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Zhang D, Shao Y, Zhou J, Zhan Q, Wen Z, Mao S, Wei J, Qi L, Shao Y, Wang H. Nanopipette dynamic microscopy unveils nano coffee ring. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314320121. [PMID: 38954540 PMCID: PMC11252805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314320121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) imaging has revolutionized our understanding of nanosynthesis and assembly. However, the current closed geometry limits its application for open systems. The ubiquitous physical process of the coffee-ring phenomenon that underpins materials and engineering science remains elusive at the nanoscale due to the lack of experimental tools. We introduce a quartz nanopipette liquid cell with a tunable dimension that requires only standard microscopes. Depending on the imaging condition, the open geometry of the nanopipette allows the imaging of evaporation-induced pattern formation, but it can also function as an ordinary closed-geometry liquid cell where evaporation is negligible despite the nano opening. The nano coffee-ring phenomenon was observed by tracking individual nanoparticles in an evaporating nanodroplet created from a thin liquid film by interfacial instability. Nanoflows drive the assembly and disruption of a ring pattern with the absence of particle-particle correlations. With surface effects, nanoflows override thermal fluctuations at tens of nanometers, in which nanoparticles displayed a "drunken man trajectory" and performed work at a value much smaller than kBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiangwei Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Mao
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Zhou S, Zheng Q, Tang S, Sun SG, Liao HG. Liquid cell electrochemical TEM: Unveiling the real-time interfacial reactions of advanced Li-metal batteries. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:230901. [PMID: 36550040 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Li metal batteries (LMBs) reveal great application prospect in next-generation energy storage, because of their high energy density and low electrochemical potential, especially when paired with elemental sulfur and oxygen cathodes. Complex interfacial reactions have long been a big concern because of the elusive formation/dissolution of Li metal at the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which leads to battery degradation under practical operating conditions. To precisely track the reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, in the past ten years, high spatio-temporal resolution, in situ electrochemical transmission electron microscopy (EC-TEM) has been developed. A preliminary understanding of the structural and chemical variation of Li metal during nucleation/growth and SEI layer formation has been obtained. In this perspective, we give a brief introduction of liquid cell development. Then, we comparably discuss the different configurations of EC-TEM based on open-cell and liquid-cell, and focus on the recent advances of liquid-cell EC-TEM and its investigation in the electrodes, electrolytes, and SEI. Finally, we present a perspective of liquid-cell EC-TEM for future LMB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Gang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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3
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Li M, Ling L. Visualizing Dynamic Environmental Processes in Liquid at Nanoscale via Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15503-15511. [PMID: 35969015 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing the structure and processes in liquids at the nanoscale is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms and underlying processes of environmental research. Cutting-edge progress of in situ liquid-phase (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (LP-S/TEM) and inferred possible applications are highlighted as a more and more indispensable tool for visualization of dynamic environmental processes in this Perspective. Advancements in nanofabrication technology, high-speed imaging, comprehensive detectors, and spectroscopy analysis have made it increasingly convenient to use LP S/TEM, thus providing an approach for visualization of direct and insightful scientific information with the exciting possibility of solving an increasing number of tricky environmental problems. This includes evaluating the transformation fate and path of contamination, assessing toxicology of nanomaterials, simulating solid surface corrosion processes in the environment, and observing water pollution control processes. Distinct nanoscale or even atomic understanding of the reaction would provide dependable and precise identification and quantification of contaminants in dynamic processes, thus facilitating trouble-tracing of environmental problems with amplifying complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lan Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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4
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Kelly DF, DiCecco LA, Jonaid GM, Dearnaley WJ, Spilman MS, Gray JL, Dressel-Dukes MJ. Liquid-EM goes viral - visualizing structure and dynamics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102426. [PMID: 35868163 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-electron microscopy (EM), the room temperature correlate to cryo-EM, is an exciting new technique delivering real-time data of dynamic reactions in solution. Here, we explain how liquid-EM gained popularity in recent years by examining key experiments conducted on viral assemblies and host-pathogen interactions. We describe developing workflows for specimen preparation, data collection, and computing processes that led to the first high-resolution virus structures in a liquid environment. Equally important, we review why liquid-electron tomography may become the next big thing in biomedical research due to its ability to monitor live viruses entering cells within seconds. Taken together, we pose the idea that liquid-EM can serve as a dynamic complement to current cryo-EM methods, inspiring the "real-time revolution" in nanoscale imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah F Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Liza-Anastasia DiCecco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada. https://twitter.com/LizaDiCecco
| | - G M Jonaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William J Dearnaley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. https://twitter.com/PennStateMRI
| | - Michael S Spilman
- Direct Electron, LP, San Diego, CA 92128, USA. https://twitter.com/DirectElectron
| | - Jennifer L Gray
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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5
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Yang Y, Peltier CR, Zeng R, Schimmenti R, Li Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Potsi G, Selhorst R, Lu X, Xu W, Tader M, Soudackov AV, Zhang H, Krumov M, Murray E, Xu P, Hitt J, Xu L, Ko HY, Ernst BG, Bundschu C, Luo A, Markovich D, Hu M, He C, Wang H, Fang J, DiStasio RA, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Noonan KJT, Xiao L, Zhuang L, Pivovar BS, Zelenay P, Herrero E, Feliu JM, Suntivich J, Giannelis EP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Arias T, Mavrikakis M, Mallouk TE, Brock JD, Muller DA, DiSalvo FJ, Coates GW, Abruña HD. Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6117-6321. [PMID: 35133808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhifei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mariel Tader
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ellen Murray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy Hitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Linxi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin Bundschu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aileen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Danielle Markovich
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng He
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bryan S Pivovar
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Piotr Zelenay
