Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes

VqERF1B-VqERF062-VqNSTS2 transcriptional cascade enhances stilbene biosynthesis and resistance to powdery mildew in grapevine

Grapes, as one of the world's oldest economic crops, are severely affected by grape powdery mildew, causing significant economic losses. As a phytoalexin against powdery mildew, stilbenes and their key synthetic gene, stilbene synthase (STS), are highly sought after by researchers. In our previous research, a new gene, VqNSTS2, was identified from Vitis quinquangularis accession 'Danfeng-2' through transcriptomic analysis. However, the function and molecular mechanism of VqNSTS2 gene remain unknown. Here, by characterization and transient overexpression of VqNSTS2, we demonstrated that its expression product, stilbenes, can be detected in the model plant tobacco, which does not inherently contain STSs. After artificially inoculating transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing VqNSTS2 with Golovinomyces cichoracearum, it was found that VqNSTS2 actively moved to the pathogen's haustorium after responding to the pathogen, recognized and enveloped the haustorium, blocking the pathogen's infection and invasion and exhibited disease resistance. Furthermore, Agrobacterium-mediated stable overexpression of VqNSTS2 promoted stilbene accumulation and enhanced resistance of the V. vinifera susceptible cultivar 'Thompson Seedless' to E. necator. Additionally, through screening and identification, a transcription factor, VqERF062, was found to directly bind to the DRE and RAA motifs on ProVqNSTS2, positively regulating VqNSTS2 expression. Moreover, VqERF062 directly interacted with VqERF1B to promote the transcription of VqNSTS2 in addition to forming a homodimer with itself. Taken together, our findings reveal that the VqERF1B-VqERF062- module is required for grape resistance to E. necator and providing insights into the regulatory mechanism of stilbenes biosynthesis. [Correction added on 22 March 2025, after first online publication: The 7th sentence in summary is updated in this version.].

Resveratrol derivative modified Ru(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anticancer study

The diversification of ligands provides more opportunities to adjust the photophysical performance as well as the bio-function of Ru(II) complexes as novel photosensitizers. Herein, a kind of Ru(II) complexes carrying resveratrol derivative, amino-Res, as ligand was designed and synthesized. The representative complex (named Ru4) showed potent anticancer activity under the trigger of 520 nm-light. Lipophilicity and cellular accumulation experiments indicated that Ru4 possessed higher LogPO/W value and cell up-take than Ru1-Ru3 and [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Mechanism study revealed that Ru4 could inhibit cancer cell migration, invasion and cancer stemness. The bio-function of Ru4 was mainly inherited from the amino-Res ligand. The in vivo study demonstrated that Ru4 could inhibit the tumor growth without significant system toxicity.

Overview of resveratrol properties, applications, and advances in microbial precision fermentation

Resveratrol is an antioxidant abundant in plants like grapes and peanuts and has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic applications. This review explores its chemical attributes, stability, and solubility, influencing its diverse applications and bioavailability. Resveratrol's multifaceted therapeutic roles encompass: antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anticancer properties. While traditionally studied in preclinical settings, a surge in clinical trials underscores resveratrol's promise for human health. Over 250 recent clinical trials investigate its effects alone and in combination with other compounds. Commercially utilized in food, cosmetics, supplements, and pharmaceuticals, the resveratrol market is expanding, driven by microbial fermentation. Microbes offer advantages over plant extraction and chemical synthesis, providing cost-effective, pure, and sustainable production. Microbial biosynthesis can be attained from carbon sources, such as glucose or xylose, among others, which can be obtained from renewable resources or agro-industrial wastes. While Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the most used host, non-conventional yeasts like Yarrowia lipolytica and bacteria like Escherichia coli have also demonstrated potential. Genetic modifications such as increasing acetyl-CoA/malonyl-CoA pools, boosting the shikimate pathway, or multi-copy expression of pathway genes, allied to the optimization of fermentation strategies have been promising in increasing titers. Microbial biosynthesis of resveratrol aligns with the shift toward sustainable and renewable bio-based compounds, exemplifying a circular bioeconomy. Concluding, microbial fermentation presents a promising avenue for efficient resveratrol production, driven by genetic engineering, pathway optimization, and fermentation strategies. These advances hold the key to unlocking the potential of resveratrol for diverse therapeutic applications, contributing to a greener and sustainable future.

Modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by resveratrol in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunity

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a critical intracellular signaling pathway that is pivotal in various cellular functions. It is in senescence, survival, and growth under normal physiological and pathological conditions, including neoplasms. Additionally, this pathway has been recognized as essential for the regulation of the cell cycle. Several previous studies have indicated that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can be influenced by various natural products, with resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) being a particularly important phytoalexin polyphenol in this context. This review explores the impact of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on the initiation and advancement of various cancerous conditions and the potential of resveratrol to target this signaling mechanism. The review begins by summarizing the anti-tumor capabilities of resveratrol and then emphasizes the significant role of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the progression of multiple malignancies. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on human neoplasms, from brain cancers to gastrointestinal malignancies, through regulation of this signaling cascade.

Heme-thiolate monooxygenase cytochrome P450 1B1, an old dog with many new tricks

Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 is a heme-thiolate monooxygenase traditionally recognized for its xenobiotic functions and extrahepatic expressions. Recent studies have suggested that CYP1B1 is also expressed in hepatic stellate cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts within the tumor microenvironment, as well as tumor cells themselves. CYP1B1 is responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of substrates, including xenobiotics such as drugs, environmental chemicals, and endobiotics such as steroids, retinol, and fatty acids. Consequently, CYP1B1 and its associated exogenous and endogenous metabolites have been critically implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Understanding the mode of action of CYP1B1 in different pathophysiological conditions and developing pharmacological inhibitors that allow for systemic or cell type-specific modulation of CYP1B1 may pave the way for novel therapeutic opportunities. This review highlights the significant role of CYP1B1 in maintaining physiological homeostasis and provides a comprehensive discussion of recent advancements in our understanding of CYP1B1's involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases such as fibrosis, cancer, glaucoma, and metabolic disorders. Finally, the review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of targeting CYP1B1 for drug development, particularly in the treatment and prevention of cancers and liver fibrosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: CYP1B1 plays a critical role in various physiological processes. Dysregulation or genetic mutations of the gene encoding this enzyme can lead to health complications and may increase the risk of diseases such as cancer and liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical evidence that underscores the potential of CYP1B1 as a therapeutic target.

A VqMAPK4-VqGT3-VqNSTS6 module regulates powdery mildew resistance via stilbene biosynthesis in Chinese wild grapevine

Grapes are widely cultivated around the world and valued for their rich nutritional content and versatile use in various industries. However, grape powdery mildew (PM) threatens grape production. This study aimed to identify and characterize PM resistance genes in Chinese wild grapevine (Vitis quinquangularis). Grape PM resistance is associated with stilbene synthases (STSs). Here, we isolated VqNSTS6 from the Chinese wild grapevine accession 'Danfeng-2' that exhibits high PM resistance. Overexpression of VqNSTS6 in the susceptible 'Thompson Seedless' variety induced PM resistance, whereas its transient knockdown in 'Danfeng-2' diminished this resistance. Furthermore, VqNSTS6 expression was upregulated by VqGT3, resulting in stilbene accumulation and enhanced PM resistance. However, stilbene overaccumulation induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 4 (MAPK4) phosphorylation, which in turn triggered VqGT3 phosphorylation and degradation, consequently downregulating VqNSTS6 and mitigating excessive stilbene accumulation. Additionally, VqNSTS6-GFP moved toward and wrapped around pathogen haustoria, forming a barrier preventing Golovinomyces cichoracearum invasion of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The characterization of the STS gene VqNSTS6 conferring PM resistance opens avenues for breeding PM-resistant grapevine genotypes.

