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Guo Y, Qian R, Li Z, Lv T, Yang C, Li W, Pan T, Hou X, Wang Z. Tumor-derived nanovesicles enhance cancer synergistic chemo-immunotherapy by promoting cGAS/STING pathway activation and immunogenetic cell death. Life Sci 2024; 348:122687. [PMID: 38718856 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic modality that has revolutionized cancer treatment; however, the therapy is only effective on a fraction of patients due to the tumor environment. In tumor immunotherapy, the cGAS-STING pathway is a crucial intracellular immune response pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an immunotherapy strategy based on the cGAS-STING pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles EM@REV@DOX were characterized by TEM, DLS, and WB. Subcutaneous LLC xenograft tumors were used to determine the biodistribution, antitumor efficacy, and immune response. Blood samples and tissues of interest were harvested for hematological analysis and H&E staining. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our designed nanovesicles provide a new perspective on tumor immunotherapy by ICD and cGAS-STING pathway, promoting DCs maturation, macrophage polarization, and activating T cells, offering a meaningful strategy for accelerating the clinical development of immunotherapy. KEY FINDINGS EM@REV@DOX accumulated in the tumor site through EPR and homing targeting effect to release REV and DOX, resulting in DNA damage and finally activating the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby promoting DCs maturation, macrophage polarization, and activating T cells. Additionally, EM@REV@DOX increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IFN-β). As a result, EM@REV@DOX was effective in treating tumor-bearing mice and prolonged their lifespans. When combined with αPD-L1, EM@REV@DOX significantly inhibited distant tumor growth, extended the survival of mice, and prevented long-term postoperative tumor metastasis, exhibiting great potential in antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Guo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Ruijie Qian
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China
| | - Zijie Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Chunwang Yang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Teng Pan
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Yan H, Wei Y, Wei X. Decoding mitochondria's role in immunity and cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189107. [PMID: 38734035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The functions of mitochondria, including energy production and biomolecule synthesis, have been known for a long time. Given the rising incidence of cancer, the role of mitochondria in cancer has become increasingly popular. Activated by components released by mitochondria, various pathways interact with each other to induce immune responses to protect organisms from attack. However, mitochondria play dual roles in the progression of cancer. Abnormalities in proteins, which are the elementary structures of mitochondria, are closely linked with oncogenesis. Both the aberrant accumulation of intermediates and mutations in enzymes result in the generation and progression of cancer. Therefore, targeting mitochondria to treat cancer may be a new strategy. Several drugs aimed at inhibiting mutated enzymes and accumulated intermediates have been tested clinically. Here, we discuss the current understanding of mitochondria in cancer and the interactions between mitochondrial functions, immune responses, and oncogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss mitochondria as hopeful targets for cancer therapy, providing insights into the progression of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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3
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Tian X, Ai J, Tian X, Wei X. cGAS-STING pathway agonists are promising vaccine adjuvants. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1768-1799. [PMID: 38323921 DOI: 10.1002/med.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants are of critical value in vaccine development as they act on enhancing immunogenicity of antigen and inducing long-lasting immunity. However, there are only a few adjuvants that have been approved for clinical use, which highlights the need for exploring and developing new adjuvants to meet the growing demand for vaccination. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates that the cGAS-STING pathway orchestrates innate and adaptive immunity by generating type I interferon responses. Many cGAS-STING pathway agonists have been developed and tested in preclinical research for the treatment of cancer or infectious diseases with promising results. As adjuvants, cGAS-STING agonists have demonstrated their potential to activate robust defense immunity in various diseases, including COVID-19 infection. This review summarized the current developments in the field of cGAS-STING agonists with a special focus on the latest applications of cGAS-STING agonists as adjuvants in vaccination. Potential challenges were also discussed in the hope of sparking future research interests to further the development of cGAS-STING as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiayuan Ai
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Mikolič V, Pantović-Žalig J, Malenšek Š, Sever M, Lainšček D, Jerala R. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling activation domains promote CAR T cell function against solid tumors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200815. [PMID: 38840781 PMCID: PMC11152746 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic approach against a range of hematologic malignancies. While the incorporation of CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory signaling domains into CARs revolutionized immune responses, there is an exciting prospect of further enhancing CAR functionality. Here, we investigated the design of CD19 CARs enriched with distinct Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), or Toll/IL-1 domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon (IFN)-β (TRIF) costimulatory domains. Screening of various designs identified several candidates with no tonic activity but with increased CD19 target cell-dependent interleukin (IL)-2 production. Human T cells transduced with the selected CAR construct exhibited augmented hIL-2 and hIFN-γ induction and cytotoxicity when cocultured with CD19-positive lymphoma and solid-tumor cell lines. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis demonstrated the upregulation of some genes involved in the innate immune response and T cell activation and proliferation. In experiments on a xenogeneic solid-tumor mice model, MyD88 and TLR4 CAR T cells exhibited prolonged remission. This study demonstrates that the integration of a truncated TLR4 signaling costimulatory domain could provide immunotherapeutic potential against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mikolič
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jelica Pantović-Žalig
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Malenšek
- Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Sever
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen J, Zhao B, Dong H, Li T, Cheng X, Gong W, Wang J, Zhang J, Xin G, Yu Y, Lei YL, Black JD, Li Z, Wen H. Inhibition of O -GlcNAc transferase activates type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity by bridging cGAS-STING pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.14.571787. [PMID: 38168435 PMCID: PMC10760207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The O -GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that mediates protein O -GlcNAcylation, a unique form of posttranslational modification of many nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Recent studies observed increased OGT and O -GlcNAcylation levels in a broad range of human cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, indicating a universal effect of OGT in promoting tumorigenesis. Here, we show that OGT is essential for tumor growth in immunocompetent hosts by repressing the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent DNA sensing pathway. We found that deletion of OGT ( Ogt -/- ) caused a marked reduction in tumor growth in both syngeneic tumor models and a genetic colorectal cancer (CRC) model induced by mutation of the Apc gene ( Apc min ). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of OGT induced a robust genomic instability (GIN), leading to cGAS-dependent production of the type I interferon (IFN-I) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). As a result, deletion of Cgas or Sting from Ogt -/- cancer cells restored tumor growth, and this correlated with impaired CD8 + T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Mechanistically, we found that OGT-dependent cleavage of host cell factor C1 (HCF-1) is required for the avoidance of GIN and IFN-I production in tumors. In summary, our results identify OGT-mediated genomic stability and activate cGAS-STING pathway as an important tumor cell-intrinsic mechanism to repress antitumor immunity.
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6
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Kong EQZ, Subramaniyan V, Lubau NSA. Uncovering the impact of alcohol on internal organs and reproductive health: Exploring TLR4/NF-kB and CYP2E1/ROS/Nrf2 pathways. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38853347 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the detrimental impact of alcohol consumption on internal organs and reproductive health, elucidating the underlying mechanisms involving the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway and the Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)/reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. The TLR4/NF-kB pathway, crucial for inflammatory and immune responses, triggers the production of pro-inflammatory agents and type-1 interferon, disrupting the balance between inflammatory and antioxidant responses when tissues are chronically exposed to alcohol. Alcohol-induced dysbiosis in gut microbes heightens gut wall permeability to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to liver cell infection and subsequent inflammation. Concurrently, CYP2E1-mediated alcohol metabolism generates ROS, causing oxidative stress and damaging cells, lipids, proteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). To counteract this inflammatory imbalance, Nrf2 regulates gene expression, inhibiting inflammatory progression and promoting antioxidant responses. Excessive alcohol intake results in elevated liver enzymes (ADH, CYP2E1, and catalase), ROS, NADH, acetaldehyde, and acetate, leading to damage in vital organs such as the heart, brain, and lungs. Moreover, alcohol negatively affects reproductive health by inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, causing infertility in both men and women. These findings underscore the profound health concerns associated with alcohol-induced damage, emphasizing the need for public awareness regarding the intricate interplay between immune responses and the multi-organ impacts of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eason Qi Zheng Kong
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natasha Sura Anak Lubau
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Darlami O, Pun R, Ahn SH, Kim SH, Shin D. Macrocyclization strategy for improving candidate profiles in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116501. [PMID: 38754142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Macrocycles are defined as cyclic compounds with 12 or more members. In medicinal chemistry, they are categorized based on their core chemistry into cyclic peptides and macrocycles. Macrocycles are advantageous because of their structural diversity and ability to achieve high affinity and selectivity towards challenging targets that are often not addressable by conventional small molecules. The potential of macrocyclization to optimize drug-like properties while maintaining adequate bioavailability and permeability has been emphasized as a key innovation in medicinal chemistry. This review provides a detailed case study of the application of macrocyclization over the past 5 years, starting from the initial analysis of acyclic active compounds to optimization of the resulting macrocycles for improved efficacy and drug-like properties. Additionally, it illustrates the strategic value of macrocyclization in contemporary drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Darlami
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea
| | - Rabin Pun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea.