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Jin Suntivich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emmanuel P Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Tomás Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joel D Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Center for Alkaline Based Energy Solutions (CABES), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Park J, Koo K, Noh N, Chang JH, Cheong JY, Dae KS, Park JS, Ji S, Kim ID, Yuk JM. Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Progress, Applications, and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2021; 15:288-308. [PMID: 33395264 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy (GLC-EM), a cutting-edge liquid-phase EM technique, has become a powerful tool to directly visualize wet biological samples and the microstructural dynamics of nanomaterials in liquids. GLC uses graphene sheets with a one carbon atom thickness as a viewing window and a liquid container. As a result, GLC facilitates atomic-scale observation while sustaining intact liquids inside an ultra-high-vacuum transmission electron microscopy chamber. Using GLC-EM, diverse scientific results have been recently reported in the material, colloidal, environmental, and life science fields. Here, the developments of GLC fabrications, such as first-generation veil-type cells, second-generation well-type cells, and third-generation liquid-flowing cells, are summarized. Moreover, recent GLC-EM studies on colloidal nanoparticles, battery electrodes, mineralization, and wet biological samples are also highlighted. Finally, the considerations and future opportunities associated with GLC-EM are discussed to offer broad understanding and insight on atomic-resolution imaging in liquid-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjae Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namgyu Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Seong Dae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Yang Y, Xiong Y, Zeng R, Lu X, Krumov M, Huang X, Xu W, Wang H, DiSalvo FJ, Brock JD, Muller DA, Abruña HD. Operando Methods in Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J. DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joel. D. Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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8
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O'Callahan BT, Park KD, Novikova IV, Jian T, Chen CL, Muller EA, El-Khoury PZ, Raschke MB, Lea AS. In Liquid Infrared Scattering Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Chemical and Biological Nanoimaging. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4497-4504. [PMID: 32356991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Imaging biological systems with simultaneous intrinsic chemical specificity and nanometer spatial resolution in their typical native liquid environment has remained a long-standing challenge. Here, we demonstrate a general approach of chemical nanoimaging in liquid based on infrared scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR s-SNOM). It is enabled by combining AFM operation in a fluid cell with evanescent IR illumination via total internal reflection, which provides spatially confined excitation for minimized IR water absorption, reduced far-field background, and enhanced directional signal emission and sensitivity. We demonstrate in-liquid IR s-SNOM vibrational nanoimaging and conformational identification of catalase nanocrystals and spatio-spectral analysis of biomimetic peptoid sheets with monolayer sensitivity and chemical specificity at the few zeptomole level. This work establishes the principles of in-liquid and in situ IR s-SNOM spectroscopic chemical nanoimaging and its general applicability to biomolecular, cellular, catalytic, electrochemical, or other interfaces and nanosystems in liquids or solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Eric A Muller
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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9
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Levin BDA, Haiber D, Liu Q, Crozier PA. An Open-Cell Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Technique for In Situ Characterization of Samples in Aqueous Liquid Solutions. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:134-138. [PMID: 31948500 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The desire to image specimens in liquids has led to the development of open-cell and closed-cell techniques in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The closed-cell approach is currently more common in TEM and has yielded new insights into a number of biological and materials processes in liquid environments. The open-cell approach, which requires an environmental TEM (ETEM), is technically challenging but may be advantageous in certain circumstances due to fewer restrictions on specimen and detector geometry. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to open-cell liquid TEM, in which we use salt particles to facilitate the in situ formation of droplets of aqueous solution that envelope specimen particles coloaded with the salt. This is achieved by controlling sample temperature between 1 and 10°C and introducing water vapor to the ETEM chamber above the critical pressure for the formation of liquid water on the salt particles. Our use of in situ hydration enables specimens to be loaded into a microscope in a dry state using standard 3 mm TEM grids, allowing specimens to be prepared using trivial sample preparation techniques. Our future aim will be to combine this technique with an in situ light source to study photocorrosion in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby D A Levin
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Diane Haiber
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Qianlang Liu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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10
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Smith JW, Chen Q. Liquid-phase electron microscopy imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8490-8506. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electron microscopy, a new method for real-time nanoscopic imaging in liquid, makes it possible to study cells or biomolecules with a singular combination of spatial and temporal resolution. We review the state of the art in biological research in this growing and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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11
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Bharda AV, Jung HS. Liquid electron microscopy: then, now and future. Appl Microsc 2019; 49:9. [PMID: 33580443 PMCID: PMC7809579 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-019-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary microscopic imaging at near-atomic resolution of diverse embodiments in liquid environment has gained keen interest. In particular, Electron Microscopy (EM) can provide comprehensive framework on the structural and functional characterization of samples in liquid phase. In the past few decades, liquid based electron microscopic modalities have developed tremendously to provide insights into various backgrounds like biological, chemical, nanoparticle and material researches. It serves to be a promising analytical tool in deciphering unique insights from solvated systems. Here, the basics of liquid electron microscopy with few examples of its applications are summarized in brief. The technical developments made so far and its preference over other approaches is shortly presented. Finally, the experimental limitations and an outlook on the future technical advancement for liquid EM have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Vispi Bharda
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea.
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12
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Direct observation of unstained biological samples in water using newly developed impedance scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221296. [PMID: 31430321 PMCID: PMC6701803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-scale observation of specimens in water is indispensable in several scientific fields, such as biology, chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) obtains high-resolution images of biological samples under high vacuum conditions but requires specific sample-preparation protocols. Observations of unstained biological samples in water require more convenient and less invasive methods. Herein, we have developed a new type of impedance microscopy, namely impedance SEM (IP-SEM), which allows the imaging and sub-micrometer scale examination of various specimens in water. By varying the frequency of the input signal, the proposed system can detect the impedance properties of the sample’s composition at sub-micrometer scale resolution. Besides examining various unstained biological specimens and material samples in water. Furthermore, the proposed system can be used for diverse liquid samples across a broad range of scientific fields, such as nanoparticles, nanotubes and organic and catalytic materials.
