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Yan D, Luo J, Wang S, Han X, Lei X, Jiao K, Wu X, Qian L, Zhang X, Zhao X, Di J, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Zhang J. Carbon Nanotube-Directed 7 GPa Heterocyclic Aramid Fiber and Its Application in Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306129. [PMID: 37533318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide) (PBIA) fibers with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in fields that require impact-resistant materials such as ballistic protection and aerospace. The introduction of heterocycles in polymer chains increases their flexibility and makes it easier to optimize the fiber structure. However, the inadequate orientation of polymer chains is one of the main reasons for the large difference between the measured and theoretical mechanical properties of PBIA fibers. Herein, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are selected as an orientation seed. Their structural features allow CNTs to orient during the spinning process, which can induce an orderly arrangement of polymers and improve the orientation of the fiber microstructure. To ensure the complete 1D topology of long CNTs (≈10 µm), PBIA is used as an efficient dispersant to overcome dispersion challenges. The p-CNT/PBIA fibers (10 µm single-walled carbon nanotube 0.025 wt%) exhibit an increase of 22% in tensile strength and 23% in elongation, with a maximum tensile strength of 7.01 ± 0.31 GPa and a reinforcement efficiency of 893.6. The artificial muscle fabricated using CNT/PBIA fibers exhibits a 34.8% contraction and a 25% lifting of a 2 kg dumbbell, providing a promising paradigm for high-performance organic fibers as high-load smart actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Center of Nano Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaocang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xudong Lei
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Jiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Xianqian Wu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinshi Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Center of Nano Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhenfei Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, China
- Center of Nano Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Zhan L, Chen S, Xin Y, Lv J, Fu H, Gao D, Jiang F, Zhou X, Wang N, Lee PS. Dual-Responsive MXene-Functionalized Wool Yarn Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402196. [PMID: 38650164 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Fiber-based artificial muscles are promising for smart textiles capable of sensing, interacting, and adapting to environmental stimuli. However, the application of current artificial muscle-based textiles in wearable and engineering fields has largely remained a constraint due to the limited deformation, restrictive stimulation, and uncomfortable. Here, dual-responsive yarn muscles with high contractile actuation force are fabricated by incorporating a very small fraction (<1 wt.%) of Ti3C2Tx MXene/cellulose nanofibers (CNF) composites into self-plied and twisted wool yarns. They can lift and lower a load exceeding 3400 times their own weight when stimulated by moisture and photothermal. Furthermore, the yarn muscles are coiled homochirally or heterochirally to produce spring-like muscles, which generated over 550% elongation or 83% contraction under the photothermal stimulation. The actuation mechanism, involving photothermal/moisture-mechanical energy conversion, is clarified by a combination of experiments and finite element simulations. Specifically, MXene/CNF composites serve as both photothermal and hygroscopic agents to accelerate water evaporation under near-infrared (NIR) light and moisture absorption from ambient air. Due to their low-cost facile fabrication, large scalable dimensions, and robust strength coupled with dual responsiveness, these soft actuators are attractive for intelligent textiles and devices such as self-adaptive textiles, soft robotics, and wearable information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxiang Zhan
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaohua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yangyang Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hongbo Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ni Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Advanced Textiles, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Chen K, Li M, Yang Z, Ye Z, Zhang D, Zhao B, Xia Z, Wang Q, Kong X, Shang Y, Liu C, Yu H, Cao A. Ultra-Large Stress and Strain Polymer Nanocomposite Actuators Incorporating a Mutually-Interpenetrated, Collective-Deformation Carbon Nanotube Network. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313354. [PMID: 38589015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive polymer-based actuators are extensively studied, with the challenging goal of achieving comprehensive performance metrics that include large output stress and strain, fast response, and versatile actuation modes. The design and fabrication of nanocomposites offer a promising route to integrate the advantages of both polymers and nanoscale fillers, thus ensuring superior performance. Here, it is started from a three-dimensional (3D) porous sponge to fabricate a mutually interpenetrated nanocomposite, in which the embedded carbon nanotube (CNT) network undergoes collective deformation with the shape memory polymer (SMP) matrix during large-degree stretching and releasing, increases junction density with polymer chains and enhances molecular orientation. These features result in substantial improvement of the overall mechanical properties and during thermally actuated contraction, the bulk SMP/CNT composites exhibit output stresses up to 19.5 ± 0.97 MPa and strains up to 69%, accompanied by a rapid response and high energy density, exceeding the majority of recent reports. Furthermore, electrical actuation is also demonstrated via uniform Joule heating across the self-percolated CNT network. Applications such as low-temperature thermal actuated vascular stent and wound dressing are explored. These findings lay out a universal blueprint for developing robust and highly deformable SMP/CNT nanocomposite actuators with broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zifan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ziming Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Anyuan Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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Wang X, Wang Y, Ren M, Dong L, Zhou T, Yang G, Yang H, Zhao Y, Cui B, Li Y, Li W, Yuan X, Qiao G, Wu Y, Wang X, Xu P, Di J. Knittable Electrochemical Yarn Muscle for Morphing Textiles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9500-9510. [PMID: 38477715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Morphing textiles, crafted using electrochemical artificial muscle yarns, boast features such as adaptive structural flexibility, programmable control, low operating voltage, and minimal thermal effect. However, the progression of these textiles is still impeded by the challenges in the continuous production of these yarn muscles and the necessity for proper structure designs that bypass operation in extensive electrolyte environments. Herein, a meters-long sheath-core structured carbon nanotube (CNT)/nylon composite yarn muscle is continuously prepared. The nylon core not only reduces the consumption of CNTs but also amplifies the surface area for interaction between the CNT yarn and the electrolyte, leading to an enhanced effective actuation volume. When driven electrochemically, the CNT@nylon yarn muscle demonstrates a maximum contractile stroke of 26.4%, a maximum contractile rate of 15.8% s-1, and a maximum power density of 0.37 W g-1, surpassing pure CNT yarn muscles by 1.59, 1.82, and 5.5 times, respectively. By knitting the electrochemical CNT@nylon artificial muscle yarns into a soft fabric that serves as both a soft scaffold and an electrolyte container, we achieved a morphing textile is achieved. This textile can perform programmable multiple motion modes in air such as contraction and sectional bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lizhong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanlong Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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5
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Chen S, Tan SF, Singh H, Liu L, Etienne M, Lee PS. Functionalized MXene Films with Substantially Improved Low-Voltage Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307045. [PMID: 37787743 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ti3 C2 Tx MXene film is promising for low-voltage electrochemical actuators (ECAs) due to its excellent electrical conductivity, volumetric capacitance, and mechanical properties. However, its in-plane actuation is limited to little intralayer strain of MXene sheets under polarization. Here it is demonstrated that a simple tetrabutylammonium (TBA) functionalization of MXene improves the in-plane actuation strain by 337% and also enhances the mechanical property and stability in air and the electrolyte. Various in situ characterizations reveal that the improved actuation is ascribed to the co-insertion/desertion of TBA and Li ions into/from MXene interlayer galleries and inter-edge gaps that causes a large in-plane sliding of MXene sheets under negative/positive polarizations. The assembled bending actuator has a high strength and modulus and generates a peak-to-peak strain difference of 0.771% and a blocking force up to 51.5 times its own weight under 1 V. The designed soft robotic tweezer can grasp an object under 1 V and hold it firmly under 0 V. The novel sheet sliding mechanism resembling the filament sliding theory in skeletal muscles may inspire the design of high-performance actuators with other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu Fen Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Facility for Analysis, Characterization, Testing and Simulation (FACTS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Harpreet Singh
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Liang Liu
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Ma Y, Wang J. Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Soft Actuators. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:128. [PMID: 38534813 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological species can walk, swim, fly, jump, and climb with fast response speeds and motion complexity. These remarkable functions are accomplished by means of soft actuation organisms, which are commonly composed of muscle tissue systems. To achieve the creation of their biomimetic artificial counterparts, various biomimetic stimuli-responsive materials have been synthesized and developed in recent decades. They can respond to various external stimuli in the form of structural or morphological transformations by actively or passively converting input energy into mechanical energy. They are the core element of soft actuators for typical smart devices like soft robots, artificial muscles, intelligent sensors and nanogenerators. Significant progress has been made in the development of bioinspired stimuli-responsive materials. However, these materials have not been comprehensively summarized with specific actuation mechanisms in the literature. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in biomimetic stimuli-responsive materials that are instrumental for soft actuators. Firstly, different stimuli-responsive principles for soft actuators are discussed, including fluidic, electrical, thermal, magnetic, light, and chemical stimuli. We further summarize the state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive materials for soft actuators and explore the advantages and disadvantages of using electroactive polymers, magnetic soft composites, photo-thermal responsive polymers, shape memory alloys and other responsive soft materials. Finally, we provide a critical outlook on the field of stimuli-responsive soft actuators and emphasize the challenges in the process of their implementation to various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Ling Y, Li L, Liu J, Li K, Hou C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H. Air-Working Electrochromic Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305914. [PMID: 37899672 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are indispensable components for next-generation robotics to mimic the sophisticated movements of living systems and provide higher output energies when compared with real muscles. However, artificial muscles actuated by electrochemical ion injection have problems with single actuation properties and difficulties in stable operation in air. Here, air-working electrochromic artificial muscles (EAMs) with both color-changing and actuation functions are reported, which are constructed based on vanadium pentoxide nanowires and carbon tube yarn. Each EAM can generate a contractile stroke of ≈12% during stable operation in the air with multiple color changes (yellow-green-gray) under ±4 V actuation voltages. The reflectance contrast is as high as 51%, demonstrating the excellent versatility of the EAMs. In addition, a torroidal EAM arrangement with fast response and high resilience is constructed. The EAM's contractile stroke can be displayed through visual color changes, which provides new ideas for future artificial muscle applications in soft robots and artificial limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Linpeng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Kerui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glass Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glass Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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8
