza Campos Vidigal
- MSc. Dentist, Master's student, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia (MG), Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Porto Alegre Valente Franco
- MSc. Dentist, Doctoral student, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia (MG), Brazil
| | - Walbert Andrade Vieira
- MSc. Dentist, Doctoral student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil
| | - Adriana de-Jesus-Soares
- PhD. Dentist, Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- PhD. Dentist, Professor, Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém (PA), Brazil
| | - Ademir Franco
- PhD. Dentist, Professor, Division of Forensic Dentistry, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas (SP), Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- PhD. Dentist, Professor, Division of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia (MG), Brazil
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Clark CJ, Bergenfeld I, Cheong YF, Najera H, Sardinha L, García-Moreno C, Heise L. Patterns of Women's exposure to psychological violence: A global examination of low- and middle-income countries. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101500. [PMID: 37727254 PMCID: PMC10506161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Under Sustainable Development Goal 5, prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) is a globally reportable indicator. There is a lack of consensus on how to measure and report psychological IPV, affecting prevalence estimates and cross-country comparability. We examine similarities and differences in the patterning of women's experiences of psychological abuse in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to inform common cut points. Methods Data include 13,452 ever-partnered women from six LMICs participating in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women and 306,101 from 47 LMICs participating in the Demographic and Health Surveys. A confirmatory latent class analysis (LCA) approach was applied to identify the optimal class structure using the 3 DHS and 4 WHO psychological IPV items, assessed the impact of physical and sexual IPV on class structure, and tested class generalizability across countries. We validated the three-class solution by regressing the classes on physical IPV, sexual IPV, controlling behaviors, and injury due to domestic violence. We used item response theory (IRT) methods to assess item-level characteristics of the items. Results Analysis confirmed the three-class structure in most countries. Addition of physical and sexual IPV did not change overall class structure or improve discrimination or homogeneity of the items. The three-class structure was invariant within most WHO-classified regions. Operationalized classes informed by the LCA resulted in prevalences of roughly 90% low-to-no class, 7% moderate-intensity class, and 3% high-intensity class. Classes showed convergent validity with all outcomes tested. IRT analysis revealed good discriminations but substantial information overlaps over a narrow range of the latent psychological violence construct. Conclusions This study confirms the three-class pattern but suggests some differences across countries. and regions. We suggest cut points distinguishing violent from non-violent acts and demarcating levels of severity for future study. Findings offer evidence-based guidance to rectify challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari Jo Clark
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hector Najera
- Programme for Development Studies. National Autonomous University of Mexico PUED-UNAM, Mexico
| | - LynnMarie Sardinha
- The UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia García-Moreno
- The UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lori Heise
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Prevention Collaborative1, USA
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Allen-Leap M, Hooker L, Wild K, Wilson IM, Pokharel B, Taft A. Seeking Help From Primary Health-Care Providers in High-Income Countries: A Scoping Review of the Experiences of Migrant and Refugee Survivors of Domestic Violence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3715-3731. [PMID: 36514249 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221137664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Migrant and refugee women experiencing domestic violence (DV) may face compounding factors that impact their ability and experiences of seeking help. Health-care providers are in a unique position to identify and assist victims of DV, however, they often lack the confidence and training to do this well. Little is known of the health-care experiences of migrant and refugee women experiencing abuse when they access primary health care (PHC). Using scoping review methodology, we undertook a systematic search of seven databases (Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, CINAHL, Informit Complete, and Google Scholar). We sought peer-reviewed and grey literature, published in English between January 1980 and August 2021 that identified women (18+) who had experienced DV, from low- or middle-income countries (LMICs), seeking help or health care in a primary care setting of a high-income country (HIC). Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings identify sociocultural and sociopolitical barriers for migrant and refugee women seeking help for DV, which are contextualized within the ecological model. Migration-related factors and fear were major barriers for migrant and refugee women, while kindness, empathy and trust in health-care providers, and children's well-being were the strongest motivators for help-seeking and disclosure. This review provides insight into an under-researched and marginalized group of victim-survivors and highlights the need for increased awareness, guidance, and continuing education for health-care providers and health-care systems to provide best practice DV care for migrant and refugee women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leesa Hooker