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13
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Montoro Bustos AR, Pettibone JM, Murphy KE. Characterization of Nanoparticles: Advances. NANOPARTICLE DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION FOR CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016292-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the unique properties of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have placed them at the centre of revolutionary advancements in many sectors of science, technology and commerce. Multi-technique and multi-disciplinary analytical approaches are required to identify, quantify, and characterize the chemical composition, size and size distribution, surface properties and the number and concentration of NPs. In this chapter, an overview of the recent advances in the characterization of NPs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Montoro Bustos
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899-1070 USA
| | - J. M. Pettibone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899-1070 USA
| | - K. E. Murphy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899-1070 USA
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14
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Satyavolu NSR, Loh KY, Tan LH, Lu Y. Discovery of and Insights into DNA "Codes" for Tunable Morphologies of Metal Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900975. [PMID: 31074939 PMCID: PMC6663601 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and elucidation of genetic codes has profoundly changed not only biology but also many fields of science and engineering. The fundamental building blocks of life comprises of four simple deoxyribonucleotides and yet their combinations serve as the carrier of genetic information that encodes for proteins that can carry out many biological functions due to their unique functionalities. Inspired by nature, the functionalities of DNA molecules have been used as a capping ligand for controlling morphology of nanomaterials, and such a control is sequence dependent, which translates into distinct physical and chemical properties of resulting nanoparticles. Herein, an overview on the use of DNA as engineered codes for controlling the morphology of metal nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and Pd-Au bimetallic nanoparticles is provided. Fundamental insights into rules governing DNA controlled growth mechanisms are also summarized, based on understanding of the affinity of the DNA nucleobases to various metals, the effect of combination of nucleobases, functional modification of DNA, the secondary structures of DNA, and the properties of the seed employed. The resulting physical and chemical properties of these DNA encoded nanomaterials are also reviewed, while perspectives into the future directions of DNA-mediated nanoparticle synthesis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Sai Reddy Satyavolu
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kang Yong Loh
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Li Huey Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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15
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Chen FC, Chen JY, Lin YH, Kuo MY, Hsu YJ, Wu WW. In situ TEM observation of Au-Cu 2O core-shell growth in liquids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10486-10492. [PMID: 31112184 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nanoparticles are widely used in catalysis, sensors and biology due to their versatile functions. Among the various heterogeneous nanoparticles, Au-Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles show high stability and short response times for use as sensors and catalysts and have thus attracted much attention. Previous studies show that the properties of Au-Cu2O are mainly related to the shape and size of the Au-Cu2O nanoparticles. However, the forming behavior of heterostructures and the mechanism have not been fully explored. In this work, liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) was used to investigate the formation of these interesting Au-Cu2O nanoparticles and their process of aggregation. The electron beam and dispersion of gold nanoparticles are both important parameters for the reduction reaction in in situ LCTEM. The Au-Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles can be synthesized to have two morphologies, multifaceted and cubic. The nanoparticles grew into these different morphologies due to the amount of remaining citrate ligands on the surface of the gold nanoparticles. For the multifaceted nanoparticles, the epitaxy of the two components is confirmed from high-resolution TEM images and electron diffraction patterns with an epitaxial relationship of Au (020)//Cu2O (020) and Au [101]//Cu2O [101]. The growth rate is approximately 210 nm2 s-1. On the other hand, the cubic nanoparticles nucleate and grow independently. The growth kinetics and elemental distributions have been systematically studied. In addition, the nanoclusters would float, rotate, and finally aggregate with the surrounding clusters. This in situ experiment sheds light on the growth mechanisms of nanostructures and will improve the applicability and controllability of heterostructure synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchiu, Taiwan.
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16
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Gerlinger W, Asua JM, Chaloupka T, Faust JMM, Gjertsen F, Hamzehlou S, Hauger SO, Jahns E, Joy PJ, Kosek J, Lapkin A, Leiza JR, Mhamdi A, Mitsos A, Naeem O, Rajabalinia N, Singstad P, Suberu J. Dynamic Optimization and Non-linear Model Predictive Control to Achieve Targeted Particle Morphologies. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018; 91:323-335. [PMID: 31543521 PMCID: PMC6743714 DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An event‐driven approach based on dynamic optimization and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is investigated together with inline Raman spectroscopy for process monitoring and control. The benefits and challenges in polymerization and morphology monitoring are presented, and an overview of the used mechanistic models and the details of the dynamic optimization and NMPC approach to achieve the relevant process objectives are provided. Finally, the implementation of the approach is discussed, and results from experiments in lab and pilot‐plant reactors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Maria Asua
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Tomáš Chaloupka
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Department of Chemical Engineering Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Johannes M M Faust
- RWTH Aachen University Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Process Systems Engineering (SVT) Forckenbeckstrasse 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | | | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | | | | | - Preet J Joy
- RWTH Aachen University Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Process Systems Engineering (SVT) Forckenbeckstrasse 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Juraj Kosek
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Department of Chemical Engineering Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Lapkin
- University of Cambridge Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Philippa Fawcett Drive CB3 0AS Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Jose Ramon Leiza
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Adel Mhamdi
- RWTH Aachen University Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Process Systems Engineering (SVT) Forckenbeckstrasse 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- RWTH Aachen University Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Process Systems Engineering (SVT) Forckenbeckstrasse 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | | | - Noushin Rajabalinia
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | | | - John Suberu
- University of Cambridge Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Philippa Fawcett Drive CB3 0AS Cambridge United Kingdom
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17
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Krans NA, Ahmad N, Alloyeau D, de Jong KP, Zečević J. Attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles to carbon nanofibers studied by in-situ liquid phase transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2018; 117:40-46. [PMID: 30468967 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