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Hu X, Zhang F, Liu R, Jiang J, Bao X, Liang Y. Fast and Strong Carbon Nanotube Yarn Artificial Muscles by Electro-osmotic Pump. ACS NANO 2024; 18:428-435. [PMID: 38126714 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous electrochemically powered yarn muscles cannot be usefully operated between extreme negative and extreme positive potentials, since generated stresses during anion injection and cation injection partially cancel because they are in the same direction. We here report an ionomer-infiltrated hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn muscle that shows unipolar stress behavior in the sense that stress generation between extreme potentials is additive, resulting in an enhanced stress generation. Moreover, the stress generated by this muscle unexpectedly increases with the potential scan rate, which contradicts the fact that scan-rate-induced stress decreases for neat CNT muscles. It is revealed by the electro-osmotic pump effect that the effective ion size injected into the muscle increases with an increase in the scan rate. We demonstrate an electrochemically powered gel-elastomer-yarn muscle adhesive that generates and delivers muscle-contraction-mimicking stimulation to a target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Runmin Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfu Bao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Liang
- Intelligent Robotics Research Center, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, People's Republic of China
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9
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Li Q, Cheng M, Wu M. Effective On-Line Performance Modulation and Efficient Continuous Preparation of Ultra-Long Twisted and Coiled Polymer Artificial Muscles for Engineering Applications. Soft Robot 2024. [PMID: 38190210 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial muscle is a kind of thread-like actuator that can produce contractile strain, generate force, and output mechanical work under external stimulations to imitate the functions and achieve the performances of biological muscles. It can be used to actuate various bionic soft robots and has broad application prospects. The electrically controlled twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) artificial muscles, with the advantages of high power density, large stroke and low driving voltage, while also being electrolyte free, are the most practical. However, the relationship between the muscle performances and its preparation parameters is not very clear yet, and the complete procedure of designing and preparing TCP muscles according to actual needs has not been established. Besides, current preparation approaches are very time-consuming and cannot make ultra-long TCP muscles. These problems greatly limit wide applications of TCP artificial muscles. In this study, we studied and built the relationship between the actuating performances of TCP muscles and their preparation parameters, so that suitable TCP muscles can be easily designed and prepared according to actual requirements. Moreover, an efficient preparation method integrating one-step annealing technique has been developed to realize on-line performance modulation and continuous fabrication of ultra-long TCP muscles. By graphically assembling long muscles on heat-resist films, we designed and produced a series of fancy soft robots (butterfly, flower, starfish), which can perform various bionic movements and complete specific tasks. This work has achieved efficient on-demand preparation and large-scale assembly of ultra-long TCP muscles, laying solid foundations for their engineering applications in soft robot field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxing Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengjie Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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10
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Wu J, Jiang W, Gu M, Sun F, Han C, Gong H. Flexible Actuators with Hygroscopic Adaptability for Smart Wearables and Soft Grippers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59989-60001. [PMID: 38085924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible actuators have garnered significant interest in the domains of biomedical devices, human-machine interfaces, and smart wearables. However, the mechanical properties of existing materials are not sufficiently robust, and the expensive and time-consuming pretreatment process and the ambiguous high-degree-of-freedom deformation mechanism make it difficult to meet the demands of industrialized production. Hence, drawing inspiration from the adaptable movement of living organisms in the natural world, this research created and engineered a fully textile-based humidity-sensitive flexible actuator (TbHs-FA) using high-cost-effective viscose/PET fibers as raw materials. The breakthrough development in actuation performance is covered, including substantial contraction force (92.53 cN), high actuation curvature (16.78 cm-1), and fast response (264 cN s-1 and 46.61 cm-1 s-1). Additionally, the programmable stiffness system and weave structure give TbHs-FAs low hysteresis and fatigue resistance, narrowing the gap between the conceptual laboratory-scale design of existing fully textile-based humidity-sensitive flexible actuators and actual textiles. The high-degree-of-freedom and large bending deformation mechanisms are elucidated for the first time by combining microscopic mechanical structure simulation and macroscopic energy conversion analysis. The novel humidity-sensitive flexible actuator possesses strong mechanical qualities, making it suitable for applications such as flexible robots, medicinal devices, and smart wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Textile Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengshang Gu
- Textile Intelligent Manufacture, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenchen Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hugh Gong
- University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, U.K
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11
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Hyeon JS, Kim S, Song GH, Moon JH, Park JW, Baughman RH, Kim SJ. High-Performance One-Body Electrochemical Torsional Artificial Muscles Built Using Carbon Nanotubes and Ion-Exchange Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59939-59945. [PMID: 38087433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical torsional artificial muscles have the potential to replace electric motors in the field of miniaturization. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are some of the best materials for electrochemical torsional artificial muscles due to their remarkable mechanical strength and high electrical conductivity. However, previous studies on CNT torsional muscle utilize only half of the whole potential range for torsional actuation because the actuations in the positive and negative voltage ranges offset each other. Here, we used an ion-exchange polymer, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), which leads to the participation of only positive ions in the actuation of CNT muscles so that the whole potential range can be used for torsional actuation. As a result, PSS-coated CNT muscle can provide 1.9 times higher torsional actuation compared to neat CNT torsional muscle. This PSS-coated CNT muscle not only provides high performance but also facilitates a one-body system for electrochemical torsional actuation. From these advantages, we implement a one-body torsional muscle for the realization of the forward motion of a model boat. This high performance and one-body structure for electrochemical torsional muscles can be used for further applications, such as soft robotics and implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sang Hyeon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Seongjun Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Gyu Hyeon Song
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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12
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Aziz S, Zhang X, Naficy S, Salahuddin B, Jager EWH, Zhu Z. Plant-Like Tropisms in Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212046. [PMID: 36965152 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Helical plants have the ability of tropisms to respond to natural stimuli, and biomimicry of such helical shapes into artificial muscles has been vastly popular. However, the shape-mimicked actuators only respond to artificially provided stimulus, they are not adaptive to variable natural conditions, thus being unsuitable for real-life applications where on-demand, autonomous operations are required. Novel artificial muscles made of hierarchically patterned helically wound yarns that are self-adaptive to environmental humidity and temperature changes are demonstrated here. Unlike shape-mimicked artificial muscles, a unique microstructural biomimicking approach is adopted, where the muscle yarns can effectively replicate the hydrotropism and thermotropism of helical plants to their microfibril level using plant-like microstructural memories. Large strokes, with rapid movement, are obtained when the individual microfilament of yarn is inlaid with hydrogel and further twisted into a coil-shaped hierarchical structure. The developed artificial muscle provides an average actuation speed of ≈5.2% s-1 at expansion and ≈3.1% s-1 at contraction cycles, being the fastest amongst previously demonstrated actuators of similar type. It is demonstrated that these muscle yarns can autonomously close a window in wet climates. The building block yarns are washable without any material degradation, making them suitable for smart, reusable textile and soft robotic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazed Aziz
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bidita Salahuddin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Edwin W H Jager
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and, Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Zhonghua Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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13