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Toufektchan E, Dananberg A, Striepen J, Hickling JH, Shim A, Chen Y, Nichols A, Duran Paez MA, Mohr L, Bakhoum SF, Maciejowski J. Intratumoral TREX1 Induction Promotes Immune Evasion by Limiting Type I IFN. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:673-686. [PMID: 38408184 PMCID: PMC11148545 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of human cancer that is associated with aggressive disease characteristics. Chromosome mis-segregations help fuel natural selection, but they risk provoking a cGAS-STING immune response through the accumulation of cytosolic DNA. The mechanisms of how tumors benefit from chromosomal instability while mitigating associated risks, such as enhanced immune surveillance, are poorly understood. Here, we identify cGAS-STING-dependent upregulation of the nuclease TREX1 as an adaptive, negative feedback mechanism that promotes immune evasion through digestion of cytosolic DNA. TREX1 loss diminishes tumor growth, prolongs survival of host animals, increases tumor immune infiltration, and potentiates response to immune checkpoint blockade selectively in tumors capable of mounting a type I IFN response downstream of STING. Together, these data demonstrate that TREX1 induction shields chromosomally unstable tumors from immune surveillance by dampening type I IFN production and suggest that TREX1 inhibitors might be used to selectively target tumors that have retained the inherent ability to mount an IFN response downstream of STING. See related article by Lim et al., p. 663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Toufektchan
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexandra Dananberg
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James H Hickling
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Abraham Shim
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yanyang Chen
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ashley Nichols
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mercedes A Duran Paez
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Mohr
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Shi W, Xu G, Gao Y, Yang H, Liu T, Zhao J, Li H, Wei Z, Hou X, Chen Y, Wen J, Li C, Zhao J, Zhang P, Wang Z, Xiao X, Bai Z. Compound Danshen Dripping Pill effectively alleviates cGAS-STING-triggered diseases by disrupting STING-TBK1 interaction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155404. [PMID: 38507852 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) pathway is critical in the innate immune system and can be mobilized by cytosolic DNA. The various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases progression is highly correlated with aberrant cGAS-STING pathway activation. While some cGAS-STING pathway inhibitor were identified, there are no drugs that can be applied to the clinic. Compound Danshen Dripping Pill (CDDP) has been successfully used in clinic around the world, but the most common application is limited to cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to examine whether CDDP inhibits the cGAS-STING pathway and could be used as a therapeutic agent for multiple cGAS-STING-triggered diseases. METHODS BMDMs, THP1 cells or Trex1-/- BMDMs were stimulated with various cGAS-STING-agonists after pretreatment with CDDP to detect the function of CDDP on IFN-β and ISGs productionn. Next, we detect the influence on IRF3 and P65 nuclear translocation, STING oligomerization and STING-TBK1-IRF3 complex formation of CDDP. Additionally, the DMXAA-mediated activation mice model of cGAS-STING pathway was used to study the effects of CDDP. Trex1-/- mice model and HFD-mediated obesity model were established to clarify the efficacy of CDDP on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. RESULTS CDDP efficacy suppressed the IRF3 phosphorylation or the generation of IFN-β, ISGs, IL-6 and TNF-α. Mechanistically, CDDP did not influence the STING oligomerization and IRF3-TBK1 and STING-IRF3 interaction, but remarkably eliminated the STING-TBK1 interaction, ultimately blocking the downstream responses. In addition, we also clarified that CDDP could suppress cGAS-STING pathway activation triggered by DMXAA, in vivo. Consistently, CDDP could alleviate multi-organ inflammatory responses in Trex1-/- mice model and attenuate the inflammatory disorders, incleding obesity-induced insulin resistance. CONCLUSION CDDP is a specifically cGAS-STING pathway inhibitor. Furthermore, we provide novel mechanism for CDDP and discovered a clinical agent for the therapy of cGAS-STING-triggered inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Wei
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongxia Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, China.
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10
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Bonhomme D, Poirier EZ. Early signaling pathways in virus-infected cells. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 66:101411. [PMID: 38718574 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Virus infection activates specific pattern recognition receptors and immune signal transduction, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of innate immunity. We describe here the molecular organization of early signaling pathways downstream of viral recognition, including conformational changes, post-translational modifications, formation of oligomers, and generation of small-molecule second messengers. Such molecular organization allows tight regulation of immune signal transduction, characterized by swift but transient responses, nonlinearity, and signal amplification. Pathologies of early immune signaling caused by genomic mutations illustrate the fine regulation of the immune transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Curie, Stem Cell Immunity Lab, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Enzo Z Poirier
- Institut Curie, Stem Cell Immunity Lab, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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11
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Liu R, Meng F, Liu T, Yang G, Shan S. RING finger protein 122-like (RNF122L) negatively regulates antiviral immune response by targeting STING in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132104. [PMID: 38719016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as an imperative adaptor protein in innate immune, responds to nucleic acid from invading pathogens to build antiviral responses in host cells. Aberrant activation of STING may trigger tissue damage and autoimmune diseases. Given the decisive role in initiating innate immune response, the activity of STING is intricately governed by several posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Here, we cloned and characterized a novel RNF122 homolog from common carp (named CcRNF122L). Expression analysis disclosed that the expression of CcRNF122L is up-regulated under spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) stimulation in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of CcRNF122L hampers SVCV- or poly(I:C)-mediated the expression of IFN-1 and ISGs in a dose-dependent way. Mechanistically, CcRNF122L interacts with STING and promotes the polyubiquitylation of STING. This polyubiquitylation event inhibits the aggregation of STING and the subsequent recruitment of TBK1 and IRF3 to the signaling complex. Additionally, the deletion of the TM domain abolishes the negative regulatory function of CcRNF122L. Collectively, our discoveries unveil a mechanism that governs the STING function and the precise adjustment of the innate immune response in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Industrial Technician College, No.6789 West Ring Road, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, China.
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12
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Li XJY, Qu JR, Zhang YH, Liu RP. The dual function of cGAS-STING signaling axis in liver diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1115-1129. [PMID: 38233527 PMCID: PMC11130165 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, have been increasingly prevalent, posing significant threats to global health. In recent decades, there has been increasing evidence linking the dysregulation of cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-related immune signaling to liver disorders. Both hyperactivation and deletion of STING can disrupt the immune microenvironment dysfunction, exacerbating liver disorders. Consequently, there has been a surge in research investigating medical agents or mediators targeting cGAS-STING signaling. Interestingly, therapeutic manipulation of the cGAS-STING pathway has yielded inconsistent and even contradictory effects on different liver diseases due to the distinct physiological characteristics of intrahepatic cells that express and respond to STING. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent advancements in understanding the dual roles of the STING pathway, highlighting that the benefits of targeting STING signaling depend on the specific types of target cells and stages of liver injury. Additionally, we offer a novel perspective on the suitability of STING agonists and antagonists for clinical assessment. In conclusion, STING signaling remains a highly promising therapeutic target, and the development of STING pathway modulators holds great potential for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao-Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiao-Rong Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin-Hao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Run-Ping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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13
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Yang C, Shu J, Yang X, Miao Y, Liu J, Li J, Xiao J, Kong W, Xu Z, Feng H. USP14 negatively regulates IFN signaling by dampening K63-linked ubiquitination of TBK1 in black carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109559. [PMID: 38636737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
USP14 regulates the immune related pathways by deubiquitinating the signaling molecules in mammals. In teleost, USP14 is also reported to inhibit the antiviral immune response through TBK1, but its regulatory mechanism remains obscure. To elucidate the role of USP14 in the RLR/IFN antiviral pathway in teleost, the homolog USP14 (bcUSP14) of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterize in this paper. bcUSP14 contains 490 amino acids (aa), and the sequence is well conserved among in vertebrates. Over-expression of bcUSP14 in EPC cells attenuated SVCV-induced transcription activity of IFN promoters and enhanced SVCV replication. Knockdown of bcUSP14 in MPK cells led to the increased transcription of IFNs and decreased SVCV replication, suggesting the improved antiviral activity of the host cells. The interaction between bcUSP14 and bcTBK1 was identified by both co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent staining. Co-expressed bcUSP14 obviously inhibited bcTBK1-induced IFN production and antiviral activity in EPC cells. K63-linked polyubiquitination of bcTBK1 was dampened by co-expressed bcUSP14, and bcTBK1-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 were also inhibited by this deubiquitinase. Thus, all the data demonstrated that USP14 interacts with and inhibits TBK1 through deubiquitinating TBK1 in black carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Juanjuan Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yujia Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Study and Utilization of Ethnic Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418008, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Weiguang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang XL, Sun Y, Lu ZH. ANKRD22 aggravates sepsis-induced ARDS and promotes pulmonary M1 macrophage polarization. J Transl Autoimmun 2024; 8:100228. [PMID: 38225946 PMCID: PMC10788270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is independently associated with a poor prognosis in patients with sepsis. Macrophage M1 polarization plays an instrumental role in this process. Therefore, the exploration of key molecules affecting acute lung injury and macrophage M1 polarization may provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of septic ARDS. Here, we identified that elevated levels of Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 22 (ANKRD22) were associated with poor prognosis and more pronounced M1 macrophage polarization in septic patients by analyzing high-throughput data. ANKRD22 expression was also significantly upregulated in the alveolar lavage fluid, peripheral blood, and lung tissue of septic ARDS model mice. Knockdown of ANKRD22 significantly attenuated acute lung injury in mice with sepsis-induced ARDS and reduced the M1 polarization of lung macrophages. Furthermore, deletion of ANKRD22 in macrophages inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and reduced levels of phosphorylated IRF3 and intracellular interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) expression, while re-expression of ANKRD22 reversed these changes. Further experiments revealed that ANKRD22 promotes IRF3 activation by binding to mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). In conclusion, these findings suggest that ANKRD22 promotes the M1 polarization of lung macrophages and exacerbates sepsis-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, ZhongdaHospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Emergency Department of Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Sun