By using liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM), the dynamics of iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe-NP) attachment to carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and oxygen functionalized CNFs (CNF-Ox) were studied in-situ. The beam effect on the stability of the sample in various liquids was examined, and it was found that toluene provided the highest stability and resolution to image both CNF supports and Fe-NPs. Flowing particles dispersed in toluene through the liquid cell allowed direct monitoring of the attachment process at ambient temperature. Using CNF-Ox as a support led to a large extent and irreversible attachment of iron nanoparticle compared to a lower extent and reversible attachment of Fe-NPs to pristine CNF, indicating the influence of surface functionalization on colloidal particle attachment. The results were confirmed by lab-scale experiments as well as experiments performed with the electron beam switched off, verifying the notion that beam effects did not affect the attachment. This study revealed previously unknown phenomena in colloidal particle - support interactions and demonstrates the power of LP-TEM technique for studying such nanoscale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke A Krans
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - N Ahmad
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - D Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - K P de Jong
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Zečević
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye institute for Nanomaterials Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Cassidy C, Yamashita M, Cheung M, Kalale C, Adaniya H, Kuwahara R, Shintake T. Water without windows: Evaluating the performance of open cell transmission electron microscopy under saturated water vapor conditions, and assessing its potential for microscopy of hydrated biological specimens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186899. [PMID: 29099843 PMCID: PMC5669482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have performed open cell transmission electron microscopy experiments through pure water vapor in the saturation pressure regime (>0.6 kPa), in a modern microscope capable of sub-Å resolution. We have systematically studied achievable pressure levels, stability and gas purity, effective thickness of the water vapor column and associated electron scattering processes, and the effect of gas pressure on electron optical resolution and image contrast. For example, for 1.3 kPa pure water vapor and 300kV electrons, we report pressure stability of ± 20 Pa over tens of minutes, effective thickness of 0.57 inelastic mean free paths, lattice resolution of 0.14 nm on a reference Au specimen, and no significant degradation in contrast or stability of a biological specimen (M13 virus, with 6 nm body diameter). We have also done some brief experiments to confirm feasibility of loading specimens into an in situ water vapor ambient without exposure to intermediate desiccating conditions. Finally, we have also checked if water experiments had any discernible impact on the microscope performance, and report pertinent vacuum and electron optical data, for reference purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Cassidy
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masao Yamashita
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Martin Cheung
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Chola Kalale
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hidehito Adaniya
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kuwahara
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Shintake
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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19
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Dwyer JR, Harb M. Through a Window, Brightly: A Review of Selected Nanofabricated Thin-Film Platforms for Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Detection. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:2051-2075. [PMID: 28714316 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817715496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of the use of selected nanofabricated thin films to deliver a host of capabilities and insights spanning bioanalytical and biophysical chemistry, materials science, and fundamental molecular-level research. We discuss approaches where thin films have been vital, enabling experimental studies using a variety of optical spectroscopies across the visible and infrared spectral range, electron microscopies, and related techniques such as electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and single molecule sensing. We anchor this broad discussion by highlighting two particularly exciting exemplars: a thin-walled nanofluidic sample cell concept that has advanced the discovery horizons of ultrafast spectroscopy and of electron microscopy investigations of in-liquid samples; and a unique class of thin-film-based nanofluidic devices, designed around a nanopore, with expansive prospects for single molecule sensing. Free-standing, low-stress silicon nitride membranes are a canonical structural element for these applications, and we elucidate the fabrication and resulting features-including mechanical stability, optical properties, X-ray and electron scattering properties, and chemical nature-of this material in this format. We also outline design and performance principles and include a discussion of underlying material preparations and properties suitable for understanding the use of alternative thin-film materials such as graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Dwyer
- 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Maher Harb
- 2 Department of Physics and Materials, Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Ogura T, Okada T. Nanoscale observation of the natural structure of milk-fat globules and casein micelles in the liquid condition using a scanning electron assisted dielectric microscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:1021-1025. [PMID: 28780347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, aqueous nanoparticles have been used in drug-delivery systems for new type medicines. In particular, milk-casein micelles have been used as drug nanocarriers for targeting cancer cells. Therefore, nanostructure observation of particles and micelles in their native liquid condition is indispensable for analysing their function and mechanisms. However, traditional optical and scanning electron microscopy have difficulty observing the nanostructures of aqueous micelles. Recently, we developed a novel imaging technique called scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) that enables observation of various biological specimens in water with very little radiation damage and high-contrast imaging without staining or fixation at an 8-nm spatial resolution. In this study, for the first time, we show that the SE-ADM system is capable of high-resolution observation of whole-milk specimens in their natural state. Moreover, we successfully observe the casein micelles and milk-fat globules in an intact liquid condition. Our SE-ADM system can be applied to various biological particles and micelles in a native liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ogura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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21
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High-resolution imaging of living mammalian cells bound by nanobeads-connected antibodies in a medium using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43025. [PMID: 28230204 PMCID: PMC5322383 DOI: 10.1038/srep43025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-scale-resolution imaging technologies for liquid-phase specimens are indispensable tools in various scientific fields. In biology, observing untreated living cells in a medium is essential for analysing cellular functions. However, nanoparticles that bind living cells in a medium are hard to detect directly using traditional optical or electron microscopy. Therefore, we previously developed a novel scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) capable of nanoscale observations. This method enables observation of intact cells in aqueous conditions. Here, we use this SE-ADM system to clearly observe antibody-binding nanobeads in liquid-phase. We also report the successful direct detection of streptavidin-conjugated nanobeads binding to untreated cells in a medium via a biotin-conjugated anti-CD44 antibody. Our system is capable of obtaining clear images of cellular organelles and beads on the cells at the same time. The direct observation of living cells with nanoparticles in a medium allowed by our system may contribute the development of carriers for drug delivery systems (DDS).