Discovery of an ene-reductase initiating resveratrol catabolism in gut microbiota and its application in disease treatment

Resveratrol (RSV) is a plant-derived natural compound with multiple biological activities. Upon entering the intestine, RSV undergoes rapid metabolism and transformation by the gut microbiota. In this study, we isolated a bacterium capable of efficiently metabolizing RSV, Eggerthella lenta J01. Through induced enrichment transcriptomics and bioinformatic analyses, we identified an RSV reductase (RER) from E. lenta J01. Using RER structure simulation, site-directed mutagenesis, and biochemical assays, we further determined the key amino acids in RER associated with RSV catalytic activity. Studies in animal models demonstrated that RER enhances RSV's ability to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the abundance of the rer gene in the gut microbiota of healthy individuals was higher than in patients with enteritis. Collectively, these findings suggest that the activity of natural products may be modulated by the gut microbiota through metabolic transformations.

Unexplored Mechanisms of Photoprotection: Synergistic Light Absorption and Antioxidant Activity of Melanin

Light exposure has relevant effects both on living organisms and artificial materials. In particular, ultraviolet radiation is known to kill living cells and damage human skin but also degrade important artificial materials like plastics. In nature, the main pigment responsible for photoprotection is melanin, which is able both to prevent penetration of light by absorption and scattering and to block the action of light-generated radicals thanks to its antioxidant properties. The combination of light extinction with antioxidant action is still the most diffused and effective approach to photoprotection. Nevertheless, up to now, these two mechanisms, light extinction and antioxidant activity, have been considered independent. Recent studies showed that exposing melanin to light leads to an increase in its radical content and possibly in its antioxidant activity. Do light extinction and antioxidant activity work in synergy for photoprotection in nature? In this paper, we discuss the steps still needed to answer this intriguing question.

Polyphenol Intake in Elderly Patients: A Novel Approach to Counteract Colorectal Cancer Risk?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for approximately 10% of all cancers worldwide with an incidence of approximately 60% in patients older than 70 years. In the elderly, the definition of a better therapeutic strategy depends on several factors including the patient's frailty and comorbidity status, life expectancy, and chemotherapy tolerance. In older patients, adverse drug reactions require a reduction in the dose of treatment, resulting in worse oncologic outcomes. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the potential effects of polyphenols on human health and their use in cancer therapy. In this comprehensive review, we searched the major databases and summarized experimental data of the most important polyphenols in the CRC chemoprevention, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved and the antitumor effects in the elderly population. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that polyphenols exert chemopreventive activity by modulating cell signaling, resulting in the inhibition of cancer development or progression. However, the efficacy seen in experimental studies has not been confirmed in clinical trials, mainly due to their low bioavailability and non-toxic doses. Further research is needed to increase polyphenol bioavailability and reduce side effects in order to suggest their possible use to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment.

Deciphering the Power of Resveratrol in Mitophagy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications

Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic compound, has garnered significant attention for its therapeutic potential in various pathological conditions. This review explores how RES modulates mitophagy-the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. RES promotes the initiation and execution of mitophagy by enhancing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial clearance, reducing reactive oxygen species production, and mitigating apoptosis, thereby preserving mitochondrial integrity. Additionally, RES regulates mitophagy through the activation of key molecular targets such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), deacetylases (SIRT1 and SIRT3), and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) pathways, demonstrating substantial therapeutic effects in multiple disease models. We provide a detailed account of the biosynthetic pathways, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic characteristics of RES, focusing on its role in mitophagy modulation and implications for medical applications. Potential adverse effects associated with its clinical use are also discussed. Despite its promising therapeutic properties, the clinical application of RES is limited by issues of bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles. Future research should concentrate on enhancing RES bioavailability and developing derivatives that precisely modulate mitophagy, thereby unlocking new avenues for disease therapy.

Combined Treatment of Metformin and Resveratrol Promotes Myogenesis Through Increased Irisin Release in C2C12 Cells

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the additive effects of a combination of metformin and resveratrol on irisin expression in C2C12 cells.

METHODS

The study involved treating C2C12 cells with metformin and resveratrol, either alone or in combination, and analyzing their effects on myogenesis and irisin release. The activation of signaling pathways, including AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α, as well as the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of MyoD, myogenin, and Myh were also assessed.

RESULTS

Combination treatment with metformin and resveratrol significantly increased MyoD, myogenin, Myh, and FNDC5 expression compared with the group treated with metformin alone. The increase in irisin production was associated with phosphorylation of AMPK and upregulation of PGC-1α and SIRT1, indicating activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway. The mRNA and protein expression levels of MyoD, myogenin, and Myh were also significantly higher in the combination treatment group compared to the metformin alone group.

CONCLUSION

The combination of metformin and resveratrol effectively increased irisin release through the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway, suggesting that this combination treatment could enhance myogenesis.

Resveratrol and Physical Activity: A Successful Combination for the Maintenance of Health and Wellbeing?

Physical exercise is an essential component of human health. In recent years, scientific research has focused on identifying natural compounds and formulating new supplements aimed at enhancing athletic performance, accelerating muscle recovery, and minimizing the damage caused by physical exertion. The use of antioxidants to counteract the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following physical activity (PA) is already a widely adopted practice. Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenol belonging to the stilbene class, is well known for its potent antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects primarily attributed to the activation of sirtuins. RES possesses multiple nutraceutical properties used for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory, cardiovascular, neoplastic, and infectious diseases, thus attracting attention to study its use in combination with physical exercise to promote well-being. Animal trials combining RES and PA have mainly reported improvements in muscle, energy, and cardiovascular functions. The data presented and discussed in this narrative review are from Pubmed, Scopus, and the Human Gene Database (search limited to 2011 to 2025 with the keywords RES, sirtuins, and physical activity altogether or in combination with each other). This review gathers several studies on RES focusing on its nutraceutical properties, epigenetic activities via sirtuins, and the potential benefits of combining RES with PA in maintaining health and well-being based on trials performed first in animals and later in humans. Human studies have been conducted on various populations, including active adults, sedentary individuals, patients with diseases, and elderly individuals. Some studies have confirmed the benefits of RES observed in animal experiments. However, in some cases, no substantial differences were found between RES supplementation and the control group. In conclusion, the benefits of RES on PA reported in the literature are still not fully evident, given the contrasting studies and the still limited number of trials, but both RES and PA are successful tools for the maintenance of health and wellbeing.

Long-Term Dietary Consumption of Grapes Alters Phenotypic Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Male and Female Mice

(1) Background: Nutrigenomics investigates how diet influences gene expression and how genetic variation impacts dietary responses. Grapes, rich in phytochemicals, exhibit potential disease-preventive properties through nutrigenomic mechanisms rather than direct chemical interactions. This study aimed to explore the modulation of gene expression in muscle tissue resulting from long-term grape consumption. (2) Methods: A mouse model was employed to assess gene expression in the skeletal muscles of males and females fed a grape-enriched diet versus a bland diet over 2.5 years. Heatmaps and principal component analyses were performed to identify patterns, and pathway analyses using KEGG, GO, and Reactome were conducted. (3) Results: Significant sex-specific gene expression changes were observed, with female phenotypes showing greater alterations and converging toward male-like characteristics. Twenty-five differentially expressed genes associated with muscle health were identified. Up-regulated genes such as Ahsg, Alb, Apoa1, and Arg1, and down-regulated genes including Camp, Lcn2, and Irf4, suggest improved muscle function. (4) Conclusions: Long-term grape consumption appears to enhance female muscle traits toward a male-like phenotype, potentially indicating broader health benefits. Further studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm human applicability and the physiological implications of these findings. Nonetheless, this research underscores the role of nutrigenomics in understanding dietary influences on gene expression and sex-specific responses.