- The First Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Lu
- The First Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China
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15
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Li Z, Yue C, Xie S, Shi S, Ye S. Computational insights into the conformational transition of STING: Mechanistic, energetic considerations, and the influence of crucial mutations. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108764. [PMID: 38581901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is a crucial protein in the innate immune system's response to viral and bacterial infections. In this study, we investigated the mechanistic and energetic mechanism of the conformational transition process of STING activated by cGAMP binding. We found that the STING connector region undergoes an energetically unfavorable rotation during this process, which is compensated by the favorable interaction between cGAMP and the STING ligand binding domain. We further studied several disease-causing mutations and found that the V155 M mutation facilitates a smoother transition in the STING connector region. However, the V147L mutation exhibits unfavorable conformational transition energy, suggesting it may hinder STING activation pathway that relies on connector region rotation. Despite being labeled as hyperactive, the widespread prevalence of V147L/V147I mutations across species implies a neutral character, indicating complexity in its role. Overall, our analysis deepens the understanding of STING activation within the connector region, and targeting this region with compounds may provide an alternative approach to interfering with STING's function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Li
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Congran Yue
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shangqiang Xie
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sai Shi
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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16
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Zhang H, Jiang L, Du X, Qian Z, Wu G, Jiang Y, Mao Z. The cGAS-Ku80 complex regulates the balance between two end joining subpathways. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:792-803. [PMID: 38664591 PMCID: PMC11164703 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As the major DNA sensor that activates the STING-TBK1 signaling cascade, cGAS is mainly present in the cytosol. A number of recent reports have indicated that cGAS also plays critical roles in the nucleus. Our previous work demonstrated for the first time that cGAS is translocated to the nucleus upon the occurrence of DNA damage and inhibits homologous recombination (HR), one of the two major pathways of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. However, whether nuclear cGAS regulates the other DSB repair pathway, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), which can be further divided into the less error-prone canonical NHEJ (c-NHEJ) and more mutagenic alternative NHEJ (alt-NHEJ) subpathways, has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrated that cGAS tipped the balance of the two NHEJ subpathways toward c-NHEJ. Mechanistically, the cGAS-Ku80 complex enhanced the interaction between DNA-PKcs and the deubiquitinase USP7 to improve DNA-PKcs protein stability, thereby promoting c-NHEJ. In contrast, the cGAS-Ku80 complex suppressed alt-NHEJ by directly binding to the promoter of Polθ to suppress its transcription. Together, these findings reveal a novel function of nuclear cGAS in regulating DSB repair, suggesting that the presence of cGAS in the nucleus is also important in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhu Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Li W, Li Y, Zhao J, Liao J, Wen W, Chen Y, Cui H. Release of damaged mitochondrial DNA: A novel factor in stimulating inflammatory response. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155330. [PMID: 38733868 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular double-stranded genome that exists independently of the nucleus. In recent years, research on mtDNA has significantly increased, leading to a gradual increase in understanding of its physiological and pathological characteristics. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other factors can damage mtDNA. This damaged mtDNA can escape from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm or extracellular space, subsequently activating immune signaling pathways, such as NLR family pyrin domain protein 3 (NLRP3), and triggering inflammatory responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of mtDNA damage and leakage in the pathological mechanisms underlying various diseases including infectious diseases, metabolic inflammation, and immune disorders. Consequently, comprehensive investigation of mtDNA can elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying numerous diseases. The prevention of mtDNA damage and leakage has emerged as a novel approach to disease treatment, and mtDNA has emerged as a promising target for drug development. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying mtDNA-induced inflammation, its association with various diseases, and the methods used for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuting Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of TCM Endocrinology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Jiabao Liao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of TCM Encephalopathy, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China.
| | - Huantian Cui
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
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18
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Ren T, He J, Zhang T, Niu A, Yuan Y, Zuo Y, Miao Y, Zhang H, Zang L, Qiao C, Cao X, Yang X, Zheng Z, Xu Y, Wu D, Zheng H. Exercise activates interferon response of the liver via Gpld1 to enhance antiviral innate immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk5011. [PMID: 38809975 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Healthy behavioral patterns could modulate organ functions to enhance the body's immunity. However, how exercise regulates antiviral innate immunity remains elusive. Here, we found that exercise promotes type I interferon (IFN-I) production in the liver and enhances IFN-I immune activity of the body. Despite the possibility that many exercise-induced factors could affect IFN-I production, we identified Gpld1 as a crucial molecule, and the liver as the major organ to promote IFN-I production after exercise. Exercise largely loses the efficiency to induce IFN-I in Gpld1-/- mice. Further studies demonstrated that exercise-produced 3-hydroxybutanoic acid (3-HB) critically induces Gpld1 expression in the liver. Gpld1 blocks the PP2A-IRF3 interaction, thus enhancing IRF3 activation and IFN-I production, and eventually improving the body's antiviral ability. This study reveals that exercise improves antiviral innate immunity by linking the liver metabolism to systemic IFN-I activity and uncovers an unknown function of liver cells in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department/Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiuyi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Anxing Niu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lichao Zang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Caixia Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinhua Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zhijin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department/Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease and Immunology of Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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19
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Shim A, Luan X, Zhou W, Crow YJ, Maciejowski J. Mutations in the non-catalytic polyproline motif destabilize TREX1 and amplify cGAS-STING signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae089. [PMID: 38796715 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway detects cytosolic DNA and activates a signaling cascade that results in a type I interferon (IFN) response. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated exonuclease TREX1 suppresses cGAS-STING by eliminating DNA from the cytosol. Mutations that compromise TREX1 function are linked to autoinflammatory disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Despite key roles in regulating cGAS-STING and suppressing excessive inflammation, the impact of many disease-associated TREX1 mutations-particularly those outside of the core catalytic domains-remains poorly understood. Here, we characterize a recessive AGS-linked TREX1 P61Q mutation occurring within the poorly characterized polyproline helix (PPII) motif. In keeping with its position outside of the catalytic core or ER targeting motifs, neither the P61Q mutation, nor aggregate proline-to-alanine PPII mutation, disrupts TREX1 exonuclease activity, subcellular localization, or cGAS-STING regulation in overexpression systems. Introducing targeted mutations into the endogenous TREX1 locus revealed that PPII mutations destabilize the protein, resulting in impaired exonuclease activity and unrestrained cGAS-STING activation. Overall, these results demonstrate that TREX1 PPII mutations, including P61Q, impair proper immune regulation and lead to autoimmune disease through TREX1 destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Shim
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Xiaohan Luan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, GD 518055, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, GD 518055, China
| | - Yanick J Crow
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, University Paris Cité, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
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20
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Sumner RP, Blest H, Lin M, Maluquer de Motes C, Towers GJ. HIV-1 with gag processing defects activates cGAS sensing. Retrovirology 2024; 21:10. [PMID: 38778414 PMCID: PMC11112816 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of viruses by host pattern recognition receptors induces the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which suppress viral replication. Numerous studies have described HIV-1 as a poor activator of innate immunity in vitro. The exact role that the viral capsid plays in this immune evasion is not fully understood. RESULTS To better understand the role of the HIV-1 capsid in sensing we tested the effect of making HIV-1 by co-expressing a truncated Gag that encodes the first 107 amino acids of capsid fused with luciferase or GFP, alongside wild type Gag-pol. We found that unlike wild type HIV-1, viral particles produced with a mixture of wild type and truncated Gag fused to luciferase or GFP induced a potent IFN response in THP-1 cells and macrophages. Innate immune activation by Gag-fusion HIV-1 was dependent on reverse transcription and DNA sensor cGAS, suggesting activation of an IFN response by viral DNA. Further investigation revealed incorporation of the Gag-luciferase/GFP fusion proteins into viral particles that correlated with subtle defects in wild type Gag cleavage and a diminished capacity to saturate restriction factor TRIM5α, likely due to aberrant particle formation. We propose that expression of the Gag fusion protein disturbs the correct cleavage and maturation of wild type Gag, yielding viral particles that are unable to effectively shield viral DNA from detection by innate sensors including cGAS. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the crucial role of capsid in innate evasion and support growing literature that disruption of Gag cleavage and capsid formation induces a viral DNA- and cGAS-dependent innate immune response. Together these data demonstrate a protective role for capsid and suggest that antiviral activity of capsid-targeting antivirals may benefit from enhanced innate and adaptive immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Sumner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 90 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Henry Blest
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 90 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Meiyin Lin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 90 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 90 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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21