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22
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Besztejan S, Keskin S, Manz S, Kassier G, Bücker R, Venegas-Rojas D, Trieu HK, Rentmeister A, Miller RJD. Visualization of Cellular Components in a Mammalian Cell with Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:46-55. [PMID: 28137345 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (liquid-cell TEM) imaging of fixed and non-fixed prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP) with high resolution in a custom developed silicon nitride liquid cell. Fixed PC3 cells were imaged for 90-120 min without any discernable damage. High contrast on the cellular structures was obtained even at low electron doses (~2.5 e-/nm2 per image). The images show distinct structures of cell compartments (nuclei and nucleoli) and cell boundaries without any further sample embedding, dehydration, or staining. Furthermore, we observed dynamics of vesicles trafficking from the cell membrane in consecutive still frames in a non-fixed cell. Our findings show that liquid-cell TEM, operated at low electron dose, is an excellent tool to investigate dynamic events in non-fixed cells with enough spatial resolution (few nm) and natural amplitude contrast to follow key intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Besztejan
- 1Chemistry Department,Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Hamburg,Martin-Luther-King Platz 6,20146 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Sercan Keskin
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Stephanie Manz
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Günther Kassier
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Robert Bücker
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Deybith Venegas-Rojas
- 4Institute of Microsystems Technology,Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH),Eißendorfer Straße 42,21073 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Hoc K Trieu
- 4Institute of Microsystems Technology,Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH),Eißendorfer Straße 42,21073 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- 5Institute of Biochemistry,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster,Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2,48149 Muenster,Germany
| | - R J Dwayne Miller
- 2The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging,University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149,22761 Hamburg,Germany
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23
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Dou J, Sun Z, Opalade AA, Wang N, Fu W, Tao F(F. Operando chemistry of catalyst surfaces during catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2001-2027. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of a catalyst surface during catalysis is crucial for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of a catalytic reaction performed on the catalyst in the gas or liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dou
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Adedamola A. Opalade
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Wensheng Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications and College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Franklin (Feng) Tao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
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24
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Zečević J, Hermannsdörfer J, Schuh T, de Jong KP, de Jonge N. Anisotropic Shape Changes of Silica Nanoparticles Induced in Liquid with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 27735131 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used for in-situ imaging of nanoscale processes taking place in liquid, such as the evolution of nanoparticles during synthesis or structural changes of nanomaterials in liquid environment. Here, it is shown that the focused electron beam of scanning TEM (STEM) brings about the dissolution of silica nanoparticles in water by a gradual reduction of their sizes, and that silica redeposites at the sides of the nanoparticles in the scanning direction of the electron beam, such that elongated nanoparticles are formed. Nanoparticles with an elongation in a different direction are obtained simply by changing the scan direction. Material is expelled from the center of the nanoparticles at higher electron dose, leading to the formation of doughnut-shaped objects. Nanoparticles assembled in an aggregate gradually fuse, and the electron beam exposed section of the aggregate reduces in size and is elongated. Under TEM conditions with a stationary electron beam, the nanoparticles dissolve but do not elongate. The observed phenomena are important to consider when conducting liquid-phase STEM experiments on silica-based materials and may find future application for controlled anisotropic manipulation of the size and the shape of nanoparticles in liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Zečević
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tobias Schuh
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Krijn P de Jong
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Saarland, Campus A5 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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25
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Zhong XL, Schilling S, Zaluzec NJ, Burke MG. Sample Preparation Methodologies for In Situ Liquid and Gaseous Cell Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Electropolished Specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:1350-1359. [PMID: 27819208 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies utilizing in situ liquid and/or gaseous cell scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) have been reported. Because of the difficulty in the preparation of suitable specimens, these environmental S/TEM studies have been generally limited to studies of nanoscale structured materials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, or sputtered thin films. In this paper, we present two methodologies which have been developed to facilitate the preparation of electron-transparent samples from conventional bulk metals and alloys for in situ liquid/gaseous cell S/TEM experiments. These methods take advantage of combining sequential electrochemical jet polishing followed by focused ion beam extraction techniques to create large electron-transparent areas for site-specific observation. As an example, we illustrate the application of this methodology for the preparation of in situ specimens from a cold-rolled Type 304 austenitic stainless steel sample, which was subsequently examined in both 1 atm of air as well as fully immersed in a H2O environment in the S/TEM followed by hyperspectral imaging. These preparation techniques can be successfully applied as a general procedure for a wide range of metals and alloys, and are suitable for a variety of in situ analytical S/TEM studies in both aqueous and gaseous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li Zhong
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Sibylle Schilling
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Nestor J Zaluzec
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - M Grace Burke
- 1School of Materials,Materials Performance Centre· and Electron Microscopy Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
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Dwyer JR, Bandara YMNDY, Whelan JC, Karawdeniya BI, Nichols JW. Silicon Nitride Thin Films for Nanofluidic Device Fabrication. NANOFLUIDICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735230-00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride is a ubiquitous and well-established nanofabrication material with a host of favourable properties for creating nanofluidic devices with a range of compelling designs that offer extraordinary discovery potential. Nanochannels formed between two thin silicon nitride windows can open up vistas for exploration by freeing transmission electron microscopy to interrogate static structures and structural dynamics in liquid-based samples. Nanopores present a strikingly different architecture—nanofluidic channels through a silicon nitride membrane—and are one of the most promising tools to emerge in biophysics and bioanalysis, offering outstanding capabilities for single molecule sensing. The constrained environments in such nanofluidic devices make surface chemistry a vital design and performance consideration. Silicon nitride has a rich and complex surface chemistry that, while too often formidable, can be tamed with new, robust surface functionalization approaches. We will explore how a simple structural element—a ∼100 nm-thick silicon nitride window—can be used to fabricate devices to wrest unprecedented insights from the nanoscale world. We will detail the intricacies of native silicon nitride surface chemistry, present surface chemical modification routes that leverage the richness of available surface moieties, and examine the effect of engineered chemical surface functionality on nanofluidic device character and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Dwyer