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University
- La Trobe Rural Health School Department of Rural Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University
| | - Kayli Wild
- Principal Research Fellow, Centre for Child Development and Education, Menzies School of Health Research
- Institute for Human Security & Social Change, La Trobe University
| | - Ingrid M Wilson
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology
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Ali P, Ayyaz R, McGarry J, Younas A, Watson R, East L. Preparedness of Australian and British nurses and midwives about domestic violence and abuse. Int Nurs Rev 2023; 70:494-500. [PMID: 36580381 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is a major health problem that affects individuals across the world. Nurses, midwives and healthcare providers need to be confident and competent in identifying and responding to DVA. AIMS To measure current levels of knowledge, opinions and preparedness towards DVA and how it is managed by registered nurses and midwives residing in Australia and the UK. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected using the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS) measuring the perceived preparation and knowledge, actual knowledge, opinions and practice issues. Australian data were collected in 2018 and UK data were collected in 2017-2018. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data and differences in knowledge and attitudes of British and Australian nurses. FINDINGS Nurses and midwives (n = 368; 130 from Australia; 238 from the UK) responded to the survey. Minimal previous DVA training was reported by the participants. Participants had minimal knowledge about DVA, though had a positive attitude towards engaging with women experiencing DVA. DISCUSSION Most participants felt unprepared to ask relevant questions about DVA and had inadequate knowledge about available resources. Australian participants scored better than British participants; however, the mean difference in all aspects remained statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Australian and British nurses and midwives have a positive attitude towards women experiencing DVA; however, the knowledge and skills to support women experiencing DVA are limited. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY Nursing institutions should develop strategic policies regarding mandatory preparation and training of nurses for domestic violence assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Ali
- Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rida Ayyaz
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julie McGarry
- Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Ahtisham Younas
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John', Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Roger Watson
- School of Health and Social Work, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Leah East
- Professor in Nursing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowomba, QLD, Australia
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Salimi H, Hosseinkhani A, Beeble ML, Samavi SA. Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Revised Scale of Economic Abuse among Iranian Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:12067-12088. [PMID: 37565355 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231190667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Economic abuse, in the context of intimate relationships, is a pervasive form of violence that merits further empirical attention. We know from limited research that the rates of economic abuse appear to be high in Iran; however, there is a lack of culturally appropriate measures that can assess the extent to which women experience economic harm as a result of their partners' actions. The present study was conducted with the aims of (a) investigating the psychometric properties of the 14-item Revised Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA2) which was translated into Persian for this study and (b) examining the prevalence of economic abuse among a sample of 371 married housewives in Qazvin, Iran. Confirmatory factor analysis supports the two-factor structure of the SEA2, with the exception of one item. Composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha demonstrated good internal consistency. The average variance extracted method, along with correlations with other financial variables, demonstrated evidence of good convergent validity. Correlations with related, but distinct forms of abuse, support the scale's discriminant validity. Based on the collective findings, this measure can be used as a reliable and valid tool to study economic abuse among Iranian women which, within our sample, appears to be a common phenomenon. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Salimi
- Department of Counseling, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Marisa L Beeble
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Russell Sage College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - S Abdolvahab Samavi