Fruit quality evaluation of different mulberry varieties

Introduction

The quality of fruits has long been a key focus for breeders, and the development of scientifically sound and reasonable methods for evaluating fruit quality is of great significance in selecting superior cultivars. The mulberry tree, as a plant resource that serves both medicinal and dietary purposes, contains rich nutritional components and various bioactive compounds. These include properties such as immune enhancement, lipid-lowering effects, and anti-tumor activities.

Methods

Therefore, to select mulberry varieties with superior quality and adapt to the diversification trends in mulberry development, this study uses 21 mulberry varieties to analyze and compare differences in fruit appearance quality, nutritional quality, functional components, and antioxidant capacity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to identify core evaluation indices, and the Entropy Weight Method was used to assign weights based on these core quality indices. Subsequently, Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was used for a comprehensive evaluation of the fruit quality of the 21 mulberry varieties.

Results

The results indicate that, in terms of appearance quality, varieties such as 'Ri Ben Guo Sang', 'Hong Guo 1', 'Lv Shen Zi', 'He Lan Sang', and 'Ju Shen' stand out overall. In terms of nutritional quality, 'Tang 10' has relatively higher levels of free amino acids and soluble proteins, but its solid-acid ratio is the lowest, which affects the taste of the fruit. Overall, varieties such as 'Jiang Mi Guo Sang', 'Bai Shen 2', 'Ji Gui Hua', 'Xiao Bai E', 'Da Bai E', and 'Da Yi Bai' stand out in terms of comprehensive quality. Regarding functional components, the four varieties-'Lv Shen Zi', 'Hei Zhen Zhu', 'He Lan Sang', and 'Da 10'-are prominent across all indicators. In terms of antioxidant capacity, 'Jiang Mi Guo Sang', 'Hong Guo 1', 'Xiao Bai E', 'Da Bai E', and 'Da Yi Bai' rank relatively high, which largely overlaps with the varieties selected for their nutritional quality. Regarding fruit enzyme activity, 'Ri Ben Guo Sang', 'Hong Guo 1', 'Lv Shen Zi 1', 'Lv Shen Zi 2', 'He Lan Sang', and 'Da 10' show high enzyme activities. Finally, based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the fruit's appearance quality, nutritional quality, functional components, and antioxidant capacity were categorized into seven principal components, covering 12 indicators, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 88.424%. The Entropy Weight Method was used to assign weights to these 12 indicators, and the final correlation degree was calculated using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), with a range from 0.406 to 0.817.

Conclusion

This study suggests that varieties such as 'Da 10', 'Feng Guo Sang', 'He Lan Sang', 'Lv Shen Zi', and 'Ri Ben Guo Sang' exhibit superior overall fruit quality and rich nutritional value, providing a theoretical basis for the selection, development, and utilization of future mulberry fruit varieties.

Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge

Triple-negative breast cancer is a characteristic subtype of breast cancer that lacks the estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and progesterone receptor. Because of its highly diverse subtypes, increased metastasis capability, and poor prognosis, the risk of mortality for people with triple-negative breast cancers is high as compared with other cancers. Chemotherapy is currently playing a major role in treating triple-negative breast cancer patients; however, poor prognosis due to drug resistance is causing serious concern. Recent studies on several phytochemicals derived from various plants being used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Korean Medicine, Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine), and so on, have demonstrated to be a promising agent as a viable therapy against triple-negative breast cancer. Phytochemicals categorized as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds have been demonstrated to reduce cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activating various molecular pathways, thereby reducing the spread of triple-negative breast cancer. This review analyzes the molecular mechanisms by which various phytochemicals fight triple-negative breast cancer and offers a perspective on the difficulties and potential prospects for treating triple-negative breast cancer with various phytochemicals.

An Updated Review Summarizing the Anticancer Potential of Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Based Curcumin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, and Resveratrol Nanocarriers

The utilization of nanoformulations derived from natural products for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, is a rapidly developing field. Conventional therapies used for cancer treatment have limited efficacy and a greater number of adverse effects. Hence, it is imperative to develop innovative anticancer drugs with superior effectiveness. Among the diverse array of natural anticancer compounds, resveratrol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have gained considerable attention in recent years. Despite their strong anticancer properties, medicinally significant phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, and EGCG have certain disadvantages, such as limited solubility in water, stability, and bioavailability problems. Encapsulating these phytochemicals in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a polymer that is nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible, is an effective method for delivering medication to the tumor location. In addition, PLGA nanoparticles can be modified with targeting molecules to specifically target cancer cells, thereby improving the effectiveness of phytochemicals in fighting tumors. Combining plant-based medicine (phytotherapy) with nanotechnology in a clinical environment has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of drugs and improve the overall health outcomes of patients. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the different aspects and recent advancements in using PLGA-based nanocarriers for delivering anticancer phytochemicals. This review addresses the most recent advancements in PLGA-based delivery systems for resveratrol, EGCG, and curcumin, emphasizing the possibility of resolving issues related to the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of these compounds.

Resveratrol, Piceatannol, Curcumin, and Quercetin as Therapeutic Targets in Gastric Cancer-Mechanisms and Clinical Implications for Natural Products

Gastric cancer remains a significant global health challenge, driving the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Natural polyphenolic compounds such as resveratrol, piceatannol, curcumin, and quercetin currently show promising results in the prevention and treatment of various cancers, due to their diverse biological activities. This review presents the effects of natural compounds on important processes related to cancer, such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and autophagy. Resveratrol, naturally found in red grapes, has been shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Piceatannol, a metabolite of resveratrol, shares similar anticancer properties, particularly in modulating autophagy. Curcumin, derived from turmeric, is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and its ability to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Quercetin, a flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis while enhancing the efficacy of conventional therapies. Despite their potential, challenges such as low bioavailability limit their clinical application, necessitating further research into novel delivery systems. Collectively, these compounds represent a promising avenue for enhancing gastric cancer treatment and improving patient outcomes through their multifaceted biological effects.

Evaluation of the Cancer-Preventive Effect of Resveratrol-Loaded Nanoparticles on the Formation and Growth of In Vitro Lung Tumor Spheroids

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol that offers antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive benefits. This project determined the ability of RSV-loaded nanoparticles (NP) to inhibit the growth of lung tumor spheroids in vitro.

METHODS

RSV was encapsulated in NP comprised of the biodegradable polymer, acetalated dextran. A549 lung cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture models were exposed to free RSV and RSV NP to evaluate their effect on cell proliferation and spheroid formation and growth. For prevention studies, spheroids were exposed to free RSV and RSV NP on day 0, and for treatment studies, spheroids were dosed with the same formulations on day 5 after the spheroids had fully formed.

RESULTS

The resulting RSV NP were 200 nm in diameter with neutral surface charge and exhibited the ability to control the release of RSV in vitro based on environmental pH. In comparison to free RSV, the RSV NP exerted a greater inhibitory effect on the proliferation and growth of cancer cells and spheroids.

CONCLUSIONS

RSV NP have the potential to be used as a chemopreventive agent for lung cancer.