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | | | - J. C. Whelan
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - B. I. Karawdeniya
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - J. W. Nichols
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry Kingston RI 02881 USA
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Wu J, Shan H, Chen W, Gu X, Tao P, Song C, Shang W, Deng T. In Situ Environmental TEM in Imaging Gas and Liquid Phase Chemical Reactions for Materials Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9686-9712. [PMID: 27628711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas and liquid phase chemical reactions cover a broad range of research areas in materials science and engineering, including the synthesis of nanomaterials and application of nanomaterials, for example, in the areas of sensing, energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and bio-related applications. Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) provides a unique opportunity for monitoring gas and liquid phase reactions because it enables the observation of those reactions at the ultra-high spatial resolution, which is not achievable through other techniques. Here, the fundamental science and technology developments of gas and liquid phase TEM that facilitate the mechanistic study of the gas and liquid phase chemical reactions are discussed. Combined with other characterization tools integrated in TEM, unprecedented material behaviors and reaction mechanisms are observed through the use of the in situ gas and liquid phase TEM. These observations and also the recent applications in this emerging area are described. The current challenges in the imaging process are also discussed, including the imaging speed, imaging resolution, and data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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28
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Efficient preparation of graphene liquid cell utilizing direct transfer with large-area well-stitched graphene. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Gradov OV, Gradova MA. Methods of electron microscopy of biological and abiogenic structures in artificial gas atmospheres. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375516010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Ambient-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) and microscopy are at the frontier of modern chemical analysis at liquid-gas, solid-liquid and solid-gas interfaces, bridging science and engineering of functional materials. Complementing the current state-of-the art of the instruments, we survey in this short review several alternative APPES approaches, developed recently in the scanning photoelectron microscope (SPEM) at the Elettra laboratory. In particular, we report on experimental setups for dynamic near-ambient pressure environment, using pulsed-gas injection in the vicinity of samples or reaction cells with very small apertures, allowing for experiments without introducing additional differential pumping stages. The major part of the review is dedicated to the construction and performance of novel environmental cells using ultrathin electron-transparent but molecularly impermeable membranes to isolate the gas or liquid ambient from the electron detector operating in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). We demonstrate that two dimensional materials, such as graphene and derivatives, are mechanically robust to withstand atmospheric - UHV pressure differences and are sufficiently transparent for the photoelectrons emitted from samples immersed in the liquid or gaseous media. There are many unique opportunities for APPES using X-rays over a wide energy range. We show representative results that illustrate the potential of these 'ambient-pressure' approaches. Combined with the ca 100 nm lateral resolution of SPEM, they can overcome the pressure gap challenges and address the evolution of chemical composition and electronic structure at surface and interfaces under realistic operation conditions with unprecedented lateral and spectral resolution.
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Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy offers structural and compositional information with atomic resolution, but its use is restricted to thin, solid samples. Liquid samples, particularly those involving water, have been challenging because of the need to form a thin liquid layer that is stable within the microscope vacuum. Liquid cell electron microscopy is a developing technique that allows us to apply the powerful capabilities of the electron microscope to imaging and analysis of liquid specimens. We describe its impact in materials science and biology. We discuss how its applications have expanded via improvements in equipment and experimental techniques, enabling new capabilities and stimuli for samples in liquids, and offering the potential to solve grand challenge problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Ross
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
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Dubochet J. A Reminiscence about Early Times of Vitreous Water in Electron Cryomicroscopy. Biophys J 2015; 110:756-7. [PMID: 26362521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dubochet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Ma T, Miyazaki K, Ariga H, Takakusagi S, Asakura K. Investigation of the Cleanliness of Transferred Graphene: The First Step toward Its Application as a Window Material for Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University
| | - Kotaro Miyazaki
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University
- Suga Co., Ltd
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34
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Wang Y, Chen X, Cao H, Deng C, Cao X, Wang P. A Structural Study of Escherichia coli Cells Using an In Situ Liquid Chamber TEM Technology. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:829302. [PMID: 25734023 PMCID: PMC4334870 DOI: 10.1155/2015/829302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Studying cell microstructures and their behaviors under living conditions has been a challenging subject in microbiology. In this work, in situ liquid chamber TEM was used to study structures of Escherichia coli cells in aqueous solutions at a nanometer-scale resolution. Most of the cells remained intact under electron beam irradiation, and nanoscale structures were observed during the TEM imaging. The analysis revealed structures of pili surrounding the E. coli cells; the movements of the pili in the liquid were also observed during the in situ tests. This technology also allowed the observation of features of the nucleoid in the E. coli cells. Overall, in situ TEM can be applied as a valuable tool to study real-time microscopic structures and processes in microbial cells residing in native aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hongliang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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35
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Toth M, Lobo C, Friedli V, Szkudlarek A, Utke I. Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1518-40. [PMID: 26425405 PMCID: PMC4578401 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) is a suite of direct-write, high resolution techniques that enable fabrication and editing of nanostructured materials inside scanning electron microscopes and other focused electron beam (FEB) systems. Here we detail continuum techniques that are used to model FEBIP, and release software that can be used to simulate a wide range of processes reported in the FEBIP literature. These include: (i) etching and deposition performed using precursors that interact with a surface through physisorption and activated chemisorption, (ii) gas mixtures used to perform simultaneous focused electron beam induced etching and deposition (FEBIE and FEBID), and (iii) etch processes that proceed through multiple reaction pathways and generate a number of reaction products at the substrate surface. We also review and release software for Monte Carlo modeling of the precursor gas flux which is needed as an input parameter for continuum FEBIP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Toth
- School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology, Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Charlene Lobo
- School of Physics and Advanced Materials, University of Technology, Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Vinzenz Friedli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Szkudlarek
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
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36
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Abstract