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Tian WJ, Zhang XZ, Wang J, Liu JF, Li FH, Wang XJ. Calmodulin-like 5 promotes PEDV replication by regulating late-endosome synthesis and innate immune response. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00075-0. [PMID: 38789039 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The infection caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is associated with high mortality in piglets worldwide. Host factors involved in the efficient replication of PEDV, however, remain largely unknown. Our recent proteomic study in the virus-host interaction network revealed a significant increase in the accumulation of CALML5 (EF-hand protein calmodulin-like 5) following PEDV infection. A further study unveiled a biphasic increase of CALML5 in 2 and 12 h after viral infection. Similar trends were observed in the intestines of piglets in the early and late stages of the PEDV challenge. Moreover, CALML5 depletion reduced PEDV mRNA and protein levels, leading to a one-order-of-magnitude decrease in virus titer. At the early stage of PEDV infection, CALML5 affected the endosomal trafficking pathway by regulating the expression of endosomal sorting complex related cellular proteins. CALML5 depletion also suppressed IFN-β and IL-6 production in the PEDV-infected cells, thereby indicating its involvement in negatively regulating the innate immune response. Our study reveals the biological function of CALML5 in the virology field and offers new insights into the PEDV-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fu-Huang Li
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Service (South Section), Beijing, 102218, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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22
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Chang F, Gunderstofte C, Colussi N, Pitts M, Salvatore SR, Thielke AL, Turell L, Alvarez B, Goldbach-Mansky R, Villacorta L, Holm CK, Schopfer FJ, Hansen AL. Development of nitroalkene-based inhibitors to target STING-dependent inflammation. Redox Biol 2024; 74:103202. [PMID: 38865901 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is essential for the inflammatory response to cytosolic DNA. Despite that aberrant activation of STING is linked to an increasing number of inflammatory diseases, the development of inhibitors has been challenging, with no compounds in the pipeline beyond the preclinical stage. We previously identified endogenous nitrated fatty acids as novel reversible STING inhibitors. With the aim of improving the specificity and efficacy of these compounds, we developed and tested a library of nitroalkene-based compounds for in vitro and in vivo STING inhibition. The structure-activity relationship study revealed a robustly improved electrophilicity and reduced degrees of freedom of nitroalkenes by conjugation with an aromatic moiety. The lead compounds CP-36 and CP-45, featuring a β-nitrostyrene moiety, potently inhibited STING activity in vitro and relieved STING-dependent inflammation in vivo. This validates the potential for nitroalkene compounds as drug candidates for STING modulation to treat STING-driven inflammatory diseases, providing new robust leads for preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Nicole Colussi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mareena Pitts
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Anne L Thielke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lucia Turell
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Translational Autoinflammatory Disease Studies Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, And Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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23
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Miranda A, Pattnaik S, Hamilton PT, Fuss MA, Kalaria S, Laumont CM, Smazynski J, Mesa M, Banville A, Jiang X, Jenkins R, Cañadas I, Nelson BH. N-MYC impairs innate immune signaling in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj5428. [PMID: 38748789 PMCID: PMC11095474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is a challenging disease, especially for patients with immunologically "cold" tumors devoid of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We found that HGSC exhibits among the highest levels of MYCN expression and transcriptional signature across human cancers, which is strongly linked to diminished features of antitumor immunity. N-MYC repressed basal and induced IFN type I signaling in HGSC cell lines, leading to decreased chemokine expression and T cell chemoattraction. N-MYC inhibited the induction of IFN type I by suppressing tumor cell-intrinsic STING signaling via reduced STING oligomerization, and by blunting RIG-I-like receptor signaling through inhibition of MAVS aggregation and localization in the mitochondria. Single-cell RNA sequencing of human clinical HGSC samples revealed a strong negative association between cancer cell-intrinsic MYCN transcriptional program and type I IFN signaling. Thus, N-MYC inhibits tumor cell-intrinsic innate immune signaling in HGSC, making it a compelling target for immunotherapy of cold tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Miranda
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Swetansu Pattnaik
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Phineas T. Hamilton
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Shreena Kalaria
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Céline M. Laumont
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Monica Mesa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
| | - Allyson Banville
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xinpei Jiang
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Russell Jenkins
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Israel Cañadas
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada
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24
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Jia Y, Zhu G, Qiu C, Lai JM, Shen Y, Jin SW, Yang X, Zhu HP, Hu BC, Ye XM, Mo SJ. Pellino1 orchestrates gut-kidney axis to perpetuate septic acute kidney injury through activation of STING pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Life Sci 2024; 345:122604. [PMID: 38580196 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Intestinal barrier dysfunction is the initial and propagable factor of sepsis in which acute kidney injury (AKI) has been considered as a common life-threatening complication. Our recent study identifies the regulatory role of Pellino1 in tubular death under inflammatory conditions in vitro. The objective of our current study is to explore the impact of Pellino1 on gut-kidney axis during septic AKI and uncover the molecular mechanism (s) underlying this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to evaluate Pellino1 and NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) levels in renal biopsies from critically ill patients with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis. Functional and mechanistic studies were characterized in septic models of the Peli-knockout (Peli1-/-) mice by histopathological staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, biochemical detection, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and intestinal organoid. KEY FINDINGS Pellino1, together with NLRP3, are highly expressed in renal biopsies from critically ill patients diagnosed with sepsis and kidney tissues of septic mice. The Peli1-/- mice with sepsis become less prone to develop AKI and have markedly compromised NLRP3 activation in kidney. Loss of Peli1 endows septic mice refractory to intestinal inflammation, barrier permeability and enterocyte apoptosis that requires stimulator of interferons genes (STING) pathway. Administration of STING agonist DMXAA deteriorates AKI and mortality of septic Peli1-/- mice in the presence of kidney-specific NLRP3 reconstitution. SIGNIFICANCE Our studies suggest that Pellino1 has a principal role in orchestrating gut homeostasis towards renal pathophysiology, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for septic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jun-Mei Lai
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Intensive Rehabilitation Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ye Shen
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Intensive Rehabilitation Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shu-Wen Jin
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hai-Ping Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Bang-Chuan Hu
- Emergency and Intensive Care Unit Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ming Ye
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Intensive Rehabilitation Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China; Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shi-Jing Mo
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Intensive Rehabilitation Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China; Emergency and Intensive Care Unit Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, PR China.
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25
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Xiao X, Fu Y, You W, Huang C, Zeng F, Gu X, Sun X, Li J, Zhang Q, Du W, Cheng G, Liu Z, Liu L. Inhibition of the RLR signaling pathway by SARS-CoV-2 ORF7b is mediated by MAVS and abrogated by ORF7b-homologous interfering peptide. J Virol 2024; 98:e0157323. [PMID: 38572974 PMCID: PMC11092349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01573-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and characterized by dysregulated immune response. Studies have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF7b induces host cell apoptosis through the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pathway and blocks the production of interferon beta (IFN-β). The underlying mechanism remains to be investigated. In this study, we found that ORF7b facilitated viral infection and production, and inhibited the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway through selectively interacting with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). MAVS439-466 region and MAVS Lys461 were essential for the physical association between MAVS and ORF7b, and the inhibition of the RLR signaling pathway by ORF7b. MAVSK461/K63 ubiquitination was essential for the RLR signaling regulated by the MAVS-ORF7b complex. ORF7b interfered with the recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-related factor 6 (TRAF6) and the activation of the RLR signaling pathway by MAVS. Furthermore, interfering peptides targeting the ORF7b complex reversed the ORF7b-suppressed MAVS-RLR signaling pathway. The most potent interfering peptide V disrupts the formation of ORF7b tetramers, reverses the levels of the ORF7b-inhibited physical association between MAVS and TRAF6, leading to the suppression of viral growth and infection. Overall, this study provides a mechanism for the suppression of innate immunity by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanism-based approach via interfering peptides to potentially prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.IMPORTANCEThe pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and continues to be a threat to public health. It is imperative to understand the biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and find approaches to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and ameliorate COVID-19. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins are known to function on the innate immune response, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study shows that ORF7b inhibits the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway through the physical association between ORF7b and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), impairing the K63-linked MAVS polyubiquitination and its recruitment of tumor necrosis factor receptor-related factor 6 (TRAF6) to MAVS. The most potent interfering peptide V targeting the ORF7b-MAVS complex may reverse the suppression of the MAVS-mediated RLR signaling pathway by ORF7b and prevent viral infection and production. This study may provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and a strategy to develop new drugs to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yanan Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wanling You
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Congcong Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaoguang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Institute of Virology, Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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26