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Saunders KRK, Landau S, Howard LM, Fisher HL, Arseneault L, McLeod GFH, Oram S. Past-year intimate partner violence perpetration among people with and without depression: an individual participant data (IPD) meta-mediation analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1735-1747. [PMID: 34842963 PMCID: PMC10627935 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether (1) depression is associated with increased risk of past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, disaggregated by sex, after controlling for potential confounders; (2) observed associations are mediated by alcohol misuse or past-year IPV victimisation. METHODS Systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-mediation analysis of general population surveys of participants aged 16 years or older, that were conducted in a high-income country setting, and measured mental disorder and IPV perpetration in the last 12 months. RESULTS Four datasets contributed to meta-mediation analyses, with a combined sample of 12,679 participants. Depression was associated with a 7.4% and 4.8% proportion increase of past-year physical IPV perpetration among women and men, respectively. We found no evidence of mediation by alcohol misuse. Among women, past-year IPV victimisation mediated 45% of the total effect of depression on past-year IPV perpetration. Past-year severe IPV victimisation mediated 60% of the total effect of depression on past-year severe IPV perpetration. We could not investigate IPV victimisation as a mediator among men due to perfect prediction. CONCLUSIONS Mental health services, criminal justice services, and domestic violence perpetrator programmes should be aware that depression is associated with increased risk of IPV perpetration. Interventions to reduce IPV victimisation might help prevent IPV perpetration by women. Data collection on mental disorder and IPV perpetration should be strengthened in future population-based surveys, with greater consistency of data collection across surveys, as only four studies were able to contribute to the meta-mediation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R K Saunders
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Sabine Landau
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geraldine F H McLeod
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sian Oram
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Mootz JJ, Spencer CM, Ettelbrick J, Kann B, Fortunato dos Santos P, Palmer M, Stith SM. Risk Markers for Victimization and Perpetration of Male-to-Female Physical Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3433-3444. [PMID: 36373646 PMCID: PMC10583092 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) incurs significant public health consequences. Understanding risk markers can accelerate prevention and response efforts, important in settings like Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where resources are scarce. In this study, four databases were searched to identify studies that examined risk markers for male-to-female physical IPV. With application of the socioecological model, we analyzed 11 risk markers for male physical IPV perpetration (with 71 effect sizes) and 16 risk markers for female physical IPV victimization (with 131 effect sizes) in SSA from 51 studies. For male IPV perpetration, we found medium-to-large effect sizes for six risk markers: perpetrating emotional abuse and sexual IPV, witnessing parental IPV, being abused as a child, cohabitating (not married), and exhibiting controlling behaviors. We found small effect sizes for substance use. Employment, age, marital status, and education were not significant risk markers. For female IPV victimization, a medium effect size was found for post-traumatic stress symptoms. Small effect sizes were found for reporting depressive symptoms, being abused as a child, witnessing parental IPV, and reporting drug and alcohol use. Rural residence, approval of violence, length of relationship, income, education, employment, age, marital status, and religiosity were not significant risk markers. Findings highlight opportunities for screening and intervention at the couple level, show the need to test and incorporate interventions for IPV in mental health treatment, and emphasize the importance of further research on sociodemographic risk markers and the interventions that target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Mootz
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
| | | | | | - Bianca Kann
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Long H, Liu L, Dai L, Cao W, Liu J, Liu M. Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Associated Factors Among People With HIV: A Large-Sample Cross-Sectional Study in China. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1592-1599. [PMID: 37565503 PMCID: PMC10681864 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and exacerbating factors of intimate partner violence in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) in China, we conducted a cross-sectional study, involving 2792 PWH in 4 provinces in China from 1 September 2020 to 1 June 2021. The categories of intimate partner violence (IPV) included physical violence, sexual violence, emotional abuse, and controlling behavior. The severity of a violent act was divided into mild, moderate, and severe. Among PWH, the prevalence of IPV was 15.4% (95% confidence interval, 14.1%-16.8%). The severity of physical violence was mainly moderate, and the severity of sexual violence, emotional abuse, and controlling behavior was mainly mild. The prevalence of IPV in men was higher than that in women. Results from the multivariable logistic regression showed that age, ethnic, registered residence, education, and duration of HIV antiretroviral therapy were factors related to IPV in PWH (P < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Long
- Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guizhou, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Shangqiu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Henan, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxian Cao