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Mun TJ, Moon JH, Park JW, Baughman RH, Kim SJ. Environment-Adaptable Rotational Energy Harvesters Based on Nylon-core Coiled Carbon Nanotube Yarns. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300526. [PMID: 37317005 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to increasing amount of research on energy harvesting, studies on harvesters for practical application and their performance are attracting attention. Therefore, studies on the use of continuous energy as an energy source for energy-harvesting devices are being conducted, and fluid flows, e.g., wind, river flow, and sea wave, are widely used as input energy sources for continuous energy harvesting. A new energy-harvesting technology has emerged based on the mechanical stretch and release of coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns, which generate energy based on the change in the electrochemical double-layer capacitance. First, this CNT yarn-based mechanical energy harvester is demonstrated, which is applicable to various environments where fluid flow exists. This environment-adaptable harvester uses rotational energy as the mechanical energy source and is tested in river and ocean environments. Moreover, an attachable-type harvester for the application of the existing rotational system is devised. In the case of a slow rotational environment, a square-wave strain-applying harvester has been implemented, which can convert sinusoidal strain motion into square-wave strain motion for high output voltages. To achieve high performance of practical harvesting applications, a scale-up method for powering signal-transmitting devices has been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Mun
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Nano Tech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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14
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Feng M, Yang D, Ren L, Wei G, Gu G. X-crossing pneumatic artificial muscles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7133. [PMID: 37729399 PMCID: PMC10511197 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are promising in soft exoskeletons, locomotion robots, and operation machines. However, their performance in contraction ratio, output force, and dynamic response is often imbalanced and limited by materials, structures, or actuation principles. We present lightweight, high-contraction ratio, high-output force, and positive pressure-driven X-crossing pneumatic artificial muscles (X-PAMs). Unlike PAMs, our X-PAMs harness the X-crossing mechanism to directly convert linear motion along the actuator axis, achieving an unprecedented 92.9% contraction ratio and an output force of 207.9 Newtons per kilogram per kilopascal with excellent dynamic properties, such as strain rate (1603.0% per second), specific power (5.7 kilowatts per kilogram), and work density (842.9 kilojoules per meter cubed). These properties can overcome the slow actuation of conventional PAMs, providing robotic elbow, jumping robot, and lightweight gripper with fast, powerful performance. The robust design of X-PAMs withstands extreme environments, including high-temperature, underwater, and long-duration actuation, while being scalable to parallel, asymmetric, and ring-shaped configurations for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Feng
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China
| | - Guowu Wei
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Meta Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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15
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Wang L, Wan F, Xu Y, Xie S, Zhao T, Zhang F, Yang H, Zhu J, Gao J, Shi X, Wang C, Lu L, Yang Y, Yu X, Chen S, Sun X, Ding J, Chen P, Ding C, Xu F, Yu H, Peng H. Hierarchical helical carbon nanotube fibre as a bone-integrating anterior cruciate ligament replacement. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1085-1093. [PMID: 37142709 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High rates of ligament damage require replacements; however, current synthetic materials have issues with bone integration leading to implant failure. Here we introduce an artificial ligament that has the required mechanical properties and can integrate with the host bone and restore movement in animals. The ligament is assembled from aligned carbon nanotubes formed into hierarchical helical fibres bearing nanometre and micrometre channels. Osseointegration of the artificial ligament is observed in an anterior cruciate ligament replacement model where clinical polymer controls showed bone resorption. A higher pull-out force is found after a 13-week implantation in rabbit and ovine models, and animals can run and jump normally. The long-term safety of the artificial ligament is demonstrated, and the pathways involved in integration are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, The Sports Medicine Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linwei Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoye Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, The Sports Medicine Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Human Phenome Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Ren M, Dong L, Wang X, Li Y, Zhao Y, Cui B, Yang G, Li W, Yuan X, Zhou T, Xu P, Wang X, Di J, Li Q. Dual-Ion Co-Regulation System Enabling High-Performance Electrochemical Artificial Yarn Muscles with Energy-Free Catch States. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:162. [PMID: 37386318 PMCID: PMC10310689 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Artificial yarn muscles show great potential in applications requiring low-energy consumption while maintaining high performance. However, conventional designs have been limited by weak ion-yarn muscle interactions and inefficient "rocking-chair" ion migration. To address these limitations, we present an electrochemical artificial yarn muscle design driven by a dual-ion co-regulation system. By utilizing two reaction channels, this system shortens ion migration pathways, leading to faster and more efficient actuation. During the charging/discharging process, [Formula: see text] ions react with carbon nanotube yarn, while Li+ ions react with an Al foil. The intercalation reaction between [Formula: see text] and collapsed carbon nanotubes allows the yarn muscle to achieve an energy-free high-tension catch state. The dual-ion coordinated yarn muscles exhibit superior contractile stroke, maximum contractile rate, and maximum power densities, exceeding those of "rocking-chair" type ion migration yarn muscles. The dual-ion co-regulation system enhances the ion migration rate during actuation, resulting in improved performance. Moreover, the yarn muscles can withstand high levels of isometric stress, displaying a stress of 61 times that of skeletal muscles and 8 times that of "rocking-chair" type yarn muscles at higher frequencies. This technology holds significant potential for various applications, including prosthetics and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Bai L, Zhang Y, Guo S, Qu H, Yu Z, Yu H, Chen W, Tan SC. Hygrothermic Wood Actuated Robotic Hand. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211437. [PMID: 36843238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive actuators play a vital role in the new generation of intelligent systems. However, poor mechanical performance, complicated fabrication processes, and the inability to complex deformation limit their practical applications. Herein, these challenges are overcome via designing a strong hygrothermic wood actuator with asymmetric water affinity. The actuator is readily constructed by sandwiching polypyrrole-coated wood with a Ni complex hygroscopic gel top layer for moisture absorption and a polyimide bottom layer as the water barrier. The resulting hygrothermic wood spontaneously stretches and bends itself in response to moisture and thermal/light stimulation. A robotic hand and a series of grippers made of hygrothermic wood demonstrate dexterous object-hand interactions during grasping and holding, while the reversible hygrothermic property allows the actuator to be potentially applied in fire rescue scenarios to rescue trapped objects. A combination of good mechanical properties, multi-stimulus-response, complex deformation, wide working temperature range, low manufacturing cost, and biocompatibility are simultaneously realized by one device. It is thus believed that such a strong wood actuator will open up a new avenue for building intelligent robotic hand systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxin Zhang
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Hao Qu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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18
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Khandagale P, Breitzman T, Majidi C, Dayal K. Statistical field theory for nonlinear elasticity of polymer networks with excluded volume interactions. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:064501. [PMID: 37464704 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.064501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymer networks formed by cross linking flexible polymer chains are ubiquitous in many natural and synthetic soft-matter systems. Current micromechanics models generally do not account for excluded volume interactions except, for instance, through imposing a phenomenological incompressibility constraint at the continuum scale. This work aims to examine the role of excluded volume interactions on the mechanical response. The approach is based on the framework of the self-consistent statistical field theory of polymers, which provides an efficient mesoscale approach that enables the accounting of excluded volume effects without the expense of large-scale molecular modeling. A mesoscale representative volume element is populated with multiple interacting chains, and the macroscale nonlinear elastic deformation is imposed by mapping the end-to-end vectors of the chains by this deformation. In the absence of excluded volume interactions, it recovers the closed-form results of the classical theory of rubber elasticity. With excluded volume interactions, the model is solved numerically in three dimensions using a finite element method to obtain the energy, stresses, and linearized moduli under imposed macroscale deformation. Highlights of the numerical study include: (i) the linearized Poisson's ratio is very close to the incompressible limit without a phenomenological imposition of incompressibility; (ii) despite the harmonic Gaussian chain as a starting point, there is an emergent strain-softening and strain-stiffening response that is characteristic of real polymer networks, driven by the interplay between the entropy and the excluded volume interactions; and (iii) the emergence of a deformation-sensitive localization instability at large excluded volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Khandagale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy Breitzman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kaushik Dayal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Analysis, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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19