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Liu Y, Qin Y, Yang B, Zheng H, Qiao S, Luo Z, Li R. Pseudorabies virus usurps non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA to dampen viral DNA recognition by cGAS for antagonism of host antiviral innate immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0048324. [PMID: 38639486 PMCID: PMC11092326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00483-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes severe economic losses to the global pig industry and has garnered increasing attention due to its broad host range including humans. PRV has developed a variety of strategies to antagonize host antiviral innate immunity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In our previous work, we demonstrated that non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA), a multifunctional cytoskeleton protein, attenuates innate immune responses triggered by RNA viruses. In the current study, we reported a previously unrecognized role of NMHC-IIA in counteracting PRV-induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) production. Mechanistically, PRV infection led to an elevation of NMHC-IIA, strengthening the interaction between poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and cGAS. This interaction impeded cGAS recognition of PRV DNA and hindered downstream signaling activation. Conversely, inhibition of NMHC-IIA by Blebbistatin triggered innate immune responses and enhanced resistance to PRV proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings unveil that PRV utilizes NMHC-IIA to antagonize host antiviral immune responses via impairing DNA sensing by cGAS. This in-depth understanding of PRV immunosuppression not only provides insights for potential PRV treatment strategies but also highlights NMHC-IIA as a versatile immunosuppressive regulator usurped by both DNA and RNA viruses. Consequently, NMHC-IIA holds promise as a target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCECyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) axis plays a vital role in counteracting alphaherpesvirus infections. Alphaherpesviruses exploit various strategies for antagonizing cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral immune responses. However, limited examples of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-caused immunosuppression have been documented. Our findings reveal a novel role of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) in suppressing PRV-triggered innate immune responses to facilitate viral propagation both in vitro and in vivo. In detail, NMHC-IIA recruits poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to augment its interaction with cGAS, which impairs cGAS recognition of PRV DNA. Building on our previous demonstration of NMHC-IIA's immunosuppressive role during RNA virus infections, these findings indicate that NMHC-IIA acts as a broad-spectrum suppressor of host antiviral innate immunity in response to both DNA and RNA viruses. Therefore, NMHC-IIA will be a promising target for the development of comprehensive antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidan Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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27
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Gitlin AD, Maltzman A, Kanno Y, Heger K, Reja R, Schubert AF, Wierciszewski LJ, Pantua H, Kapadia SB, Harris SF, Webster JD, Newton K, Dixit VM. N4BP1 coordinates ubiquitin-dependent crosstalk within the IκB kinase family to limit Toll-like receptor signaling and inflammation. Immunity 2024; 57:973-986.e7. [PMID: 38697117 PMCID: PMC11096006 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-binding endoribonuclease N4BP1 potently suppresses cytokine production by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that signal through the adaptor MyD88 but is inactivated via caspase-8-mediated cleavage downstream of death receptors, TLR3, or TLR4. Here, we examined the mechanism whereby N4BP1 limits inflammatory responses. In macrophages, deletion of N4BP1 prolonged activation of inflammatory gene transcription at late time points after TRIF-independent TLR activation. Optimal suppression of inflammatory cytokines by N4BP1 depended on its ability to bind polyubiquitin chains, as macrophages and mice-bearing inactivating mutations in a ubiquitin-binding motif in N4BP1 displayed increased TLR-induced cytokine production. Deletion of the noncanonical IκB kinases (ncIKKs), Tbk1 and Ikke, or their adaptor Tank phenocopied N4bp1 deficiency and enhanced macrophage responses to TLR1/2, TLR7, or TLR9 stimulation. Mechanistically, N4BP1 acted in concert with the ncIKKs to limit the duration of canonical IκB kinase (IKKα/β) signaling. Thus, N4BP1 and the ncIKKs serve as an important checkpoint against over-exuberant innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Gitlin
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Allie Maltzman
- Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuzuka Kanno
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Klaus Heger
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rohit Reja
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexander F Schubert
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Linsey J Wierciszewski
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Homer Pantua
- Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sharookh B Kapadia
- Infectious Diseases, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Seth F Harris
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kim Newton
- Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Yang SM, Li YB, Si HX, Wei Y, Ma FJ, Wang J, Chen T, Chen K. C-176 reduces inflammation-induced pain by blocking the cGAS-STING pathway in microglia. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38738512 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2352025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory pain, is caused by lesions or diseases of the somatosensory tissue, is a prevalent chronic condition that profoundly impacts the quality of life. However, clinical treatment for this type of pain remains limited. Traditionally, the stimulation of microglia and subsequent inflammatory reactions are considered crucial elements to promote the worsening of inflammatory pain. Recent research has shown the crucial importance of the cGAS-STING pathway in promoting inflammation. It is still uncertain if the cGAS-STING pathway plays the role in the fundamental cause of inflammatory pain. We aim to explore the treatment of inflammatory pain by interfering with cGAS-STING signaling pathway. METHODS In this study, we established an inflammatory pain model by CFA into the plantar of mice. Activation of microglia, various inflammatory factors and cGAS-STING protein in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the cellular localization of cGAS and STING. The cGAS-STING pathway proteins expression and mRNA expression of indicated microglial M1/M2 phenotypic markers in the BV2 microglia were detected. STING inhibitor C-176 was intrathecal injected into mice with inflammatory pain, and the pain behavior and microglia were observed. RESULTS This research showed that injecting CFA into the left hind paw of mice caused mechanical allodynia and increased inflammation in the spine. Our research results suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway had a function in the inflammation mediated by microglia in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Blocking the cGAS-STING pathway using STING antagonists (C-176) led to reduced release of inflammatory factors and prevented M1 polarization of BV2 microglia in a laboratory setting. Additionally, intrathecal administration of C-176 reduced the allodynia in CFA treated mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that inhibiting microglial polarization through the cGAS-STING pathway represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua-Xing Si
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Juan Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Scott TM, Arnold LM, Powers JA, McCann DA, Christensen DE, Pereira MJ, Zhou W, Torrez RM, Iwasa JH, Kranzusch PJ, Sundquist WI, Johnson JS. Cell-free assays reveal the HIV-1 capsid protects reverse transcripts from cGAS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590513. [PMID: 38712059 PMCID: PMC11071359 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Retroviruses can be detected by the innate immune sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which recognizes reverse-transcribed DNA and activates an antiviral response. However, the extent to which HIV-1 shields its genome from cGAS recognition remains unclear. To study this process in mechanistic detail, we reconstituted reverse transcription, genome release, and innate immune sensing of HIV-1 in a cell-free system. We found that wild-type HIV-1 capsids protect their genomes from cGAS even after completion of reverse transcription. Viral DNA could be "deprotected" by thermal stress, capsid mutations, or reduced concentrations of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) that destabilize the capsid. Strikingly, capsid inhibitors also disrupted viral cores and dramatically potentiated cGAS activity, both in vitro and in cellular infections. Our results provide biochemical evidence that the HIV-1 capsid lattice conceals the genome from cGAS and that chemical or physical disruption of the viral core can expose HIV-1 DNA and activate innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana M. Scott
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lydia M. Arnold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jordan A. Powers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Delaney A. McCann
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Devin E. Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Miguel J. Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Rachel M. Torrez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Janet H. Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Philip J. Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wesley I. Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jarrod S. Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Xu H, Yue H, Ge H, Wang F. Vitamin B6 ameliorates acute pancreatitis by suppressing the caspase3 signaling pathway. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:151. [PMID: 38698325 PMCID: PMC11067178 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent exocrine inflammatory disorder of the pancreas characterized by pancreatic inflammation and injury to acinar cells. Vitamin B6 (VB6) is a vital nutrient that plays a significant role in preserving human health and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. METHODS This study aimed to explore the potential pancreatic protective effects of VB6 in mitigating pancreatic inflammation and apoptosis induced by taurocholate sodium (TLCS) in an AP model and to assess the underlying mechanism of action. AP was induced in Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats through TLCS administration and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated AR42J cells, followed by treatment with VB6. RESULTS Various parameters associated with AP were assessed in both plasma and pancreatic tissues. VB6 has been shown to ameliorate the severity of AP through various mechanisms. It effectively reduces the levels of serum amylase, lipase, and inflammatory factors, thereby mitigating histological injury to the pancreas. Moreover, VB6 inhibited pancreatic apoptosis by downregulating bax expression and up-regulating Bcl2 expression in TLCS-treated rats. Additionally, VB6 suppressed the expression of caspase3. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of VB6 observed in LPS-treated AR42J cells are consistent with those observed in a rat model of AP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that VB6 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects through inhibition of the caspase3 signaling pathway and has a protective effect against AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqin Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijue Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang L, Yang F, Ye J, Zhang L, Jiang X. Insight into the role of IRF7 in skin and connective tissue diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15083. [PMID: 38794808 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are signalling proteins primarily involved in initiating innate immune responses against pathogens and promoting the maturation of immune cells. Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7) plays a pivotal role in the IFNs signalling pathway. The activation process of IRF7 is incited by exogenous or abnormal nucleic acids, which is followed by the identification via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the ensuing signalling cascades. Upon activation, IRF7 modulates the expression of both IFNs and inflammatory gene regulation. As a multifunctional transcription factor, IRF7 is mainly expressed in immune cells, yet its presence is also detected in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and various dermal cell types. In these cells, IRF7 is critical for skin immunity, inflammation, and fibrosis. IRF7 dysregulation may lead to autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions, including systemic scleroderma (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Atopic dermatitis (AD) and Psoriasis. This comprehensive review aims to extensively elucidate the role of IRF7 and its signalling pathways in immune cells and keratinocytes, highlighting its significance in skin-related and connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sohrabi S, Masoumi J, Naseri B, Ghorbaninezhad F, Alipour S, Kazemi T, Ahmadian Heris J, Aghebati Maleki L, Basirjafar P, Zandvakili R, Doustvandi MA, Baradaran B. STATs signaling pathways in dendritic cells: As potential therapeutic targets? Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:138-159. [PMID: 37886903 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2274576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including heterogenous populations with phenotypic and functional diversity that coordinate bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STAT) factors as key proteins in cytokine signaling were shown to play distinct roles in the maturation and antigen presentation of DCs and play a pivotal role in modulating immune responses mediated by DCs such as differentiation of T cells to T helper (Th) 1, Th2 or regulatory T (Treg) cells. This review sheds light on the importance of STAT transcription factors' signaling pathways in different subtypes of DCs and highlights their targeting potential usages for improving DC-based immunotherapies for patients who suffer from cancer or diverse autoimmune conditions according to the type of the STAT transcription factor and its specific activating or inhibitory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sohrabi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahar Naseri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Alipour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Pedram Basirjafar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Zandvakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Peng Y, Liu X, Tan S, Li J, Tang L, Liu Y, Xiao J, Wu H, Feng H. Black carp ATG16L1 negatively regulates STING-mediated antiviral innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109483. [PMID: 38458501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The precise control of interferon (IFN) production is indispensable for the host to eliminate invading viruses and maintain a homeostatic state. In mammals, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a prominent adaptor involved in antiviral immune signaling pathways. However, the regulatory mechanism of piscine STING has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we report that autophagy related 16 like 1 (bcATG16L1) of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is a negative regulator in black carp STING (bcSTING)-mediated signaling pathway. Initially, we substantiated that knockdown of bcATG16L1 increased the transcription of IFN and ISGs and enhanced the antiviral activity of the host cells. Subsequently, we identified that bcATG16L1 inhibited the bcSTING-mediated IFN promoter activation and proved that bcATG16L1 suppressed bcSTING-mediated antiviral ability. Furthermore, we revealed that bcATG16L1 interacted with bcSTING and the two proteins shared a similar subcellular distribution. Mechanically, we found that bcATG16L1 attenuated the oligomerization of bcSTING, which was a key step for bcSTING activation. Taken together, our results indicate that bcATG16L1 interacts with bcSTING, dampens the oligomerization of bcSTING, and negatively regulates bcSTING-mediated antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shasha Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Le Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Youjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
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Son S, Park M, Kim J, Lee K. ACE mRNA (Additional Chimeric Element incorporated IVT mRNA) for Enhancing Protein Expression by Modulating Immunogenicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307541. [PMID: 38447169 PMCID: PMC11095206 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA)-based therapeutics/vaccines depends on the management of IVT mRNA immunogenicity. IVT mRNA, which is used for intracellular protein translation, often triggers unwanted immune responses, interfering with protein expression and leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the predominant approach for mitigating immune responses involves the incorporation of costly chemically modified nucleotides like pseudouridine (Ψ) or N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) into IVT mRNA, raising concerns about expense and the potential misincorporation of amino acids into chemically modified codon sequences. Here, an Additional Chimeric Element incorporated mRNA (ACE mRNA), a novel approach incorporating two segments within a single IVT mRNA structure, is introduced. The first segment retains conventional IVT mRNA components prepared with unmodified nucleotides, while the second, comprised of RNA/DNA chimeric elements, aims to modulate immunogenicity. Notably, ACE mRNA demonstrates a noteworthy reduction in immunogenicity of unmodified IVT mRNA, concurrently demonstrating enhanced protein expression efficiency. The reduced immune responses are based on the ability of RNA/DNA chimeric elements to restrict retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated immune activation. The developed ACE mRNA shows great potential in modulating the immunogenicity of IVT mRNA without the need for chemically modified nucleotides, thereby advancing the safety and efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Son
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Minsa Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuGyeongsangnam‐do52828Republic of Korea
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Miyazawa K, Itoh Y, Fu H, Miyazono K. Receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond: multiple modes of Smad2/3-dependent transmission of TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107256. [PMID: 38569937 PMCID: PMC11063908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is widely distributed throughout the body. Its receptor proteins, TGF-β type I and type II receptors, are also ubiquitously expressed. Therefore, the regulation of various signaling outputs in a context-dependent manner is a critical issue in this field. Smad proteins were originally identified as signal-activated transcription factors similar to signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins. Smads are activated by serine phosphorylation mediated by intrinsic receptor dual specificity kinases of the TGF-β family, indicating that Smads are receptor-restricted effector molecules downstream of ligands of the TGF-β family. Smad proteins have other functions in addition to transcriptional regulation, including post-transcriptional regulation of micro-RNA processing, pre-mRNA splicing, and m6A methylation. Recent technical advances have identified a novel landscape of Smad-dependent signal transduction, including regulation of mitochondrial function without involving regulation of gene expression. Therefore, Smad proteins are receptor-activated transcription factors and also act as intracellular signaling modulators with multiple modes of function. In this review, we discuss the role of Smad proteins as receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond. We also describe the functional differences between Smad2 and Smad3, two receptor-activated Smad proteins downstream of TGF-β, activin, myostatin, growth and differentiation factor (GDF) 11, and Nodal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Applied Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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Luo X, Xie S, Xu X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Tan D, Tan Y. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection induces microRNA novel-216 production to facilitate viral-replication by targeting MAVS 3´UTR. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110061. [PMID: 38547545 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused significant economic losses in the swine industry. In this study, the high-throughput sequencing, microRNAs (miRNAs) mimic, and lentivirus were used to screen for potential miRNAs that can promote PRRSV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages or Marc-145 cells. It was observed that novel-216, a previously unidentified miRNA, was upregulated through the p38 signaling pathway during PRRSV infection, and its overexpression significantly increased PRRSV replication. Further analysis revealed that novel-216 regulated PRRSV replication by directly targeting mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), an upstream molecule of type Ⅰ IFN that mediates the production and response of type Ⅰ IFN. The proviral function of novel-216 on PRRSV replication was abolished by MAVS overexpression, and this effect was reversed by the 3'UTR of MAVS, which served as the target site of novel-216. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PRRSV-induced upregulation of novel-216 served to inhibit the production and response of typeⅠ IFN and facilitate viral replication, providing new insights into viral immune evasion and persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, No.120 Longshan Road, Yubei District, Chongqing 401147, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.120 Longshan Road, Yubei District, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Sha Xie
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xingsheng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dongmei Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yi Tan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Shah AU, Hemida MG. The Potential Roles of Host Cell miRNAs in Fine-Tuning Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) Molecular Pathogenesis, Tissue Tropism, and Immune Regulation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:897. [PMID: 38792727 PMCID: PMC11124416 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection causes significant economic loss to the dairy and beef industries worldwide. BCoV exhibits dual tropism, infecting the respiratory and enteric tracts of cattle. The enteric BCoV isolates could also induce respiratory manifestations under certain circumstances. However, the mechanism of this dual tropism of BCoV infection has not yet been studied well. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and play a dual role in virus infection, mediating virus or modulating host immune regulatory genes through complex virus-host cell interactions. However, their role in BCoV infection remains unclear. This study aims to identify bovine miRNAs crucial for regulating virus-host interaction, influencing tissue tropism, and explore their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents against BCoV. We downloaded 18 full-length BCoV genomes (10 enteric and eight respiratory) from GenBank. We applied several bioinformatic tools to study the host miRNAs targeting various regions in the viral genome. We used the criteria of differential targeting between the enteric/respiratory isolates to identify some critical miRNAs as biological markers for BCoV infection. Using various online bioinformatic tools, we also searched for host miRNA target genes involved in BCoV infection, immune evasion, and regulation. Our results show that four bovine miRNAs (miR-2375, miR-193a-3p, miR-12059, and miR-494) potentially target the BCoV spike protein at multiple sites. These miRNAs also regulate the host immune suppressor pathways, which negatively impacts BCoV replication. Furthermore, we found that bta-(miR-2338, miR-6535, miR-2392, and miR-12054) also target the BCoV genome at certain regions but are involved in regulating host immune signal transduction pathways, i.e., type I interferon (IFN) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathways. Moreover, both miR-2338 and miR-2392 also target host transcriptional factors RORA, YY1, and HLF, which are potential diagnostic markers for BCoV infection. Therefore, miR-2338, miR-6535, miR-2392, and miR-12054 have the potential to fine-tune BCoV tropism and immune evasion and enhance viral pathogenesis. Our results indicate that host miRNAs play essential roles in the BCoV tissue tropism, pathogenesis, and immune regulation. Four bovine miRNAs (miR-2375, bta-miR-193a-3p, bta-miR-12059, and bta-miR-494) target BCoV-S glycoprotein and are potentially involved in several immune suppression pathways during the viral infection. These miRNA candidates could serve as good genetic markers for BCoV infection. However, further studies are urgently needed to validate these identified miRNAs and their target genes in the context of BCoV infection and dual tropism and as genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA;