- Hefei Infectious Disease Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Gunarathne L, Bhowmik J, Apputhurai P, Nedeljkovic M. Factors and consequences associated with intimate partner violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293295. [PMID: 37939106 PMCID: PMC10631698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global public health issue, with notably high prevalence rates observed within Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This systematic review aimed to examine the risk factors and consequences associated with IPV against women in LMICs. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using three databases: Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and Scopus, covering the period from January 2010 to January 2022. The study included only peer-reviewed journal articles in English that investigated IPV against women in LMICs. Out of 167 articles screened, 30 met the inclusion criteria, comprising both quantitative and mixed-method studies. Risk factors of IPV were categorised as: demographic risk factors (23 studies), family risk factors (9 studies), community-level factors (1 studies), and behavioural risk factors (14 studies), while consequences of IPV were categorised as mental health impacts (13 studies), physical impacts (5 studies), and societal impacts (4 studies). In this study, several risk factors were identified including lower levels of education, marriage at a young age, poor wealth indices, rural residential areas, and acceptance of gender norms that contribute to the prevalence of IPV in LMICs. It is essential to address these factors through effective preventive policies and programs. Moreover, this review highlights the necessity of large-scale, high-quality policy-driven research to further examine risk factors and consequences, ultimately guiding the development of interventions aimed at preventing IPV against women in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakma Gunarathne
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jahar Bhowmik
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pragalathan Apputhurai
- Department of Health Science and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maja Nedeljkovic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Alabi TA, Ramsden MJ. Regional variations in the acceptance and experience of intimate partner violence in Nigeria: Revisiting cosmopolitan-success and conservative-failure hypothesis. J Biosoc Sci 2023; 55:1134-1155. [PMID: 36573476 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932022000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates regional variations in the factors associated with acceptance and actual experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) among married women in northern and southern Nigeria - two regions with distinct socio-cultural and economic differences. Data from the 2018 demographic and health survey are analysed to compare these two regions. The sample comprised married/living-with-partner women within the reproductive age of 15-49. Overall, a positive association exists between IPV experience and IPV acceptance, regardless of which is used as the outcome variable. Contrary to the notion that IPV is prevalent where its acceptance is high, this study finds that the reverse is true. IPV acceptance is significantly higher in the north than in the south (39.4% versus 14.7%), but the reverse is the case for the actual experience of IPV (20.1% versus 24.7%). Being employed and having access to the internet reduce the odds of IPV victimisation for women in the south, but increases the chances for northern women. Muslims in the north have significantly higher odds of IPV acceptance than their Christian counterparts in the same region, but the reverse is the case in the south. Regional differences also exist in the influence of decision-making, educational difference between spouses, and media exposure. While the cosmopolitan-success and conservative-failure hypothesis explains the regional differences in the acceptance of IPV, it fails to explain differences in the actual experience of IPV. The study provides alternative explanations for the regional differences in the experience of IPV and acceptance of it in Nigeria, and it points to the need for differing intervention programmes across regions. Notably, the study found that the association between justification of IPV and actual experience of it is bi-directional and suggests caution in making causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde A Alabi
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark J Ramsden
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Gopalakrishnan L, Bertozzi S, Bradshaw P, Deardorff J, Shakya Baker H, Rabe-Hesketh S. The Role of Gender Norms on Intimate Partner Violence Among Newly Married Adolescent Girls and Young Women in India: A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231208999. [PMID: 37885422 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231208999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Gender norms have been posited to impact intimate partner violence (IPV), but there is scant evidence of the longitudinal association between community-level gender norms and IPV. Using longitudinal data on 3,965 married girls surveyed in India, we fitted mixed-effects ordinal and binary logistic regression models for physical IPV intensity and occurrence of sexual IPV. We found a 26% increase in the odds that women experience frequent physical IPV per one unit increase in greater community-level equitable gender norms. We did not find an association between community-level equitable gender norms and sexual IPV. Findings suggest that the relationship between gender norms and physical and sexual IPV differs, indicating the need for tailored interventions for different types of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Bertozzi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Bradshaw