Since electron microscopy (EM) first appeared in the 1930s, it has held centre stage as the primary tool for the exploration of biological structure. Yet, with the recent developments of light microscopy techniques that overcome the limitations imposed by the diffraction boundary, the question arises as to whether the importance of EM in on the wane. This Commentary describes some of the pioneering studies that have shaped our understanding of cell structure. These include the development of cryo-EM techniques that have given researchers the ability to capture images of native structures and at the molecular level. It also describes how a number of recent developments significantly increase the ability of EM to visualise biological systems across a range of length scales, and in 3D, ensuring that EM will remain at the forefront of biology research for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Knott
- BioEM Facility, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Microscopie Electronique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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38
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Dukes MJ, Thomas R, Damiano J, Klein KL, Balasubramaniam S, Kayandan S, Riffle JS, Davis RM, McDonald SM, Kelly DF. Improved microchip design and application for in situ transmission electron microscopy of macromolecules. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:338-345. [PMID: 24331164 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental properties of macromolecules has enhanced the development of emerging technologies used to improve biomedical research. Currently, there is a critical need for innovative platforms that can illuminate the function of biomedical reagents in a native environment. To address this need, we have developed an in situ approach to visualize the dynamic behavior of biomedically relevant macromolecules at the nanoscale. Newly designed silicon nitride devices containing integrated "microwells" were used to enclose active macromolecular specimens in liquid for transmission electron microscopy imaging purposes.We were able to successfully examine novel magnetic resonance imaging contrast reagents, micelle suspensions, liposome carrier vehicles, and transcribing viral assemblies. With each specimen tested, the integrated microwells adequately maintained macromolecules in discrete local environments while enabling thin liquid layers to be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kate L Klein
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | | | - Sanem Kayandan
- 3 Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Judy S Riffle
- 3 Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richey M Davis
- 3 Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sarah M McDonald
- 6 Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- 3 Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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39
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Peckys DB, de Jonge N. Liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy: imaging protein complexes in their native environment in whole eukaryotic cells. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:346-65. [PMID: 24548636 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of specimens in liquid, so-called Liquid STEM, is capable of imaging the individual subunits of macromolecular complexes in whole eukaryotic cells in liquid. This paper discusses this new microscopy modality within the context of state-of-the-art microscopy of cells. The principle of operation and equations for the resolution are described. The obtained images are different from those acquired with standard transmission electron microscopy showing the cellular ultrastructure. Instead, contrast is obtained on specific labels. Images can be recorded in two ways, either via STEM at 200 keV electron beam energy using a microfluidic chamber enclosing the cells, or via environmental scanning electron microscopy at 30 keV of cells in a wet environment. The first series of experiments involved the epidermal growth factor receptor labeled with gold nanoparticles. The labels were imaged in whole fixed cells with nanometer resolution. Since the cells can be kept alive in the microfluidic chamber, it is also feasible to detect the labels in unfixed, live cells. The rapid sample preparation and imaging allows studies of multiple whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana B Peckys
- 1 Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Niels de Jonge
- 1 Leibniz Institute for New Materials (INM), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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40
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Ogura T. Direct observation of unstained biological specimens in water by the frequency transmission electric-field method using SEM. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92780. [PMID: 24651483 PMCID: PMC3961424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool for the direct visualization of biological specimens at nanometre-scale resolution. However, images of unstained specimens in water using an atmospheric holder exhibit very poor contrast and heavy radiation damage. Here, we present a new form of microscopy, the frequency transmission electric-field (FTE) method using SEM, that offers low radiation damage and high-contrast observation of unstained biological samples in water. The wet biological specimens are enclosed in two silicon nitride (SiN) films. The metal-coated SiN film is irradiated using a focused modulation electron beam (EB) at a low-accelerating voltage. A measurement terminal under the sample holder detects the electric-field frequency signal, which contains structural information relating to the biological specimens. Our results in very little radiation damage to the sample, and the observation image is similar to the transmission image, depending on the sample volume. Our developed method can easily be utilized for the observation of various biological specimens in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ogura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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41
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Proetto MT, Rush AM, Chien MP, Abellan Baeza P, Patterson JP, Thompson MP, Olson NH, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Andolina C, Millstone J, Howell SB, Browning ND, Evans JE, Gianneschi NC. Dynamics of soft nanomaterials captured by transmission electron microscopy in liquid water. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1162-5. [PMID: 24422495 DOI: 10.1021/ja408513m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present in situ transmission electron microscopy of synthetic polymeric nanoparticles with emphasis on capturing motion in a solvated, aqueous state. The nanoparticles studied were obtained from the direct polymerization of a Pt(II)-containing monomer. The resulting structures provided sufficient contrast for facile imaging in situ. We contend that this technique will quickly become essential in the characterization of analogous systems, especially where dynamics are of interest in the solvated state. We describe the preparation of the synthetic micellar nanoparticles together with their characterization and motion in liquid water with comparison to conventional electron microscopy analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Proetto
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and ⊥Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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42
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de Jonge N, Pfaff M, Peckys DB. Practical Aspects of Transmission Electron Microscopy in Liquid. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800264-3.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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43
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Dukes MJ, Gilmore BL, Tanner JR, McDonald SM, Kelly DF. In situ TEM of biological assemblies in liquid. J Vis Exp 2013:50936. [PMID: 24429390 DOI: 10.3791/50936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers regularly use Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to examine biological entities and to assess new materials. Here, we describe an additional application for these instruments- viewing viral assemblies in a liquid environment. This exciting and novel method of visualizing biological structures utilizes a recently developed microfluidic-based specimen holder. Our video article demonstrates how to assemble and use a microfluidic holder to image liquid specimens within a TEM. In particular, we use simian rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs) as our model system. We also describe steps to coat the surface of the liquid chamber with affinity biofilms that tether DLPs to the viewing window. This permits us to image assemblies in a manner that is suitable for 3D structure determination. Thus, we present a first glimpse of subviral particles in a native liquid environment.