Resveratrol and nitric oxide synergistically enhance resistance against B. cinerea in tomato fruit by regulating phytohormones

Resveratrol (RVT), a plant antitoxin, plays an important role in plant resistance against pathogens. While nitric oxide (NO) as an essential signaling factor in disease resistance enhancement is well documented, the potential molecular interplay RVT and NO in postharvest tomato fruit defense against Botrytis cinerea (B.cinerea) still needs exploration. In this study, exogenous RVT reduced gray mold caused by B.cinerea in tomato fruit, with 20 μM being the most effective. Tomato fruit were treated with 20 μM RVT enhanced resistance against B.cinerea, as indicated by reduced symptoms of disease and improved activity of disease resistance related enzymes (PAL, PPO and CHI). In addition, RVT treatment improved the expression of SlPR1, SlLoxd and SlMYC2, and promoted the accumulation of plant hormone IAA and ABA, but reduced the expression of SlNPR1 and the level of GA3. More importantly, the combined treatment of NO donor (SNP) and RVT notably enhanced disease resistance compared to RVT or SNP single treatment. However, the combination of NO inhibitor (L-NNA) and RVT treatment even reduced the positive effect of RVT. Meanwhile, the expression of SlPR1, SlLoxd and SlMYC2 and the accumulation of IAA and ABA in RVT + SNP treated fruit were higher than those in the RVT or SNP single treatment. Thus, our data demonstrate that RVT and NO synergistically enhance resistance against B. cinerea in tomato fruit by regulating phytohormones.

Non-cytotoxic levels of resveratrol enhance the anticancer effects of cisplatin by increasing the methyltransferase activity of CARM1 in human cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RSVL) is a plant-derived polyhydroxyphenolic compound with excellent anticancer properties, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the anticancer mechanism of RSVL is diverse and high concentrations are often required for RSVL to exert its anticancer effect, which would also adversely affect normal cells.

PURPOSE

The main objective of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of how non-cytotoxic concentrations of RSVL enhance the anticancer effect of cisplatin involving a newly identified RSVL-binding protein.

METHODS

Cell viability of cell lines from three cancer types exposed to RSVL and/or cisplatin was measured by NBB staining assay. RSVL-binding proteins were identified using RSVL-bound CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B beads coupled with LC-MS/MS, and the binding between RSVL and novel RSVL-binding protein was further confirmed with an in vitro pull-down assay. The expression of proteins was examined by immunoblot analysis, and the activity of methyltransferase was evaluated by in vitro methylation assay. The methylation level of H3R17 in the gene promoter was investigated using ChIP-qPCR. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify pathway enrichment of genes, predict drug sensitivity, and analyze the survival of cancer patients.

RESULTS

Low doses of RSVL might promote cancer cell growth whereas high doses of RSVL showed cytotoxic effects on normal cells. When co-treated with a lower cisplatin dose, non-cytotoxic RSVL levels showed synergistic anticancer effects. Here, coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) was identified as a novel RSVL-binding protein, and we showed that the upregulation of CARM1 increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to RSVL. Interestingly, we found that CARM1 was essential in the RSVL-induced sensitivity of cisplatin. Further molecular mechanistic studies revealed that RSVL could stabilize CARM1 protein, resulting in the upregulation and increased methyltransferase activity of CARM1. Additionally, we showed that the methylation levels of H3R17 in the promoter of p21, a downstream gene of CARM1 involving cell cycle arrest, were significantly increased after RSVL treatment. Finally, data from our bioinformatics analysis suggested that CARM1 could be utilized as a potential biomarker for chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and prognosis in cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified CARM1 as a RSVL-binding protein for the first time and elucidated the potential roles of CARM1 in enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin by low doses of RSVL, which could have important clinical implications.

Aminocarbonyl Fluorophores with a Strong Emissive Inverted Solvatochromism

Three aminocarbonyls were synthesized, and their emissive spectral behavior recorded at various solvent polarities showed marked inverted solvatofluorochromism. The emission energy inversion occurs at moderate solvent polarities and was found to be triggered by a change in the solute-solvent interaction responsible for the stabilization of the highly zwitterionic excited state of the dyes, from dipolarity to acidity.

Resveratrol inhibited colorectal cancer progression by reducing oxidative DNA damage by targeting the JNK signaling pathway

Recent evidence has proved that resveratrol as a natural polyphenol has great anti-cancer and anti-proliferative effects in cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to examine the protective effects of resveratrol in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal cancer and investigate the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were classified into different groups, including Group 1 without any intervention, group 2 as resveratrol-received rats (8 mg/kg), Group 3 as DMH-received rats, and Group 4, as DMH and resveratrol-received rats. DNA damage, DNA repair, the expression levels and activities of antioxidants, and JNK signaling were evaluated in colon tissues. We found that DNA damage and DNA repair were significantly suppressed and induced, respectively, in DMH + resveratrol groups. The expression levels and activities of antioxidants were increased in DMH + resveratrol groups. Lipid and protein peroxidation were significantly suppressed in DMH + resveratrol groups. In addition, resveratrol also modulated JNK signaling in DMH + resveratrol groups. Our findings demonstrated that resveratrol effectively reversed DMH-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage by targeting the JNK signaling pathway.

Bioactivity of Grape Pomace Extract and Sodium Selenite, Key Components of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, on Target Human Cells: Intracellular ROS Scavenging and Nrf2/ARE Induction Following In Vitro Intestinal Absorption

Oenobiol Sun Expert, a food formulation designed to enhance skin health prior to sun exposure, has been optimized by incorporating the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, which includes grape pomace extract, increased selenium content and 10% lycopene-rich tomato extract, with these constituents exhibiting high antioxidant potential. To evaluate the effects of these individual ingredients and the overall formulation at the cellular level, the AOP1 cell antioxidant efficacy assay was employed to measure the intracellular free radical scavenging activity, while the Cell Antioxidant Assay (CAA or DCFH-DA) assay was used to assess peroxidation scavenging at the plasma membrane level. The indirect antioxidant activity was examined using stably transfected cell lines containing a luciferase reporter gene controlled by the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE), which activates the endogenous antioxidant system via the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. Our results indicate that among the individual components, grape pomace extract and sodium selenite possess high and complementary antioxidant properties. Grape pomace extract was particularly effective in inhibiting free radicals (AOP1 EC50 = 6.80 μg/mL) and activating the ARE pathway (ARE EC50 = 231.1 μg/mL), whereas sodium selenite exerted its effects through potent ARE activation at sub-microgram levels (EC50 = 0.367 μg/mL). In contrast, the lycopene-rich tomato extract did not show a notable contribution to the antioxidant effects. The antiradical activity of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, comprising these three ingredients, was very efficient and consistent with the results obtained for the individual components (AOP1 EC50 = 15.78 µg/mL and ARE EC50 of 707.7 μg/mL). Similarly, the free radical scavenging activity still persisted in the Oenobiol Sun Expert formulation (AOP1 EC50 = 36.63 µg/mL). Next, in vitro intestinal transepithelial transfer experiments were performed. The basolateral compartments of cells exposed to the ingredients were collected and assessed using the same antioxidant cell assays. The direct and indirect antioxidant activities were measured on both hepatocytes and keratinocytes, demonstrating the bioavailability and bioactivity of grape pomace extract and sodium selenite. These finding suggest that the ingredients of this food supplement contribute to enhanced cytoprotection following ingestion.