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Hu X, Bao X, Zhang M, Fang S, Liu K, Wang J, Liu R, Kim SH, Baughman RH, Ding J. Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube-Based Energy Harvesting Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2303035. [PMID: 37209369 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There has been enormous interest in technologies that generate electricity from ambient energy such as solar, thermal, and mechanical energy, due to their potential for providing sustainable solutions to the energy crisis. One driving force behind the search for new energy-harvesting technologies is the desire to power sensor networks and portable devices without batteries, such as self-powered wearable electronics, human health monitoring systems, and implantable wireless sensors. Various energy harvesting technologies have been demonstrated in recent years. Among them, electrochemical, hydroelectric, triboelectric, piezoelectric, and thermoelectric nanogenerators have been extensively studied because of their special physical properties, ease of application, and sometimes high obtainable efficiency. Multifunctional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much interest in energy harvesting because of their exceptionally high gravimetric power outputs and recently obtained high energy conversion efficiencies. Further development of this field, however, still requires an in-depth understanding of harvesting mechanisms and boosting of the electrical outputs for wider applications. Here, various CNT-based energy harvesting technologies are comprehensively reviewed, focusing on working principles, typical examples, and future improvements. The last section discusses the existing challenges and future directions of CNT-based energy harvesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Hu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Xianfu Bao
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Kangyu Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Runmin Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Shi Hyeong Kim
- Department of Advanced Textile R&D, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics & School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
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20
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Leng X, Mei G, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhou X. Tethering of twisted-fiber artificial muscles. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2377-2390. [PMID: 36919405 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00489e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Twisted-fiber artificial muscles, a new type of soft actuator, exhibit significant potential for use in applications related to lightweight smart devices and soft robotics. Fiber twisting generates internal torque and a spiral architecture, exhibiting rotation, contraction, or elongation as a result of fiber volume change. Untethering a twisted fiber often results in fiber untwisting and loss of stored torque energy. Preserving the torque in twisted fibers during actuation is necessary to realize a reversible and stable artificial muscle performance; this is a key issue that has not yet been systematically discussed and reviewed. This review summarizes the mechanisms for preserving the torque within twisted fibers and the potential applications of such systems. The potential challenges and future directions of research related to twisted-fiber artificial muscles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Leng
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Guangkai Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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21
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Son W, Lee JM, Chun S, Yu S, Noh JH, Kim HW, Cho SB, Kim SJ, Choi C. Enhanced Hydro-Actuation and Capacitance of Electrochemically Inner-Bundle-Activated Carbon Nanotube Yarns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:13484-13494. [PMID: 36855828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several attempts have been made to activate or functionalize macroscopic carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns to enhance their innate abilities. However, a more homogeneous and holistic activation approach that reflects the individual nanotubes constituting the yarns is crucial. Herein, a facile strategy is reported to maximize the intrinsic properties of CNTs assembled in yarns through an electrochemical inner-bundle activation (EIBA) process. The as-prepared neat CNT yarns are two-end tethered and subjected to an electrochemical voltage (vs Ag/AgCl) in aqueous electrolyte systems. Massive electrolyte infiltration during the EIBA causes swelling of the CNT interlayers owing to the tethering and subsequent yarn shrinkage after drying, suggesting activation of the entire yarn. The EIBA-treated CNT yarns functionalized with oxygen-containing groups exhibit enhanced wettability without significant loss of their physical properties. The EIBA effect of the CNTs is experimentally demonstrated by hydration-driven torsional actuation (∼986 revolutions/m) and a drastic capacitance improvement (approximately 25-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonkyeong Son
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myeong Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Sungwoo Chun
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Yu
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Center of Materials Digitalization, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET), Jinju-si 52851, Republic of Korea
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Beom Cho
- Center of Materials Digitalization, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET), Jinju-si 52851, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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22
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Druvari D, Kyriakopoulou F, Lainioti GC, Vlamis-Gardikas A, Kallitsis JK. Humidity-Responsive Antimicrobial Membranes Based on Cross-Linked Copolymers Functionalized with Ionic Liquid Moieties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11193-11207. [PMID: 36787100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humidity-responsive materials have attracted increasing attention for their potential use in various applications, e.g., sensors, soft robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Much effort has been focused on the use of ionic liquids for the construction of humidity-responsive sensors; yet, not enough attention has been paid on the susceptibility of the used poly(ionic liquid)s to microorganisms. This is especially relevant to the wide use of the polymers for biomedical applications, e.g., wearable body-condition sensors or healthcare control systems. We herein describe the development of dual functional, self-standing, monolayer antimicrobial membranes derived from cross-linked copolymers functionalized with ionic liquids. In a first step, random copolymers of poly(4-vinylbenzyl N-alkyl imidazolium chloride-co-acrylic acid), P(VBCImCn-co-AA20), were synthesized bearing aliphatic chains of different lengths (where n = 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 carbon atoms) to investigate the effect of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity on the humidity-responsive properties of the copolymer and its antimicrobial activity. The aforementioned copolymers were later blended with the complementary reactive copolymers of poly(cetyl trimethylammonium 4-styrene sulfonate-co-glycidyl methacrylate), P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20), to provide highly stable films and coatings through thermal cross-linking. The membrane P(VBCImC12-co-AA20)/P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) with a molar ratio of 3:1 (mol AA/mol GMA) exhibited immediate and high response to moisture through folding or flipping motions when placed on a wet filter paper or on the palm of a hand. The inhibition of growth for selected bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) on the copolymer membranes was dependent on the length of the imidazolium alkyl chain and the species. Additionally, in the case of the cross-linked P(VBCImCn-co-AA20)/P(SSAmC16-co-GMA20) membranes, the overall efficacy was very high against all microorganisms tested, which, combined with their high humidity responsiveness, enables their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Druvari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Joannis K Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Str, GR-26504 Rio-Patras, Greece
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23
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Kim D, Kim M, Reidt S, Han H, Baghizadeh A, Zeng P, Choi H, Puigmartí-Luis J, Trassin M, Nelson BJ, Chen XZ, Pané S. Shape-memory effect in twisted ferroic nanocomposites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:750. [PMID: 36765045 PMCID: PMC9918508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The shape recovery ability of shape-memory alloys vanishes below a critical size (~50 nm), which prevents their practical applications at the nanoscale. In contrast, ferroic materials, even when scaled down to dimensions of a few nanometers, exhibit actuation strain through domain switching, though the generated strain is modest (~1%). Here, we develop freestanding twisted architectures of nanoscale ferroic oxides showing shape-memory effect with a giant recoverable strain (>8%). The twisted geometrical design amplifies the strain generated during ferroelectric domain switching, which cannot be achieved in bulk ceramics or substrate-bonded thin films. The twisted ferroic nanocomposites allow us to overcome the size limitations in traditional shape-memory alloys and open new avenues in engineering large-stroke shape-memory materials for small-scale actuating devices such as nanorobots and artificial muscle fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Kim
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Minsoo Kim
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Reidt
- grid.410387.9IBM Research Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschilikon, Switzerland
| | - Hyeon Han
- grid.450270.40000 0004 0491 5558Max Plank Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ali Baghizadeh
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780The Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peng Zeng
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780The Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Robotics & Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.425902.80000 0000 9601 989XInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010 Spain
| | - Morgan Trassin
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiang-Zhong Chen
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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25
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Self-Aware Artificial Coiled Yarn Muscles with Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and Durability via a Two-Step Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030552. [PMID: 36771853 PMCID: PMC9921128 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscles are capable of modulating the body and adapting to environmental changes with a highly integrated sensing and actuation. Inspired by biological muscles, coiled/twisted fibers are adopted that can convert volume expansion into axial contraction and offer the advantages of flexibility and light weight. However, the sensing-actuation integrated fish line/yarn-based artificial muscles are still barely reported due to the poor actuation-sensing interface with off-the-shelf fibers. We report herein artificial coiled yarn muscles with self-sensing and actuation functions using the commercially available yarns. Via a two-step process, the artificial coiled yarn muscles are proved to obtain enhanced electrical conductivity and durability, which facilitates the long-term application in human-robot interfaces. The resistivity is successfully reduced from 172.39 Ω·cm (first step) to 1.27 Ω·cm (second step). The multimode sense of stretch strain, pressure, and actuation-sensing are analyzed and proved to have good linearity, stability and durability. The muscles could achieve a sensitivity (gauge factor, GF) of the contraction strain perception up to 1.5. We further demonstrate this self-aware artificial coiled yarn muscles could empower non-active objects with actuation and real-time monitoring capabilities without causing damage to the objects. Overall, this work provides a facile and versatile tool in improving the actuation-sensing performances of the artificial coiled yarn muscles and has the potential in building smart and interactive soft actuation systems.