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Chen J, Liu Z, Fang H, Su Q, Fan Y, Song L, He S. Therapeutic efficacy of a novel self-assembled immunostimulatory siRNA combining apoptosis promotion with RIG-I activation in gliomas. J Transl Med 2024; 22:395. [PMID: 38685028 PMCID: PMC11057130 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current cancer therapies often fall short in addressing the complexities of malignancies, underscoring the urgent need for innovative treatment strategies. RNA interference technology, which specifically suppresses gene expression, offers a promising new approach in the fight against tumors. Recent studies have identified a novel immunostimulatory small-interfering RNA (siRNA) with a unique sequence (sense strand, 5'-C; antisense strand, 3'-GGG) capable of activating the RIG-I/IRF3 signaling pathway. This activation induces the release of type I and III interferons, leading to an effective antiviral immune response. However, this class of immunostimulatory siRNA has not yet been explored in cancer therapy. METHODS IsiBCL-2, an innovative immunostimulatory siRNA designed to suppress the levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), contains a distinctive motif (sense strand, 5'-C; antisense strand, 3'-GGG). Glioblastoma cells were subjected to 100 nM isiBCL-2 treatment in vitro for 48 h. Morphological changes, cell viability (CCK-8 assay), proliferation (colony formation assay), migration/invasion (scratch test and Transwell assay), apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to assess RIG-I and MHC-I molecule levels, and ELISA was utilized to measure the levels of cytokines (IFN-β and CXCL10). In vivo heterogeneous tumor models were established, and the anti-tumor effect of isiBCL-2 was confirmed through intratumoral injection. RESULTS IsiBCL-2 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on glioblastoma cell growth and induced apoptosis. BCL-2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased by 67.52%. IsiBCL-2 treatment resulted in an apoptotic rate of approximately 51.96%, accompanied by a 71.76% reduction in MMP and a 41.87% increase in ROS accumulation. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated increased levels of RIG-I, MAVS, and MHC-I following isiBCL-2 treatment. ELISA tests indicated a significant increase in IFN-β and CXCL10 levels. In vivo studies using nude mice confirmed that isiBCL-2 effectively impeded the growth and progression of glioblastoma tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study introduces an innovative method to induce innate signaling by incorporating an immunostimulatory sequence (sense strand, 5'-C; antisense strand, 3'-GGG) into siRNA, resulting in the formation of RNA dimers through Hoogsteen base-pairing. This activation triggers the RIG-I signaling pathway in tumor cells, causing further damage and inducing a potent immune response. This inventive design and application of immunostimulatory siRNA offer a novel perspective on tumor immunotherapy, holding significant implications for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiting Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqi Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Luyao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuai He
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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Khayer N, Jalessi M, Farhadi M, Azad Z. S100a9 might act as a modulator of the Toll-like receptor 4 transduction pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9722. [PMID: 38678138 PMCID: PMC11055867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by persistent nasal and sinus mucosa inflammation. Despite significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, there are limited effective treatment options for such a disease. Therefore, identifying causal genes and dysregulated pathways paves the way for novel therapeutic interventions. In the current study, a three-way interaction approach was used to detect dynamic co-expression interactions involved in CRSwNP. In this approach, the internal evolution of the co-expression relation between a pair of genes (X, Y) was captured under a change in the expression profile of a third gene (Z), named the switch gene. Subsequently, the biological relevancy of the statistically significant triplets was confirmed using both gene set enrichment analysis and gene regulatory network reconstruction. Finally, the importance of identified switch genes was confirmed using a random forest model. The results suggested four dysregulated pathways in CRSwNP, including "positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction", "arachidonic acid metabolic process", "spermatogenesis" and "negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process". Additionally, the S100a9 as a switch gene together with the gene pair {Cd14, Tpd52l1} form a biologically relevant triplet. More specifically, we suggested that S100a9 might act as a potential upstream modulator in toll-like receptor 4 transduction pathway in the major CRSwNP pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Khayer
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Azad
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu X, Zhu C, Jia S, Deng H, Tang J, Sun X, Zeng X, Chen X, Wang Z, Liu W, Liao Q, Zha H, Cai X, Xiao W. Dual modifying of MAVS at lysine 7 by SIRT3-catalyzed deacetylation and SIRT5-catalyzed desuccinylation orchestrates antiviral innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314201121. [PMID: 38635631 PMCID: PMC11047105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314201121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To effectively protect the host from viral infection while avoiding excessive immunopathology, the innate immune response must be tightly controlled. However, the precise regulation of antiviral innate immunity and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we find that sirtuin3 (SIRT3) interacts with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) to catalyze MAVS deacetylation at lysine residue 7 (K7), which promotes MAVS aggregation, as well as TANK-binding kinase I and IRF3 phosphorylation, resulting in increased MAVS activation and enhanced type I interferon signaling. Consistent with these findings, loss of Sirt3 in mice and zebrafish renders them more susceptible to viral infection compared to their wild-type (WT) siblings. However, Sirt3 and Sirt5 double-deficient mice exhibit the same viral susceptibility as their WT littermates, suggesting that loss of Sirt5 in Sirt3-deficient mice may counteract the increased viral susceptibility displayed in Sirt3-deficient mice. Thus, we not only demonstrate that SIRT3 positively regulates antiviral immunity in vitro and in vivo, likely via MAVS, but also uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism by which SIRT3 acts as an accelerator and SIRT5 as a brake to orchestrate antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan430070, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- The Key laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Chunchun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan430070, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Shuke Jia
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Hongyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Jinhua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Xueyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Huangyuan Zha
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan430070, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- The Key laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan430072, China
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Wei C, Huang Q, Zeng F, Ma L, Bai X, Zhu X, Gao H, Qi X. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthetase/stimulator of interferon genes signaling aggravated corneal allograft rejection through neutrophil extracellular traps. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00281-8. [PMID: 38648890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The activation of innate immunity following transplantation has been identified as a crucial factor in allograft inflammation and rejection. However, the role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling-mediated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of allograft rejection remains unclear. Utilizing a well-established murine model of corneal transplantation, we demonstrated increased expression of cGAS and STING in rejected-corneal allografts compared with syngeneic (Syn) and normal (Nor) corneas, along with significant activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, as evidenced by the enhanced phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1and interferon regulatory factor 3. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of cGAS/STING signaling markedly delayed corneal transplantation rejection, resulting in prolonged survival time and reduced inflammatory infiltration. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in rejected allografts, and the inhibition of NET formation through targeting peptidylarginine deiminase 4 and DNase I treatment significantly alleviated immune rejection and reduced cGAS/STING signaling activity. Conversely, subconjunctival injection of NETs accelerated corneal transplantation rejection and enhanced the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NETs contribute to the exacerbation of allograft rejection via cGAS/STING signaling, highlighting the targeting of the NETs/cGAS/STING signaling pathway as a potential strategy for prolonging allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Refractive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Huangpu Aier Eye Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuejing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolin Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Hu L, Cheng Z, Chu H, Wang W, Jin Y, Yang L. TRIF-dependent signaling and its role in liver diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1370042. [PMID: 38694821 PMCID: PMC11061444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1370042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) is a crucial adaptor molecule downstream of toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) and 4 (TLR4). TRIF directly binds to TLR3 through its TIR domain, while it associates with TLR4 indirectly through the bridge adaptor molecule TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). TRIF plays a pivotal role in regulating interferon beta 1 (IFN-β) response, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, apoptosis, and necroptosis signaling mediated by TLR3 and TLR4. It accomplishes these by recruiting and activating various kinases or transcription factors via its distinct domains. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways mediated by TLR3 and TLR4, elucidating key target molecules and downstream pathways. Furthermore, we provide an overview of TRIF's impact on several liver disorders, including drug-induced liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We also explore its effects on liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways, as well as the intricate relationship between TRIF and liver diseases, can facilitate the identification of potential drug targets and the development of novel and effective therapeutics against hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Karandashov I, Kachanov A, Dukich M, Ponomareva N, Brezgin S, Lukashev A, Pokrovsky VS, Chulanov V, Kostyusheva A, Kostyushev D. m 6A Methylation in Regulation of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:601. [PMID: 38675942 PMCID: PMC11054785 DOI: 10.3390/v16040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The epitranscriptomic modification m6A is a prevalent RNA modification that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various aspects of RNA metabolism. It has been found to be involved in a wide range of physiological processes and disease states. Of particular interest is the role of m6A machinery and modifications in viral infections, serving as an evolutionary marker for distinguishing between self and non-self entities. In this review article, we present a comprehensive overview of the epitranscriptomic modification m6A and its implications for the interplay between viruses and their host, focusing on immune responses and viral replication. We outline future research directions that highlight the role of m6A in viral nucleic acid recognition, initiation of antiviral immune responses, and modulation of antiviral signaling pathways. Additionally, we discuss the potential of m6A as a prognostic biomarker and a target for therapeutic interventions in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Karandashov
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Artyom Kachanov
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Maria Dukich
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biochemistry, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (I.K.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Bottardi S, Layne T, Ramòn AC, Quansah N, Wurtele H, Affar EB, Milot E. MNDA, a PYHIN factor involved in transcriptional regulation and apoptosis control in leukocytes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395035. [PMID: 38680493 PMCID: PMC11045911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation control is critical during the innate immune response. Such response is triggered by the detection of molecules originating from pathogens or damaged host cells by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs subsequently initiate intra-cellular signalling through different pathways, resulting in i) the production of inflammatory cytokines, including type I interferon (IFN), and ii) the initiation of a cascade of events that promote both immediate host responses as well as adaptive immune responses. All human PYRIN and HIN-200 domains (PYHIN) protein family members were initially proposed to be PRRs, although this view has been challenged by reports that revealed their impact on other cellular mechanisms. Of relevance here, the human PYHIN factor myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) has recently been shown to directly control the transcription of genes encoding factors that regulate programmed cell death and inflammation. While MNDA is mainly found in the nucleus of leukocytes of both myeloid (neutrophils and monocytes) and lymphoid (B-cell) origin, its subcellular localization has been shown to be modulated in response to genotoxic agents that induce apoptosis and by bacterial constituents, mediators of inflammation. Prior studies have noted the importance of MNDA as a marker for certain forms of lymphoma, and as a clinical prognostic factor for hematopoietic diseases characterized by defective regulation of apoptosis. Abnormal expression of MNDA has also been associated with altered levels of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Refining our comprehension of the regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of MNDA and other PYHIN proteins, as well as enhancing our definition of their molecular functions, could significantly influence the management and treatment strategies of numerous human diseases. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding PYHIN proteins and their role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Emphasis will be placed on the regulation, function, and relevance of MNDA expression in the control of gene transcription and RNA stability during cell death and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bottardi