Wine Phenolic Compounds: Chemistry, Functionality and Health Benefits

Wine phenolic compounds, often known as polyphenols, are a diverse group of secondary bioactive compounds derived from grapes. They play a crucial role in defining the sensory characteristics, functionality, and health benefits of wine. This review explores the complex chemistry of these compounds, focusing on key classes such as flavonoids, which include flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols, and non-flavonoids, such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and stilbenes. The health benefits of wine phenolics, particularly their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are also discussed in relation to preventing and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative conditions. Furthermore, this review summarized the most current data from human population-based research that investigated the bioactivity of these red wine phytochemicals with relevant health benefits for NCDs. Finally, this review proposes some perspectives for future research to better understand the bioavailability, metabolism, and long-term health effects of these compounds.

Advances in natural products modulating autophagy influenced by cellular stress conditions and their anticancer roles in the treatment of ovarian cancer

Autophagy is a conservative catabolic process that typically serves a cell-protective function. Under stress conditions, when the cellular environment becomes unstable, autophagy is activated as an adaptive response for self-protection. Autophagy delivers damaged cellular components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, thereby providing essential nutrients for cell survival. However, this function of promoting cell survival under stress conditions often leads to malignant progression and chemotherapy resistance in cancer. Consequently, autophagy is considered a potential target for cancer therapy. Herein, we aim to review how natural products act as key modulators of autophagy by regulating cellular stress conditions. We revisit various stressors, including starvation, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress, and their regulatory relationship with autophagy, focusing on recent advances in ovarian cancer research. Additionally, we explore how polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other natural products modulate autophagy mediated by stress responses, affecting the malignant biological behavior of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss their roles in ovarian cancer therapy. This review emphasizes the importance of natural products as valuable resources in cancer therapeutics, highlighting the need for further exploration of their potential in regulating autophagy. Moreover, it provides novel insights and potential therapeutic strategies in ovarian cancer by utilizing natural products to modulate autophagy.

Resveratrol's bibliometric and visual analysis from 2014 to 2023

Introduction

Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenolic compound derived from a variety of plants that possesses a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-aging, anti-radiation damage, anti-apoptosis, immune modulation, regulation of glucolipid metabolism, inhibition of lipid deposition, and anti-neuro. It is therefore considered a promising drug with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases.

Method

In this study, using Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and CiteSpace bibliometric tool, VOSviewer quantitatively visualized the number of countries, number of authors, number of institutions, number of publications, keywords, and references of 16,934 resveratrol-related papers from 2014-2023 for quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Results

The results showed that an average of 1693.4 papers were published per year, with a general upward trend. China had the most publications with 5877. China Medical University was the institution with the largest number of publications and the highest number of citations in the field. The research team was mainly led by Prof. Richard Tristan, and the journal with the highest number of published papers was Molecular. Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects are the most frequently cited articles. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, expression, and other keywords play an important role in connecting other branches of the field.

Discussion

Our analysis indicates that the integration of nanoparticles with RSV is poised to become a significant trend. RSV markedly inhibits harmful bacteria, fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, and enhances the diversity of the intestinal flora, thereby preventing intestinal flora dysbiosis. Additionally, RSV exhibits both antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also promotes osteogenesis and serves a neuroprotective function in models of Alzheimer's disease. The potential applications of RSV in medicine and healthcare are vast. A future research challenge lies in modifying its structure to develop RSV derivatives with superior biological activity and bioavailability. In the coming years, innovative pharmaceutical formulations of RSV, including oral, injectable, and topical preparations, may be developed to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.

Anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-melanogenic effects of the ethanol extract of Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn is a vascular plant belonging to the genus Picrasma of Simaroubaceae family and grows in Korea, China, India, Taiwan, and Japan. Picrasma quassioides extract has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer properties. Moreover, this plant has been also traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of eczema, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, scabies, and boils in skin.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The Pq-EE has been reported in Chinese pharmacopoeia for its pharmacological effects on skin. However, the detailed mechanism on alleviating skin conditions is not understood. Hence, we investigated the skin improvement potential of Pq-EE against skin damage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and mouse melanoma cell line (B16F10) to study the effects of Pq-EE on the epidermis. Additionally, in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using a solution that included either metal ions or free radicals.

RESULTS

In colorimetric antioxidant assays, Pq-EE inhibited free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The Pq-EE did not affect cell viability and promoted cell survival under UVB exposure conditions in the MTT assay. The Pq-EE downregulated the mRNA levels of apoptotic factors. Moreover, MMP1 and inflammatory cytokine iNOS mRNA levels decreased with Pq-EE treatment. With regard to protein levels, caspases and cleaved caspases were more powerfully inhibited by Pq-EE than UVB-irritated conditions. p53 and Bax also decreased with Pq-EE treatment. The melanin contents and secretion were decreased at nontoxic concentrations of Pq-EE. The pigmentation pathway genes also were inhibited by treatment with Pq-EE.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, we suggest the cell protective potential of Pq-EE against UVB and ROS, indicating its use in UV-protective cosmeceutical materials.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal mechanisms underpinning resistance of Chinese wild grape to Colletotrichum viniferum

Grape ripe rot is one of the most important diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. Chinese wild grape (Vitis davidii) is highly resistant to Colletotrichum viniferum infection. But mechanisms underlying the resistance remain largely unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of V. davidii to C. viniferum were studied before and after 1, 2, 4, and 6 days of inoculation. C. viniferum infection induced the expression of a large number of defense-related genes. KEGG analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were largely those involved in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, stilbenoid biosynthesis, and other defense-related metabolic pathways. Based on transcriptome data and experimental analysis, we found that jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis was closely related to V. davidii resistance to C. viniferum. In addition, many genes related to the synthesis of lignin and phytoalexin resveratrol are upregulated by pathogen infection, and metabolomic analysis showed that there was an increasing accumulation of resveratrol on day 6 of C. viniferum inoculation. Further analysis indicated that transcription factors, such as VdWRKY75 regulated the biosynthesis of lignin and stilbenes. A working model for V. davidii against C. viniferum infection was proposed. The infection of C. viniferum induced JA production, JA along with transcription factors regulated the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as lignin and resveratrol that enhanced plant resistance to C. viniferum. This study elucidated molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of Chinese wild V. davidii to C. viniferum which can provide a theoretical basis for grape disease resistance breeding.

New opportunities for antioxidants in amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases

This comprehensive review elucidates the critical role of antioxidants to mitigate oxidative stress, a common denominator in an array of neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress-induced damage has been linked to the development of diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article examines a wide range of scientific literature and methodically delineates the several methods by which antioxidants exercise their neuroprotective benefits. It also explores into the complex relationship between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, focusing on how antioxidants can alter signaling pathways and transcription factors to slow neurodegenerative processes. Key antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, glutathione, and polyphenolic compounds, are tested for their ability to combat reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The dual character of antioxidants, which operate as both direct free radical scavengers and regulators of cellular redox homeostasis, is investigated in terms of therapeutic potential. Furthermore, the study focuses on new antioxidant-based therapy techniques and their mechanisms including Nrf-2, PCG1α, Thioredoxin etc., which range from dietary interventions to targeted antioxidant molecules. Insights into ongoing clinical studies evaluating antioxidant therapies in neurodegenerative illnesses offer an insight into the translational potential of antioxidant research. Finally, this review summarizes our present understanding of antioxidant processes in neurodegenerative illnesses, providing important possibilities for future study and treatment development.