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26
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Jing Y, Su F, Yu X, Fang H, Wan Y. Advances in artificial muscles: A brief literature and patent review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1083857. [PMID: 36741767 PMCID: PMC9893653 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1083857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Artificial muscles are an active research area now. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was performed to evaluate the development of artificial muscles based on research papers and patents. A detailed overview of artificial muscles' scientific and technological innovation was presented from aspects of productive countries/regions, institutions, journals, researchers, highly cited papers, and emerging topics. Results: 1,743 papers and 1,925 patents were identified after retrieval in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) and Derwent Innovations Index (DII). The results show that China, the United States, and Japan are leading in the scientific and technological innovation of artificial muscles. The University of Wollongong has the most publications and Spinks is the most productive author in artificial muscle research. Smart Materials and Structures is the journal most productive in this field. Materials science, mechanical and automation, and robotics are the three fields related to artificial muscles most. Types of artificial muscles like pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) and dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) are maturing. Shape memory alloy (SMA), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and other novel materials have shown promising applications in this field. Conclusion: Along with the development of new materials and processes, researchers are paying more attention to the performance improvement and cost reduction of artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jing
- Periodicals Agency, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Jing,
| | - Fangfang Su
- School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Periodicals Agency, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Library, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehua Wan
- Library, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Rotational multimaterial printing of filaments with subvoxel control. Nature 2023; 613:682-688. [PMID: 36653452 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Helical structures are ubiquitous in nature and impart unique mechanical properties and multifunctionality1. So far, synthetic architectures that mimic these natural systems have been fabricated by winding, twisting and braiding of individual filaments1-7, microfluidics8,9, self-shaping1,10-13 and printing methods14-17. However, those fabrication methods are unable to simultaneously create and pattern multimaterial, helically architected filaments with subvoxel control in arbitrary two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) motifs from a broad range of materials. Towards this goal, both multimaterial18-23 and rotational24 3D printing of architected filaments have recently been reported; however, the integration of these two capabilities has yet to be realized. Here we report a rotational multimaterial 3D printing (RM-3DP) platform that enables subvoxel control over the local orientation of azimuthally heterogeneous architected filaments. By continuously rotating a multimaterial nozzle with a controlled ratio of angular-to-translational velocity, we have created helical filaments with programmable helix angle, layer thickness and interfacial area between several materials within a given cylindrical voxel. Using this integrated method, we have fabricated functional artificial muscles composed of helical dielectric elastomer actuators with high fidelity and individually addressable conductive helical channels embedded within a dielectric elastomer matrix. We have also fabricated hierarchical lattices comprising architected helical struts containing stiff springs within a compliant matrix. Our additive-manufacturing platform opens new avenues to generating multifunctional architected matter in bioinspired motifs.
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28
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Wang W, Liu S, Wang S, Xiang C, Huang Y, Li M, Wang D. Silicon Distribution-Induced Actuation Film with Bidirectional Bending Deformation and Versatile Bionic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55264-55276. [PMID: 36464856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As an important branch of intelligent materials, the research and development of stimulus-responsive flexible intelligent actuation materials is of great significance to promote the industrialization of intelligent materials. In this study, the asymmetric PVA-co-PE/silicon nanoparticle (PPSN) composite films and PVA-co-PE/silicon sol (PPSS) composite film with different silicon distributions were prepared by a simple spraying method. The silicon nanoparticle layer in the PPSN composite film was similar to the sand-like water-absorbing layer, which can quickly absorb water and permeate it into the interior region, leading to the hygroscopic expansion behavior on one side of the nanofiber film. Then, the PPSN composite film would quickly bend and deform to the silicon nanoparticle side. However, in the PPSS composite film, due to the excellent hygroscopicity and swelling characteristics of the silica sol layer, the composite film can be rapidly deformed to the PVA-co-PE nanofiber film side under moisture stimulation. The above results subvert the traditional asymmetric actuation film, which mainly depends on the hydrophilicity difference to determine the hygroscopic responsiveness and deformation direction, and ignore that the swelling degree is the main factor determining the bending direction of actuator. In addition, both the composite films can quickly respond to moisture stimulation (<1 s) and produce large-scale bending deformation (180°). Furthermore, due to the excellent interface adhesion formed by the continuity structure in the PPSS composite film, it has better actuation stability than the PPSN composite film. The excellent actuation characteristics and different bending directions of the PPSN and PPSS composite films make it a great application prospect in the field of bionics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chenxue Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Mufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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29
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Yong KT, Xiong J. Elastic Fibers/Fabrics for Wearables and Bioelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203808. [PMID: 36253094 PMCID: PMC9762321 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearables and bioelectronics rely on breathable interface devices with bioaffinity, biocompatibility, and smart functionality for interactions between beings and things and the surrounding environment. Elastic fibers/fabrics with mechanical adaptivity to various deformations and complex substrates, are promising to act as fillers, carriers, substrates, dressings, and scaffolds in the construction of biointerfaces for the human body, skins, organs, and plants, realizing functions such as energy exchange, sensing, perception, augmented virtuality, health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and intervention therapy. This review summarizes and highlights the latest breakthroughs of elastic fibers/fabrics for wearables and bioelectronics, aiming to offer insights into elasticity mechanisms, production methods, and electrical components integration strategies with fibers/fabrics, presenting a profile of elastic fibers/fabrics for energy management, sensors, e-skins, thermal management, personal protection, wound healing, biosensing, and drug delivery. The trans-disciplinary application of elastic fibers/fabrics from wearables to biomedicine provides important inspiration for technology transplantation and function integration to adapt different application systems. As a discussion platform, here the main challenges and possible solutions in the field are proposed, hopefully can provide guidance for promoting the development of elastic e-textiles in consideration of the trade-off between mechanical/electrical performance, industrial-scale production, diverse environmental adaptivity, and multiscenario on-spot applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- College of Textile and Clothing EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Desuo Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing EngineeringSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Ken Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneySydneyNew South Wales2006Australia