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Holly Shakya Baker
- Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Rabe-Hesketh
- School of Education, School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Richardson RA, Hadd AR, Rodriguez-Planas N, Wiederkehr K, Jamshed F, Benmarhnia T, Clark CJ. Does domestic violence legislation reduce permissive attitudes about intimate partner violence? Longitudinal evidence from men and women from 61 countries. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.23.23297413. [PMID: 37961711 PMCID: PMC10635179 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.23297413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent and has substantial implications for women's health. Changing IPV attitudes is one pathway to reduce IPV. While evidence suggests that interventions targeting individuals may change IPV attitudes, the effect of wider-scale interventions, such as legislation, remain unknown. Methods We used individual-level IPV attitudes information collected between 1997 and 2020 by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), which we linked with national-level domestic violence (DV) legislation information. We evaluated the effect of adoption of DV legislation on changes in IPV attitudes using a difference-in-differences study design that controlled for time-varying country-level confounding and accounted for staggered timing of legislation adoption. Findings Our sample included 2,184,047 women from 60 countries and 390,877 men from 40 countries. After controlling for country-level confounders, adoption of DV legislation reduced IPV acceptability among women (average treatment effect among treated (ATT) = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.16, 0.06) and men (ATT = -0.11, 95% CI: -0.22, 0.03) although estimates were imprecise and included the null. Interpretation DV legislation may reduce permissive IPV attitudes, especially among men, although conclusions should be interpreted cautiously due to imprecise estimates. Funding Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5R00HD104896).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Alexandria R Hadd
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | | | - Katjana Wiederkehr
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Farheen Jamshed
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego
| | - Cari Jo Clark
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
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Maposa I, Twabi HS, Matsena-Zingoni Z, Batidzirai JM, Singini G, Mohammed M, Bere A, Kgarosi K, Mchunu N, Nevhungoni P, Moyo-Chilufya M, Ojifinni O, Musekiwa A. Bayesian spatial modelling of intimate partner violence and associated factors among adult women and men: evidence from 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2061. [PMID: 37864202 PMCID: PMC10589974 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a global public health concern for both men and women. Spatial mapping and clustering analysis can reveal subtle patterns in IPV occurrences but are yet to be explored in Rwanda, especially at a lower small-area scale. This study seeks to examine the spatial distribution, patterns, and associated factors of IPV among men and women in Rwanda. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis of the 2019/2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) individual-level data set for 1947 women aged 15-49 years and 1371 men aged 15-59 years. A spatially structured additive logistic regression model was used to assess risk factors for IPV while adjusting for spatial effects. The district-level spatial model was adjusted for fixed covariate effects and was implemented using a fully Bayesian inference within the generalized additive mixed effects framework. RESULTS IPV prevalence amongst women was 45.9% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 43.4-48.5%) while that for men was 18.4% (95% CI: 16.2-20.9%). Using a bivariate choropleth, IPV perpetrated against women was higher in the North-Western districts of Rwanda whereas for men it was shown to be more prevalent in the Southern districts. A few districts presented high IPV for both men and women. The spatial structured additive logistic model revealed higher odds for IPV against women mainly in the North-western districts and the spatial effects were dominated by spatially structured effects contributing 64%. Higher odds of IPV were observed for men in the Southern districts of Rwanda and spatial effects were dominated by district heterogeneity accounting for 62%. There were no statistically significant district clusters for IPV in both men or women. Women with partners who consume alcohol, and with controlling partners were at significantly higher odds of IPV while those in rich households and making financial decisions together with partners were at lower odds of experiencing IPV. CONCLUSION Campaigns against IPV should be strengthened, especially in the North-Western and Southern parts of Rwanda. In addition, the promotion of girl-child education and empowerment of women can potentially reduce IPV against women and girls. Furthermore, couples should be trained on making financial decisions together. In conclusion, the implementation of policies and interventions that discourage alcohol consumption and control behaviour, especially among men, should be rolled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Maposa
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Halima S Twabi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi.