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Taylorjade Layne
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ailyn C. Ramòn
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Norreen Quansah
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Wurtele
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Milot
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-l’Île de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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45
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Tran DT, Batchu SN, Advani A. Interferons and interferon-related pathways in heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1357343. [PMID: 38665231 PMCID: PMC11043610 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1357343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) and IFN-related pathways play key roles in the defence against microbial infection. However, these processes may also be activated during the pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases, where they may contribute to organ injury, or function in a compensatory manner. In this review, we explore the roles of IFNs and IFN-related pathways in heart disease. We consider the cardiac effects of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs); the emerging role of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway; the seemingly paradoxical effects of the type II IFN, IFN-γ; and the varied actions of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors. Recombinant IFNs and small molecule inhibitors of mediators of IFN receptor signaling are already employed in the clinic for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancers. There has also been renewed interest in IFNs and IFN-related pathways because of their involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and because of the relatively recent emergence of cGAS-STING as a pattern recognition receptor-activated pathway. Whether these advances will ultimately result in improvements in the care of those experiencing heart disease remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Schmid M, Fischer P, Engl M, Widder J, Kerschbaum-Gruber S, Slade D. The interplay between autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling and its implications for cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1356369. [PMID: 38660307 PMCID: PMC11039819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1356369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets various cargos for degradation, including members of the cGAS-STING signaling cascade. cGAS-STING senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA and triggers an innate immune response through type I interferons. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating and fine-tuning cGAS-STING signaling. Reciprocally, cGAS-STING pathway members can actively induce canonical as well as various non-canonical forms of autophagy, establishing a regulatory network of feedback mechanisms that alter both the cGAS-STING and the autophagic pathway. The crosstalk between autophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway impacts a wide variety of cellular processes such as protection against pathogenic infections as well as signaling in neurodegenerative disease, autoinflammatory disease and cancer. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling, with a specific focus on the interactions between the two pathways and their importance for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Fischer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Engl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Biocenter PhD Program, a Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Widder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Kerschbaum-Gruber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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Hosseinzadeh S, Imani M, Pourfarzi F, Jafari N, AbedianKenari S, Safarzadeh E. Combination of IFN-gamma with STING agonist and PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade: a potential immunotherapy for gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2024; 41:110. [PMID: 38592576 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Suppression of the cGAS-STING pathway is an immune escape mechanism in cancer cells. The critical role of this pathway in gastric cancer (GC) is not fully understood. Herein, we evaluated the effect of the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), STING agonist, PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade, and their combination on the cGAS-STING pathway in GC. Expression of cGAS and STING in tumor tissue samples and adjacent normal tissue (ANT) biopsies of fifty new GC patients was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, cGAS and STING expression levels were examined in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) samples of forty GC patients and twenty-five healthy subjects. The apoptosis rate of cancer cells was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC/PI. Cell proliferation was measured by the BrdU assay. Also, IFN-β levels were evaluated in the supernatants of the treated groups. The cGAS expression was decreased in patients with distant metastasis. Co-cultures treated with IFN-gamma showed an elevated level of cGAS and STING expressions in PBMC and cancer cells. The rate of apoptosis increased in all the treatment groups. In addition, the rate of proliferation in PBMCs increased in different treated groups. The main role of PBMCs in cytotoxicity was determined by a comparative analysis of the viability of cells treated with all treatments, both with and without PBMCs. The production of IFN-β was elevated in all treated groups. The current study suggests that a combination therapy using IFN-gamma, STING agonist, and anti-PD-1 antibody can provide a promising approach to the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Hosseinzadeh
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahsa Imani
- Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Narjes Jafari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeid AbedianKenari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4816978741, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, 5166614711, Iran.
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48
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Yoneyama M, Kato H, Fujita T. Physiological functions of RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 2024; 57:731-751. [PMID: 38599168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are crucial for pathogen detection and triggering immune responses and have immense physiological importance. In this review, we first summarize the interferon system and innate immunity, which constitute primary and secondary responses. Next, the molecular structure of RLRs and the mechanism of sensing non-self RNA are described. Usually, self RNA is refractory to the RLR; however, there are underlying host mechanisms that prevent immune reactions. Studies have revealed that the regulatory mechanisms of RLRs involve covalent molecular modifications, association with regulatory factors, and subcellular localization. Viruses have evolved to acquire antagonistic RLR functions to escape the host immune reactions. Finally, the pathologies caused by the malfunction of RLR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Division of Pandemic and Post-disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Cheng R, Zhou C, Zhao M, Zhang S, Wan W, Yu Y, Wen B, Jiao J, Xiong X, Xu Q, OuYang X. TRIM56-mediated production of type I interferon inhibits intracellular replication of Rickettsia rickettsii. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0369523. [PMID: 38358243 PMCID: PMC10986528 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03695-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii), the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), is the most pathogenic member among Rickettsia spp. Previous studies have shown that tripartite motif-containing 56 (TRIM56) E3 ligase-induced ubiquitination of STING is important for cytosolic DNA sensing and type I interferon production to induce anti-DNA viral immunity, but whether it affects intracellular replication of R. rickettsii remains uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the effect of TRIM56 on HeLa and THP-1 cells infected with R. rickettsii. We found that the expression of TRIM56 was upregulated in the R. rickettsii-infected cells, and the overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited the intracellular replication of R. rickettsii, while R. rickettsii replication was enhanced in the TRIM56-silenced host cells with the reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and STING and the increased production of interferon-β. In addition, the mutation of the TRIM56 E3 ligase catalytic site impairs the inhibitory function against R. rickettsii in HeLa cells. Altogether, our study discovers that TRIM56 is a host restriction factor of R. rickettsii by regulating the cGAS-STING-mediated signaling pathway. This study gives new evidence for the role of TRIM56 in the innate immune response against intracellular bacterial infection and provides new therapeutic targets for RMSF. IMPORTANCE Given that Rickettsia rickettsii (R. rickettsii) is the most pathogenic member within the Rickettsia genus and serves as the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, there is a growing need to explore host targets. In this study, we examined the impact of host TRIM56 on R. rickettsii infection in HeLa and THP-1 cells. We observed a significant upregulation of TRIM56 expression in R. rickettsii-infected cells. Remarkably, the overexpression of TRIM56 inhibited the intracellular replication of R. rickettsii, while silencing TRIM56 enhanced bacterial replication accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of IRF3 and STING, along with increased interferon-β production. Notably, the mutation of the TRIM56's E3 ligase catalytic site did not impede R. rickettsii replication in HeLa cells. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of TRIM56 as a host restriction factor against R. rickettsii through the modulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxi Cheng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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50
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Li Q, Jia M, Song H, Peng J, Zhao W, Zhang W. Astaxanthin Inhibits STING Carbonylation and Enhances Antiviral Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1188-1195. [PMID: 38391298 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
STING-mediated DNA sensing pathway plays a crucial role in the innate antiviral immune responses. Clarifying its regulatory mechanism and searching STING agonists has potential clinical implications. Although multiple STING agonists have been developed to target cancer, there are few for the treatment of infectious diseases. Astaxanthin, a natural and powerful antioxidant, serves many biological functions and as a potential candidate drug for many diseases. However, how astaxanthin combats viruses and whether astaxanthin regulates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING pathway remains unclear. In this study, we showed that astaxanthin markedly inhibited HSV-1-induced lipid peroxidation and inflammatory responses and enhanced the induction of type I IFN in C57BL/6J mice and mouse primary peritoneal macrophages. Mechanistically, astaxanthin inhibited HSV-1 infection and oxidative stress-induced STING carbonylation and consequently promoted STING translocation to the Golgi apparatus and oligomerization, which activated STING-dependent host defenses. Thus, our study reveals that astaxanthin displays a strong antiviral activity by targeting STING, suggesting that astaxanthin might be a promising STING agonist and a therapeutic target for viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mutian Jia
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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