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and TechnologyDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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Wu J, Yang M, Sheng N, Peng Y, Sun F, Han C. Moisture-Sensitive Response and High-Reliable Cycle Recovery Effectiveness of Yarn-Based Actuators with Tether-Free, Multi-Hierarchical Hybrid Construction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53274-53284. [PMID: 36379058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Yarn-based muscle actuators are highly desired for applications in soft robotics, flexible sensors, and other related applications due to their actuation properties. Although the tethering avoiding release of inserted twist, the complex preparation process and harsh experimental conditions make tether-free structures yarn actuator with reliable cycle recovery effectiveness is needed. Herein, a tether-free, multi-hierarchical hybrid construction of a moisture-sensitive responsive yarn-based actuator with the viscose/PET ratio (VPR) = 0.9 exhibited a contraction stroke of 83.15%, a work capacity of 52.98 J·kg-1, and an exerting force of 0.15 MPa. Additionally, the maximum cycle recovery rate of 99% is comparable to that of human skeletal muscles, confirming the advantages of a two-component hybrid structure. The underlying mechanism is discussed based on geometric characterization and energy conversion analysis between the actuation source and the spring frame. The mechanical manufacturing process makes it simple to expand the structurally stable yarn muscles into fabric muscles, opening up new opportunities to advance the usage of yarn-based actuators in smart textiles, medical materials, intelligent plants, and other versatile fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Mengxin Yang
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Yangyang Peng
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Chenchen Han
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
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31
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Guo M, Peng Y, Chen Z, Sheng N, Sun F. Smart Humidly Adaptive Yarns and Textiles from Twisted and Coiled Viscose Fiber Artificial Muscles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8312. [PMID: 36499808 PMCID: PMC9739715 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The self-adaptive nature of smart textiles to the ambient environment has made them an indispensable part of emerging wearable technologies. However, current advances generally suffer from complex material preparation, uncomfortable fitting feeling, possible toxicity, and high cost in fabrication, which hinder the real-world application of smart materials in textiles. Herein, humidity-response torsional and tensile yarn actuators from twisted and coiled structures are developed using commercially available, cost-effective, and biodegradable viscose fibers based on yarn-spinning and weaving technologies. The twisted yarn shows a reversible torsional stroke of 1400° cm-1 in 5 s when stimulated by water fog with a spraying speed of 0.05 g s-1; the coiled yarn exhibits a peak tensile stroke of 900% upon enhancing the relative humidity. Further, textile manufacturing allows for the scalable fabrication to create fabric artificial muscles with high-dimensional actuation deformations and human-touch comfort, which can boost the potential applications of the humidly adaptive yarns in smart textile and advanced textile materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yangyang Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- College of Fashion Design, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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32
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Dong L, Ren M, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang S, Wei X, He J, Cui B, Zhao Y, Xu P, Wang X, Di J, Li Q. Artificial neuromuscular fibers by multilayered coaxial integration with dynamic adaption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7703. [PMID: 36383669 PMCID: PMC9668289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrating sense in a thin artificial muscle fiber for environmental adaption and actuation path tracing, as a snail tentacle does, is highly needed but still challenging because of the interfacing mismatch between the fiber's actuation and sensing components. Here, we report an artificial neuromuscular fiber by wrapping a carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber core in sequence with an elastomer layer, a nanofiber network, and an MXene/CNT thin sheath, achieving the ingenious sense-judge-act intelligent system in an elastic fiber. The CNT/elastomer components provide actuation, and the sheath enables touch/stretch perception and hysteresis-free cyclic actuation tracing due to its strain-dependent resistance. As a whole, the coaxial structure builds a dielectric capacitor that enables sensitive touchless perception. The key to seamless integration is to use a nanofiber interface that allows the sensing layer to adaptively trace but not restrict actuation. This work provides promising solutions for closed-loop control for future intelligent soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Dong
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shiqin Zhang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xulin Wei
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Advanced Materials Division, Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
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Yang X, Cheng L, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Bai R, Guo Z, Yu W, Yan X. Amplification of integrated microscopic motions of high-density [2]rotaxanes in mechanically interlocked networks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6654. [PMID: 36333320 PMCID: PMC9636211 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating individual microscopic motion to perform tasks in macroscopic sale is common in living organisms. However, developing artificial materials in which molecular-level motions could be amplified to behave macroscopically is still challenging. Herein, we present a class of mechanically interlocked networks (MINs) carrying densely rotaxanated backbones as a model system to understand macroscopic mechanical properties stemmed from the integration and amplification of intramolecular motion of the embedded [2]rotaxane motifs. On the one hand, the motion of mechanical bonds introduces the original dangling chains into the network, and the synergy of numerous such microscopic motions leads to an expansion of entire network, imparting good stretchability and puncture resistance to the MINs. On the other hand, the dissociation of host-guest recognition and subsequent sliding motion represent a peculiar energy dissipation pathway, whose integration and amplification result in the bulk materials with favorable toughness and damping capacity. Thereinto, we develop a continuous stress-relaxation method to elucidate the microscopic motion of [2]rotaxane units, which contributes to the understanding of the relationship between cumulative microscopic motions and amplified macroscopic mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Bai
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhewen Guo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
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34
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Li J, Miao C, Bian J, Seyedin S, Li K. MXene fibers for electronic textiles: Progress and perspectives. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Kim IH, Choi S, Lee J, Jung J, Yeo J, Kim JT, Ryu S, Ahn SK, Kang J, Poulin P, Kim SO. Human-muscle-inspired single fibre actuator with reversible percolation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1198-1205. [PMID: 36302962 PMCID: PMC9646516 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are indispensable components for next-generation robotics capable of mimicking sophisticated movements of living systems. However, an optimal combination of actuation parameters, including strain, stress, energy density and high mechanical strength, is required for their practical applications. Here we report mammalian-skeletal-muscle-inspired single fibres and bundles with large and strong contractive actuation. The use of exfoliated graphene fillers within a uniaxial liquid crystalline matrix enables photothermal actuation with large work capacity and rapid response. Moreover, the reversible percolation of graphene fillers induced by the thermodynamic conformational transition of mesoscale structures can be in situ monitored by electrical switching. Such a dynamic percolation behaviour effectively strengthens the mechanical properties of the actuator fibres, particularly in the contracted actuation state, enabling mammalian-muscle-like reliable reversible actuation. Taking advantage of a mechanically compliant fibre structure, smart actuators are readily integrated into strong bundles as well as high-power soft robotics with light-driven remote control.