BioLindlar Catalyst: Ene-Reductase-Promoted Selective Bioreduction of Cyanoalkynes to Give (Z)-Cyanoalkenes

The direct synthesis of alkenes from alkynes usually requires the use of transition-metal catalysts. Unfortunately, efficient biocatalytic alternatives for this transformation have yet to be discovered. Herein, the selective bioreduction of electron-deficient alkynes to alkenes catalysed by ene-reductases (EREDs) is described. Alkynes bearing ketone, aldehyde, ester, and nitrile moieties have been effectively reduced with excellent conversions and stereoselectivities, observing clear trends for the E/Z ratios depending on the nature of the electron-withdrawing group. In the case of cyanoalkynes, (Z)-alkenes were obtained as the major product, and the reaction scope was expanded to a wide variety of aromatic substrates (up to >99 % conversion, and Z/E stereoselectivities of up to >99/1). Other alkynes containing aldehyde, ketone, or ester functionalities also proved to be excellent substrates, and interestingly gave the corresponding (E)-alkenes. Preparative biotransformations were performed on a 0.4 mmol scale, producing the desired (Z)-cyanoalkenes with good to excellent isolated yields (63-97 %). This novel reactivity has been rationalised through molecular docking by predicting the binding poses of key molecules in the ERED-pu-0006 active site.

Pterostilbene, a Dimethyl Derivative of Resveratrol, Exerts Cytotoxic Effects on Melanin-Producing Cells through Metabolic Activation by Tyrosinase

Pterostilbene (PTS), which is abundant in blueberries, is a dimethyl derivative of the natural polyphenol resveratrol (RES). Several plant species, including peanuts and grapes, also produce PTS. Although RES has a wide range of health benefits, including anti-cancer properties, PTS has a robust pharmacological profile that includes a better intestinal absorption and an increased hepatic stability compared to RES. Indeed, PTS has a higher bioavailability and a lower toxicity compared to other stilbenes, making it an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. We previously reported that RES serves as a substrate for tyrosinase, producing an o-quinone metabolite that is highly cytotoxic to melanocytes. The present study investigated whether PTS may also be metabolized by tyrosinase, similarly to RES. PTS was oxidized as a substrate by tyrosinase to form an o-quinone, which reacted with thiols, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, to form di- and tri-adducts. We also confirmed that PTS was taken up and metabolized by human tyrosinase-expressing 293T cells in amounts several times greater than RES. In addition, PTS showed a tyrosinase-dependent cytotoxicity against B16BL6 melanoma cells that was stronger than RES and also inhibited the formation of melanin in B16BL6 melanoma cells and in the culture medium. These results suggest that the two methyl groups of PTS, which are lipophilic, increase its membrane permeability, making it easier to bind to intracellular proteins, and may therefore be more cytotoxic to melanin-producing cells.

In-situ fabrication of resveratrol loaded sodium alginate coated silver nanoparticles for in vitro studies of mitochondrial-targeted anticancer treatment against MCF-7 cell lines

The study aims to improve the viability and stability of resveratrol by encapsulating metal-based biocompatible nanocarrier for mitochondrial-targeted delivery and breast cancer treatment. For this purpose, sodium alginate coated silver nanoparticles were synthesized by in-situ reduction of silver nitrate using sodium borohydride. The prepared nanoparticles and resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles were characterized by utilizing the following instruments including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Zeta potential. The dialysis method revealed increased resveratrol release in pH 5 phosphate buffer. The incorporation of resveratrol significantly stimulated the antioxidant activity of sodium alginate coated silver nanoparticles. MTT assay was employed to evaluate the biocompatibility and anticancer potential of developed sodium alginate coated silver nanoparticles and resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles with increasing concentrations against normal HaCaT and breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines respectively. Further, the apoptotic morphology of MCF-7 cells treated with sodium alginate coated nanoparticles and resveratrol loaded nanoparticles was evaluated by AO/EtBr staining and apoptosis was demonstrated in the form of green and red fluorescence. Mitochondrial staining with Mito-Tracker Red evaluated the targeted delivery of RES into mitochondria leading to apoptosis of cancer cells.

The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Its Crosstalk: A Chemopreventive Target of Naturally Occurring and Modified Phytochemicals

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an environmentally sensitive transcription factor (TF) historically associated with carcinogenesis initiation via the activation of numerous carcinogens. Nowadays, the AhR has been attributed to multiple endogenous functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Moreover, crosstalk, often reciprocal, has been found between the AhR and several other TFs, particularly estrogen receptors (ERs) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Adequate modulation of these signaling pathways seems to be an attractive strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Several naturally occurring and synthetically modified AhR or ER ligands and Nrf2 modulators have been described. Sulfur-containing derivatives of glucosinolates, such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and stilbene derivatives are particularly interesting in this context. I3C and its condensation product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), are classic examples of blocking agents that increase drug-metabolizing enzyme activity through activation of the AhR. Still, they also affect multiple essential signaling pathways in preventing hormone-dependent cancer. Resveratrol is a competitive antagonist of several classic AhR ligands. Its analogs, with ortho-methoxy substituents, exert stronger antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity. In addition, they modulate AhR activity and estrogen metabolism. Their activity seems related to a number of methoxy groups introduced into the stilbene structure. This review summarizes the data on the chemopreventive potential of these classes of phytochemicals, in the context of AhR and its crosstalk modulation.

Resveratrol as a cardioprotective adjuvant for 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of gastric cancer cells

The clinical application of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is often hindered by its well-documented cardiotoxic effects. Nevertheless, natural polyphenolic compounds like resveratrol (RES), known for their dual anti-tumor and cardioprotective properties, are potential adjunct therapeutic agents. In this investigation, we examined the combined utilization of RES and 5-Fu for the inhibition of gastric cancer using both in vitro and in vivo models, as well as their combined impact on cardiac cytotoxicity. Our study revealed that the co-administration of RES and 5-Fu effectively suppressed MFC cell viability, migration, and invasion, while also reducing tumor weight and volume. Mechanistically, the combined treatment prompted p53-mediated apoptosis and autophagy, leading to a considerable anti-tumor effect. Notably, RES mitigated the heightened oxidative stress induced by 5-Fu in cardiomyocytes, suppressed p53 and Bax expression, and elevated Bcl-2 levels. This favorable influence enhanced primary cardiomyocyte viability, decreased apoptosis and autophagy, and mitigated 5-Fu-induced cardiotoxicity. In summary, our findings suggested that RES holds promise as an adjunct therapy to enhance the efficacy of gastric cancer treatment in combination with 5-Fu, while simultaneously mitigating cardiotoxicity.

Biomacromolecules as Immunomodulators: Utilizing Nature’s Tools for Immune Regulation

Although there are numerous available immunomodulators, those of natural origin would be preferable based on their safety profile and effectiveness. The research and clinical interest in immunomodulators have increased in the last decades, especially in the immunomodulatory properties of plant-based therapies. Innovative technologies and extensive study on immunomodulatory natural products, botanicals, extracts, and active moieties with immunomodulatory potential could provide us with valuable entities to develop as novel immunomodulatory medicines to enhance current chemotherapies. This review focuses on plant-based immunomodulatory drugs that are currently in clinical studies. However, further studies in this area are of utmost importance to obtain complete information about the positive effects of medicinal plants and their chemical components and molecules as an alternative to combatting various diseases and/or prevention.

Natural Products and Altered Metabolism in Cancer: Therapeutic Targets and Mechanisms of Action

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the dysregulation of numerous biological functions, including metabolism. Because of the potential implications of targeted therapies, the metabolic alterations seen in cancer cells, such as the Warburg effect and disruptions in lipid and amino acid metabolism, have gained attention in cancer research. In this review, we delve into recent research examining the influence of natural products on altered cancer metabolism. Natural products were selected based on their ability to target cancer's altered metabolism. We identified the targets and explored the mechanisms of action of these natural products in influencing cellular energetics. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid ground for researchers to consider natural products in cancer treatment alone and in combination with conventional anticancer therapies.