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44
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Nam D, Park J, Gallagher-Jones M, Kim S, Kim S, Kohmura Y, Naitow H, Kunishima N, Yoshida T, Ishikawa T, Song C. Imaging fully hydrated whole cells by coherent x-ray diffraction microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:098103. [PMID: 23496748 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.098103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale imaging of biological specimens in their native condition is of long-standing interest, in particular with direct, high resolution views of internal structures of intact specimens, though as yet progress has been limited. Here we introduce wet coherent x-ray diffraction microscopy capable of imaging fully hydrated and unstained biological specimens. Whole cell morphologies and internal structures better than 25 nm can be clearly visualized without contrast degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoong Nam
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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45
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Randolph SJ, Botman A, Toth M. Capsule-free fluid delivery and beam-induced electrodeposition in a scanning electron microscope. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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46
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Stoll JD, Kolmakov A. Electron transparent graphene windows for environmental scanning electron microscopy in liquids and dense gases. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:505704. [PMID: 23165114 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/50/505704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to its ultrahigh electron transmissivity in a wide electron energy range, molecular impermeability, high electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical stiffness, suspended graphene membranes appear to be a nearly ideal window material for in situ (in vivo) environmental electron microscopy of nano- and mesoscopic objects (including bio-medical samples) immersed in liquids and/or in dense gaseous media. In this paper, taking advantage of a small modification of the graphene transfer protocol onto metallic and SiN supporting orifices, reusable environmental cells with exchangeable graphene windows have been designed. Using colloidal gold nanoparticles (50 nm) dispersed in water as model objects for scanning electron microscopy in liquids as proof of concept, different conditions for imaging through the graphene membrane were tested. Limiting factors for electron microscopy in liquids, such as electron beam induced water radiolysis and damage of the graphene membrane at high electron doses, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Stoll
- Department of Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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47
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Evans JE, Jungjohann KL, Wong PC, Chiu PL, Dutrow GH, Arslan I, Browning ND. Visualizing macromolecular complexes with in situ liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2012; 43:1085-90. [PMID: 22386621 PMCID: PMC9979698 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A central focus of biological research is understanding the structure/function relationship of macromolecular protein complexes. Yet conventional transmission electron microscopy techniques are limited to static observations. Here we present the first direct images of purified macromolecular protein complexes using in situ liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy. Our results establish the capability of this technique for visualizing the interface between biology and nanotechnology with high fidelity while also probing the interactions of biomolecules within solution. This method represents an important advancement towards allowing future high-resolution observations of biological processes and conformational dynamics in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Q Avenue, Richland, WA 99354, United States,Corresponding author. (J.E. Evans)
| | - Katherine L. Jungjohann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Peony C.K. Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Po-Lin Chiu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gavin H. Dutrow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Q Avenue, Richland, WA 99354, United States
| | - Nigel D. Browning
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Q Avenue, Richland, WA 99354, United States
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48
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Abstract
Thirty years ago, in December 1981, The Journal of Microscopy published a very short paper entitled ‘Vitrification of pure water for electron microscopy’. It turned out to be important for the development of cryo-electron microscopy and it contributed to reverse, from foe to friend, the status of water in electron microscopists’ minds. This change has brought obvious gains. The future will tell how many more are still to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubochet
- DEE, Biophore, Faculty of Biology andMedicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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49
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Peckys DB, Mazur P, Gould KL, de Jonge N. Fully hydrated yeast cells imaged with electron microscopy. Biophys J 2011; 100:2522-9. [PMID: 21575587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate electron microscopy of fully hydrated eukaryotic cells with nanometer resolution. Living Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells were loaded in a microfluidic chamber and imaged in liquid with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The native intracellular (ultra)structures of wild-type cells and three different mutants were studied without prior labeling, fixation, or staining. The STEM images revealed various intracellular components that were identified on the basis of their shape, size, location, and mass density. The maximal achieved spatial resolution in this initial study was 32 ± 8 nm, an order of magnitude better than achievable with light microscopy on pristine cells. Light-microscopy images of the same samples were correlated with the corresponding electron-microscopy images. Achieving synergy between the capabilities of light and electron microscopy, we anticipate that liquid STEM will be broadly applied to explore the ultrastructure of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana B Peckys
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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50
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Kolmakov A, Dikin DA, Cote LJ, Huang J, Abyaneh MK, Amati M, Gregoratti L, Günther S, Kiskinova M. Graphene oxide windows for in situ environmental cell photoelectron spectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:651-657. [PMID: 21873990 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The performance of new materials and devices often depends on processes taking place at the interface between an active solid element and the environment (such as air, water or other fluids). Understanding and controlling such interfacial processes require surface-specific spectroscopic information acquired under real-world operating conditions, which can be challenging because standard approaches such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy generally require high-vacuum conditions. The state-of-the-art approach to this problem relies on unique and expensive apparatus including electron analysers coupled with sophisticated differentially pumped lenses. Here, we develop a simple environmental cell with graphene oxide windows that are transparent to low-energy electrons (down to 400 eV), and demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on model samples such as gold nanoparticles and aqueous salt solution placed on the back side of a window. These proof-of-principle results show the potential of using graphene oxide, graphene and other emerging ultrathin membrane windows for the fabrication of low-cost, single-use environmental cells compatible with commercial X-ray and Auger microprobes as well as scanning or transmission electron microscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kolmakov
- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
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