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Subi Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Yeo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Philippe Poulin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Materials Creation, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Kim DS, Lee YJ, Wang Y, Park J, Winey KI, Yang S. Self-Folding Liquid Crystal Network Filaments Patterned with Vertically Aligned Mesogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50171-50179. [PMID: 36282177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous soft actuators with high molecular anisotropy are of interest for shape morphing from 1D to 2D and 3D in response to external stimuli with high actuation efficiency. Nevertheless, few have fabricated fibrous actuators with controlled molecular orientations and stiffness. Here, we fabricate filaments from liquid crystal networks (LCNs) with segmental crosslinking density and gradient porosity from a mixture of di-acrylate mesogenic monomers and small-molecule nematic or smectic liquid crystals (LCs) filled in a capillary. During photopolymerization, phase separation between the small-molecule LCs and LCN occurs, making one side of the filament considerably denser than the other side. To direct its folding mode (bending or twisting), we control the alignment of LC molecules within the capillary, either along or perpendicular to the filament long axis. We show that the direction of UV exposure can determine the direction of phase separation, which in turn direct the deformation of the filament after removal of the small-molecule LCs. We find that the vertical alignment of LCs within the filament is essential to efficiently direct bending deformation. By photopatterning the filament with segmental crosslinking density, we can induce a reversible folding/unfolding into 2D and 3D geometries triggered by deswelling/swelling in an organic solvent. Moreover, by taking advantage of the large elastic modulus of LCNs and large contrast of the modulus before and after swelling, we show that the self-folded LCP filament could act as a strong gripper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Seok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jinseok Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Ren M, Xu P, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Dong L, Zhou T, Chang J, He J, Wei X, Wu Y, Wang X, Chen W, Di J, Li Q. Stepwise Artificial Yarn Muscles with Energy-Free Catch States Driven by Aluminum-Ion Insertion. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15850-15861. [PMID: 35984218 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Present artificial muscles have been suffering from poor actuation step precision and the need of energy input to maintain actuated states due to weak interactions between guest and host materials or the unstable structural changes. Herein, these challenges are addressed by deploying a mechanism of reversible faradaic insertion and extraction reactions between tetrachloroaluminate ions and collapsed carbon nanotubes. This mechanism allows tetrachloroaluminate ions as a strong but dynamic "locker" to achieve an energy-free high-tension catch state and programmable stepwise actuation in the yarn muscle. When powered off, the muscle nearly 100% maintained any achieved contractile strokes even under loads up to 96,000 times the muscle weight. The actuation mechanism allowed the programmable control of stroke steps down to 1% during reversible actuation. The isometric stress generated by the yarn muscle (14.6 MPa in maximum, 40 times that of skeletal muscles) was also energy freely lockable and step controllable with high precision. Importantly, when fully charged, the muscle stored energy with a high capacity of 102 mAh g-1, allowing the muscle as a battery to power secondary muscles or other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ren
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yurong Zhou
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lizhong Dong
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Jinke Chang
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng He
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xulin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
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Jang Y, Moon JH, Lee C, Lee SM, Kim H, Song GH, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Kim SJ. A Coiled Carbon Nanotube Yarn-Integrated Surface Electromyography System To Monitor Isotonic and Isometric Movements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45149-45155. [PMID: 36169191 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A surface electromyogram (sEMG) electrode collects electrical currents generated by neuromuscular activity by a noninvasive technique on the skin. It is particularly attractive for wearable systems for various human activities and health care monitoring. However, it remains challenging to discriminate EMG signals from isotonic (concentric/eccentric) and isometric movements. By applying nanotechnology, we provide a coiled carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn-integrated sEMG device to overcome sEMG-based motion recognition. When the arm was contracted at different angles, the sEMG-derived root mean square amplitude signals were constant regardless of the angle of the moving arm. However, the coiled CNT yarn-derived open circuit voltage (OCV) signals proportionally increased when the arm's angle increased, and presented negative and positive values depending on the moving direction of the arm. Moreover, isometric contraction is characterized by the onset of EMG signals without an OCV signal, and isotonic contraction is determined by both EMG signals and OCV signals. Taken together, the integration of EMG and coiled CNT yarn electrodes provides complementary information, including the strength, direction, and degree of muscle movement. Therefore, we suggest that our system has high potential as a wearable system to monitor human motions in industrial and human system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Chanho Lee
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Lee
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Heesoo Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Gyu Hyeon Song
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electro Materials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electro Materials Science, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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Bowen S, Hallinan DT. Modeling dynamic swelling of polymer-based artificial muscles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7131-7147. [PMID: 36082950 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based artificial muscles are lightweight, are flexible, can have variable stiffness, and provide actuation in applications in which heavy actuators are not feasible. Achieving device requirements, such as strain, strain rate, lifetime, achievable work, and efficiency, requires material and muscle geometry design. This study is motivated by the possibility of significant actuation from twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) fibers that rely on radial swelling to produce reversible work. Modeling the actuation of advanced polymers is essential for defining design metrics. An analytical thermodynamic expression based on Flory-Rehner Theory was combined with a numerical transport model in order to simulate transient swelling of a polymeric network driven by diffusion and migration. Radial swelling of polymer fibers was modeled, including parametric studies and comparison to experimental data. By increasing the transport distance, swelling is shown to increase the time to equilibrium, but this can be more than compensated by applying voltage to take advantage of ion migration/electroosmotic drag. This work indicates that, in addition to migration, dimensions smaller than 100 micrometers here are needed to achieve the sub-second response times of natural muscles. The impact of polymer swelling on transport in polymers is directly evaluated by locally accounting for the length increase of discrete elements due to solvent presence, which cannot be done analytically. Furthermore, strain and work done by swelling a TCP is modelled, and the benefit of anisotropic swelling and constant modulus is quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefik Bowen
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering and Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - Daniel T Hallinan
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering and Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
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40
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Oscillating light engine realized by photothermal solvent evaporation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5621. [PMID: 36153322 PMCID: PMC9509359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous mechanical work output can be generated by using combustion engines and electric motors, as well as actuators, through on/off control via external stimuli. Solar energy has been used to generate electricity and heat in human daily life; however, the direct conversion of solar energy to continuous mechanical work has not been realized. In this work, a solar engine is developed using an oscillating actuator, which is realized through an alternating volume decrease of each side of a polypropylene/carbon black polymer film induced by photothermal-derived solvent evaporation. The anisotropic solvent evaporation and fast gradient diffusion in the polymer film sustains oscillating bending actuation under the illumination of divergent light. This light-driven oscillator shows excellent oscillation performance, excellent loading capability, and high energy conversion efficiency, and it can never stop with solvent supply. The oscillator can cyclically lift up a load and output work, exhibiting a maximum specific work of 30.9 × 10−5 J g−1 and a maximum specific power of 15.4 × 10−5 W g−1 under infrared light. This work can inspire the development of autonomous devices and provide a design strategy for solar engines. Developing an oscillating actuator that can directly convert solar energy into mechanical energy is highly desirable. Here, authors report a solvent-assisted light-driven oscillator by porous film that achieves excellent oscillating actuation performance and can even oscillate by carrying a load under light irradiation.