| | - Zvifadzo Matsena-Zingoni
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for Biomedical Modelling, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesca M Batidzirai
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey Singini
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Mohanad Mohammed
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Alphonce Bere
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Kabelo Kgarosi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nobuhle Mchunu
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Statistics, Durban, South Africa
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Portia Nevhungoni
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maureen Moyo-Chilufya
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Oludoyinmola Ojifinni
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alfred Musekiwa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Miedema SS, Cheong YF, Naved RT, Yount KM. Development and validation of the Economic Coercion Scale-20 (ECS-20): A short-form of the ECS-36. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287963. [PMID: 37856439 PMCID: PMC10586689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Economic Coercion Scale 36 (ECS-36) is a validated scale measuring women's exposure to economic coercion for low-income countries. A valid short form is needed to facilitate parsimonious measurement of economic coercion in general surveys or program evaluations. We used data from a probability sample of 930 married women 15-49 years in Matlab, Bangladesh. We selected 21 items from the ECS-36 based on theory, content coverage, and item and dimensional information. We evaluated external validity with measures of non-economic intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms. We tested measurement invariance of the short-form scale across participants and non-participants of microfinance programs. A final, 20-item scale captured husband's interference with wife's (1) acquisition of economic resources and (2) use or maintenance of economic resources. IRT results of the ECS-20 demonstrated precision over the higher range of the economic coercion trait. Tests of external validity confirmed expected correlations of the ECS-20 with measures of IPV and depressive symptoms. The ECS-20 was measurement invariant across groups of women who did and did not participate in microfinance programs. The ECS-20, a valid short-form of the ECS-36, is suitable for general surveys and monitoring potential adverse impacts of microfinance programs targeting women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Rodrigues P, Fernet M, Cousineau MM, Philibert M. Associations between small-area sociodemographic characteristics and intimate partner violence in Montréal, Québec. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231208326. [PMID: 37941655 PMCID: PMC10629306 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231208326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects many individuals and can have a significant impact on their health and well-being. In order to inform prevention strategies, several studies have focused on the determinants of IPV. However, knowledge on the association between neighbourhood characteristics and IPV remains scarce. The social disorganization theory posits that certain neighbourhood characteristics are associated with violent behaviours. This theory has been used to explain spatial variations in IPV, but most studies have been conducted in the United States. Little is known about the effect of neighbourhood factors in urban contexts outside of the United States. Design and methods Using police data from 2016 and 2017, this study estimated the association between sociodemographic characteristics of neighbourhoods (socioeconomic status, single-parenthood, residential instability and ethnocultural heterogeneity) and IPV victimization in Montréal, Québec. Results Results suggest a neighbourhood-level variation in IPV, and that neighbourhood-level characteristics are associated with IPV victimization. Specifically, the likelihood of IPV is higher in neighbourhoods with the lowest SES level (OR = 2.80, 95%CI: 2.47-3.17, p < 0.001) and the lowest level of residential instability (OR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.70-0.93, p = 0.003) as well as the highest proportion of single-parent households (OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.65-2.15, p < 0.001). Conclusion Although neighbourhood-level interventions to reduce IPV are rare, our results highlight the importance of developing such preventive strategies. Prevention programs targeting high-risk neighbourhoods may prove effective in reducing IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rodrigues
- Institut Santé et Société, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mylène Fernet
- Institut Santé et Société, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Mathieu Philibert
- Institut Santé et Société, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Pecini C, Ruzzante D, Valtorta RR, Crapolicchio E, Cocco VM, Andrighetto L, Di Bernardo GA. Why Might Women Justify Dating Violence? The Role of Men's Sexual Objectification of Their Romantic Partners Within Heterosexual Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10664-10685. [PMID: 37227007 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231175515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Men's partner-sexual objectification has been linked to increased self-objectification and diminished well-being in women. Some recent findings have also demonstrated that men's partner-sexual objectification is related to increased violence in the relationship. However, mechanisms driving this association remain unexplored. In the present research, we collected data on women and men involved in heterosexual romantic relationships and investigated the associations between men's partner-sexual objectification, women's self-objectification, and both partners' attitudes toward dating violence. Study 1 (N = 171 heterosexual couples) provided first evidence for the link between men's partner-sexual objectification and their attitudes toward dating violence. Furthermore, men's attitudes toward dating violence mediated the relationship between sexual objectification of their partners and women's attitudes toward dating violence. These results were replicated in Study 2 (N = 235 heterosexual couples). Findings of this study also revealed that, along with men's attitudes toward dating violence, women's self-objectification acted as a mediating mechanism linking experiences of being sexually objectified by the romantic partner and attitudes toward dating violence in women. Implications of our findings for the issue of dating violence are discussed.