Pharmacological Activation and Transgenic Overexpression of SIRT1 Attenuate Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Induced by Blunt Head Impact

Purpose

Resveratrol (RSV) is a nutraceutical compound known for its therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. RSV promotes survival signals in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through activation of SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase. RSV and SIRT1 reduce RGC loss induced by direct optic nerve injury, but effects in indirect models of traumatic optic neuropathy remain unknown and are examined in this study.

Methods

An electromagnetic stereotaxic impactor device was used to impart five traumatic skull impacts with an inter-concussion interval of 48 hours to wild type (WT) and SIRT1 knock in (KI) C57BL/6J mice overexpressing the SIRT1 gene. A cohort of WT mice also received intranasal administration of RSV (16 mg/kg) throughout the experimental period. Loss of righting reflex (RR), optokinetic response (OKR) scores, and immunolabeled RGC count are determined to assess optic neuropathy in this model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Results

TBI significantly decreases RGC survival and decreases OKR scores compared with control uninjured mice. Either RSV administration in WT mice, or SIRT1 overexpression in SIRT1 KI mice, significantly increases RGC survival and improves OKR scores. RR time increases after the first few impacts in all groups of mice subjected to TBI, demonstrating that RSV and SIRT1 overexpression are able to attenuate optic neuropathy following similar degrees of TBI.

Conclusions

Intranasal RSV is effective in preserving visual function in WT mice following TBI. Constitutive overexpression of SIRT1 recapitulates the neuroprotective effect of RSV.

Translational Relevance

Results support future exploration of RSV as a potential therapy for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.

The interlacing anticancer effect of pharmacologic ascorbate, chloroquine, and resveratrol

Currently, a diagnosis with KRAS mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) means a death warrant, so finding efficient therapeutic options is a pressing issue. Here, we presented that pharmacologic ascorbate, chloroquine and resveratrol co-treatment exerted a synergistic cytotoxic effect on PDAC cell lines. The observed synergistic cytotoxicity was a general feature in all investigated cancer cell lines independent of the KRAS mutational status and seems to be independent of the autophagy inhibitory effect of chloroquine. Furthermore, it seems that apoptosis and necroptosis are also not likely to play any role in the cytotoxicity of chloroquine. Both pharmacologic ascorbate and resveratrol caused double-strand DNA breaks accompanied by cell cycle arrest. It seems resveratrol-induced cytotoxicity is independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and accompanied by a significant elevation of caspase-3/7 activity, while pharmacologic ascorbate-induced cytotoxicity shows strong ROS dependence but proved to be caspase-independent. Our results are particularly important since ascorbate and resveratrol are natural compounds without significant harmful effects on normal cells, and chloroquine is a known antimalarial drug that can easily be repurposed.

Sirtuin 1 as a potential biomarker of undernutrition in the elderly: a narrative review

Undernutrition and inflammatory processes are predictors of early mortality in the elderly and require a rapid and accurate diagnosis. Currently, there are laboratory markers for assessing nutritional status, but new markers are still being sought. Recent studies suggest that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has the potential to be a marker for undernutrition. This article summarizes available studies on the association of SIRT1 and undernutrition in older people. Possible associations between SIRT1 and the aging process, inflammation, and undernutrition in the elderly have been described. The literature suggests that low SIRT1 levels in the blood of older people may not be associated with physiological aging processes, but with an increased risk of severe undernutrition associated with inflammation and systemic metabolic changes.

Discovery of Natural Products for Cancer Prevention

ABSTRACT

"Cancer chemoprevention" is a term referring to the slowing or reversal of this disease, using nontoxic natural or synthetic compounds. For about 50 years, there has been a strong scientific interest in discovering plant-derived compounds to prevent cancer, and strategies for this purpose using a concerted series of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo laboratory bioassays have been developed. Five examples of the more thoroughly investigated agents of this type are described herein, which are each supported by detailed literature reports, inclusive of ellagic acid, isoliquiritigenin, lycopene, trans-resveratrol, and sulforaphane. In addition, extracts of the plants avocado (Persea americana), noni (Morinda citrifolia), açai (Euterpe oleracea), and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) have all shown inhibitory activity in an in vivo or ex vivo bioassay using a carcinogen and germane to cancer chemoprevention, and selected in vitro-active constituents are described for each of these 4 species.

Untangling the Uncertain Role of Overactivation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System with the Aging Process Based on Sodium Wasting Human Models

Every individual at some point encounters the progressive biological process of aging, which is considered one of the major risk factors for common diseases. The main drivers of aging are oxidative stress, senescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) includes several systematic processes for the regulation of blood pressure, which is caused by an imbalance of electrolytes. During activation of the RAAS, binding of angiotensin II (ANG II) to angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AGTR1) activates intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase to generate superoxide anions and promote uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase, which in turn decreases NO availability and increases ROS production. Promoting oxidative stress and DNA damage mediated by ANG II is tightly regulated. Individuals with sodium deficiency-associated diseases such as Gitelman syndrome (GS) and Bartter syndrome (BS) show downregulation of inflammation-related processes and have reduced oxidative stress and ROS. Additionally, the histone deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) has a significant impact on the aging process, with reduced activity with age. However, GS/BS patients generally sustain higher levels of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) activity than age-matched healthy individuals. SIRT1 expression in GS/BS patients tends to be higher than in healthy age-matched individuals; therefore, it can be assumed that there will be a trend towards healthy aging in these patients. In this review, we highlight the importance of the hallmarks of aging, inflammation, and the RAAS system in GS/BS patients and how this might impact healthy aging. We further propose future research directions for studying the etiology of GS/BS at the molecular level using patient-derived renal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Exploring the molecular solvatochromism, stability, reactivity, and non-linear optical response of resveratrol

CONTEXT

This work analyzes the isomerization effects and solvent contributions to the stability, electronic excitations, reactivity, and non-linear optical properties (NLO) of resveratrol molecules within the formalism of the Density Functional Theory. The findings suggest that resveratrol solvatochromism is significantly influenced by solvent polarization. The electronic and free energies (E and G) indicate that trans is the most stable conformer. The system is classified as a strong nucleophile. However, the analysis of the Fukui functions and the Mulliken charges indicate that cis-trans isomerization jointly affects the reactive indices of the carbon and hydrogen atoms. The results also suggest that solvent is relevant to solvatochromism and the NLO response. Both cis and trans conformers present strong π - π ∗ excitations that undergo a visible hypsochromic change when the polarity of the solvent increases. Once the absorption spectra are connected to the first hyperpolarization ( β ) by the Oudar and Chemla relation, the hypsochromism of resveratrol is the reason for the drop in the generation of the second harmonic when the ambient polarity decreases. The CAM-B3LYP DFT results suggest that resveratrol is interesting for NLO applications. Depending on the choice of solvent, values ∼ 50 times those observed for urea ( β = 0.34 × 10 - 34 esu), which is a standard NLO material.