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Hu X, Li J, Li S, Zhang G, Wang R, Liu Z, Chen M, He W, Yu K, Zhai W, Zhao W, Khan AQ, Fang S, Baughman RH, Zhou X, Liu Z. Morphology modulation of artificial muscles by thermodynamic-twist coupling. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 10:nwac196. [PMID: 36684513 PMCID: PMC9843299 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human muscles can grow and change their length with body development; therefore, artificial muscles that modulate their morphology according to changing needs are needed. In this paper, we report a strategy to transform an artificial muscle into a new muscle with a different morphology by thermodynamic-twist coupling, and illustrate its structural evolution during actuation. The muscle length can be continuously modulated over a large temperature range, and actuation occurs by continuously changing the temperature. This strategy is applicable to different actuation modes, including tensile elongation, tensile contraction and torsional rotation. This is realized by twist insertion into a fibre to produce torsional stress. Fibre annealing causes partial thermodynamic relaxation of the spiral molecular chains, which serves as internal tethering and inhibits fibre twist release, thus producing a self-supporting artificial muscle that actuates under heating. At a sufficiently high temperature, further relaxation of the spiral molecular chains occurs, resulting in a new muscle with a different length. A structural study provides an understanding of the thermodynamic-twist coupling. This work provides a new design strategy for intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guanghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Run Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenqian He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kaiqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Zhan H, Dong B, Zhang G, Lü C, Gu Y. Nanoscale Diamane Spiral Spring for High Mechanical Energy Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203887. [PMID: 35971189 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A compact, stable, sustainable, and high-energy density power supply system is crucial for the engineering deployment of mobile electromechanical devices/systems either at the small- or large-scale. This work proposes a spiral-based mechanical energy storage scheme utilizing the newly synthesized 2D diamane. Atomistic simulations show that diamane spiral can achieve a high theoretical gravimetric energy density of about 564 Wh kg-1 , about 14 500 times the steel spring. The interlayer friction between diamane is found to cause a strong stick-slip effect that results in local stress/strain concentration. As such, the energy storage capacity of the diamane spiral can be tuned by suppressing the influence from the interlayer friction. Simulations affirm that higher gravimetric energy density can be achieved by reducing the turn number or adopting a low friction contact pair. The fundamental principles that dominate the energy storage capacity of the spiral spring are theoretically analyzed, respectively. The obtained insights suggest that the 2D vdW solids can be promising candidates to construct spiral structures with a high gravimetric energy density. This work should be beneficial for the design of reliable, stable, and sustainable nanoscale mechanical energy storage schemes that can be used as an alternative low-carbon footage energy supplier for novel micro-/nanoscale devices or systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Zhan
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Bin Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Chaofeng Lü
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Wen Y, Jian M, Huang J, Luo J, Qian L, Zhang J. Carbonene Fibers: Toward Next-Generation Fiber Materials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6035-6047. [PMID: 35852935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of human society has set unprecedented demands for advanced fiber materials, such as lightweight and high-performance fibers for reinforcement of composite materials in frontier fields and functional and intelligent fibers in wearable electronics. Carbonene materials composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms have been demonstrated to be ideal building blocks for advanced fiber materials, which are referred to as carbonene fibers. Carbonene fibers that generally include pristine carbonene fibers, composite carbonene fibers, and carbonene-modified fibers hold great promise in transferring the extraordinary properties of nanoscale carbonene materials to macroscopic applications. Herein, we give a comprehensive discussion on the conception, classification, and design strategies of carbonene fibers and then summarize recent progress regarding the preparations and applications of carbonene fibers. Finally, we provide insights into developing lightweight, high-performance, functional, and intelligent carbonene fibers for next-generation fiber materials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Wen
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankun Huang
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Qian
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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44
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Chen S, Ciou JH, Yu F, Chen J, Lv J, Lee PS. Molecular-Level Methylcellulose/MXene Hybrids with Greatly Enhanced Electrochemical Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200660. [PMID: 35584538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ti3 C2 Tx MXene film is promising for electrochemical actuators due to its high electrical conductivity and volumetric capacitance. However, its actuation performance is limited by the slow ion diffusion through the film and poor mechanical property in aqueous electrolytes. Here, molecular-level methylcellulose (MC)/MXene hybrid films are assembled with obviously enlarged layer distance, improved wet strength, and ambient stability. The hybrid films show significantly higher in-plane actuation strain in a liquid electrolyte. Based on direct strain measurements, in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, the actuation enhancement can be ascribed to the enlarged layer distance allowing more water and ions to be intercalated/de-intercalated and MC-induced sliding of MXene sheets. The assembled soft actuator has a high Young's modulus of 1.93 GPa and can be operated in air, generating a peak-to-peak strain difference up to 0.541% under a triangular wave voltage of ±1 V and a blocking force of 4.7 times its own weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jing-Hao Ciou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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45
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Lang C, Lloyd EC, Matuszewski KE, Xu Y, Ganesan V, Huang R, Kumar M, Hickey RJ. Nanostructured block copolymer muscles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:752-758. [PMID: 35654867 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-performance actuating materials are necessary for advances in robotics, prosthetics and smart clothing. Here we report a class of fibre actuators that combine solution-phase block copolymer self-assembly and strain-programmed crystallization. The actuators consist of highly aligned nanoscale structures with alternating crystalline and amorphous domains, resembling the ordered and striated pattern of mammalian skeletal muscle. The reported nanostructured block copolymer muscles excel in several aspects compared with current actuators, including efficiency (75.5%), actuation strain (80%) and mechanical properties (for example, strain-at-break of up to 900% and toughness of up to 121.2 MJ m-3). The fibres exhibit on/off rotary actuation with a peak rotational speed of 450 r.p.m. Furthermore, the reported fibres demonstrate multi-trigger actuation (heat and hydration), offering switchable mechanical properties and various operating modes. The versatility and recyclability of the polymer fibres, combined with the facile fabrication method, opens new avenues for creating multifunctional and recyclable actuators using block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Elisabeth C Lloyd
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kelly E Matuszewski
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yifan Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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46
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Lin S, Zhao X. Nanostructured artificial-muscle fibres. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:677-678. [PMID: 35654868 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
In this overview of recent developments in the field of biorobotics we cover the developments in materials such as the use of polyester fabric being used as artificial skin and the start of whole new ways to actuate artificial muscles as a whole. In this, we discuss all of the relevant innovations from the fields of nano and microtechnology, as well as in the field of soft robotics to summarize what has been over the last 4 years and what could be improved for artificial muscles in the future. The goal of this paper will be to gain a better understanding of where the current field of biorobotics is at and what its current trends in manufacturing and its techniques are within the last several years.
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48
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49
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Liu H, Tian H, Li X, Chen X, Zhang K, Shi H, Wang C, Shao J. Shape-programmable, deformation-locking, and self-sensing artificial muscle based on liquid crystal elastomer and low-melting point alloy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5722. [PMID: 35584225 PMCID: PMC9116885 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An artificial muscle capable of shape programmability, deformation-locking capacity without needing continuous external energy, and self-sensing capability is highly desirable yet challenging in applications of reconfigurable antenna, deployable space structures, etc. Inspired by coupled behavior of the muscles, bones, and nerve system of mammals, a multifunctional artificial muscle based on polydopamine-coated liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) and low-melting point alloy (LMPA) in the form of a concentric tube/rod is proposed. Thereinto, the outer LCE is used for reversible contraction and recovery (i.e., muscle function); the inner LMPA in the resolidification state is adopted for deformation locking, and that in the melt state is adopted for angle variation monitoring by detecting resistance change (i.e., bones and nerve functions, respectively). The proposed artificial muscle demonstrates multiple performances, including controllable bending angle, position, and direction; deformation locking for supporting heavy objects; and real-time monitoring of angle variation, which also provides a straightforward and effective approach for designing soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiangming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Shi
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
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50
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Wang H, Liu Z, Lao J, Zhang S, Abzalimov R, Wang T, Chen X. High Energy and Power Density Peptidoglycan Muscles through Super-Viscous Nanoconfined Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104697. [PMID: 35285168 PMCID: PMC9130901 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-responsive (WR) materials that reversibly deform in response to humidity changes show great potential for developing muscle-like actuators for miniature and biomimetic robotics. Here, it is presented that Bacillus (B.) subtilis' peptidoglycan (PG) exhibits WR actuation energy and power densities reaching 72.6 MJ m-3 and 9.1 MW m-3 , respectively, orders of magnitude higher than those of frequently used actuators, such as piezoelectric actuators and dielectric elastomers. PG can deform as much as 27.2% within 110 ms, and its actuation pressure reaches ≈354.6 MPa. Surprisingly, PG exhibits an energy conversion efficiency of ≈66.8%, which can be attributed to its super-viscous nanoconfined water that efficiently translates the movement of water molecules to PG's mechanical deformation. Using PG, WR composites that can be integrated into a range of engineering structures are developed, including a robotic gripper and linear actuators, which illustrate the possibilities of using PG as building blocks for high-efficiency WR actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Wang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- PhD Program in PhysicsThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th Ave.New YorkNY10016USA
| | - Zhi‐Lun Liu
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe City College of New York275 Convent Ave.New YorkNY10031USA
| | - Jianpei Lao
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe City College of New York275 Convent Ave.New YorkNY10031USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Rinat Abzalimov
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)The City University of New York85 St. Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY10031USA
- PhD Program in PhysicsThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th Ave.New YorkNY10016USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe City College of New York275 Convent Ave.New YorkNY10031USA
- PhD Program in ChemistryThe Graduate Center of the City University of New York365 5th Ave.New YorkNY10016USA
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