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Rebbe R, Adhia A, Eastman AL, Chen M, Winn J. The Measurement of Intimate Partner Violence Using International Classification of Diseases Diagnostic Codes: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2165-2180. [PMID: 35506696 PMCID: PMC10711693 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is challenging to measure yet systematic surveillance of IPV is critical to informing public health prevention and response efforts. Administrative medical data provide opportunities for such surveillance, and often use the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The primary purpose of this systematic review was to document which ICD codes have been used in empirical literature to identify IPV, understand the justification used to select specific codes to develop IPV case definitions, and identify the data sources and types of research questions addressed by the existing literature. We searched 11 databases and of the initial 2182 results, 21 empirical studies from 2000 to 2020 met the study inclusion criteria including using ICD codes to measure IPV. The majority of these studies (90.5%) used either national samples of data or population-based administrative data from emergency departments (52.4%) or inpatient hospitalizations (38.1%). We found wide variation of ICD diagnostic codes to measure IPV and categorized the sets of codes used based on the number of codes. The most commonly used ICD-9 codes were E967.3, 995.81, 995.80, 995.85 and the most common ICD-10 codes were T74.1 and Z63.0. Few studies validated the ICD codes used to measure IPV. Most included studies (81.0%) answered epidemiological research questions. The current study provides suggestions for future research, including justifying the selection of ICD codes and providing a range of estimates based on narrow and broad sets of codes. Implications for policy and practice, including enhanced training for healthcare professionals in documenting IPV, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rebbe
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Avanti Adhia
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea Lane Eastman
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - May Chen
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jade Winn
- University of Southern California Libraries, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cheng LJ, Cheng JY, Yen KY, Lau ST, Lau Y. Global Prevalence and Factors Related to Intimate Partner Violence Amongst People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2466-2485. [PMID: 35524396 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221097436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reviews of intimate partner violence (IPV) have primarily focused on women and same-sex relationships, but little is known about the global epidemiology of IPV among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This review employed meta-analytic approaches to determine the worldwide prevalence and factors related to different forms of IPV among PLWHA. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane review, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ProQuest, and registers, were systematically reviewed until November 5, 2021. The meta-analysis was conducted using the metafor package in R software. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool version 1 were used to assess the study quality and risk of bias, respectively. A total of 49 published articles and 42,280 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Over their lifetime, four in ten PLWHA have experienced some type of IPV. Over a quarter have experienced physical, emotional, or psychological IPV. One in five PLWHA experienced at least one form of IPV during the recall period of last year, with emotional IPV being the most prevalent. Rates of physical and any types of IPV differed substantially between IPV measurements. IPV rates also varied significantly by the study design, with physical (29%) and sexual (18%) IPV rates being more prevalent in cross-sectional studies. Public health measures are critical for preventing and combating IPV among PLWHA. Additional cross-national research using robust sampling methods is required to obtain more representative samples and thus a more reliable prevalence estimate of IPV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jie Cheng
- Health Systems and Behavioural Sciences domain, Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Ying Cheng
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Yoong Yen
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Tiang Lau
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Lau
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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