METHODS

The optimized geometries of cis and trans isomers of resveratrol in vacuum were obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the hybrid exchange-correlation function (CAM-B3LYP) and Pople basis set functions, specifically 6-311++G(d,p). The solvent effect on the geometries of both isomers was included using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) with the same level of QM calculation. Vibrational analysis was conducted to confirm that all optimized geometries correspond to the minimum energy. Various electronic properties, including dipole moments, molecular orbitals, transition energy, dipole polarizabilities, and global reactivity parameters, were calculated using both continuum and discrete solvation models based on the sequential QM/MM methodology. All QM calculations were performed with the Gaussian 09 program and the MC simulations with the DICE program. All NLO analysis was carried out using the Multiwfn code.

Engineering Thermo/pH-Responsive Lactoferrin Nanostructured Microbeads for Oral Targeting of Colorectal Cancer

AIM

Colorectal cancer is an extremely aggressive form of cancer that often leads to death. Lactoferrin shows potential for targeting and treating colorectal cancer; however, oral delivery faces hurdles hampering clinical applications. We engineered dual-responsive lactoferrin nanostructured microbeads to overcome delivery hurdles and enhance drug targeting.

METHODS

The hydrophobic drug mesalazine (MSZ) was coupled to lactoferrin to form amphiphilic conjugate nanoparticles, dispersed in water. The lipid-soluble polyphenolic drug resveratrol (RSV) was then encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of LF-MSZ nanoparticles. To impart thermoresponsive properties, the dual-payload NPs were coupled with a PNIPAAm shell; finally, to further endow the nanoparticles with gastrointestinal resistance and pH responsiveness, the nanoparticles were microencapsulated into ionically cross-linked pectin-alginate beads.

RESULTS

The nanoparticles showed enhanced internalization and cytotoxicity against HCT colon cancer cells via LF-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thermal triggering and tuned release were conferred by the temperature-sensitive polymer. The coatings protected the drugs from degradation. Orally delivered microbeads significantly reduced tumor burden in a mouse colon cancer model, lowering carcinoembryonic antigen and elevating antioxidant enzymes. Apoptotic pathways were stimulated, indicated by heightened Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3/9 expression.

CONCLUSION

Overall, we propose the innovative lactoferrin nanostructured microbeads as a paradigm shift in oral colorectal cancer therapeutics.

Air-fabricated CsPbIBr2 perovskite film for efficient and stable solar cells by a triacetyl resveratrol additive

Herein, we demonstrate that triacetyl resveratrol (TRES) can be employed as an antioxidant additive to suppress the formation of oxidation-induced defects in air-fabricated perovskite films. When assembling into carbon-based CsPbIBr2 and CsPbI2Br cells, an enhanced efficiency of 10.38% and 14.98% has been achieved, with nearly unchanged efficiency after 1128 h of shelf storage in air and 86% of the initial efficiency after >1000 h aging at 85 °C.

Insect-derived chitosan, a biopolymer for the increased shelf life of white and red grapes

Post-harvest water loss and microbial infections are the root cause of the rapid deterioration of fresh fruit after the picking process, with both environmental and economic implications. Therefore, it is crucial to find solutions that can increase the shelf life of fresh fruits. For this purpose, edible coatings, naturally derived and non-synthetic, are acknowledged as a safe strategy. Among polymeric coatings, chitosan is one of the most effective. In this work, this biopolymer, produced from chitin extracted from Hermetia illucens, an alternative and more sustainable source than crustaceans (the commercial one), was exploited to extend the shelf life of white and red grapes. Chitosan from H. illucens pupal exuviae, at 0.5 % and 1 % concentrations, was applied on both grapes, which were then stored at room temperature or 4 °C. The study of chemical-physical parameters such as weight loss, Total Soluble Solids and pH, demonstrated the effectiveness of the biopolymer, even better than crustacean chitosan. Moreover, the analysis of nutraceutical properties has demonstrated that this natural edible coating improves the quality of grapes, with beneficial effects for human health. The obtained results, therefore, confirmed the viability of using insect-chitosan as an alternative to crustaceans for the preservation of fresh food.

Long-Term Dietary Consumption of Grapes Affects Kidney Health in C57BL/6J Mice

Starting at 4 weeks of age, male and female C57BL/6J mice were provided with a semi-synthetic diet for a period of one year and then continued on the semi-synthetic diet with or without grape supplementation for the duration of their lives. During the course of the study, no variation of body weights was noted between the groups. At 2.5 years of age, the body-weight-to-tissue-weight ratios did not vary for the liver, colon, muscle, prostate, or ovary. However, relative to the standard diet, the body/kidney weight ratio was significantly lower in the male and female groups with grape-supplemented diets. With the mice provided with the standard diet, the BUN/creatinine ratios were 125 and 152 for males and females, respectively, and reduced to 63.7 and 40.4, respectively, when provided with the grape diet. A histological evaluation suggested that this may be due to enhanced/improved perfusion in the kidney as a preventive/protective effect. In response to the dietary grapes, an RNA seq analysis revealed up-regulation of 21 and 109 genes with male and female mice, respectively, with a corresponding down-regulation of 108 and 65 genes. The downward movement of the FPKM values in the males (alox5, btk, fga, fpr1, hmox1, lox, ltf, lyve1, marco, mmp8, prg4, s100a8/9, serpina3n, and vsig4) and upward movement of the FPKM values in the females (camp, cd300lf, cd72, fcgr4, fgr, fpr2, htra4, il10, lilrb4b, lipg, pilra, and tlr8) suggest beneficial kidney effects. The expression of some genes related to the immunological activity was also modulated by the grape diet, mainly downward in the males and upward in the females. The reactome pathway analysis, KEGG analysis, and GSEA normalized enrichment scores illustrate that several pathways related to immune function, collagenase degradation, extracellular matrix regulation, metabolism of vitamins and cofactors, pancreatic secretion, aging, and mitochondrial function were enriched in both the males and females provided with the grape diet. Overall, these results indicate that the long-term dietary consumption of grapes contributes to renal health and resilience against fibrosis and related pathologies.

Understanding Active Photoprotection: DNA-Repair Enzymes and Antioxidants

The detrimental effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on human skin are well-documented, encompassing DNA damage, oxidative stress, and an increased risk of carcinogenesis. Conventional photoprotective measures predominantly rely on filters, which scatter or absorb UV radiation, yet fail to address the cellular damage incurred post-exposure. To fill this gap, antioxidant molecules and DNA-repair enzymes have been extensively researched, offering a paradigm shift towards active photoprotection capable of both preventing and reversing UV-induced damage. In the current review, we focused on "active photoprotection", assessing the state-of-the-art, latest advancements and scientific data from clinical trials and in vivo models concerning the use of DNA-repair enzymes and naturally occurring antioxidant molecules.

Derivatization of Hyaluronan to Target Neuroblastoma and Neuroglioma Expressing CD44

Therapeutics for actively targeting over-expressed receptors are of great interest because the majority of diseased tissues originate from normal cells and do not possess a unique receptor from which they can be differentiated. One such receptor is CD44, which has been shown to be highly overexpressed in many breast cancers and other types of cancer cells. While CD44 has been documented to express low levels in normal adult neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, this receptor may be overexpressed by neuroblastoma and neuroglioma. If differential expression exists between normal and cancerous cells, hyaluronan (HA) could be a useful carrier that targets carcinomas. Thus, HA was conjugated with resveratrol (HA-R), and its efficacy was tested on cortical-neuroblastoma hybrid, neuroblastoma, and neuroglioma cells. Confocal and flow cytometry showed these cells express CD44 and are able to bind and uptake HA-R. The toxicity of HA-R correlated well with CD44 expression in this study. Therefore, conjugating resveratrol and other chemotherapeutics to HA could minimize the side effects for normal cells within the brain and nervous system and could be a viable strategy for developing targeted therapies.